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[ "D.O.A. (band)", "Hardcore 81 and further lineup changes (1981-1989)", "What is Hardcore 81?", "their second album Hardcore '81;", "What are some of the songs on the album?", "I don't know.", "How was the album received?", "the record's title and its extensive North American promotional tour is sometimes credited with popularizing the term \"hardcore punk\"." ]

[ "7: The Best of Stryper is the seventh release and second compilation album by Christian metal band Stryper. Released in 2003, it is the second compilation album produced by the band, and its recording and release led to the reunion of the original members of the band.\n\nHollywood Records asked the members of Stryper to record new tracks to be placed in a compilation album celebrating the 20th anniversary of the band. Frontman Michael Sweet wrote two new songs that were recorded by the original 4 members of the group. This marked the first time in 12 years that Stryper recorded together in the studio.\n\nAfter the release of the album, the band went on a 36 show reunion tour, their first in 12 years. Shows were recorded for a live album 7 Weeks: Live in America, 2003, which was released on May 18, 2004.\n\nTrack listing\nSomething (New Track)\nFor You (New Track)\nShining Star\nLady\nAll For One\nIn God We Trust\nAlways There For You\nTo Hell With The Devil\nCalling On You\nFree\nHonestly\nThe Way\nSoldiers Under Command\nMakes Me Wanna Sing\nReach Out\nFrom Wrong To Right\nLoving You\nBelieve\n\nReferences \n\nStryper albums\n2003 greatest hits albums\nHeavy metal compilation albums\nGlam metal compilation albums", "Crows in the Rain is an Iranian post-rock band which was formed in Tehran in 2014. It is among the first post-rock bands in Iran. After their first album was released, they became popular as the first Iranian ambient post-rock band. They were also known as “The Crows”. The band's music is a blend of post-rock and neo-classical style. Indeed, the core of the band consists of Masih Taj (Electric Guitar, Piano), Hamed Fahimi Jou (Electric Guitar), Ashkan Karimi (bass guitar), who had been intimate friends for many years before the band was formed. One of the characteristics of Crows In The Rain is that the lead guitar and rhythm guitar are swirling in a different way between Masih Taj and Hamed Fahimi Ju.\n\nHistory\n\nBand Formation: 2014-2015\n\nIn the fall of 2014, Hamed and Masih shared their dreams about composing music together. Accordingly, the basic foundations of the Crows In The Rain band were built. The band was named on the basis of what happened in the first jamming between the two. In a rainy afternoon, when Hamed and Masih were playing a tune together, they succeeded at making their first track after a few hours. After they listened to their first track, they named it “The Rain” under the influence of weather conditions. At the same time and in a random manner, they noticed the presence of a large circle of crows in the rainy sky. So, they named the track and the band “Crows In The Rain”.\n\nAfter that, they decided to compose more songs and form their feelings and ideas. Therefore, several tracks were created a few months later, such as “Forgotten Childhood”, “Dreaming”, and “You Were There”. They uploaded them on the internet. According to the members of the band, so many tracks were created in that period but they were not released. After that period, the band decided to collect an album and worked on the tracks for a while. Since spring 2015, they began to work on the album. In summer 2015, they released one of the album tracks as a single track. The finalization of the album lasted until the beginning of winter 2015. Eventually, the first album of “The Crows” was released in February 2016.\n\nYou Are Dying in My Arms: 2015-2016\n\nThe name of the first album of Crows In The Rain is “You are Dying in my Arms”. The album's genre is Ambient and Neo-classical. According to The Crows’ interview, the first album was just about the band's Inner voices. In fact, no other factor was taken into account but emotions, and The Crows were looking for their inner status. In order to form the album through dozens of tracks, ten tracks were selected. The basis for this selection was a feeling about their lost friend. According to the band members, the loss of a friend was an excuse to understand the main concept of the songs, and that feeling is a sense of distance and separation that all the people may have experienced within themselves. After their first album was released, the tracks were greeted by the audience and quickly shared.\n\nThe first album tells a story that was composed in many chapters. “It was 2016 Chaharshanbe Suri that we started composing instead of celebrating, and the result was the track of “Trust the Universe”. the reason for the track denomination was that it was a sentence widely used by our lost friend, and because she loved the track, that name was chosen for this piece,” Hamad and Masih said.\n\nAnother track of this album was named “I am not the body; I am not even the mind”. Members of the band are used to meditating before improvising playing each tune and this track was created just after a deep and specific meditation. The track “Please be well, Is it too late?” was played and denominated under the influence of the song “Horses in the Sky” composed by the Canadian band “Thee Silver Mt. Zion Memorial Orchestra”. Another track in the album is called “You Are Dying in My Arms”. This track was anonymous at the beginning and the album was supposed to be called “Trust the Universe”. While naming the track, one of the best friends of the band's members suggested this name. At the very moment, the album was named after this due to its meaning and emotional connotation.\nThe track “The End” is one of the final tracks of the album. The track, according to Hamed and Masih, indicates the peak feeling of loneliness and isolation we have experienced from within.\n\nLittle Girl and Lost Blossom : 2016-2017\n\nThe band continues to take a more serious look at its future after releasing the first album and its resulted in working on their second album. The second album was also warmly welcomed by the audience and their fans. The genre of the album is rather Neo-classical and ambient. The album was formed in spring 2017. The album was unveiled and released quite informally. The unveiling of this album was performed differently and on Valiasr street (one of the major and well-known streets in Tehran) with the presence of the audience and fans of the band.\n\nThe albums’ idea formation and release started at the point that, according to the members of the band, this album was the result of an astounding journey. The Crows spent 24 hours outside the house on a different journey and spent 12 hours in nature alone. The experience they gained in 12 hours and what happened to the Crows led to the formation of the main story of the second album. It was a metaphysical and inorganic experience, so that a year after the journey, all the tracks made by the band was influenced by that 12 hours and all its strange experiences.\n\nThe tracks in the album express unique concepts and names. With regard to this, the Crows say:\nIn fact, the Fatherland was the land we journeyed to in our special experience, and there were extraterrestrial beings that we felt their presence, and so we named the land “the Fatherland”. “Little girl and lost blossom” is the story of one of those creatures in part of that land called the “Second Death”, and the expression of her grief and sadness.\n\nThe track “... (For a Film)” tells the story of the moment when the band is saying goodbye to the little girl in their minds and leaves the land of Second Death. This track was collected in the very first year by Morego Dimma under the label “Unexplored sounds group”, and was released under the English label “Cold Spring” in the form of the album “Visions of Darkness (Iranian Contemporary Music)”.\n\nAshes of the Past: 2017-2018\n\nThe album “Ashes of the past” has had a stylish leap over the past two albums. The album's genre is post-rock. Adding the bass and the drums to another style, the band seems to have moved toward the core of the post-rock style. In this album, the style of the band’s jammings from home jamming to studio jamming and with the addition of new instruments has taken a different form. Like the previous two albums, this album was unofficially released, as well. The unveiling ceremony of the album took place at a local café named Kafeh Aparteman (Café Apartment) in Tehran in May 2017.\n\nIn winter 2017, Ashkan as the bassist and Amir Hossein as the drummer joined the Crows In The Rain band. The Crows decided to go on the stage for the first time in 2017, sharing their feeling through live music with their audience. They worked on their third album until fall 2017. Before their album was officially released, they held their first concert at the Koral Music School Hall (Hamdelan) by playing some pieces from the third album for the first time in November 2017. Twenty-four days later, the second performance of the Crows, as well as the first and largest official post-rock concert in Iran, took place in Azadi Tower Hall.\n\nThe Crows decided to release their third album in January 2018, but it did not happen because of some issues. In the meantime, they staged a concert in Shiraz in two sequences, at the “Kian black box artistic and cultural complex”. When they returned to Tehran, the Crows were invited to a conference in the 900-seat auditorium of Tehran University, where they performed two of their third and non-published album. In the same year, as a guest band, they were invited to participate in the festival opening ceremony and set off on stage. In March 2018, they performed their dedicated performance in Koral Academy Arena.\n\nThe album “Ashes of the past” consists of 11 pieces. This album was released with Italian label \"Hortus Conclusus Records\". The first piece of the album is called “Beyond the Flying Mountains”. Beyond the Flying Mountains was built after the first jammings with new instruments and a different style. The Crows In The Rain band now has reached a point where they acknowledged that they can express what has been engraved in their minds since the beginning in the form of music. The track marked the beginning of the album and served as a milestone for the band’s style transformation into the post-rock, the same post-rock style already imagined in the minds of all the band’s members. \n\n“Requiem for a Dreamer” is the name of another piece of the album. The track was initially ignored by the band, but after all the members of the band listened to it again, they decided to finalize it and put it in the album. The important thing about the track is that the band shows its internal grief and sorrow in a different atmosphere. According to the members of the band, the track is the sentiments of a dreamer who cannot dream anymore.\n\n“I will build the future on the past of the memories” was the last studio track of the album to be created. The reason for the track denomination was that the band members reached a consensus to leave the past with all its sadness and grief behind and start to build up the future from its ashes. The dreamer is dreaming again on his own ashes in this position.\n\nSorrow for an Unfinished Dream : 2018-2019\n\n“Sorrow for an Unfinished Dream” is the fourth album and the third studio album by the Crows In The Rain band. It is the first dependent official album by the band in Iranian market. The album’s style is Neo-classical and post-rock. The album is an epitome of the combination of the last three albums of the Crows In The Rain and may be called a pure extract from the nature of the Crows In The Rain band. After their second and third albums were released, the Crows attempted to perform musical improvisation with more experience and skill, and the result was the beginning of the fourth album. Over the past few years, certain tracks have been made by the band, and the tracks are being played in a diverse manner, combined with the last two albums in the band concerts. Over time, new tracks were made and added to the playlist.\n\nThe Crows In The Rain band had a performance in two sequences in Shiraz in August 2018, at the “Kian black box artistic and cultural complex”, where they played some tracks from the album of the “Ashes of the past” as well as the fourth album. Five months later, they were re-performing at “Azadi Tower Hall”. After a little while, they had another performance at “Eyvan-e Shams Hall”.\n\nThe unveiling ceremony of the band’s fourth album was held after the live performance of the band at the Niavaran Cultural Center in spring 2019, with the band’s extensive audience and fans. After the unveiling ceremony of the album was held, the album's first music video was released, which was warmly welcomed by the fans and critics. The band also unveiled the album in the cities of Isfahan, Shiraz, Kerman, and Rasht.\n\nWhile making the songs, the band began to realize that the concept of tracks created is closely related to the concepts of the tracks created in advance that have not been published to date. As a result, the old tracks were added to the new tracks, resulting in the formation of the fourth album, which may be called the most sophisticated and successful album by the Crows In The Rain band.\n\nThe album consists of 10 studio albums. Two years prior to the album's release, the earlier lines of the track “This is our cry” had been written. It was in the band's archive. While naming the rest of the album’s tracks, this track came into account accidentally, and this was a turning point for forming the concept of the album.\n\nIn the process of composing the album, the track “Unfinished Dream of Sadako” was the last track which was made. According to the band members, when the track was made, we felt that the album was finished and had completed its mission. Here there were signs such as paper cranes, origami and the story of Sadako Sasaki. The band came to the conclusion that the story of Sadaku Sasaki was very close to what the band was trying to express in the album. Consequently, the track was named “Unfinished Dream of Sadako”. It is the ensign and the main mask of the album. The band’s first music video is also derived from the same track. The general concept seen in the band’s fourth album is unrealized dreams. It may be said that the main message of the Crows In The Rain band is the same unrealized dreams. The signs of this concept can be observed from the second single track called “Dreaming” in the first year of band formation to the last album. In this vein, another track of the fourth album is “The Legend of the Cranes”. The track is more reminiscent of the track “You are Dying in My Arms” for the band. It represents the grandeur of the effort to fight for dreams and hope for unrealized dreams.\n\n“Now you can sleep” is the last track of the album, which has a different story from the rest of the songs. Masih’s grandmother laid on her deathbed, suffering from insomnia. When she heard the track, she could sleep after a few days of sleeplessness. After a little while, as soon as the band was performing in Shiraz, Masih’s grandmother died a few hours before the performance. The band states that after this, we discovered that this track, with all its incidents, is the best ending for the album.\n\nMusical style\n\nAlthough the band’s musical style has undergone changes since the band has started working, it has a different style in ambient/post-rock. that has been shaped by the Crows In The Rain. The formation of the band’s musical taste has been adapted from a combination of the musical taste of Masih and Hamad. The musical style Masih was listening to and playing was Neo-Classical, New Age, and Meditation. On the other hand, the musical style Hamed was listening to and playing was Rock and Metal. The blend of these two tastes has been the basis for the formation of the band’s style at the beginning of their work.\n\nIn the second album, after Hamed was more into the classical music, the album’s atmosphere became more ambient. In the third album, where Ashkan and Amir Hossein joined the band as bassist and drummer, the style of the band approached the main goal of the Crows In The Rain band, which could be called the pure post-rock. In addition to this, the presence of the jazz taste background of the band’s drummer caused the third album to have the elements of the jazz music whose signs can be seen in the fourth album and especially in the track “a scintilla of hope”. In the fourth album, the maximum coordination can be observed among the members of the band, resulting in the combination of the styles of the last three albums and the band’s movement towards reaching the ideal style they opted for.\n\nAwards and Honors\n\n New York festivals- Radio Awards\n2018, “Finalist certificate”.\n\n Best Post-rock of the Year\nOn April, 2019, Ashes of the past were placed on the list \"Best Album of 2018\", chosen by Reddit Channel.\n\n The Best Post-rock Albums and Eps of the 21st Century\n\nOn June, 2019, Crows in the Rain were placed on the list \" The Best Post-rock Albums and Eps of the 21st Century\", #67.\n\nMembers\nCurrent members\n Masih Taj – Guitar, Piano\n Hamed Fahimi Ju – Guitar, Piano\n Ashkan Karimi – Bass, Synthesizer\n Masoud Keramat – Drums\n\nFormer members\n Amir Hossein Abbasi – Drums\n\nDiscography\n\nStudio albums\n You Are Dying in My Arms (The Frozen Last Gasps) (2016)\n Little Girl and Lost Blossom (2017)\n Ashes of the Past (2018)\n Sorrow for an Unfinished Dream (2019)\n Dri:m Wan; Därk Blü (2020)\n\nCompilation albums\n\n Visions of Darkness- Iranian Contemporary Music (2017)\n\nSingles\n Forgotten childhood (2014)\n Dreaming (2015)\n You Were There (2015)\n The Tale of Creation within Her Being (Atman of Abhimata) (2015)\n Dri:merz Path / Way (2020)\n\nMusic Videos\n Unfinished Dream of Sadaku (2019)\n\nReferences\n\nIranian musical groups" ]

[ "D.O.A. is a Canadian punk rock band from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. They are often referred to as the \"founders\" of hardcore punk along with Black Flag, Bad Brains, Angry Samoans, The Bags, Germs, Negative Trend, and Middle Class.", "They are often referred to as the \"founders\" of hardcore punk along with Black Flag, Bad Brains, Angry Samoans, The Bags, Germs, Negative Trend, and Middle Class. Their second album Hardcore '81 was thought by many to have been the first actual reference to the second wave of the American punk sound as hardcore.", "Their second album Hardcore '81 was thought by many to have been the first actual reference to the second wave of the American punk sound as hardcore. Singer/guitarist Joey \"Shithead\" Keithley is the only founding member to have stayed in the band throughout its entire history, with original bassist Randy Rampage returning to the band twice after his original departure.", "Singer/guitarist Joey \"Shithead\" Keithley is the only founding member to have stayed in the band throughout its entire history, with original bassist Randy Rampage returning to the band twice after his original departure. D.O.A.", "D.O.A. D.O.A. has often released music on Jello Biafra's Alternative Tentacles Records, and they have released an album with Biafra on vocals titled Last Scream of the Missing Neighbors. D.O.A. is known for its outspoken political opinions and has a history of performing for many causes and benefits.", "is known for its outspoken political opinions and has a history of performing for many causes and benefits. Its slogan is \"Talk Minus Action Equals Zero.\" The band's lyrics and imagery frequently advocate anti-racism, anti-globalization, freedom of speech, and environmentalism.", "The band's lyrics and imagery frequently advocate anti-racism, anti-globalization, freedom of speech, and environmentalism. Founder Joe Keithley is also the founder of Sudden Death Records which has released music by D.O.A. and several other bands including Pointed Sticks and Young Canadians. History Formation and early years (1977–1980) D.O.A.", "History Formation and early years (1977–1980) D.O.A. has its origins in The Skulls, an early Vancouver-area punk rock band that included future D.O.A. members Joey \"Shithead\" Keithley, Brian \"Wimpy Roy\" Goble, and Ken \"Dimwit\" Montgomery.", "members Joey \"Shithead\" Keithley, Brian \"Wimpy Roy\" Goble, and Ken \"Dimwit\" Montgomery. When the Skulls broke up after an ill-fated move to Toronto, Keithley moved back to Vancouver and formed D.O.A.", "When the Skulls broke up after an ill-fated move to Toronto, Keithley moved back to Vancouver and formed D.O.A. in early 1978 with himself on guitar, Dimwit's brother Chuck Biscuits on drums, Randy Rampage on bass, and a lead singer known only as \"Harry Homo\", who suggested the band's name.", "in early 1978 with himself on guitar, Dimwit's brother Chuck Biscuits on drums, Randy Rampage on bass, and a lead singer known only as \"Harry Homo\", who suggested the band's name. The band's first gig took place at the Japanese Hall in Vancouver on February 20 of that year, after which Harry Homo was sacked for an apparent lack of rhythm; Keithley then became the band's singer.", "The band's first gig took place at the Japanese Hall in Vancouver on February 20 of that year, after which Harry Homo was sacked for an apparent lack of rhythm; Keithley then became the band's singer. A second guitarist named \"Randy Romance\" played briefly with the band in March 1978 before leaving.", "A second guitarist named \"Randy Romance\" played briefly with the band in March 1978 before leaving. The band began playing frequently around Vancouver and added guitarist Brad Kent the following June. That summer, they recorded and self-released their first single, the four-song EP Disco Sucks.", "That summer, they recorded and self-released their first single, the four-song EP Disco Sucks. The single soon topped the charts of the University of San Francisco radio station KUSF, which prompted the band to begin touring down to San Francisco. They played their first shows there in August 1978 at Mabuhay Gardens.", "They played their first shows there in August 1978 at Mabuhay Gardens. It was during this trip that the band first met Dead Kennedys frontman and future collaborator Jello Biafra. Kent was fired from the band in September and later that fall the band recorded and released their second single \"The Prisoner\".", "Kent was fired from the band in September and later that fall the band recorded and released their second single \"The Prisoner\". In May 1979, the band embarked on their first North American tour. Upon its completion they hired Vancouver journalist and activist Ken Lester as their manager.", "Upon its completion they hired Vancouver journalist and activist Ken Lester as their manager. Lester booked another tour for them the following October, in the middle of which they flew back to Vancouver to open for The Clash at the Pacific Coliseum.", "Lester booked another tour for them the following October, in the middle of which they flew back to Vancouver to open for The Clash at the Pacific Coliseum. They soon after released their third single, \"World War 3\" / \"Whatcha Gonna Do?\". In late 1979, they added second guitarist, Dave Gregg.", "In late 1979, they added second guitarist, Dave Gregg. Soon after, Biscuits and Rampage left the band after a disastrous gig at the University of British Columbia's Student Union Building and were replaced by Andy Graffiti and Simon \"Stubby Pecker\" Wilde on drums and bass, respectively.", "Soon after, Biscuits and Rampage left the band after a disastrous gig at the University of British Columbia's Student Union Building and were replaced by Andy Graffiti and Simon \"Stubby Pecker\" Wilde on drums and bass, respectively. Keithley soon became dissatisfied with the band's performances with the new lineup, however, and Biscuits and Rampage both rejoined the band in March 1980.", "Keithley soon became dissatisfied with the band's performances with the new lineup, however, and Biscuits and Rampage both rejoined the band in March 1980. D.O.A. released their full-length debut Something Better Change on Friends Records in 1980 and continued touring the United States and Canada extensively.", "released their full-length debut Something Better Change on Friends Records in 1980 and continued touring the United States and Canada extensively. Hardcore 81 and further lineup changes (1981–1989) On April 22, 1981 the band released their second album Hardcore '81; the record's title and its extensive North American promotional tour is sometimes credited with popularizing the term \"hardcore punk\".", "Hardcore 81 and further lineup changes (1981–1989) On April 22, 1981 the band released their second album Hardcore '81; the record's title and its extensive North American promotional tour is sometimes credited with popularizing the term \"hardcore punk\". Randy Rampage was fired from the band on January 1, 1982 and was replaced by ex-Skulls drummer Dimwit on bass.", "Randy Rampage was fired from the band on January 1, 1982 and was replaced by ex-Skulls drummer Dimwit on bass. After a short tour of California, Chuck Biscuits left the band and joined Black Flag.", "After a short tour of California, Chuck Biscuits left the band and joined Black Flag. Dimwit switched back to drums and Subhumans singer Wimpy Roy, another ex-Skulls member, was hired as the new bass player and second singer, leaving Keithley as the last remaining original member.", "Dimwit switched back to drums and Subhumans singer Wimpy Roy, another ex-Skulls member, was hired as the new bass player and second singer, leaving Keithley as the last remaining original member. This lineup would last from 1982–1983 and later 1985-1986 and produced several notable releases, including the EP War on 45 (now expanded into a full-length album).", "This lineup would last from 1982–1983 and later 1985-1986 and produced several notable releases, including the EP War on 45 (now expanded into a full-length album). War on 45 found the band expanding their sound with touches of funk and reggae, as well as making their anti-war and anti-imperialist political stance more clear.", "War on 45 found the band expanding their sound with touches of funk and reggae, as well as making their anti-war and anti-imperialist political stance more clear. 1985's Let's Wreck The Party and 1987's True (North) Strong And Free saw the band taking on a more mainstream, hard-rock oriented production, but without watering down the band's political lyrical focus.", "1985's Let's Wreck The Party and 1987's True (North) Strong And Free saw the band taking on a more mainstream, hard-rock oriented production, but without watering down the band's political lyrical focus. Meanwhile, the band's lineup changes continued after Let's Wreck the Party, with Dimwit replaced by Kerr Belliveau.", "Meanwhile, the band's lineup changes continued after Let's Wreck the Party, with Dimwit replaced by Kerr Belliveau. Belliveau stayed only three weeks with the band but recorded the Expo Hurts Everyone 7\" as well as two songs for True (North) Strong and Free before being replaced by Jon Card from Personality Crisis.", "Belliveau stayed only three weeks with the band but recorded the Expo Hurts Everyone 7\" as well as two songs for True (North) Strong and Free before being replaced by Jon Card from Personality Crisis. Dave Gregg quit in 1988 after D.O.A. fired their manager Ken Lester, to which he was close.", "fired their manager Ken Lester, to which he was close. The band hired Chris Prohom from the Dayglo Abortions as a replacement. First breakup and reunion (1990–2002) 1990's Murder featured rawer, almost thrash metal production, rather than their original basic punk sound.", "First breakup and reunion (1990–2002) 1990's Murder featured rawer, almost thrash metal production, rather than their original basic punk sound. The same year also produced a collaboration with Dead Kennedys singer Jello Biafra with Last Scream of the Missing Neighbors. In August 1990, Joey decided he was breaking up D.O.A.", "In August 1990, Joey decided he was breaking up D.O.A. but, at the suggestion of promoter Dirk Dirksen, they did a farewell tour of the West Coast, playing their \"final\" show on December 1, 1990 at the Commodore in Vancouver.", "but, at the suggestion of promoter Dirk Dirksen, they did a farewell tour of the West Coast, playing their \"final\" show on December 1, 1990 at the Commodore in Vancouver. In 1991, they released a posthumous live album entitled Talk Minus Action = 0 while Keithley pursued an acting career. 19 months after D.O.A.", "19 months after D.O.A. 19 months after D.O.A. broke up, Joey Shithead and Wimpy Roy had reunited as D.O.A in the summer of 1992. Fellow Canadian punk rock veteran John Wright from NoMeansNo suggested they hire Ken Jensen from Red Tide as the new drummer, which they did.", "Fellow Canadian punk rock veteran John Wright from NoMeansNo suggested they hire Ken Jensen from Red Tide as the new drummer, which they did. The new lineup released an EP and two albums in the early 1990s, 13 Flavours Of Doom and Loggerheads.", "The new lineup released an EP and two albums in the early 1990s, 13 Flavours Of Doom and Loggerheads. These albums found the band replacing the more hard-rock oriented sound of the 1980s with a return to punk rock, although it was a heavier, tighter brand of punk than their earlier work.", "These albums found the band replacing the more hard-rock oriented sound of the 1980s with a return to punk rock, although it was a heavier, tighter brand of punk than their earlier work. These albums were produced by Wright, who also played keyboards on the recordings. The band then added Ford Pier on guitar and vocals.", "The band then added Ford Pier on guitar and vocals. Tragedy struck in 1995 when drummer Ken Jensen died in a house fire. The \"Ken Jensen Memorial Single\" EP was released on Alternative Tentacles, including two tracks each from D.O.A. and Red Tide.", "and Red Tide. and Red Tide. With John Wright filling in on drums, ninth full-length The Black Spot was recorded. The album featured a more basic, sing-along type punk rock sound that was reminiscent of the band's late 1970s and early 1980s output.", "The album featured a more basic, sing-along type punk rock sound that was reminiscent of the band's late 1970s and early 1980s output. The late 1990s found the band's lineup in turmoil, with Wimpy Roy leaving the band after a decade and a half of service and Kuba joining to play bass from 1997 until 2001.", "The late 1990s found the band's lineup in turmoil, with Wimpy Roy leaving the band after a decade and a half of service and Kuba joining to play bass from 1997 until 2001. Keithley experimented with different bassists and drummers and released the album Festival Of Atheists in 1998.", "Keithley experimented with different bassists and drummers and released the album Festival Of Atheists in 1998. By the early 2000s, the band had found a permanent drummer in the form of The Great Baldini.", "By the early 2000s, the band had found a permanent drummer in the form of The Great Baldini. In 2002, Keithley put out his first solo album, Beat Trash, and original bassist Randy Rampage returned to the band after nearly 20 years for the Win The Battle album.", "In 2002, Keithley put out his first solo album, Beat Trash, and original bassist Randy Rampage returned to the band after nearly 20 years for the Win The Battle album. However, the reunion did not last, with Rampage leaving the band again after the recording of the album, to be replaced by Dan Yaremko.", "However, the reunion did not last, with Rampage leaving the band again after the recording of the album, to be replaced by Dan Yaremko. The Lost Tapes was the first release on Keithley's revived Sudden Death label, followed by Festival Of Atheists.", "The Lost Tapes was the first release on Keithley's revived Sudden Death label, followed by Festival Of Atheists. During this period, Keithley also oversaw the re-release of the band's classic early records on Sudden Death, several of which had been out of print for many years.", "During this period, Keithley also oversaw the re-release of the band's classic early records on Sudden Death, several of which had been out of print for many years. Later years and second hiatus (2003–2013) In 2003, Vancouver Mayor Larry Campbell declared December 21 to be \"D.O.A.", "Later years and second hiatus (2003–2013) In 2003, Vancouver Mayor Larry Campbell declared December 21 to be \"D.O.A. Day\" in honour of the band's 25th anniversary. In the same year, the band released a career-spanning retrospective entitled War And Peace. 2004 found the band releasing the ska-flavoured Live Free or Die.", "2004 found the band releasing the ska-flavoured Live Free or Die. In 2006, Randy Rampage rejoined D.O.A. for his 3rd stint in the band. The lineup remained stable until 2008, when The Great Baldini left the band to be replaced by new drummer James Hayden.", "The lineup remained stable until 2008, when The Great Baldini left the band to be replaced by new drummer James Hayden. Also in 2008, it was announced that Bob Rock, of Metallica fame would be producing the band's next album in time for their 30th anniversary. James Hayden quit before D.O.A.", "James Hayden quit before D.O.A. James Hayden quit before D.O.A. started to record to be replaced by Floor Tom Jones In September 2008, D.O.A. released Northern Avenger and embarked on their 30th anniversary tour. On the eve of the tour, it was announced that Randy Rampage was being replaced by Dan Yaremko once again. D.O.A.", "D.O.A. D.O.A. played several dates in the summer of 2009 as part of the Van's Warped Tour 2009. On May 1, 2010, D.O.A. released their fourteenth full-length album Talk Minus Action = Zero (a similarly titled live album Talk Minus Action Equals Zero had previously been released in 1990).", "released their fourteenth full-length album Talk Minus Action = Zero (a similarly titled live album Talk Minus Action Equals Zero had previously been released in 1990). Drummer Jesse Pinner (of the band Raised by Apes) took the place of Floor Tom Jones beginning on D.O.A.", "Drummer Jesse Pinner (of the band Raised by Apes) took the place of Floor Tom Jones beginning on D.O.A. 's subsequent August 2010 tour due to Floor Tom Jones' commitments to his job at Canada Post. In 2012, Joe announced that he would be seeking nomination as an NDP candidate in the B.C. provincial election.", "provincial election. provincial election. As a result, D.O.A. announced an indefinite hiatus, and began their farewell tour on January 18, 2013 in celebration of the band's thirty-five year anniversary.", "announced an indefinite hiatus, and began their farewell tour on January 18, 2013 in celebration of the band's thirty-five year anniversary. Second reunion and recent activity (2014–present) On September 22, 2014, Keithley officially announced on the Sudden Death Records website that he had decided to reform the band with Paddy Duddy on drums and Mike \"Maggot\" Hodsall on bass, and would be embarking on a Canadian tour in October in support of the recently released live album, Welcome To Chinatown.", "Second reunion and recent activity (2014–present) On September 22, 2014, Keithley officially announced on the Sudden Death Records website that he had decided to reform the band with Paddy Duddy on drums and Mike \"Maggot\" Hodsall on bass, and would be embarking on a Canadian tour in October in support of the recently released live album, Welcome To Chinatown. This lineup recorded and released the studio album Hard Rain Falling in 2015.", "This lineup recorded and released the studio album Hard Rain Falling in 2015. In April 2016, the band released a new version of \"Fucked Up Ronnie\" entitled \"Fucked Up Donald\" (referring to the 2016 Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump) as a single.", "In April 2016, the band released a new version of \"Fucked Up Ronnie\" entitled \"Fucked Up Donald\" (referring to the 2016 Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump) as a single. Members Current lineup Joe Keithley – vocals, guitar (1978–present), bass (1996–1998) Mike Hodsall – bass (2014–present) Paddy Duddy – drums (2014–present) Former members Harry Homo - lead vocals (1978) Brad Kent - guitar (1978) Randy Romance - guitar (1978) Zippy Pinhead - drums (1979; died 2019) Simon Wilde - bass (1979-1980; died 1994) Andy Graffiti - drums (1979-1980) Randy Rampage – bass (1978–1982, 2000–2002, 2006–2009; died 2018) Chuck Biscuits – drums (1978–1982) Dave Gregg – guitar (1979–1988; died 2014) Brian Roy Goble – bass (1982–1996; died 2014) Ken \"Dimwit\" Montgomery – bass (1982), drums (1982–1983, 1984-1986; died 1994) Gregg \"Ned Peckerwood\" James - drums (1983-1984) Kerr Belliveau - drums (1986) Jon Card – drums (1986–1990) Chris Prohom – guitar (1988–1990) Ken Jensen – drums (1992–1995; died 1995) Jon Wright – keyboards (1992–1995), drums (1995–1996) Ford Pier – guitar (1994–1996) Wycliffe - bass (1997) Kuba van der Pol - bass (1998-2000, 2002-2003) Brien O’Brien – drums (1997–1999) The Great Baldini – drums (2000–2008) Dan Yaremko – bass (2003–2006, 2009–2013) Floor Tom Jones – drums (2008–2010) Jesse Pinner – drums (2010–2013) Timeline Discography Studio albums Something Better Change (1980) Hardcore '81 (1981) Let's Wreck The Party (1985) True (North) Strong And Free (1987) Murder (1990) 13 Flavours of Doom (1992) Loggerheads (1993) The Black Spot (1995) Festival Of Atheists (1998) Win the Battle (2002) Live Free Or Die (2004) Northern Avenger (2008) Kings of Punk, Hockey and Beer (2009) Talk-Action=0 (2010) We Come In Peace (2012) Hard Rain Falling (2015) Fight Back (2018) Treason (2020) Live albums Talk Minus Action Equals Zero (1991) Welcome to Chinatown (2013) EPs Positively (1981) War on 45 (1982) D.O.A.", "Members Current lineup Joe Keithley – vocals, guitar (1978–present), bass (1996–1998) Mike Hodsall – bass (2014–present) Paddy Duddy – drums (2014–present) Former members Harry Homo - lead vocals (1978) Brad Kent - guitar (1978) Randy Romance - guitar (1978) Zippy Pinhead - drums (1979; died 2019) Simon Wilde - bass (1979-1980; died 1994) Andy Graffiti - drums (1979-1980) Randy Rampage – bass (1978–1982, 2000–2002, 2006–2009; died 2018) Chuck Biscuits – drums (1978–1982) Dave Gregg – guitar (1979–1988; died 2014) Brian Roy Goble – bass (1982–1996; died 2014) Ken \"Dimwit\" Montgomery – bass (1982), drums (1982–1983, 1984-1986; died 1994) Gregg \"Ned Peckerwood\" James - drums (1983-1984) Kerr Belliveau - drums (1986) Jon Card – drums (1986–1990) Chris Prohom – guitar (1988–1990) Ken Jensen – drums (1992–1995; died 1995) Jon Wright – keyboards (1992–1995), drums (1995–1996) Ford Pier – guitar (1994–1996) Wycliffe - bass (1997) Kuba van der Pol - bass (1998-2000, 2002-2003) Brien O’Brien – drums (1997–1999) The Great Baldini – drums (2000–2008) Dan Yaremko – bass (2003–2006, 2009–2013) Floor Tom Jones – drums (2008–2010) Jesse Pinner – drums (2010–2013) Timeline Discography Studio albums Something Better Change (1980) Hardcore '81 (1981) Let's Wreck The Party (1985) True (North) Strong And Free (1987) Murder (1990) 13 Flavours of Doom (1992) Loggerheads (1993) The Black Spot (1995) Festival Of Atheists (1998) Win the Battle (2002) Live Free Or Die (2004) Northern Avenger (2008) Kings of Punk, Hockey and Beer (2009) Talk-Action=0 (2010) We Come In Peace (2012) Hard Rain Falling (2015) Fight Back (2018) Treason (2020) Live albums Talk Minus Action Equals Zero (1991) Welcome to Chinatown (2013) EPs Positively (1981) War on 45 (1982) D.O.A. & Thor - Are U Ready (2003) Collaborations Last Scream of the Missing Neighbors (With Jello Biafra) (1990) Solo albums Beat Trash (2002) - Solo Project from Joey \"Shithead\" Keithley References External links The official D.O.A.", "& Thor - Are U Ready (2003) Collaborations Last Scream of the Missing Neighbors (With Jello Biafra) (1990) Solo albums Beat Trash (2002) - Solo Project from Joey \"Shithead\" Keithley References External links The official D.O.A. myspace CanadianBands.com entry Sudden Death records Interview with Joey Shithead Snot Rag interview with Dimwit (1979) Robert Christgau's review of five D.O.A.", "myspace CanadianBands.com entry Sudden Death records Interview with Joey Shithead Snot Rag interview with Dimwit (1979) Robert Christgau's review of five D.O.A. albums Scanner zine interview with Joey Shithead Late Night Wallflower interview with Joey Shithead (2007) Toronto Music Scene Interview with Joey Shithead The Ruckus - Audio Interview with Joey Keithley from September 2008 Musical groups established in 1978 Musical groups disestablished in 2013 Musical groups reestablished in 2014 Canadian hardcore punk groups Canadian activists Musical groups from Vancouver Alternative Tentacles artists 1978 establishments in British Columbia Political music groups" ]

[ "D.O.A. (band)", "Hardcore 81 and further lineup changes (1981-1989)", "What is Hardcore 81?", "their second album Hardcore '81;", "What are some of the songs on the album?", "I don't know.", "How was the album received?", "the record's title and its extensive North American promotional tour is sometimes credited with popularizing the term \"hardcore punk\".", "Who were the members of the band for this album?", "Randy Rampage was fired from the band on January 1, 1982 and was replaced by ex-Skulls drummer Dimwit on bass.", "Who else was in the band?", "Dimwit switched back to drums and Subhumans singer Wimpy Roy was hired as the new bass player and second singer, leaving Keithley as the only remaining original member." ]

[ "Support Lesbiens is a Czech musical group from Prague. It was founded in 1992. Their single \"Cliché\" was the first single by a Czech English-singing group to reach number one in an official radio chart IFPI. The band is considered to be a part of the New Age genre, though it carries many Rock features as well. After the release of a new single \"Changes\" (in May 2013) with the new band members, the band is currently working on new album that should be ready in autumn 2013.\n\nMusical career\nSupport Lesbiens experienced a tough start in the Czech musical scene due to a general skepticism against Czech bands singing in English. Their first two albums were known by only the most die-hard Czech fans, but their break came with the album Regeneration?, which jump-started their rise to domestic fame. \n\nAfter their fourth album Tune Da Radio, the band's lead guitarist and writer Jaromír Helešic left the band, leading to a slight turn away from the Rock genre to a more modern style.\n\nIn May 2013, the group announced a new, as yet unnamed album, due to be released in autumn 2013.\n\nIn May, 2013, the band released a brand new single.\n\nBand members\nCurrent members\n\nJosef Czenda Urbánek - vocals\nHynek Toman - guitar\nJan Andr - keyboards\nFilip Fendrych - bass\nRadek Tomášek - drums\n\nPast members \n\n Kryštof Michal - vocals\n\nDiscography \n So, What? (1993)\n Medicine Man (1994)\n Regeneration? (2001)\n Tune Da Radio (2002)\n Midlife (2004)\n Euphony and Other Adventures (2006)\n Greatest Hits 1993-2007 (2007)\n Lick It (2008)\n Soft Collection (2009)\n Homobot (2011)\n Changes (2013) - new band members\n K.I.D. (2015)\n Glow (2018)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n Kapela Support Lesbiens přežila svůj rozpad: Je zpátky v nové sestavě! - AHA.cz\n Support Lesbiens bez Kryštofa Michala přitvrdí. Deska bude v listopadu\n Support Lesbiens jsou zpět a vyrážejí na turné!\n Nová deska, nová sestava - staří dobří Supporti?\n Support Lesbiens bez Kryštofa Michala přitvrdí. Deska bude v listopadu\n\nMusical groups established in 1992\nCzech rock music groups\n1992 establishments in Czechoslovakia", "Flinch is glam rock band from Tampere, Finland formed in 2003.\n\nBand history\n\nInitial success\nThe band released their debut single \"Tuulet\" in 2005, where it reached number 2 on the Finnish music charts. Their follow-up single \"Liikaa\" was released in early 2006 and reached number 2.\n\nThe band's debut album, Kuvastin, was released in 2006 and reached number 17 on the Finnish album charts.\n\nChange in lineup\nIn early 2007 there was a significant change in lineup, and front man Liimatainen became the only remaining original member. Commenting on the split, Liimatainen stated that \"that group arrived to a point where there was no other choice than splitting. The former band members wanted to do other things. Despite the changes inside the band, fans have remained faithful. Feedback up to now has been positive\".\n\nOn April 9, 2008 the band released their second album Irrallaan. It was produced by Jonne Aaron, Liimatainen's elder brother and frontman of the band Negative.\n\nBand members\n Mikko Häkkilä (guitar)\n Olli Laukkanen (guitar)\n Tuukka Hänninen (bass guitar)\n Juuso Valkeala (drummer).\n Ville Liimatainen (lead vocals)\n\nDiscography\n\nAlbums\n\nSingles\n Tuulet (17.8.2005)\n Liikaa (25.1.2006)\n Taivas Tähtiverhoineen\n 1986\n\nMusic Videos\n Liikaa\n Taivas tähtiverhoineen\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official site\n Flinch.net.ms\n\nFinnish rock music groups\nMusicians from Tampere\nMusical groups established in 2002\n2002 establishments in Finland" ]

[ "D.O.A. is a Canadian punk rock band from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. They are often referred to as the \"founders\" of hardcore punk along with Black Flag, Bad Brains, Angry Samoans, The Bags, Germs, Negative Trend, and Middle Class.", "They are often referred to as the \"founders\" of hardcore punk along with Black Flag, Bad Brains, Angry Samoans, The Bags, Germs, Negative Trend, and Middle Class. Their second album Hardcore '81 was thought by many to have been the first actual reference to the second wave of the American punk sound as hardcore.", "Their second album Hardcore '81 was thought by many to have been the first actual reference to the second wave of the American punk sound as hardcore. Singer/guitarist Joey \"Shithead\" Keithley is the only founding member to have stayed in the band throughout its entire history, with original bassist Randy Rampage returning to the band twice after his original departure.", "Singer/guitarist Joey \"Shithead\" Keithley is the only founding member to have stayed in the band throughout its entire history, with original bassist Randy Rampage returning to the band twice after his original departure. D.O.A.", "D.O.A. D.O.A. has often released music on Jello Biafra's Alternative Tentacles Records, and they have released an album with Biafra on vocals titled Last Scream of the Missing Neighbors. D.O.A. is known for its outspoken political opinions and has a history of performing for many causes and benefits.", "is known for its outspoken political opinions and has a history of performing for many causes and benefits. Its slogan is \"Talk Minus Action Equals Zero.\" The band's lyrics and imagery frequently advocate anti-racism, anti-globalization, freedom of speech, and environmentalism.", "The band's lyrics and imagery frequently advocate anti-racism, anti-globalization, freedom of speech, and environmentalism. Founder Joe Keithley is also the founder of Sudden Death Records which has released music by D.O.A. and several other bands including Pointed Sticks and Young Canadians. History Formation and early years (1977–1980) D.O.A.", "History Formation and early years (1977–1980) D.O.A. has its origins in The Skulls, an early Vancouver-area punk rock band that included future D.O.A. members Joey \"Shithead\" Keithley, Brian \"Wimpy Roy\" Goble, and Ken \"Dimwit\" Montgomery.", "members Joey \"Shithead\" Keithley, Brian \"Wimpy Roy\" Goble, and Ken \"Dimwit\" Montgomery. When the Skulls broke up after an ill-fated move to Toronto, Keithley moved back to Vancouver and formed D.O.A.", "When the Skulls broke up after an ill-fated move to Toronto, Keithley moved back to Vancouver and formed D.O.A. in early 1978 with himself on guitar, Dimwit's brother Chuck Biscuits on drums, Randy Rampage on bass, and a lead singer known only as \"Harry Homo\", who suggested the band's name.", "in early 1978 with himself on guitar, Dimwit's brother Chuck Biscuits on drums, Randy Rampage on bass, and a lead singer known only as \"Harry Homo\", who suggested the band's name. The band's first gig took place at the Japanese Hall in Vancouver on February 20 of that year, after which Harry Homo was sacked for an apparent lack of rhythm; Keithley then became the band's singer.", "The band's first gig took place at the Japanese Hall in Vancouver on February 20 of that year, after which Harry Homo was sacked for an apparent lack of rhythm; Keithley then became the band's singer. A second guitarist named \"Randy Romance\" played briefly with the band in March 1978 before leaving.", "A second guitarist named \"Randy Romance\" played briefly with the band in March 1978 before leaving. The band began playing frequently around Vancouver and added guitarist Brad Kent the following June. That summer, they recorded and self-released their first single, the four-song EP Disco Sucks.", "That summer, they recorded and self-released their first single, the four-song EP Disco Sucks. The single soon topped the charts of the University of San Francisco radio station KUSF, which prompted the band to begin touring down to San Francisco. They played their first shows there in August 1978 at Mabuhay Gardens.", "They played their first shows there in August 1978 at Mabuhay Gardens. It was during this trip that the band first met Dead Kennedys frontman and future collaborator Jello Biafra. Kent was fired from the band in September and later that fall the band recorded and released their second single \"The Prisoner\".", "Kent was fired from the band in September and later that fall the band recorded and released their second single \"The Prisoner\". In May 1979, the band embarked on their first North American tour. Upon its completion they hired Vancouver journalist and activist Ken Lester as their manager.", "Upon its completion they hired Vancouver journalist and activist Ken Lester as their manager. Lester booked another tour for them the following October, in the middle of which they flew back to Vancouver to open for The Clash at the Pacific Coliseum.", "Lester booked another tour for them the following October, in the middle of which they flew back to Vancouver to open for The Clash at the Pacific Coliseum. They soon after released their third single, \"World War 3\" / \"Whatcha Gonna Do?\". In late 1979, they added second guitarist, Dave Gregg.", "In late 1979, they added second guitarist, Dave Gregg. Soon after, Biscuits and Rampage left the band after a disastrous gig at the University of British Columbia's Student Union Building and were replaced by Andy Graffiti and Simon \"Stubby Pecker\" Wilde on drums and bass, respectively.", "Soon after, Biscuits and Rampage left the band after a disastrous gig at the University of British Columbia's Student Union Building and were replaced by Andy Graffiti and Simon \"Stubby Pecker\" Wilde on drums and bass, respectively. Keithley soon became dissatisfied with the band's performances with the new lineup, however, and Biscuits and Rampage both rejoined the band in March 1980.", "Keithley soon became dissatisfied with the band's performances with the new lineup, however, and Biscuits and Rampage both rejoined the band in March 1980. D.O.A. released their full-length debut Something Better Change on Friends Records in 1980 and continued touring the United States and Canada extensively.", "released their full-length debut Something Better Change on Friends Records in 1980 and continued touring the United States and Canada extensively. Hardcore 81 and further lineup changes (1981–1989) On April 22, 1981 the band released their second album Hardcore '81; the record's title and its extensive North American promotional tour is sometimes credited with popularizing the term \"hardcore punk\".", "Hardcore 81 and further lineup changes (1981–1989) On April 22, 1981 the band released their second album Hardcore '81; the record's title and its extensive North American promotional tour is sometimes credited with popularizing the term \"hardcore punk\". Randy Rampage was fired from the band on January 1, 1982 and was replaced by ex-Skulls drummer Dimwit on bass.", "Randy Rampage was fired from the band on January 1, 1982 and was replaced by ex-Skulls drummer Dimwit on bass. After a short tour of California, Chuck Biscuits left the band and joined Black Flag.", "After a short tour of California, Chuck Biscuits left the band and joined Black Flag. Dimwit switched back to drums and Subhumans singer Wimpy Roy, another ex-Skulls member, was hired as the new bass player and second singer, leaving Keithley as the last remaining original member.", "Dimwit switched back to drums and Subhumans singer Wimpy Roy, another ex-Skulls member, was hired as the new bass player and second singer, leaving Keithley as the last remaining original member. This lineup would last from 1982–1983 and later 1985-1986 and produced several notable releases, including the EP War on 45 (now expanded into a full-length album).", "This lineup would last from 1982–1983 and later 1985-1986 and produced several notable releases, including the EP War on 45 (now expanded into a full-length album). War on 45 found the band expanding their sound with touches of funk and reggae, as well as making their anti-war and anti-imperialist political stance more clear.", "War on 45 found the band expanding their sound with touches of funk and reggae, as well as making their anti-war and anti-imperialist political stance more clear. 1985's Let's Wreck The Party and 1987's True (North) Strong And Free saw the band taking on a more mainstream, hard-rock oriented production, but without watering down the band's political lyrical focus.", "1985's Let's Wreck The Party and 1987's True (North) Strong And Free saw the band taking on a more mainstream, hard-rock oriented production, but without watering down the band's political lyrical focus. Meanwhile, the band's lineup changes continued after Let's Wreck the Party, with Dimwit replaced by Kerr Belliveau.", "Meanwhile, the band's lineup changes continued after Let's Wreck the Party, with Dimwit replaced by Kerr Belliveau. Belliveau stayed only three weeks with the band but recorded the Expo Hurts Everyone 7\" as well as two songs for True (North) Strong and Free before being replaced by Jon Card from Personality Crisis.", "Belliveau stayed only three weeks with the band but recorded the Expo Hurts Everyone 7\" as well as two songs for True (North) Strong and Free before being replaced by Jon Card from Personality Crisis. Dave Gregg quit in 1988 after D.O.A. fired their manager Ken Lester, to which he was close.", "fired their manager Ken Lester, to which he was close. The band hired Chris Prohom from the Dayglo Abortions as a replacement. First breakup and reunion (1990–2002) 1990's Murder featured rawer, almost thrash metal production, rather than their original basic punk sound.", "First breakup and reunion (1990–2002) 1990's Murder featured rawer, almost thrash metal production, rather than their original basic punk sound. The same year also produced a collaboration with Dead Kennedys singer Jello Biafra with Last Scream of the Missing Neighbors. In August 1990, Joey decided he was breaking up D.O.A.", "In August 1990, Joey decided he was breaking up D.O.A. but, at the suggestion of promoter Dirk Dirksen, they did a farewell tour of the West Coast, playing their \"final\" show on December 1, 1990 at the Commodore in Vancouver.", "but, at the suggestion of promoter Dirk Dirksen, they did a farewell tour of the West Coast, playing their \"final\" show on December 1, 1990 at the Commodore in Vancouver. In 1991, they released a posthumous live album entitled Talk Minus Action = 0 while Keithley pursued an acting career. 19 months after D.O.A.", "19 months after D.O.A. 19 months after D.O.A. broke up, Joey Shithead and Wimpy Roy had reunited as D.O.A in the summer of 1992. Fellow Canadian punk rock veteran John Wright from NoMeansNo suggested they hire Ken Jensen from Red Tide as the new drummer, which they did.", "Fellow Canadian punk rock veteran John Wright from NoMeansNo suggested they hire Ken Jensen from Red Tide as the new drummer, which they did. The new lineup released an EP and two albums in the early 1990s, 13 Flavours Of Doom and Loggerheads.", "The new lineup released an EP and two albums in the early 1990s, 13 Flavours Of Doom and Loggerheads. These albums found the band replacing the more hard-rock oriented sound of the 1980s with a return to punk rock, although it was a heavier, tighter brand of punk than their earlier work.", "These albums found the band replacing the more hard-rock oriented sound of the 1980s with a return to punk rock, although it was a heavier, tighter brand of punk than their earlier work. These albums were produced by Wright, who also played keyboards on the recordings. The band then added Ford Pier on guitar and vocals.", "The band then added Ford Pier on guitar and vocals. Tragedy struck in 1995 when drummer Ken Jensen died in a house fire. The \"Ken Jensen Memorial Single\" EP was released on Alternative Tentacles, including two tracks each from D.O.A. and Red Tide.", "and Red Tide. and Red Tide. With John Wright filling in on drums, ninth full-length The Black Spot was recorded. The album featured a more basic, sing-along type punk rock sound that was reminiscent of the band's late 1970s and early 1980s output.", "The album featured a more basic, sing-along type punk rock sound that was reminiscent of the band's late 1970s and early 1980s output. The late 1990s found the band's lineup in turmoil, with Wimpy Roy leaving the band after a decade and a half of service and Kuba joining to play bass from 1997 until 2001.", "The late 1990s found the band's lineup in turmoil, with Wimpy Roy leaving the band after a decade and a half of service and Kuba joining to play bass from 1997 until 2001. Keithley experimented with different bassists and drummers and released the album Festival Of Atheists in 1998.", "Keithley experimented with different bassists and drummers and released the album Festival Of Atheists in 1998. By the early 2000s, the band had found a permanent drummer in the form of The Great Baldini.", "By the early 2000s, the band had found a permanent drummer in the form of The Great Baldini. In 2002, Keithley put out his first solo album, Beat Trash, and original bassist Randy Rampage returned to the band after nearly 20 years for the Win The Battle album.", "In 2002, Keithley put out his first solo album, Beat Trash, and original bassist Randy Rampage returned to the band after nearly 20 years for the Win The Battle album. However, the reunion did not last, with Rampage leaving the band again after the recording of the album, to be replaced by Dan Yaremko.", "However, the reunion did not last, with Rampage leaving the band again after the recording of the album, to be replaced by Dan Yaremko. The Lost Tapes was the first release on Keithley's revived Sudden Death label, followed by Festival Of Atheists.", "The Lost Tapes was the first release on Keithley's revived Sudden Death label, followed by Festival Of Atheists. During this period, Keithley also oversaw the re-release of the band's classic early records on Sudden Death, several of which had been out of print for many years.", "During this period, Keithley also oversaw the re-release of the band's classic early records on Sudden Death, several of which had been out of print for many years. Later years and second hiatus (2003–2013) In 2003, Vancouver Mayor Larry Campbell declared December 21 to be \"D.O.A.", "Later years and second hiatus (2003–2013) In 2003, Vancouver Mayor Larry Campbell declared December 21 to be \"D.O.A. Day\" in honour of the band's 25th anniversary. In the same year, the band released a career-spanning retrospective entitled War And Peace. 2004 found the band releasing the ska-flavoured Live Free or Die.", "2004 found the band releasing the ska-flavoured Live Free or Die. In 2006, Randy Rampage rejoined D.O.A. for his 3rd stint in the band. The lineup remained stable until 2008, when The Great Baldini left the band to be replaced by new drummer James Hayden.", "The lineup remained stable until 2008, when The Great Baldini left the band to be replaced by new drummer James Hayden. Also in 2008, it was announced that Bob Rock, of Metallica fame would be producing the band's next album in time for their 30th anniversary. James Hayden quit before D.O.A.", "James Hayden quit before D.O.A. James Hayden quit before D.O.A. started to record to be replaced by Floor Tom Jones In September 2008, D.O.A. released Northern Avenger and embarked on their 30th anniversary tour. On the eve of the tour, it was announced that Randy Rampage was being replaced by Dan Yaremko once again. D.O.A.", "D.O.A. D.O.A. played several dates in the summer of 2009 as part of the Van's Warped Tour 2009. On May 1, 2010, D.O.A. released their fourteenth full-length album Talk Minus Action = Zero (a similarly titled live album Talk Minus Action Equals Zero had previously been released in 1990).", "released their fourteenth full-length album Talk Minus Action = Zero (a similarly titled live album Talk Minus Action Equals Zero had previously been released in 1990). Drummer Jesse Pinner (of the band Raised by Apes) took the place of Floor Tom Jones beginning on D.O.A.", "Drummer Jesse Pinner (of the band Raised by Apes) took the place of Floor Tom Jones beginning on D.O.A. 's subsequent August 2010 tour due to Floor Tom Jones' commitments to his job at Canada Post. In 2012, Joe announced that he would be seeking nomination as an NDP candidate in the B.C. provincial election.", "provincial election. provincial election. As a result, D.O.A. announced an indefinite hiatus, and began their farewell tour on January 18, 2013 in celebration of the band's thirty-five year anniversary.", "announced an indefinite hiatus, and began their farewell tour on January 18, 2013 in celebration of the band's thirty-five year anniversary. Second reunion and recent activity (2014–present) On September 22, 2014, Keithley officially announced on the Sudden Death Records website that he had decided to reform the band with Paddy Duddy on drums and Mike \"Maggot\" Hodsall on bass, and would be embarking on a Canadian tour in October in support of the recently released live album, Welcome To Chinatown.", "Second reunion and recent activity (2014–present) On September 22, 2014, Keithley officially announced on the Sudden Death Records website that he had decided to reform the band with Paddy Duddy on drums and Mike \"Maggot\" Hodsall on bass, and would be embarking on a Canadian tour in October in support of the recently released live album, Welcome To Chinatown. This lineup recorded and released the studio album Hard Rain Falling in 2015.", "This lineup recorded and released the studio album Hard Rain Falling in 2015. In April 2016, the band released a new version of \"Fucked Up Ronnie\" entitled \"Fucked Up Donald\" (referring to the 2016 Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump) as a single.", "In April 2016, the band released a new version of \"Fucked Up Ronnie\" entitled \"Fucked Up Donald\" (referring to the 2016 Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump) as a single. Members Current lineup Joe Keithley – vocals, guitar (1978–present), bass (1996–1998) Mike Hodsall – bass (2014–present) Paddy Duddy – drums (2014–present) Former members Harry Homo - lead vocals (1978) Brad Kent - guitar (1978) Randy Romance - guitar (1978) Zippy Pinhead - drums (1979; died 2019) Simon Wilde - bass (1979-1980; died 1994) Andy Graffiti - drums (1979-1980) Randy Rampage – bass (1978–1982, 2000–2002, 2006–2009; died 2018) Chuck Biscuits – drums (1978–1982) Dave Gregg – guitar (1979–1988; died 2014) Brian Roy Goble – bass (1982–1996; died 2014) Ken \"Dimwit\" Montgomery – bass (1982), drums (1982–1983, 1984-1986; died 1994) Gregg \"Ned Peckerwood\" James - drums (1983-1984) Kerr Belliveau - drums (1986) Jon Card – drums (1986–1990) Chris Prohom – guitar (1988–1990) Ken Jensen – drums (1992–1995; died 1995) Jon Wright – keyboards (1992–1995), drums (1995–1996) Ford Pier – guitar (1994–1996) Wycliffe - bass (1997) Kuba van der Pol - bass (1998-2000, 2002-2003) Brien O’Brien – drums (1997–1999) The Great Baldini – drums (2000–2008) Dan Yaremko – bass (2003–2006, 2009–2013) Floor Tom Jones – drums (2008–2010) Jesse Pinner – drums (2010–2013) Timeline Discography Studio albums Something Better Change (1980) Hardcore '81 (1981) Let's Wreck The Party (1985) True (North) Strong And Free (1987) Murder (1990) 13 Flavours of Doom (1992) Loggerheads (1993) The Black Spot (1995) Festival Of Atheists (1998) Win the Battle (2002) Live Free Or Die (2004) Northern Avenger (2008) Kings of Punk, Hockey and Beer (2009) Talk-Action=0 (2010) We Come In Peace (2012) Hard Rain Falling (2015) Fight Back (2018) Treason (2020) Live albums Talk Minus Action Equals Zero (1991) Welcome to Chinatown (2013) EPs Positively (1981) War on 45 (1982) D.O.A.", "Members Current lineup Joe Keithley – vocals, guitar (1978–present), bass (1996–1998) Mike Hodsall – bass (2014–present) Paddy Duddy – drums (2014–present) Former members Harry Homo - lead vocals (1978) Brad Kent - guitar (1978) Randy Romance - guitar (1978) Zippy Pinhead - drums (1979; died 2019) Simon Wilde - bass (1979-1980; died 1994) Andy Graffiti - drums (1979-1980) Randy Rampage – bass (1978–1982, 2000–2002, 2006–2009; died 2018) Chuck Biscuits – drums (1978–1982) Dave Gregg – guitar (1979–1988; died 2014) Brian Roy Goble – bass (1982–1996; died 2014) Ken \"Dimwit\" Montgomery – bass (1982), drums (1982–1983, 1984-1986; died 1994) Gregg \"Ned Peckerwood\" James - drums (1983-1984) Kerr Belliveau - drums (1986) Jon Card – drums (1986–1990) Chris Prohom – guitar (1988–1990) Ken Jensen – drums (1992–1995; died 1995) Jon Wright – keyboards (1992–1995), drums (1995–1996) Ford Pier – guitar (1994–1996) Wycliffe - bass (1997) Kuba van der Pol - bass (1998-2000, 2002-2003) Brien O’Brien – drums (1997–1999) The Great Baldini – drums (2000–2008) Dan Yaremko – bass (2003–2006, 2009–2013) Floor Tom Jones – drums (2008–2010) Jesse Pinner – drums (2010–2013) Timeline Discography Studio albums Something Better Change (1980) Hardcore '81 (1981) Let's Wreck The Party (1985) True (North) Strong And Free (1987) Murder (1990) 13 Flavours of Doom (1992) Loggerheads (1993) The Black Spot (1995) Festival Of Atheists (1998) Win the Battle (2002) Live Free Or Die (2004) Northern Avenger (2008) Kings of Punk, Hockey and Beer (2009) Talk-Action=0 (2010) We Come In Peace (2012) Hard Rain Falling (2015) Fight Back (2018) Treason (2020) Live albums Talk Minus Action Equals Zero (1991) Welcome to Chinatown (2013) EPs Positively (1981) War on 45 (1982) D.O.A. & Thor - Are U Ready (2003) Collaborations Last Scream of the Missing Neighbors (With Jello Biafra) (1990) Solo albums Beat Trash (2002) - Solo Project from Joey \"Shithead\" Keithley References External links The official D.O.A.", "& Thor - Are U Ready (2003) Collaborations Last Scream of the Missing Neighbors (With Jello Biafra) (1990) Solo albums Beat Trash (2002) - Solo Project from Joey \"Shithead\" Keithley References External links The official D.O.A. myspace CanadianBands.com entry Sudden Death records Interview with Joey Shithead Snot Rag interview with Dimwit (1979) Robert Christgau's review of five D.O.A.", "myspace CanadianBands.com entry Sudden Death records Interview with Joey Shithead Snot Rag interview with Dimwit (1979) Robert Christgau's review of five D.O.A. albums Scanner zine interview with Joey Shithead Late Night Wallflower interview with Joey Shithead (2007) Toronto Music Scene Interview with Joey Shithead The Ruckus - Audio Interview with Joey Keithley from September 2008 Musical groups established in 1978 Musical groups disestablished in 2013 Musical groups reestablished in 2014 Canadian hardcore punk groups Canadian activists Musical groups from Vancouver Alternative Tentacles artists 1978 establishments in British Columbia Political music groups" ]

[ "D.O.A. (band)", "Hardcore 81 and further lineup changes (1981-1989)", "What is Hardcore 81?", "their second album Hardcore '81;", "What are some of the songs on the album?", "I don't know.", "How was the album received?", "the record's title and its extensive North American promotional tour is sometimes credited with popularizing the term \"hardcore punk\".", "Who were the members of the band for this album?", "Randy Rampage was fired from the band on January 1, 1982 and was replaced by ex-Skulls drummer Dimwit on bass.", "Who else was in the band?", "Dimwit switched back to drums and Subhumans singer Wimpy Roy was hired as the new bass player and second singer, leaving Keithley as the only remaining original member.", "Were there other changes to the band's members?", "the band's lineup changes continued after Let's Wreck the Party, with Dimwit replaced by Kerr Belliveau. Belliveau stayed only three weeks", "Why was Belliveau there for only 3 weeks?", "I don't know.", "Are there any other notables changes to the band?", "Dave Gregg quit in 1988 after D.O.A. fired their manager Ken Lester, to which he was very close." ]

[ "A substitute is a political candidate who is not directly elected, but who succeeds a politician holding an elected office after that person ceases to hold the office due to, for example, resignation or death. This system can be used as opposed to holding by-elections or special elections to fill the vacant office.\n\nBelgium \nIn Belgium, each electoral list has both a list of \"effective\" candidates and a list of \"substitutes\" (; ). The system was introduced as part of the law of 29 December 1899 introducing proportional representation. Before that, by-elections were held to succeed members.\n\nFrance \nIn the elections for the French National Assembly, each candidate nominates a substitute (), who assumes the functions of the elected deputy if they die, enter the executive government, if the Government appoints them to an assignment of more than six months' duration, or if they are appointed to the Constitutional Council or Defender of Rights (Défenseur des droits).\n\nIf the deputy resigns, or their election is determined to be invalid, a by-election () is held instead.\n\nThe Electoral Code does not provide for any age restriction to be appointed alternate. For the Fourteenth Legislature (2012 - 2017), the youngest Deputy-Substitute in France was Nicolas Brien, born in 1989, who was elected in Allier's 2nd constituency.\n\nExamples \n\n2017\n Élise Fajgeles replaced Benjamin Griveaux when he was appointed Secretary of State to the Minister of the Economy and Finance on 22 July 2017. \n Grégory Galbadon replaced Stéphane Travert when he was appointed Minister of Agriculture on 22 July 2017\n\n2018\n Jean-Louis Thiériot replaced Yves Jégo in Seine-et-Marne's 3rd constituency.\n\n2019\n Stéphanie Atger replaced Amélie de Montchalin when she was appointed Minister of Europe and Foreign Affairs.\n\n2020\n Sandra Boëlle replaced Claude Goasguen in Paris's 14th constituency when he died.\nNicolas Meizonnet replaced Gilbert Collard in Gard's 2nd constituency when he was elected to the European Parliament.\n\n2021\n Maud Gatel replaced Marielle de Sarnez in Paris's 11th constituency when she died\n\nReferences\n\nPolitics\nElections", "During the 1994–95 English football season, Portsmouth F.C. competed in the Football League First Division.\n\nSeason summary\nThe 1994–95 season was a disappointing one for Pompey and after a decline in form which left them struggling at the wrong end of Division One, Smith was sacked in February 1995 and was replaced by Terry Fenwick, who guided them to safety with 4 wins in their final 6 league games.\n\nFinal league table\n\nResults\nPortsmouth's score comes first\n\nLegend\n\nFootball League First Division\n\nFA Cup\n\nLeague Cup\n\nSquad\n\nReferences\n\nPortsmouth F.C. seasons\nPortsmouth" ]

[ "D.O.A. is a Canadian punk rock band from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. They are often referred to as the \"founders\" of hardcore punk along with Black Flag, Bad Brains, Angry Samoans, The Bags, Germs, Negative Trend, and Middle Class.", "They are often referred to as the \"founders\" of hardcore punk along with Black Flag, Bad Brains, Angry Samoans, The Bags, Germs, Negative Trend, and Middle Class. Their second album Hardcore '81 was thought by many to have been the first actual reference to the second wave of the American punk sound as hardcore.", "Their second album Hardcore '81 was thought by many to have been the first actual reference to the second wave of the American punk sound as hardcore. Singer/guitarist Joey \"Shithead\" Keithley is the only founding member to have stayed in the band throughout its entire history, with original bassist Randy Rampage returning to the band twice after his original departure.", "Singer/guitarist Joey \"Shithead\" Keithley is the only founding member to have stayed in the band throughout its entire history, with original bassist Randy Rampage returning to the band twice after his original departure. D.O.A.", "D.O.A. D.O.A. has often released music on Jello Biafra's Alternative Tentacles Records, and they have released an album with Biafra on vocals titled Last Scream of the Missing Neighbors. D.O.A. is known for its outspoken political opinions and has a history of performing for many causes and benefits.", "is known for its outspoken political opinions and has a history of performing for many causes and benefits. Its slogan is \"Talk Minus Action Equals Zero.\" The band's lyrics and imagery frequently advocate anti-racism, anti-globalization, freedom of speech, and environmentalism.", "The band's lyrics and imagery frequently advocate anti-racism, anti-globalization, freedom of speech, and environmentalism. Founder Joe Keithley is also the founder of Sudden Death Records which has released music by D.O.A. and several other bands including Pointed Sticks and Young Canadians. History Formation and early years (1977–1980) D.O.A.", "History Formation and early years (1977–1980) D.O.A. has its origins in The Skulls, an early Vancouver-area punk rock band that included future D.O.A. members Joey \"Shithead\" Keithley, Brian \"Wimpy Roy\" Goble, and Ken \"Dimwit\" Montgomery.", "members Joey \"Shithead\" Keithley, Brian \"Wimpy Roy\" Goble, and Ken \"Dimwit\" Montgomery. When the Skulls broke up after an ill-fated move to Toronto, Keithley moved back to Vancouver and formed D.O.A.", "When the Skulls broke up after an ill-fated move to Toronto, Keithley moved back to Vancouver and formed D.O.A. in early 1978 with himself on guitar, Dimwit's brother Chuck Biscuits on drums, Randy Rampage on bass, and a lead singer known only as \"Harry Homo\", who suggested the band's name.", "in early 1978 with himself on guitar, Dimwit's brother Chuck Biscuits on drums, Randy Rampage on bass, and a lead singer known only as \"Harry Homo\", who suggested the band's name. The band's first gig took place at the Japanese Hall in Vancouver on February 20 of that year, after which Harry Homo was sacked for an apparent lack of rhythm; Keithley then became the band's singer.", "The band's first gig took place at the Japanese Hall in Vancouver on February 20 of that year, after which Harry Homo was sacked for an apparent lack of rhythm; Keithley then became the band's singer. A second guitarist named \"Randy Romance\" played briefly with the band in March 1978 before leaving.", "A second guitarist named \"Randy Romance\" played briefly with the band in March 1978 before leaving. The band began playing frequently around Vancouver and added guitarist Brad Kent the following June. That summer, they recorded and self-released their first single, the four-song EP Disco Sucks.", "That summer, they recorded and self-released their first single, the four-song EP Disco Sucks. The single soon topped the charts of the University of San Francisco radio station KUSF, which prompted the band to begin touring down to San Francisco. They played their first shows there in August 1978 at Mabuhay Gardens.", "They played their first shows there in August 1978 at Mabuhay Gardens. It was during this trip that the band first met Dead Kennedys frontman and future collaborator Jello Biafra. Kent was fired from the band in September and later that fall the band recorded and released their second single \"The Prisoner\".", "Kent was fired from the band in September and later that fall the band recorded and released their second single \"The Prisoner\". In May 1979, the band embarked on their first North American tour. Upon its completion they hired Vancouver journalist and activist Ken Lester as their manager.", "Upon its completion they hired Vancouver journalist and activist Ken Lester as their manager. Lester booked another tour for them the following October, in the middle of which they flew back to Vancouver to open for The Clash at the Pacific Coliseum.", "Lester booked another tour for them the following October, in the middle of which they flew back to Vancouver to open for The Clash at the Pacific Coliseum. They soon after released their third single, \"World War 3\" / \"Whatcha Gonna Do?\". In late 1979, they added second guitarist, Dave Gregg.", "In late 1979, they added second guitarist, Dave Gregg. Soon after, Biscuits and Rampage left the band after a disastrous gig at the University of British Columbia's Student Union Building and were replaced by Andy Graffiti and Simon \"Stubby Pecker\" Wilde on drums and bass, respectively.", "Soon after, Biscuits and Rampage left the band after a disastrous gig at the University of British Columbia's Student Union Building and were replaced by Andy Graffiti and Simon \"Stubby Pecker\" Wilde on drums and bass, respectively. Keithley soon became dissatisfied with the band's performances with the new lineup, however, and Biscuits and Rampage both rejoined the band in March 1980.", "Keithley soon became dissatisfied with the band's performances with the new lineup, however, and Biscuits and Rampage both rejoined the band in March 1980. D.O.A. released their full-length debut Something Better Change on Friends Records in 1980 and continued touring the United States and Canada extensively.", "released their full-length debut Something Better Change on Friends Records in 1980 and continued touring the United States and Canada extensively. Hardcore 81 and further lineup changes (1981–1989) On April 22, 1981 the band released their second album Hardcore '81; the record's title and its extensive North American promotional tour is sometimes credited with popularizing the term \"hardcore punk\".", "Hardcore 81 and further lineup changes (1981–1989) On April 22, 1981 the band released their second album Hardcore '81; the record's title and its extensive North American promotional tour is sometimes credited with popularizing the term \"hardcore punk\". Randy Rampage was fired from the band on January 1, 1982 and was replaced by ex-Skulls drummer Dimwit on bass.", "Randy Rampage was fired from the band on January 1, 1982 and was replaced by ex-Skulls drummer Dimwit on bass. After a short tour of California, Chuck Biscuits left the band and joined Black Flag.", "After a short tour of California, Chuck Biscuits left the band and joined Black Flag. Dimwit switched back to drums and Subhumans singer Wimpy Roy, another ex-Skulls member, was hired as the new bass player and second singer, leaving Keithley as the last remaining original member.", "Dimwit switched back to drums and Subhumans singer Wimpy Roy, another ex-Skulls member, was hired as the new bass player and second singer, leaving Keithley as the last remaining original member. This lineup would last from 1982–1983 and later 1985-1986 and produced several notable releases, including the EP War on 45 (now expanded into a full-length album).", "This lineup would last from 1982–1983 and later 1985-1986 and produced several notable releases, including the EP War on 45 (now expanded into a full-length album). War on 45 found the band expanding their sound with touches of funk and reggae, as well as making their anti-war and anti-imperialist political stance more clear.", "War on 45 found the band expanding their sound with touches of funk and reggae, as well as making their anti-war and anti-imperialist political stance more clear. 1985's Let's Wreck The Party and 1987's True (North) Strong And Free saw the band taking on a more mainstream, hard-rock oriented production, but without watering down the band's political lyrical focus.", "1985's Let's Wreck The Party and 1987's True (North) Strong And Free saw the band taking on a more mainstream, hard-rock oriented production, but without watering down the band's political lyrical focus. Meanwhile, the band's lineup changes continued after Let's Wreck the Party, with Dimwit replaced by Kerr Belliveau.", "Meanwhile, the band's lineup changes continued after Let's Wreck the Party, with Dimwit replaced by Kerr Belliveau. Belliveau stayed only three weeks with the band but recorded the Expo Hurts Everyone 7\" as well as two songs for True (North) Strong and Free before being replaced by Jon Card from Personality Crisis.", "Belliveau stayed only three weeks with the band but recorded the Expo Hurts Everyone 7\" as well as two songs for True (North) Strong and Free before being replaced by Jon Card from Personality Crisis. Dave Gregg quit in 1988 after D.O.A. fired their manager Ken Lester, to which he was close.", "fired their manager Ken Lester, to which he was close. The band hired Chris Prohom from the Dayglo Abortions as a replacement. First breakup and reunion (1990–2002) 1990's Murder featured rawer, almost thrash metal production, rather than their original basic punk sound.", "First breakup and reunion (1990–2002) 1990's Murder featured rawer, almost thrash metal production, rather than their original basic punk sound. The same year also produced a collaboration with Dead Kennedys singer Jello Biafra with Last Scream of the Missing Neighbors. In August 1990, Joey decided he was breaking up D.O.A.", "In August 1990, Joey decided he was breaking up D.O.A. but, at the suggestion of promoter Dirk Dirksen, they did a farewell tour of the West Coast, playing their \"final\" show on December 1, 1990 at the Commodore in Vancouver.", "but, at the suggestion of promoter Dirk Dirksen, they did a farewell tour of the West Coast, playing their \"final\" show on December 1, 1990 at the Commodore in Vancouver. In 1991, they released a posthumous live album entitled Talk Minus Action = 0 while Keithley pursued an acting career. 19 months after D.O.A.", "19 months after D.O.A. 19 months after D.O.A. broke up, Joey Shithead and Wimpy Roy had reunited as D.O.A in the summer of 1992. Fellow Canadian punk rock veteran John Wright from NoMeansNo suggested they hire Ken Jensen from Red Tide as the new drummer, which they did.", "Fellow Canadian punk rock veteran John Wright from NoMeansNo suggested they hire Ken Jensen from Red Tide as the new drummer, which they did. The new lineup released an EP and two albums in the early 1990s, 13 Flavours Of Doom and Loggerheads.", "The new lineup released an EP and two albums in the early 1990s, 13 Flavours Of Doom and Loggerheads. These albums found the band replacing the more hard-rock oriented sound of the 1980s with a return to punk rock, although it was a heavier, tighter brand of punk than their earlier work.", "These albums found the band replacing the more hard-rock oriented sound of the 1980s with a return to punk rock, although it was a heavier, tighter brand of punk than their earlier work. These albums were produced by Wright, who also played keyboards on the recordings. The band then added Ford Pier on guitar and vocals.", "The band then added Ford Pier on guitar and vocals. Tragedy struck in 1995 when drummer Ken Jensen died in a house fire. The \"Ken Jensen Memorial Single\" EP was released on Alternative Tentacles, including two tracks each from D.O.A. and Red Tide.", "and Red Tide. and Red Tide. With John Wright filling in on drums, ninth full-length The Black Spot was recorded. The album featured a more basic, sing-along type punk rock sound that was reminiscent of the band's late 1970s and early 1980s output.", "The album featured a more basic, sing-along type punk rock sound that was reminiscent of the band's late 1970s and early 1980s output. The late 1990s found the band's lineup in turmoil, with Wimpy Roy leaving the band after a decade and a half of service and Kuba joining to play bass from 1997 until 2001.", "The late 1990s found the band's lineup in turmoil, with Wimpy Roy leaving the band after a decade and a half of service and Kuba joining to play bass from 1997 until 2001. Keithley experimented with different bassists and drummers and released the album Festival Of Atheists in 1998.", "Keithley experimented with different bassists and drummers and released the album Festival Of Atheists in 1998. By the early 2000s, the band had found a permanent drummer in the form of The Great Baldini.", "By the early 2000s, the band had found a permanent drummer in the form of The Great Baldini. In 2002, Keithley put out his first solo album, Beat Trash, and original bassist Randy Rampage returned to the band after nearly 20 years for the Win The Battle album.", "In 2002, Keithley put out his first solo album, Beat Trash, and original bassist Randy Rampage returned to the band after nearly 20 years for the Win The Battle album. However, the reunion did not last, with Rampage leaving the band again after the recording of the album, to be replaced by Dan Yaremko.", "However, the reunion did not last, with Rampage leaving the band again after the recording of the album, to be replaced by Dan Yaremko. The Lost Tapes was the first release on Keithley's revived Sudden Death label, followed by Festival Of Atheists.", "The Lost Tapes was the first release on Keithley's revived Sudden Death label, followed by Festival Of Atheists. During this period, Keithley also oversaw the re-release of the band's classic early records on Sudden Death, several of which had been out of print for many years.", "During this period, Keithley also oversaw the re-release of the band's classic early records on Sudden Death, several of which had been out of print for many years. Later years and second hiatus (2003–2013) In 2003, Vancouver Mayor Larry Campbell declared December 21 to be \"D.O.A.", "Later years and second hiatus (2003–2013) In 2003, Vancouver Mayor Larry Campbell declared December 21 to be \"D.O.A. Day\" in honour of the band's 25th anniversary. In the same year, the band released a career-spanning retrospective entitled War And Peace. 2004 found the band releasing the ska-flavoured Live Free or Die.", "2004 found the band releasing the ska-flavoured Live Free or Die. In 2006, Randy Rampage rejoined D.O.A. for his 3rd stint in the band. The lineup remained stable until 2008, when The Great Baldini left the band to be replaced by new drummer James Hayden.", "The lineup remained stable until 2008, when The Great Baldini left the band to be replaced by new drummer James Hayden. Also in 2008, it was announced that Bob Rock, of Metallica fame would be producing the band's next album in time for their 30th anniversary. James Hayden quit before D.O.A.", "James Hayden quit before D.O.A. James Hayden quit before D.O.A. started to record to be replaced by Floor Tom Jones In September 2008, D.O.A. released Northern Avenger and embarked on their 30th anniversary tour. On the eve of the tour, it was announced that Randy Rampage was being replaced by Dan Yaremko once again. D.O.A.", "D.O.A. D.O.A. played several dates in the summer of 2009 as part of the Van's Warped Tour 2009. On May 1, 2010, D.O.A. released their fourteenth full-length album Talk Minus Action = Zero (a similarly titled live album Talk Minus Action Equals Zero had previously been released in 1990).", "released their fourteenth full-length album Talk Minus Action = Zero (a similarly titled live album Talk Minus Action Equals Zero had previously been released in 1990). Drummer Jesse Pinner (of the band Raised by Apes) took the place of Floor Tom Jones beginning on D.O.A.", "Drummer Jesse Pinner (of the band Raised by Apes) took the place of Floor Tom Jones beginning on D.O.A. 's subsequent August 2010 tour due to Floor Tom Jones' commitments to his job at Canada Post. In 2012, Joe announced that he would be seeking nomination as an NDP candidate in the B.C. provincial election.", "provincial election. provincial election. As a result, D.O.A. announced an indefinite hiatus, and began their farewell tour on January 18, 2013 in celebration of the band's thirty-five year anniversary.", "announced an indefinite hiatus, and began their farewell tour on January 18, 2013 in celebration of the band's thirty-five year anniversary. Second reunion and recent activity (2014–present) On September 22, 2014, Keithley officially announced on the Sudden Death Records website that he had decided to reform the band with Paddy Duddy on drums and Mike \"Maggot\" Hodsall on bass, and would be embarking on a Canadian tour in October in support of the recently released live album, Welcome To Chinatown.", "Second reunion and recent activity (2014–present) On September 22, 2014, Keithley officially announced on the Sudden Death Records website that he had decided to reform the band with Paddy Duddy on drums and Mike \"Maggot\" Hodsall on bass, and would be embarking on a Canadian tour in October in support of the recently released live album, Welcome To Chinatown. This lineup recorded and released the studio album Hard Rain Falling in 2015.", "This lineup recorded and released the studio album Hard Rain Falling in 2015. In April 2016, the band released a new version of \"Fucked Up Ronnie\" entitled \"Fucked Up Donald\" (referring to the 2016 Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump) as a single.", "In April 2016, the band released a new version of \"Fucked Up Ronnie\" entitled \"Fucked Up Donald\" (referring to the 2016 Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump) as a single. Members Current lineup Joe Keithley – vocals, guitar (1978–present), bass (1996–1998) Mike Hodsall – bass (2014–present) Paddy Duddy – drums (2014–present) Former members Harry Homo - lead vocals (1978) Brad Kent - guitar (1978) Randy Romance - guitar (1978) Zippy Pinhead - drums (1979; died 2019) Simon Wilde - bass (1979-1980; died 1994) Andy Graffiti - drums (1979-1980) Randy Rampage – bass (1978–1982, 2000–2002, 2006–2009; died 2018) Chuck Biscuits – drums (1978–1982) Dave Gregg – guitar (1979–1988; died 2014) Brian Roy Goble – bass (1982–1996; died 2014) Ken \"Dimwit\" Montgomery – bass (1982), drums (1982–1983, 1984-1986; died 1994) Gregg \"Ned Peckerwood\" James - drums (1983-1984) Kerr Belliveau - drums (1986) Jon Card – drums (1986–1990) Chris Prohom – guitar (1988–1990) Ken Jensen – drums (1992–1995; died 1995) Jon Wright – keyboards (1992–1995), drums (1995–1996) Ford Pier – guitar (1994–1996) Wycliffe - bass (1997) Kuba van der Pol - bass (1998-2000, 2002-2003) Brien O’Brien – drums (1997–1999) The Great Baldini – drums (2000–2008) Dan Yaremko – bass (2003–2006, 2009–2013) Floor Tom Jones – drums (2008–2010) Jesse Pinner – drums (2010–2013) Timeline Discography Studio albums Something Better Change (1980) Hardcore '81 (1981) Let's Wreck The Party (1985) True (North) Strong And Free (1987) Murder (1990) 13 Flavours of Doom (1992) Loggerheads (1993) The Black Spot (1995) Festival Of Atheists (1998) Win the Battle (2002) Live Free Or Die (2004) Northern Avenger (2008) Kings of Punk, Hockey and Beer (2009) Talk-Action=0 (2010) We Come In Peace (2012) Hard Rain Falling (2015) Fight Back (2018) Treason (2020) Live albums Talk Minus Action Equals Zero (1991) Welcome to Chinatown (2013) EPs Positively (1981) War on 45 (1982) D.O.A.", "Members Current lineup Joe Keithley – vocals, guitar (1978–present), bass (1996–1998) Mike Hodsall – bass (2014–present) Paddy Duddy – drums (2014–present) Former members Harry Homo - lead vocals (1978) Brad Kent - guitar (1978) Randy Romance - guitar (1978) Zippy Pinhead - drums (1979; died 2019) Simon Wilde - bass (1979-1980; died 1994) Andy Graffiti - drums (1979-1980) Randy Rampage – bass (1978–1982, 2000–2002, 2006–2009; died 2018) Chuck Biscuits – drums (1978–1982) Dave Gregg – guitar (1979–1988; died 2014) Brian Roy Goble – bass (1982–1996; died 2014) Ken \"Dimwit\" Montgomery – bass (1982), drums (1982–1983, 1984-1986; died 1994) Gregg \"Ned Peckerwood\" James - drums (1983-1984) Kerr Belliveau - drums (1986) Jon Card – drums (1986–1990) Chris Prohom – guitar (1988–1990) Ken Jensen – drums (1992–1995; died 1995) Jon Wright – keyboards (1992–1995), drums (1995–1996) Ford Pier – guitar (1994–1996) Wycliffe - bass (1997) Kuba van der Pol - bass (1998-2000, 2002-2003) Brien O’Brien – drums (1997–1999) The Great Baldini – drums (2000–2008) Dan Yaremko – bass (2003–2006, 2009–2013) Floor Tom Jones – drums (2008–2010) Jesse Pinner – drums (2010–2013) Timeline Discography Studio albums Something Better Change (1980) Hardcore '81 (1981) Let's Wreck The Party (1985) True (North) Strong And Free (1987) Murder (1990) 13 Flavours of Doom (1992) Loggerheads (1993) The Black Spot (1995) Festival Of Atheists (1998) Win the Battle (2002) Live Free Or Die (2004) Northern Avenger (2008) Kings of Punk, Hockey and Beer (2009) Talk-Action=0 (2010) We Come In Peace (2012) Hard Rain Falling (2015) Fight Back (2018) Treason (2020) Live albums Talk Minus Action Equals Zero (1991) Welcome to Chinatown (2013) EPs Positively (1981) War on 45 (1982) D.O.A. & Thor - Are U Ready (2003) Collaborations Last Scream of the Missing Neighbors (With Jello Biafra) (1990) Solo albums Beat Trash (2002) - Solo Project from Joey \"Shithead\" Keithley References External links The official D.O.A.", "& Thor - Are U Ready (2003) Collaborations Last Scream of the Missing Neighbors (With Jello Biafra) (1990) Solo albums Beat Trash (2002) - Solo Project from Joey \"Shithead\" Keithley References External links The official D.O.A. myspace CanadianBands.com entry Sudden Death records Interview with Joey Shithead Snot Rag interview with Dimwit (1979) Robert Christgau's review of five D.O.A.", "myspace CanadianBands.com entry Sudden Death records Interview with Joey Shithead Snot Rag interview with Dimwit (1979) Robert Christgau's review of five D.O.A. albums Scanner zine interview with Joey Shithead Late Night Wallflower interview with Joey Shithead (2007) Toronto Music Scene Interview with Joey Shithead The Ruckus - Audio Interview with Joey Keithley from September 2008 Musical groups established in 1978 Musical groups disestablished in 2013 Musical groups reestablished in 2014 Canadian hardcore punk groups Canadian activists Musical groups from Vancouver Alternative Tentacles artists 1978 establishments in British Columbia Political music groups" ]

[ "Spirit (rover)", "Columbia Hills" ]

[ "The Columbia Hills are an area of hills and small mountains along the north bank of the Columbia River in Klickitat County, in south-central Washington (state), USA. They have a maximum elevation of .\n\nColumbia Hills State Park\n\nColumbia Hills State Park, lies in the Columbia Hills. It includes Horsethief Lake (a reservoir made by The Dalles Dam). Camping is allowed. Its area is . It has of freshwater shoreline on the Columbia River.\n\nReferences\n\nParks in Klickitat County, Washington\nState parks of Washington (state)\nLandforms of Klickitat County, Washington", "Edge Hills Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located west of the town of Clinton. The Edge Hills flank the wall of the Fraser Canyon north of Moran Canyon and form a small fore-range between the river and the higher Marble Range just east. Access to the Edge Hills is via the Jesmond Road, which cuts north off the Pavilion Mountain Road at Kelly Lake. A spur road from the Jesmond Road west goes to an overlook atop the Edge Hills, known as Cougar Point.\n\nEdge Hills Provincial Park is renowned for the spectacular sights of river canyons, forests, and grasslands. This diversity in landscape and vegetation is home to numerous wildlife species.\n\nEdge Hills Provincial Park is undeveloped. The wildlife in the park flourishes in part because of this. Although the park offers hiking, horseback riding and wildlife viewing opportunities, most of the trails are unmarked and not maintained. Visitors have more facilities for camping in the nearby parks such as Big Bar Lake, Downing, and Green Lake Provincial Parks.\n\nReferences\n\nSee also\nMarble Range Provincial Park\nKostering, British Columbia\nJesmond, British Columbia\nBig Bar, British Columbia\n\nProvincial parks of British Columbia\nFraser Canyon\nGeography of the Cariboo\nYear of establishment missing" ]

[ "Spirit, also known as MER-A (Mars Exploration Rover – A) or MER-2, is a Mars robotic rover, active from 2004 to 2010. Spirit was operational on Mars for sols or 3.3 Martian years ( days; ).", "Spirit was operational on Mars for sols or 3.3 Martian years ( days; ). It was one of two rovers of NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Mission managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).", "It was one of two rovers of NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Mission managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Spirit landed successfully within the impact crater Gusev on Mars at 04:35 Ground UTC on January 4, 2004, three weeks before its twin, Opportunity (MER-B), which landed on the other side of the planet.", "Spirit landed successfully within the impact crater Gusev on Mars at 04:35 Ground UTC on January 4, 2004, three weeks before its twin, Opportunity (MER-B), which landed on the other side of the planet. Its name was chosen through a NASA-sponsored student essay competition.", "Its name was chosen through a NASA-sponsored student essay competition. The rover got stuck in a \"sand trap\" in late 2009 at an angle that hampered recharging of its batteries; its last communication with Earth was on March 22, 2010. The rover completed its planned 90-sol mission (slightly less than 92.5 Earth days).", "The rover completed its planned 90-sol mission (slightly less than 92.5 Earth days). Aided by cleaning events that resulted in more energy from its solar panels, Spirit went on to function effectively over twenty times longer than NASA planners expected.", "Aided by cleaning events that resulted in more energy from its solar panels, Spirit went on to function effectively over twenty times longer than NASA planners expected. Spirit also logged of driving instead of the planned , allowing more extensive geological analysis of Martian rocks and planetary surface features.", "Spirit also logged of driving instead of the planned , allowing more extensive geological analysis of Martian rocks and planetary surface features. Initial scientific results from the first phase of the mission (the 90-sol prime mission) were published in a special issue of the journal Science.", "Initial scientific results from the first phase of the mission (the 90-sol prime mission) were published in a special issue of the journal Science. On May 1, 2009 (5 years, 3 months, 27 Earth days after landing; 21 times the planned mission duration), Spirit became stuck in soft sand.", "On May 1, 2009 (5 years, 3 months, 27 Earth days after landing; 21 times the planned mission duration), Spirit became stuck in soft sand. This was not the first of the mission's \"embedding events\" and for the following eight months NASA carefully analyzed the situation, running Earth-based theoretical and practical simulations, and finally programming the rover to make extrication drives in an attempt to free itself.", "This was not the first of the mission's \"embedding events\" and for the following eight months NASA carefully analyzed the situation, running Earth-based theoretical and practical simulations, and finally programming the rover to make extrication drives in an attempt to free itself. These efforts continued until January 26, 2010 when NASA officials announced that the rover was likely irrecoverably obstructed by its location in soft sand, though it continued to perform scientific research from its current location.", "These efforts continued until January 26, 2010 when NASA officials announced that the rover was likely irrecoverably obstructed by its location in soft sand, though it continued to perform scientific research from its current location. The rover continued in a stationary science platform role until communication with Spirit stopped on March 22, 2010 (sol ).", "The rover continued in a stationary science platform role until communication with Spirit stopped on March 22, 2010 (sol ). JPL continued to attempt to regain contact until May 24, 2011, when NASA announced that efforts to communicate with the unresponsive rover had ended, calling the mission complete.", "JPL continued to attempt to regain contact until May 24, 2011, when NASA announced that efforts to communicate with the unresponsive rover had ended, calling the mission complete. A formal farewell took place at NASA headquarters shortly thereafter. Mission overview The primary surface mission for Spirit was planned to last at least 90 sols.", "Mission overview The primary surface mission for Spirit was planned to last at least 90 sols. The mission received several extensions and lasted about 2,208 sols. On August 11, 2007, Spirit obtained the second longest operational duration on the surface of Mars for a lander or rover at 1282 Sols, one sol longer than the Viking 2 lander.", "On August 11, 2007, Spirit obtained the second longest operational duration on the surface of Mars for a lander or rover at 1282 Sols, one sol longer than the Viking 2 lander. Viking 2 was powered by a nuclear cell whereas Spirit is powered by solar arrays.", "Viking 2 was powered by a nuclear cell whereas Spirit is powered by solar arrays. Until Opportunity overtook it on May 19, 2010, the Mars probe with longest operational period was Viking 1 that lasted for 2245 Sols on the surface of Mars.", "Until Opportunity overtook it on May 19, 2010, the Mars probe with longest operational period was Viking 1 that lasted for 2245 Sols on the surface of Mars. On March 22, 2010, Spirit sent its last communication, thus falling just over a month short of surpassing Viking 1's operational record.", "On March 22, 2010, Spirit sent its last communication, thus falling just over a month short of surpassing Viking 1's operational record. An archive of weekly updates on the rover's status can be found at the Spirit Update Archive. Spirit's total odometry as of March 22, 2010 (sol 2210) is .", "Spirit's total odometry as of March 22, 2010 (sol 2210) is . Objectives The scientific objectives of the Mars Exploration Rover mission were to: Search for and characterize a variety of rocks and soils that hold clues to past water activity.", "Objectives The scientific objectives of the Mars Exploration Rover mission were to: Search for and characterize a variety of rocks and soils that hold clues to past water activity. In particular, samples sought will include those that have minerals deposited by water-related processes such as precipitation, evaporation, sedimentary cementation or hydrothermal activity.", "In particular, samples sought will include those that have minerals deposited by water-related processes such as precipitation, evaporation, sedimentary cementation or hydrothermal activity. Determine the distribution and composition of minerals, rocks, and soils surrounding the landing sites. Determine what geologic processes have shaped the local terrain and influenced the chemistry.", "Determine what geologic processes have shaped the local terrain and influenced the chemistry. Such processes could include water or wind erosion, sedimentation, hydrothermal mechanisms, volcanism, and cratering. Perform calibration and validation of surface observations made by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter instruments.", "Perform calibration and validation of surface observations made by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter instruments. This will help determine the accuracy and effectiveness of various instruments that survey Martian geology from orbit. Search for iron-containing minerals, identify and quantify relative amounts of specific mineral types that contain water or were formed in water, such as iron-bearing carbonates.", "Search for iron-containing minerals, identify and quantify relative amounts of specific mineral types that contain water or were formed in water, such as iron-bearing carbonates. Characterize the mineralogy and textures of rocks and soils and determine the processes that created them. Search for geological clues to the environmental conditions that existed when liquid water was present.", "Search for geological clues to the environmental conditions that existed when liquid water was present. Assess whether those environments were conducive to life. NASA sought evidence of life on Mars, beginning with the question of whether the Martian environment was ever suitable for life.", "NASA sought evidence of life on Mars, beginning with the question of whether the Martian environment was ever suitable for life. Life forms known to science require water, so the history of water on Mars is a critical piece of knowledge.", "Life forms known to science require water, so the history of water on Mars is a critical piece of knowledge. Although the Mars Exploration Rovers did not have the ability to detect life directly, they offered very important information on the habitability of the environment during the planet's history.", "Although the Mars Exploration Rovers did not have the ability to detect life directly, they offered very important information on the habitability of the environment during the planet's history. Design and construction Spirit (and its twin, Opportunity) are six-wheeled, solar-powered robots standing high, wide and long and weighing .", "Design and construction Spirit (and its twin, Opportunity) are six-wheeled, solar-powered robots standing high, wide and long and weighing . Six wheels on a rocker-bogie system enable mobility over rough terrain. Each wheel has its own motor.", "Each wheel has its own motor. The vehicle is steered at front and rear and is designed to operate safely at tilts of up to 30 degrees. Maximum speed is ; , although average speed is about .", "Maximum speed is ; , although average speed is about . Both Spirit and Opportunity have pieces of the fallen World Trade Center's metal on them that were \"turned into shields to protect cables on the drilling mechanisms\".", "Both Spirit and Opportunity have pieces of the fallen World Trade Center's metal on them that were \"turned into shields to protect cables on the drilling mechanisms\". Solar arrays generate about 140 watts for up to four hours per Martian day (sol) while rechargeable lithium ion batteries store energy for use at night.", "Solar arrays generate about 140 watts for up to four hours per Martian day (sol) while rechargeable lithium ion batteries store energy for use at night. Spirit's onboard computer uses a 20 MHz RAD6000 CPU with 128 MB of DRAM, 3 MB of EEPROM, and 256 MB of flash memory.", "Spirit's onboard computer uses a 20 MHz RAD6000 CPU with 128 MB of DRAM, 3 MB of EEPROM, and 256 MB of flash memory. The rover's operating temperature ranges from and radioisotope heater units provide a base level of heating, assisted by electrical heaters when necessary.", "The rover's operating temperature ranges from and radioisotope heater units provide a base level of heating, assisted by electrical heaters when necessary. A gold film and a layer of silica aerogel provide insulation. Communications depends on an omnidirectional low-gain antenna communicating at a low data rate and a steerable high-gain antenna, both in direct contact with Earth.", "Communications depends on an omnidirectional low-gain antenna communicating at a low data rate and a steerable high-gain antenna, both in direct contact with Earth. A low gain antenna is also used to relay data to spacecraft orbiting Mars.", "A low gain antenna is also used to relay data to spacecraft orbiting Mars. Science payload The science instruments include: Panoramic Camera (Pancam) – examines the texture, color, mineralogy, and structure of the local terrain.", "Science payload The science instruments include: Panoramic Camera (Pancam) – examines the texture, color, mineralogy, and structure of the local terrain. Navigation Camera (Navcam) – monochrome with a higher field of view but lower resolution, for navigation and driving.", "Navigation Camera (Navcam) – monochrome with a higher field of view but lower resolution, for navigation and driving. Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) – identifies promising rocks and soils for closer examination, and determines the processes that formed them.", "Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) – identifies promising rocks and soils for closer examination, and determines the processes that formed them. Hazcams, two B&W cameras with 120 degree field of view, that provide additional data about the rover's surroundings.", "Hazcams, two B&W cameras with 120 degree field of view, that provide additional data about the rover's surroundings. The rover arm holds the following instruments: Mössbauer spectrometer (MB) MIMOS II – used for close-up investigations of the mineralogy of iron-bearing rocks and soils.", "The rover arm holds the following instruments: Mössbauer spectrometer (MB) MIMOS II – used for close-up investigations of the mineralogy of iron-bearing rocks and soils. Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer (APXS) – close-up analysis of the abundances of elements that make up rocks and soils. Magnets – for collecting magnetic dust particles.", "Magnets – for collecting magnetic dust particles. Microscopic Imager (MI) – obtains close-up, high-resolution images of rocks and soils. Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) – exposes fresh material for examination by instruments on board.", "Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) – exposes fresh material for examination by instruments on board. Mission timeline 2004 The Spirit Mars rover landed successfully on the surface of Mars on 04:35 Ground UTC on January 4, 2004.", "Mission timeline 2004 The Spirit Mars rover landed successfully on the surface of Mars on 04:35 Ground UTC on January 4, 2004. This was the start of its 90-sol mission, but solar cell cleaning events would mean it was the start of a much longer mission, lasting until 2010.", "This was the start of its 90-sol mission, but solar cell cleaning events would mean it was the start of a much longer mission, lasting until 2010. Landing site: Columbia Memorial Station Spirit was targeted to a site that appears to have been affected by liquid water in the past, the crater Gusev, a possible former lake in a giant impact crater about from the center of the target ellipse at .", "Landing site: Columbia Memorial Station Spirit was targeted to a site that appears to have been affected by liquid water in the past, the crater Gusev, a possible former lake in a giant impact crater about from the center of the target ellipse at . After the airbag-protected landing craft settled onto the surface, the rover rolled out to take panoramic images.", "After the airbag-protected landing craft settled onto the surface, the rover rolled out to take panoramic images. These give scientists the information they need to select promising geological targets and drive to those locations to perform on-site scientific investigations.", "These give scientists the information they need to select promising geological targets and drive to those locations to perform on-site scientific investigations. The panoramic image below shows a slightly rolling surface, littered with small rocks, with hills on the horizon up to away.", "The panoramic image below shows a slightly rolling surface, littered with small rocks, with hills on the horizon up to away. The MER team named the landing site \"Columbia Memorial Station,\" in honor of the seven astronauts killed in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.", "The MER team named the landing site \"Columbia Memorial Station,\" in honor of the seven astronauts killed in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. \"Sleepy Hollow,\" a shallow depression in the Mars ground at the right side of the above picture, was targeted as an early destination when the rover drove off its lander platform.", "\"Sleepy Hollow,\" a shallow depression in the Mars ground at the right side of the above picture, was targeted as an early destination when the rover drove off its lander platform. NASA scientists were very interested in this crater. It is across and about north of the lander.", "It is across and about north of the lander. First color image To the right is the first color image derived from images taken by the panoramic camera on the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit. It was the highest resolution image taken on the surface of another planet.", "It was the highest resolution image taken on the surface of another planet. According to the camera designer Jim Bell of Cornell University, the panoramic mosaic consists of four pancam images high by three wide. The picture shown originally had a full size of 4,000 by 3,000 pixels.", "The picture shown originally had a full size of 4,000 by 3,000 pixels. However, a complete pancam panorama is even 8 times larger than that, and could be taken in stereo (i.e., two complete pictures, making the resolution twice as large again.) The colors are fairly accurate.", "The colors are fairly accurate. The colors are fairly accurate. (For a technical explanation, see colors outside the range of the human eye.) The MER pancams are black-and-white instruments. Thirteen rotating filter wheels produce multiple images of the same scene at different wavelengths.", "Thirteen rotating filter wheels produce multiple images of the same scene at different wavelengths. Once received on Earth, these images can be combined to produce color images. Sol flash memory management anomaly On January 21, 2004 (sol ), Spirit abruptly ceased communicating with mission control.", "Sol flash memory management anomaly On January 21, 2004 (sol ), Spirit abruptly ceased communicating with mission control. The next day the rover radioed a 7.8 bit/s beep, confirming that it had received a transmission from Earth but indicating that the craft believed it was in a fault mode. Commands would only be responded to intermittently.", "Commands would only be responded to intermittently. This was described as a very serious anomaly, but potentially recoverable if it were a software or memory corruption issue rather than a serious hardware failure.", "This was described as a very serious anomaly, but potentially recoverable if it were a software or memory corruption issue rather than a serious hardware failure. Spirit was commanded to transmit engineering data, and on January 23 sent several short low-bitrate messages before finally transmitting 73 megabits via X band to Mars Odyssey.", "Spirit was commanded to transmit engineering data, and on January 23 sent several short low-bitrate messages before finally transmitting 73 megabits via X band to Mars Odyssey. The readings from the engineering data suggested that the rover was not staying in sleep mode.", "The readings from the engineering data suggested that the rover was not staying in sleep mode. As such, it was wasting its battery energy and overheating – risk factors that could potentially destroy the rover if not fixed soon.", "As such, it was wasting its battery energy and overheating – risk factors that could potentially destroy the rover if not fixed soon. On sol 20, the command team sent it the command SHUTDWN_DMT_TIL (\"Shutdown Dammit Until\") to try to cause it to suspend itself until a given time. It seemingly ignored the command.", "It seemingly ignored the command. It seemingly ignored the command. The leading theory at the time was that the rover was stuck in a \"reboot loop\". The rover was programmed to reboot if there was a fault aboard. However, if there was a fault that occurred during reboot, it would continue to reboot forever.", "However, if there was a fault that occurred during reboot, it would continue to reboot forever. The fact that the problem persisted through reboot suggested that the error was not in RAM, but in either the flash memory, the EEPROM, or a hardware fault. The last case would likely doom the rover.", "The last case would likely doom the rover. Anticipating the potential for errors in the flash memory and EEPROM, the designers had made it so that the rover could be booted without ever touching the flash memory. The radio itself could decode a limited command set – enough to tell the rover to reboot without using flash.", "The radio itself could decode a limited command set – enough to tell the rover to reboot without using flash. Without access to flash memory the reboot cycle was broken. On January 24, 2004 (sol ) the rover repair team announced that the problem was with Spirits flash memory and the software that wrote to it.", "On January 24, 2004 (sol ) the rover repair team announced that the problem was with Spirits flash memory and the software that wrote to it. The flash hardware was believed to be working correctly but the file management module in the software was \"not robust enough\" for the operations the Spirit was engaged in when the problem occurred, indicating that the problem was caused by a software bug as opposed to faulty hardware.", "The flash hardware was believed to be working correctly but the file management module in the software was \"not robust enough\" for the operations the Spirit was engaged in when the problem occurred, indicating that the problem was caused by a software bug as opposed to faulty hardware. NASA engineers finally came to the conclusion that there were too many files on the file system, which was a relatively minor problem.", "NASA engineers finally came to the conclusion that there were too many files on the file system, which was a relatively minor problem. Most of these files contained unneeded in-flight data. After realizing what the problem was, the engineers deleted some files, and eventually reformatted the entire flash memory system.", "After realizing what the problem was, the engineers deleted some files, and eventually reformatted the entire flash memory system. On February 6 (sol ), the rover was restored to its original working condition, and science activities resumed.", "On February 6 (sol ), the rover was restored to its original working condition, and science activities resumed. First intentional grinding of a rock on Mars For the first intentional grinding of a rock on Mars, the Spirit team chose a rock called \"Adirondack\".", "First intentional grinding of a rock on Mars For the first intentional grinding of a rock on Mars, the Spirit team chose a rock called \"Adirondack\". To make the drive there, the rover turned 40 degrees in short arcs totaling . It then turned in place to face the target rock and drove four short moves straightforward totaling .", "It then turned in place to face the target rock and drove four short moves straightforward totaling . Adirondack was chosen over another rock called \"Sashimi\", which was closer to the rover, as Adirondack's surface was smoother, making it more suitable for the Rock Abrasion Tool (aka \"RAT\").", "Adirondack was chosen over another rock called \"Sashimi\", which was closer to the rover, as Adirondack's surface was smoother, making it more suitable for the Rock Abrasion Tool (aka \"RAT\"). Spirit made a small depression in the rock, in diameter and deep.", "Spirit made a small depression in the rock, in diameter and deep. Examination of the freshly exposed interior with the rover's microscopic imager and other instruments confirmed that the rock is volcanic basalt.", "Examination of the freshly exposed interior with the rover's microscopic imager and other instruments confirmed that the rock is volcanic basalt. Humphrey rock On March 5, 2004, NASA announced that Spirit had found hints of water history on Mars in a rock dubbed \"Humphrey\".", "Humphrey rock On March 5, 2004, NASA announced that Spirit had found hints of water history on Mars in a rock dubbed \"Humphrey\". Raymond Arvidson, the McDonnell University Professor and chair of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis, reported during a NASA press conference: \"If we found this rock on Earth, we would say it is a volcanic rock that had a little fluid moving through it.\"", "Raymond Arvidson, the McDonnell University Professor and chair of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis, reported during a NASA press conference: \"If we found this rock on Earth, we would say it is a volcanic rock that had a little fluid moving through it.\" In contrast to the rocks found by the twin rover Opportunity, this one was formed from magma and then acquired bright material in small crevices, which look like crystallized minerals.", "In contrast to the rocks found by the twin rover Opportunity, this one was formed from magma and then acquired bright material in small crevices, which look like crystallized minerals. If this interpretation holds true, the minerals were most likely dissolved in water, which was either carried inside the rock or interacted with it at a later stage, after it formed.", "If this interpretation holds true, the minerals were most likely dissolved in water, which was either carried inside the rock or interacted with it at a later stage, after it formed. Bonneville crater On sol March 11, 2004, Spirit reached Bonneville crater after a journey.", "Bonneville crater On sol March 11, 2004, Spirit reached Bonneville crater after a journey. This crater is about across with a floor about below the surface. JPL decided that it would be a bad idea to send the rover down into the crater, as they saw no targets of interest inside.", "JPL decided that it would be a bad idea to send the rover down into the crater, as they saw no targets of interest inside. Spirit drove along the southern rim and continued to the southwest towards the Columbia Hills. Spirit reached Missoula crater on sol 105. The crater is roughly across and deep.", "The crater is roughly across and deep. Missoula crater was not considered a high priority target due to the older rocks it contained. The rover skirted the northern rim, and continued to the southeast. It then reached Lahontan crater on sol 118, and drove along the rim until sol 120. Lahontan is about across and about deep.", "Lahontan is about across and about deep. A long, snaking sand dune stretches away from its southwestern side, and Spirit went around it, because loose sand dunes present an unknown risk to the ability of the rover wheels to get traction. Columbia Hills Spirit drove from Bonneville crater in a direct line to the Columbia Hills.", "Columbia Hills Spirit drove from Bonneville crater in a direct line to the Columbia Hills. The route was only directly controlled by the engineers when the terrain was difficult to navigate; otherwise, the rover drove in an autonomous mode.", "The route was only directly controlled by the engineers when the terrain was difficult to navigate; otherwise, the rover drove in an autonomous mode. On sol 159, Spirit reached the first of many targets at the base of the Columbia Hills called West Spur. Hank's Hollow was studied for 23 sols.", "Hank's Hollow was studied for 23 sols. Within Hank's Hollow was the strange-looking rock dubbed \"Pot of Gold\". Analysing this rock was difficult for Spirit, because it lay in a slippery area. After a detailed analysis with the AXPS-and the Mößbauer instrument it was detected that it contains hematite.", "After a detailed analysis with the AXPS-and the Mößbauer instrument it was detected that it contains hematite. This kind of rock can be built in connection with water. As the produced energy from the solar panels was lowering due to the setting Sun and dust the Deep Sleep Mode was introduced.", "As the produced energy from the solar panels was lowering due to the setting Sun and dust the Deep Sleep Mode was introduced. In this mode the rover was shut down completely during the night in order to save energy, even if the instruments would fail.", "In this mode the rover was shut down completely during the night in order to save energy, even if the instruments would fail. The route was selected so that the rover's panels were tilted as much as possible towards the winter sunlight.", "The route was selected so that the rover's panels were tilted as much as possible towards the winter sunlight. From here, Spirit took a northerly path along the base of the hill towards the target Wooly Patch, which was studied from sol 192 to sol 199.", "From here, Spirit took a northerly path along the base of the hill towards the target Wooly Patch, which was studied from sol 192 to sol 199. By sol 203, Spirit had driven southward up the hill and arrived at the rock dubbed \"Clovis\". Clovis was ground and analyzed from sol 210 to sol 225.", "Clovis was ground and analyzed from sol 210 to sol 225. Following Clovis came the targets of Ebenezer (Sols 226–235), Tetl (sol 270), Uchben and Palinque (Sols 281–295), and Lutefisk (Sols 296–303).", "Following Clovis came the targets of Ebenezer (Sols 226–235), Tetl (sol 270), Uchben and Palinque (Sols 281–295), and Lutefisk (Sols 296–303). From Sols 239 to 262, Spirit powered down for solar conjunction, when communications with the Earth are blocked.", "From Sols 239 to 262, Spirit powered down for solar conjunction, when communications with the Earth are blocked. Slowly, Spirit made its way around the summit of Husband Hill, and at sol 344 was ready to climb over the newly designated \"Cumberland Ridge\" and into \"Larry's Lookout\" and \"Tennessee Valley\".", "Slowly, Spirit made its way around the summit of Husband Hill, and at sol 344 was ready to climb over the newly designated \"Cumberland Ridge\" and into \"Larry's Lookout\" and \"Tennessee Valley\". Spirit also did some communication tests with the ESA orbiter Mars Express though most of the communication was usually done with the NASA orbiters Mars Odyssey and Mars Global Surveyor.", "Spirit also did some communication tests with the ESA orbiter Mars Express though most of the communication was usually done with the NASA orbiters Mars Odyssey and Mars Global Surveyor. 2005 Driving up to Husband Hill Spirit had now been on Mars for one Earth year and was driving slowly uphill towards the top of Husband Hill.", "2005 Driving up to Husband Hill Spirit had now been on Mars for one Earth year and was driving slowly uphill towards the top of Husband Hill. This was difficult because there were many rocky obstacles and sandy parts. This led frequently to slippage and the route could not be driven as planned.", "This led frequently to slippage and the route could not be driven as planned. In February, Spirits computer received a software update in order to drive more autonomously. On sol 371, Spirit arrived at a rock named \"Peace\" near the top of Cumberland Ridge. Spirit ground Peace with the RAT on sol 373.", "Spirit ground Peace with the RAT on sol 373. By sol 390 (mid-February 2005), Spirit was advancing towards \"Larry's Lookout\", by driving up the hill in reverse. The scientists at this time were trying to conserve as much energy as possible for the climb.", "The scientists at this time were trying to conserve as much energy as possible for the climb. Spirit also investigated some targets along the way, including the soil target, \"Paso Robles\", which contained the highest amount of salt found on the red planet.", "Spirit also investigated some targets along the way, including the soil target, \"Paso Robles\", which contained the highest amount of salt found on the red planet. The soil also contained a high amount of phosphorus in its composition, however not nearly as high as another rock sampled by Spirit, \"Wishstone\".", "The soil also contained a high amount of phosphorus in its composition, however not nearly as high as another rock sampled by Spirit, \"Wishstone\". One of the scientists working with Spirit, Dr. Steve Squyres, said of the discovery, \"We're still trying to work out what this means, but clearly, with this much salt around, water had a hand here\".", "One of the scientists working with Spirit, Dr. Steve Squyres, said of the discovery, \"We're still trying to work out what this means, but clearly, with this much salt around, water had a hand here\". Dust devils On March 9, 2005 (probably during the Martian night), the rover's solar panel efficiency jumped from the original ~60% to 93%, followed on March 10, by the sighting of dust devils.", "Dust devils On March 9, 2005 (probably during the Martian night), the rover's solar panel efficiency jumped from the original ~60% to 93%, followed on March 10, by the sighting of dust devils. NASA scientists speculate a dust devil must have swept the solar panels clean, possibly significantly extending the duration of the mission.", "NASA scientists speculate a dust devil must have swept the solar panels clean, possibly significantly extending the duration of the mission. This also marks the first time dust devils had been spotted by Spirit or Opportunity, and is easily one of the top highlights of the mission to date.", "This also marks the first time dust devils had been spotted by Spirit or Opportunity, and is easily one of the top highlights of the mission to date. Dust devils had previously only been photographed by the Pathfinder probe.", "Dust devils had previously only been photographed by the Pathfinder probe. Mission members monitoring Spirit on Mars reported on March 12, 2005 (sol ), that a lucky encounter with a dust devil had cleaned the robot's solar panels. Energy levels dramatically increased and daily science work was anticipated to be expanded.", "Energy levels dramatically increased and daily science work was anticipated to be expanded. Husband Hill summit As of August Spirit was only away from the top. Here it was found that Husband Hill has two summits, with one a little higher than the other. On August 21 (sol ), Spirit reached the real summit of Husband Hill.", "On August 21 (sol ), Spirit reached the real summit of Husband Hill. The rover was the first spacecraft to climb atop a mountain on another planet. The whole distance driven totaled 4971 meters. The summit itself was flat. Spirit took a 360 degree panorama in real color, which included the whole Gusev crater.", "Spirit took a 360 degree panorama in real color, which included the whole Gusev crater. At night the rover observed the moons Phobos and Deimos in order to determine their orbits better.", "At night the rover observed the moons Phobos and Deimos in order to determine their orbits better. On sol 656 Spirit surveyed the Mars sky and the opacity of the atmosphere with its pancam to make a coordinated science campaign with the Hubble Space Telescope in Earth orbit.", "On sol 656 Spirit surveyed the Mars sky and the opacity of the atmosphere with its pancam to make a coordinated science campaign with the Hubble Space Telescope in Earth orbit. From the peak Spirit spotted a striking formation, which was dubbed \"Home Plate\".", "From the peak Spirit spotted a striking formation, which was dubbed \"Home Plate\". This was an interesting target, but Spirit would be driven later to the McCool Hill to tilt its solar panels towards the Sun in the coming winter. At the end of October the rover was driven downhill and to Home Plate.", "At the end of October the rover was driven downhill and to Home Plate. On the way down Spirit reached the rock formation named \"Comanche\" on sol 690. Scientists used data from all three spectrometers to find out that about one-fourth of the composition of Comanche is magnesium iron carbonate.", "Scientists used data from all three spectrometers to find out that about one-fourth of the composition of Comanche is magnesium iron carbonate. That concentration is 10 times higher than for any previously identified carbonate in a Martian rock. Carbonates originate in wet, near-neutral conditions but dissolve in acid.", "Carbonates originate in wet, near-neutral conditions but dissolve in acid. The find at Comanche is the first unambiguous evidence from the Mars Exploration Mission rovers for a past Martian environment that may have been more favorable to life than the wet but acidic conditions indicated by the rovers' earlier finds.", "The find at Comanche is the first unambiguous evidence from the Mars Exploration Mission rovers for a past Martian environment that may have been more favorable to life than the wet but acidic conditions indicated by the rovers' earlier finds. 2006 Driving to McCool Hill In 2006 Spirit drove towards an area dubbed Home Plate, and reached it in February.", "2006 Driving to McCool Hill In 2006 Spirit drove towards an area dubbed Home Plate, and reached it in February. For events in 2006 by NASA see NASA Spirit Archive 2006 Spirit's next stop was originally planned to be the north face of McCool Hill, where Spirit would receive adequate sunlight during the Martian winter.", "For events in 2006 by NASA see NASA Spirit Archive 2006 Spirit's next stop was originally planned to be the north face of McCool Hill, where Spirit would receive adequate sunlight during the Martian winter. On March 16, 2006 JPL announced that Spirit's troublesome front wheel had stopped working altogether.", "On March 16, 2006 JPL announced that Spirit's troublesome front wheel had stopped working altogether. Despite this, Spirit was still making progress toward McCool Hill because the control team programmed the rover to drive toward McCool Hill backwards, dragging its broken wheel.", "Despite this, Spirit was still making progress toward McCool Hill because the control team programmed the rover to drive toward McCool Hill backwards, dragging its broken wheel. In late March, Spirit encountered loose soil that was impeding its progress toward McCool Hill.", "In late March, Spirit encountered loose soil that was impeding its progress toward McCool Hill. A decision was made to terminate attempts to reach McCool Hill and instead park on a nearby ridge named Low Ridge Haven.", "A decision was made to terminate attempts to reach McCool Hill and instead park on a nearby ridge named Low Ridge Haven. Spirit arrived at the north west corner of Home Plate, a raised and layered outcrop on sol 744 (February 2006) after an effort to maximize driving. Scientific observations were conducted with Spirit's robotic arm.", "Scientific observations were conducted with Spirit's robotic arm. Low Ridge Haven Reaching the ridge on April 9, 2006 and parking on the ridge with an 11° incline to the north, Spirit spent the next eight months on the ridge, spending that time undertaking observations of changes in the surrounding area.", "Low Ridge Haven Reaching the ridge on April 9, 2006 and parking on the ridge with an 11° incline to the north, Spirit spent the next eight months on the ridge, spending that time undertaking observations of changes in the surrounding area. No drives were attempted because of the low energy levels the rover was experiencing during the Martian winter.", "No drives were attempted because of the low energy levels the rover was experiencing during the Martian winter. The rover made its first drive, a short turn to position targets of interest within reach of the robotic arm, in early November 2006, following the shortest days of winter and solar conjunction when communications with Earth were severely limited.", "The rover made its first drive, a short turn to position targets of interest within reach of the robotic arm, in early November 2006, following the shortest days of winter and solar conjunction when communications with Earth were severely limited. While at Low Ridge, Spirit imaged two rocks of similar chemical nature to that of Opportunitys Heat Shield Rock, a meteorite on the surface of Mars.", "While at Low Ridge, Spirit imaged two rocks of similar chemical nature to that of Opportunitys Heat Shield Rock, a meteorite on the surface of Mars. Named \"Zhong Shan\" for Sun Yat-sen and \"Allan Hills\" for the location in Antarctica where several Martian meteorites have been found, they stood out against the background rocks that were darker.", "Named \"Zhong Shan\" for Sun Yat-sen and \"Allan Hills\" for the location in Antarctica where several Martian meteorites have been found, they stood out against the background rocks that were darker. Further spectrographic testing is being done to determine the exact composition of these rocks, which may turn out to also be meteorites.", "Further spectrographic testing is being done to determine the exact composition of these rocks, which may turn out to also be meteorites. 2007 Software upgrade On January 4, 2007 (sol ), both rovers received new flight software to the onboard computers. The update was received just in time for the third anniversary of their landing.", "The update was received just in time for the third anniversary of their landing. The new systems let the rovers decide whether or not to transmit an image, and whether or not to extend their arms to examine rocks, which would save much time for scientists as they would not have to sift through hundreds of images to find the one they want, or examine the surroundings to decide to extend the arms and examine the rocks.", "The new systems let the rovers decide whether or not to transmit an image, and whether or not to extend their arms to examine rocks, which would save much time for scientists as they would not have to sift through hundreds of images to find the one they want, or examine the surroundings to decide to extend the arms and examine the rocks. Silica Valley Spirit'''s dead wheel turned out to have a silver lining.", "Silica Valley Spirit'''s dead wheel turned out to have a silver lining. As it was traveling in March 2007, pulling the dead wheel behind, the wheel scraped off the upper layer of the Martian soil, uncovering a patch of ground that scientists say shows evidence of a past environment that would have been perfect for microbial life.", "As it was traveling in March 2007, pulling the dead wheel behind, the wheel scraped off the upper layer of the Martian soil, uncovering a patch of ground that scientists say shows evidence of a past environment that would have been perfect for microbial life. It is similar to areas on Earth where water or steam from hot springs came into contact with volcanic rocks.", "It is similar to areas on Earth where water or steam from hot springs came into contact with volcanic rocks. On Earth, these are locations that tend to teem with bacteria, said rover chief scientist Steve Squyres. \"We're really excited about this,\" he told a meeting of the American Geophysical Union (AGU).", "\"We're really excited about this,\" he told a meeting of the American Geophysical Union (AGU). The area is extremely rich in silica–the main ingredient of window glass. The researchers have now concluded that the bright material must have been produced in one of two ways.", "The researchers have now concluded that the bright material must have been produced in one of two ways. One: hot-spring deposits produced when water dissolved silica at one location and then carried it to another (i.e. a geyser). Two: acidic steam rising through cracks in rocks stripped them of their mineral components, leaving silica behind.", "Two: acidic steam rising through cracks in rocks stripped them of their mineral components, leaving silica behind. \"The important thing is that whether it is one hypothesis or the other, the implications for the former habitability of Mars are pretty much the same,\" Squyres explained to BBC News.", "\"The important thing is that whether it is one hypothesis or the other, the implications for the former habitability of Mars are pretty much the same,\" Squyres explained to BBC News. Hot water provides an environment in which microbes can thrive and the precipitation of that silica entombs and preserves them.", "Hot water provides an environment in which microbes can thrive and the precipitation of that silica entombs and preserves them. Squyres added, \"You can go to hot springs and you can go to fumaroles and at either place on Earth it is teeming with life – microbial life.\"", "Squyres added, \"You can go to hot springs and you can go to fumaroles and at either place on Earth it is teeming with life – microbial life.\" Global dust storm and Home Plate During 2007, Spirit spent several months near the base of the Home Plate plateau.", "Global dust storm and Home Plate During 2007, Spirit spent several months near the base of the Home Plate plateau. On sol 1306 Spirit climbed onto the eastern edge of the plateau. In September and October it examined rocks and soils at several locations on the southern half of the plateau.", "In September and October it examined rocks and soils at several locations on the southern half of the plateau. On November 6, Spirit had reached the western edge of Home Plate, and started taking pictures for a panoramic overview of the western valley, with Grissom Hill and Husband Hill visible.", "On November 6, Spirit had reached the western edge of Home Plate, and started taking pictures for a panoramic overview of the western valley, with Grissom Hill and Husband Hill visible. The panorama image was published on NASA's website on January 3, 2008 to little attention, until January 23, when an independent website published a magnified detail of the image that showed a rock feature a few centimeters high resembling a humanoid figure seen from the side with its right arm partially raised.", "The panorama image was published on NASA's website on January 3, 2008 to little attention, until January 23, when an independent website published a magnified detail of the image that showed a rock feature a few centimeters high resembling a humanoid figure seen from the side with its right arm partially raised. [[File:Mars Spirit rover's solar panels covered with Dust - October 2007.jpg|thumb|right|Circular projection showing Spirits solar panels covered in dust – October 2007]] Towards the end of June 2007, a series of dust storms began clouding the Martian atmosphere with dust.", "[[File:Mars Spirit rover's solar panels covered with Dust - October 2007.jpg|thumb|right|Circular projection showing Spirits solar panels covered in dust – October 2007]] Towards the end of June 2007, a series of dust storms began clouding the Martian atmosphere with dust. The storms intensified and by July 20, both Spirit and Opportunity were facing the real possibility of system failure due to lack of energy.", "The storms intensified and by July 20, both Spirit and Opportunity were facing the real possibility of system failure due to lack of energy. NASA released a statement to the press that said (in part) \"We're rooting for our rovers to survive these storms, but they were never designed for conditions this intense\".", "NASA released a statement to the press that said (in part) \"We're rooting for our rovers to survive these storms, but they were never designed for conditions this intense\". The key problem caused by the dust storms was a dramatic reduction in solar energy caused by there being so much dust in the atmosphere that it was blocking 99 percent of direct sunlight to Opportunity, and slightly more to Spirit.", "The key problem caused by the dust storms was a dramatic reduction in solar energy caused by there being so much dust in the atmosphere that it was blocking 99 percent of direct sunlight to Opportunity, and slightly more to Spirit. Normally the solar arrays on the rovers are able to generate up to of energy per Martian day.", "Normally the solar arrays on the rovers are able to generate up to of energy per Martian day. After the storms, the amount of energy generated was greatly reduced to . If the rovers generate less than per day they must start draining their batteries to run survival heaters.", "If the rovers generate less than per day they must start draining their batteries to run survival heaters. If the batteries run dry, key electrical elements are likely to fail due to the intense cold. Both rovers were put into the lowest-power setting in order to wait out the storms.", "Both rovers were put into the lowest-power setting in order to wait out the storms. In early August the storms began to clear slightly, allowing the rovers to successfully charge their batteries. They were kept in hibernation in order to wait out the remainder of the storm. 2008 Hibernating The main concern was the energy level for Spirit.", "2008 Hibernating The main concern was the energy level for Spirit. To increase the amount of light hitting the solar panels, the rover was parked in the northern part of Home Plate on as steep a slope as possible.", "To increase the amount of light hitting the solar panels, the rover was parked in the northern part of Home Plate on as steep a slope as possible. It was expected that the level of dust cover on the solar panels would increase by 70 percent and that a slope of 30 degrees would be necessary to survive the winter.", "It was expected that the level of dust cover on the solar panels would increase by 70 percent and that a slope of 30 degrees would be necessary to survive the winter. In February, a tilt of 29.9 degrees was achieved. Extra energy was available at times, and a high definition panorama named Bonestell was produced.", "Extra energy was available at times, and a high definition panorama named Bonestell was produced. At other times when there was only enough solar energy to recharge the batteries, communication with Earth was minimized and all unnecessary instruments were switched off. At winter solstice the energy production declined to 235 watt hours per sol.", "At winter solstice the energy production declined to 235 watt hours per sol. Winter dust storm On November 10, 2008, a large dust storm further reduced the output of the solar panels to per day—a critically low level.", "Winter dust storm On November 10, 2008, a large dust storm further reduced the output of the solar panels to per day—a critically low level. NASA officials were hopeful that Spirit would survive the storm, and that the energy level would rise once the storm had passed and the skies started clearing.", "NASA officials were hopeful that Spirit would survive the storm, and that the energy level would rise once the storm had passed and the skies started clearing. They attempted to conserve energy by shutting down systems for extended periods of time, including the heaters. On November 13, 2008 the rover awoke and communicated with mission control as scheduled.", "On November 13, 2008 the rover awoke and communicated with mission control as scheduled. From November 14, 2008 to November 20, 2008 (sols to ), Spirit averaged per day. The heaters for the thermal emission spectrometer, which used about per day, were disabled on November 11, 2008.", "The heaters for the thermal emission spectrometer, which used about per day, were disabled on November 11, 2008. Tests on the thermal emission spectrometer indicate that it was undamaged, and the heaters would be enabled with sufficient energy.", "Tests on the thermal emission spectrometer indicate that it was undamaged, and the heaters would be enabled with sufficient energy. The solar conjunction, where the Sun is between Earth and Mars, started on November 29, 2008 and communication with the rovers was not possible until December 13, 2008.", "The solar conjunction, where the Sun is between Earth and Mars, started on November 29, 2008 and communication with the rovers was not possible until December 13, 2008. 2009 Increased energy On February 6, 2009, a beneficial wind blew off some of the dust accumulated on the panels.", "2009 Increased energy On February 6, 2009, a beneficial wind blew off some of the dust accumulated on the panels. This led to an increase in energy output to per day. NASA officials stated that this increase in energy was to be used predominantly for driving.", "NASA officials stated that this increase in energy was to be used predominantly for driving. On April 18, 2009 (sol ) and April 28, 2009 (sol ) energy output of the solar arrays were increased by cleaning events.", "On April 18, 2009 (sol ) and April 28, 2009 (sol ) energy output of the solar arrays were increased by cleaning events. The energy output of Spirit's solar arrays climbed from per day on March 31, 2009 to per day on April 29, 2009.", "The energy output of Spirit's solar arrays climbed from per day on March 31, 2009 to per day on April 29, 2009. Sand trap [[File:Spirit Sandbox Setup.jpg|thumb|right|Engineers attempt to replicate conditions in the laboratory of Spirits entrapment on a rock and in fluffy material churned by the rover's left-front wheel.]]", "Sand trap [[File:Spirit Sandbox Setup.jpg|thumb|right|Engineers attempt to replicate conditions in the laboratory of Spirits entrapment on a rock and in fluffy material churned by the rover's left-front wheel.]] On May 1, 2009 (sol ), the rover became stuck in soft sand, the machine resting upon a cache of iron(III) sulfate (jarosite) hidden under a veneer of normal-looking soil.", "On May 1, 2009 (sol ), the rover became stuck in soft sand, the machine resting upon a cache of iron(III) sulfate (jarosite) hidden under a veneer of normal-looking soil. Iron sulfate has very little cohesion, making it difficult for the rover's wheels to gain traction.", "Iron sulfate has very little cohesion, making it difficult for the rover's wheels to gain traction. JPL team members simulated the situation by means of a rover mock-up and computer models in an attempt to get the rover back on track.", "JPL team members simulated the situation by means of a rover mock-up and computer models in an attempt to get the rover back on track. To reproduce the same soil mechanical conditions on Earth as those prevailing on Mars under low gravity and under very weak atmospheric pressure, tests with a lighter version of a mock-up of Spirit were conducted at JPL in a special sandbox to attempt to simulate the cohesion behavior of poorly consolidated soils under low gravity.", "To reproduce the same soil mechanical conditions on Earth as those prevailing on Mars under low gravity and under very weak atmospheric pressure, tests with a lighter version of a mock-up of Spirit were conducted at JPL in a special sandbox to attempt to simulate the cohesion behavior of poorly consolidated soils under low gravity. Preliminary extrication drives began on November 17, 2009.", "Preliminary extrication drives began on November 17, 2009. On December 17, 2009 (sol ), the right-front wheel suddenly began to operate normally for the first three out of four rotations attempts. It was unknown what effect it would have on freeing the rover if the wheel became fully operational again.", "It was unknown what effect it would have on freeing the rover if the wheel became fully operational again. The right rear wheel had also stalled on November 28 (sol ) and remained inoperable for the remainder of the mission. This left the rover with only four fully operational wheels.", "This left the rover with only four fully operational wheels. If the team could not gain movement and adjust the tilt of the solar panels, or gain a beneficial wind to clean the panels, the rover would only be able to sustain operations until May 2010.", "If the team could not gain movement and adjust the tilt of the solar panels, or gain a beneficial wind to clean the panels, the rover would only be able to sustain operations until May 2010. 2010 Mars winter at Troy On January 26, 2010 (sol ), after several months attempting to free the rover, NASA decided to redefine the mobile robot mission by calling it a stationary research platform.", "2010 Mars winter at Troy On January 26, 2010 (sol ), after several months attempting to free the rover, NASA decided to redefine the mobile robot mission by calling it a stationary research platform. Efforts were directed in preparing a more suitable orientation of the platform in relation to the Sun in an attempt to allow a more efficient recharge of the platform's batteries.", "Efforts were directed in preparing a more suitable orientation of the platform in relation to the Sun in an attempt to allow a more efficient recharge of the platform's batteries. This was needed to keep some systems operational during the Martian winter.", "This was needed to keep some systems operational during the Martian winter. On March 30, 2010, Spirit skipped a planned communication session and as anticipated from recent power-supply projections, had probably entered a low-power hibernation mode. [[File:HomePlate.png|thumb|right|Spirits concluding journey around Homeplate and ending location.]]", "[[File:HomePlate.png|thumb|right|Spirits concluding journey around Homeplate and ending location.]] The last communication with the rover was March 22, 2010 (sol ) and there is a strong possibility the rover's batteries lost so much energy at some point that the mission clock stopped.", "The last communication with the rover was March 22, 2010 (sol ) and there is a strong possibility the rover's batteries lost so much energy at some point that the mission clock stopped. In previous winters the rover was able to park on a Sun-facing slope and keep its internal temperature above , but since the rover was stuck on flat ground it is estimated that its internal temperature dropped to .", "In previous winters the rover was able to park on a Sun-facing slope and keep its internal temperature above , but since the rover was stuck on flat ground it is estimated that its internal temperature dropped to . If Spirit had survived these conditions and there had been a cleaning event, there was a possibility that with the southern summer solstice in March 2011, solar energy would increase to a level that would wake up the rover.", "If Spirit had survived these conditions and there had been a cleaning event, there was a possibility that with the southern summer solstice in March 2011, solar energy would increase to a level that would wake up the rover. Communication attempts Spirit remains silent at its location, called \"Troy,\" on the west side of Home Plate.", "Communication attempts Spirit remains silent at its location, called \"Troy,\" on the west side of Home Plate. There was no communication with the rover after March 22, 2010 (sol ).", "There was no communication with the rover after March 22, 2010 (sol ). It is likely that Spirit experienced a low-power fault and had turned off all sub-systems, including communication, and gone into a deep sleep, trying to recharge its batteries. It is also possible that the rover had experienced a mission clock fault.", "It is also possible that the rover had experienced a mission clock fault. If that had happened, the rover would have lost track of time and tried to remain asleep until enough sunlight struck the solar arrays to wake it. This state is called \"Solar Groovy.\"", "This state is called \"Solar Groovy.\" If the rover woke up from a mission clock fault, it would only listen. Starting on July 26, 2010 (sol ), a new procedure to address the possible mission clock fault was implemented.", "Starting on July 26, 2010 (sol ), a new procedure to address the possible mission clock fault was implemented. Each sol, the Deep Space Network mission controllers sent a set of X-band \"Sweep & Beep\" commands.", "Each sol, the Deep Space Network mission controllers sent a set of X-band \"Sweep & Beep\" commands. If the rover had experienced a mission clock fault and then had been awoken during the day, it would have listened during brief, 20-minute intervals during each hour awake.", "If the rover had experienced a mission clock fault and then had been awoken during the day, it would have listened during brief, 20-minute intervals during each hour awake. Due to the possible clock fault, the timing of these 20-minute listening intervals was not known, so multiple \"Sweep & Beep\" commands were sent.", "Due to the possible clock fault, the timing of these 20-minute listening intervals was not known, so multiple \"Sweep & Beep\" commands were sent. If the rover heard one of these commands, it would have responded with an X-band beep signal, updating the mission controllers on its status and allowing them to investigate the state of the rover further.", "If the rover heard one of these commands, it would have responded with an X-band beep signal, updating the mission controllers on its status and allowing them to investigate the state of the rover further. But even with this new strategy, there was no response from the rover. The rover had driven until it became immobile.", "The rover had driven until it became immobile. 2011 Mission end JPL continued attempts to regain contact with Spirit until May 25, 2011, when NASA announced the end of contact efforts and the completion of the mission.", "2011 Mission end JPL continued attempts to regain contact with Spirit until May 25, 2011, when NASA announced the end of contact efforts and the completion of the mission. According to NASA, the rover likely experienced excessively cold \"internal temperatures\" due to \"inadequate energy to run its survival heaters\" that, in turn, was a result of \"a stressful Martian winter without much sunlight.\"", "According to NASA, the rover likely experienced excessively cold \"internal temperatures\" due to \"inadequate energy to run its survival heaters\" that, in turn, was a result of \"a stressful Martian winter without much sunlight.\" Many critical components and connections would have been \"susceptible to damage from the cold.\"", "Many critical components and connections would have been \"susceptible to damage from the cold.\" Assets that had been needed to support Spirit were transitioned to support Spirit's then still-active Opportunity rover, and Mars rover Curiosity which is exploring Gale Crater and has been doing so for more than six years.", "Assets that had been needed to support Spirit were transitioned to support Spirit's then still-active Opportunity rover, and Mars rover Curiosity which is exploring Gale Crater and has been doing so for more than six years. Discoveries The rocks on the plains of Gusev are a type of basalt.", "Discoveries The rocks on the plains of Gusev are a type of basalt. They contain the minerals olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase and magnetite. They look like volcanic basalt, as they are fine-grained with irregular holes (geologists would say they have vesicles and vugs).", "They look like volcanic basalt, as they are fine-grained with irregular holes (geologists would say they have vesicles and vugs). Much of the soil on the plains came from the breakdown of the local rocks. Fairly high levels of nickel were found in some soils; probably from meteorites.", "Fairly high levels of nickel were found in some soils; probably from meteorites. Analysis shows that the rocks have been slightly altered by tiny amounts of water. Outside coatings and cracks inside the rocks suggest water deposited minerals, maybe bromine compounds. All the rocks contain a fine coating of dust and one or more harder rinds of material.", "All the rocks contain a fine coating of dust and one or more harder rinds of material. One type can be brushed off, while another needed to be ground off by the Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT).", "One type can be brushed off, while another needed to be ground off by the Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT). There are a variety of rocks in the Columbia Hills, some of which have been altered by water, but not by very much water.", "There are a variety of rocks in the Columbia Hills, some of which have been altered by water, but not by very much water. The dust in Gusev Crater is the same as dust all around the planet. All the dust was found to be magnetic.", "All the dust was found to be magnetic. Moreover, Spirit found the magnetism was caused by the mineral magnetite, especially magnetite that contained the element titanium. One magnet was able to completely divert all dust, hence all Martian dust is thought to be magnetic.", "One magnet was able to completely divert all dust, hence all Martian dust is thought to be magnetic. The spectra of the dust was similar to spectra of bright, low thermal inertia regions like Tharsis and Arabia that have been detected by orbiting satellites.", "The spectra of the dust was similar to spectra of bright, low thermal inertia regions like Tharsis and Arabia that have been detected by orbiting satellites. A thin layer of dust, maybe less than one millimeter thick, covers all surfaces. Something in it contains a small amount of chemically bound water.", "Something in it contains a small amount of chemically bound water. Plains Observations of rocks on the plains show they contain the minerals pyroxene, olivine, plagioclase, and magnetite. These rocks can be classified in different ways. The amounts and types of minerals make the rocks primitive basalts—also called picritic basalts.", "The amounts and types of minerals make the rocks primitive basalts—also called picritic basalts. The rocks are similar to ancient terrestrial rocks called basaltic komatiites. Rocks of the plains also resemble the basaltic shergottites, meteorites that came from Mars.", "Rocks of the plains also resemble the basaltic shergottites, meteorites that came from Mars. One classification system compares the amount of alkali elements to the amount of silica on a graph; in this system, Gusev plains rocks lie near the junction of basalt, picrobasalt, and tephrite. The Irvine-Barager classification calls them basalts.", "The Irvine-Barager classification calls them basalts. Plains rocks have been very slightly altered, probably by thin films of water because they are softer and contain veins of light colored material that may be bromine compounds, as well as coatings or rinds. It is thought that small amounts of water may have gotten into cracks inducing mineralization processes).", "It is thought that small amounts of water may have gotten into cracks inducing mineralization processes). Coatings on the rocks may have occurred when rocks were buried and interacted with thin films of water and dust.", "Coatings on the rocks may have occurred when rocks were buried and interacted with thin films of water and dust. One sign that they were altered was that it was easier to grind these rocks compared to the same types of rocks found on Earth.", "One sign that they were altered was that it was easier to grind these rocks compared to the same types of rocks found on Earth. Columbia Hills Scientists found a variety of rock types in the Columbia Hills, and they placed them into six different categories.", "Columbia Hills Scientists found a variety of rock types in the Columbia Hills, and they placed them into six different categories. The six are: Clovis, Wishbone, Peace, Watchtower, Backstay, and Independence. They are named after a prominent rock in each group.", "They are named after a prominent rock in each group. Their chemical compositions, as measured by APXS, are significantly different from each other. Most importantly, all of the rocks in Columbia Hills show various degrees of alteration due to aqueous fluids.", "Most importantly, all of the rocks in Columbia Hills show various degrees of alteration due to aqueous fluids. They are enriched in the elements phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, and bromine—all of which can be carried around in water solutions. The Columbia Hills' rocks contain basaltic glass, along with varying amounts of olivine and sulfates.Christensen, P.R.", "The Columbia Hills' rocks contain basaltic glass, along with varying amounts of olivine and sulfates.Christensen, P.R. (2005) Mineral Composition and Abundance of the Rocks and Soils at Gusev and Meridiani from the Mars Exploration Rover Mini-TES Instruments AGU Joint Assembly, May 23–27, 2005 http://www.agu.org/meetings/sm05/waissm05.html The olivine abundance varies inversely with the amount of sulfates.", "(2005) Mineral Composition and Abundance of the Rocks and Soils at Gusev and Meridiani from the Mars Exploration Rover Mini-TES Instruments AGU Joint Assembly, May 23–27, 2005 http://www.agu.org/meetings/sm05/waissm05.html The olivine abundance varies inversely with the amount of sulfates. This is exactly what is expected because water destroys olivine but helps to produce sulfates.", "This is exactly what is expected because water destroys olivine but helps to produce sulfates. Acid fog is believed to have changed some of the Watchtower rocks. This was in a long section of Cumberland Ridge and the Husband Hill summit. Certain places became less crystalline and more amorphous.", "Certain places became less crystalline and more amorphous. Acidic water vapor from volcanoes dissolved some minerals forming a gel. When water evaporated a cement formed and produced small bumps. This type of process has been observed in the lab when basalt rocks are exposed to sulfuric and hydrochloric acids.", "This type of process has been observed in the lab when basalt rocks are exposed to sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. The Clovis group is especially interesting because the Mössbauer spectrometer (MB) detected goethite in it.", "The Clovis group is especially interesting because the Mössbauer spectrometer (MB) detected goethite in it. Goethite forms only in the presence of water, so its discovery is the first direct evidence of past water in the Columbia Hills's rocks.", "Goethite forms only in the presence of water, so its discovery is the first direct evidence of past water in the Columbia Hills's rocks. In addition, the MB spectra of rocks and outcrops displayed a strong decline in olivine presence, although the rocks probably once contained much olivine.", "In addition, the MB spectra of rocks and outcrops displayed a strong decline in olivine presence, although the rocks probably once contained much olivine. Olivine is a marker for the lack of water because it easily decomposes in the presence of water. Sulfate was found, and it needs water to form.", "Sulfate was found, and it needs water to form. Wishstone contained a great deal of plagioclase, some olivine, and anhydrate (a sulfate). Peace rocks showed sulfur and strong evidence for bound water, so hydrated sulfates are suspected. Watchtower class rocks lack olivine consequently they may have been altered by water.", "Watchtower class rocks lack olivine consequently they may have been altered by water. The Independence class showed some signs of clay (perhaps montmorillonite a member of the smectite group). Clays require fairly long term exposure to water to form.", "Clays require fairly long term exposure to water to form. One type of soil, called Paso Robles, from the Columbia Hills, may be an evaporate deposit because it contains large amounts of sulfur, phosphorus, calcium, and iron.", "One type of soil, called Paso Robles, from the Columbia Hills, may be an evaporate deposit because it contains large amounts of sulfur, phosphorus, calcium, and iron. Also, MB found that much of the iron in Paso Robles soil was of the oxidized, Fe3+ form, which would happen if water had been present.", "Also, MB found that much of the iron in Paso Robles soil was of the oxidized, Fe3+ form, which would happen if water had been present. Towards the middle of the six-year mission (a mission that was supposed to last only 90 days), large amounts of pure silica were found in the soil.", "Towards the middle of the six-year mission (a mission that was supposed to last only 90 days), large amounts of pure silica were found in the soil. The silica could have come from the interaction of soil with acid vapors produced by volcanic activity in the presence of water or from water in a hot spring environment.", "The silica could have come from the interaction of soil with acid vapors produced by volcanic activity in the presence of water or from water in a hot spring environment. After Spirit stopped working scientists studied old data from the Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer, or Mini-TES and confirmed the presence of large amounts of carbonate-rich rocks, which means that regions of the planet may have once harbored water.", "After Spirit stopped working scientists studied old data from the Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer, or Mini-TES and confirmed the presence of large amounts of carbonate-rich rocks, which means that regions of the planet may have once harbored water. The carbonates were discovered in an outcrop of rocks called \"Comanche.\"", "The carbonates were discovered in an outcrop of rocks called \"Comanche.\" In summary, Spirit found evidence of slight weathering on the plains of Gusev, but no evidence that a lake was there. However, in the Columbia Hills there was clear evidence for a moderate amount of aqueous weathering.", "However, in the Columbia Hills there was clear evidence for a moderate amount of aqueous weathering. The evidence included sulfates and the minerals goethite and carbonates that only form in the presence of water. It is believed that Gusev crater may have held a lake long ago, but it has since been covered by igneous materials.", "It is believed that Gusev crater may have held a lake long ago, but it has since been covered by igneous materials. All the dust contains a magnetic component that was identified as magnetite with some titanium. Furthermore, the thin coating of dust that covers everything on Mars is the same in all parts of Mars.", "Furthermore, the thin coating of dust that covers everything on Mars is the same in all parts of Mars. AstronomySpirit pointed its cameras towards the sky and observed a transit of the Sun by Mars' moon Deimos (see Transit of Deimos from Mars).", "AstronomySpirit pointed its cameras towards the sky and observed a transit of the Sun by Mars' moon Deimos (see Transit of Deimos from Mars). It also took the first photo of Earth from the surface of another planet in early March 2004.", "It also took the first photo of Earth from the surface of another planet in early March 2004. In late 2005, Spirit took advantage of a favorable energy situation to make multiple nighttime observations of both of Mars' moons Phobos and Deimos.", "In late 2005, Spirit took advantage of a favorable energy situation to make multiple nighttime observations of both of Mars' moons Phobos and Deimos. These observations included a \"lunar\" (or rather phobian) eclipse as Spirit watched Phobos disappear into Mars' shadow.", "These observations included a \"lunar\" (or rather phobian) eclipse as Spirit watched Phobos disappear into Mars' shadow. Some of Spirit's star gazing was designed to look for a predicted meteor shower caused by Halley's Comet, and although at least four imaged streaks were suspect meteors, they could not be unambiguously differentiated from those caused by cosmic rays.", "Some of Spirit's star gazing was designed to look for a predicted meteor shower caused by Halley's Comet, and although at least four imaged streaks were suspect meteors, they could not be unambiguously differentiated from those caused by cosmic rays. A transit of Mercury from Mars took place on January 12, 2005 from about 14:45 UTC to 23:05 UTC.", "A transit of Mercury from Mars took place on January 12, 2005 from about 14:45 UTC to 23:05 UTC. Theoretically, this could have been observed by both Spirit and Opportunity; however, camera resolution did not permit seeing Mercury's 6.1\" angular diameter.", "Theoretically, this could have been observed by both Spirit and Opportunity; however, camera resolution did not permit seeing Mercury's 6.1\" angular diameter. They were able to observe transits of Deimos across the Sun, but at 2' angular diameter, Deimos is about 20 times larger than Mercury's 6.1\" angular diameter.", "They were able to observe transits of Deimos across the Sun, but at 2' angular diameter, Deimos is about 20 times larger than Mercury's 6.1\" angular diameter. Ephemeris data generated by JPL Horizons indicates that Opportunity would have been able to observe the transit from the start until local sunset at about 19:23 UTC Earth time, while Spirit would have been able to observe it from local sunrise at about 19:38 UTC until the end of the transit.", "Ephemeris data generated by JPL Horizons indicates that Opportunity would have been able to observe the transit from the start until local sunset at about 19:23 UTC Earth time, while Spirit would have been able to observe it from local sunrise at about 19:38 UTC until the end of the transit. Equipment wear and failures Both rovers passed their original mission time of 90 sols many times over.", "Equipment wear and failures Both rovers passed their original mission time of 90 sols many times over. The extended time on the surface, and therefore additional stress on components, resulted in some issues developing. On March 13, 2006 (sol ), the right front wheel ceased working after having covered on Mars.", "On March 13, 2006 (sol ), the right front wheel ceased working after having covered on Mars. Engineers began driving the rover backwards, dragging the dead wheel.", "Engineers began driving the rover backwards, dragging the dead wheel. Although this resulted in changes to driving techniques, the dragging effect became a useful tool, partially clearing away soil on the surface as the rover traveled, thus allowing areas to be imaged that would normally be inaccessible.", "Although this resulted in changes to driving techniques, the dragging effect became a useful tool, partially clearing away soil on the surface as the rover traveled, thus allowing areas to be imaged that would normally be inaccessible. However, in mid-December 2009, to the surprise of the engineers, the right front wheel showed slight movement in a wheel-test on sol 2113 and clearly rotated with normal resistance on three of four wheel-tests on sol 2117, but stalled on the fourth.", "However, in mid-December 2009, to the surprise of the engineers, the right front wheel showed slight movement in a wheel-test on sol 2113 and clearly rotated with normal resistance on three of four wheel-tests on sol 2117, but stalled on the fourth. On November 29, 2009 (sol ), the right rear wheel also stalled and remained inoperable for the remainder of the mission.", "On November 29, 2009 (sol ), the right rear wheel also stalled and remained inoperable for the remainder of the mission. Scientific instruments also experienced degradation as a result of exposure to the harsh Martian environment and use over a far longer period than had been anticipated by the mission planners.", "Scientific instruments also experienced degradation as a result of exposure to the harsh Martian environment and use over a far longer period than had been anticipated by the mission planners. Over time, the diamond in the resin grinding surface of the Rock Abrasion Tool wore down, after that the device could only be used to brush targets.", "Over time, the diamond in the resin grinding surface of the Rock Abrasion Tool wore down, after that the device could only be used to brush targets. All of the other science instruments and engineering cameras continued to function until contact was lost; however, towards the end of Spirits life, the MIMOS II Mössbauer spectrometer took much longer to produce results than it did earlier in the mission because of the decay of its cobalt-57 gamma ray source that has a half life of 271 days.", "All of the other science instruments and engineering cameras continued to function until contact was lost; however, towards the end of Spirits life, the MIMOS II Mössbauer spectrometer took much longer to produce results than it did earlier in the mission because of the decay of its cobalt-57 gamma ray source that has a half life of 271 days. Honors To rover To commemorate Spirit'''s great contribution to the exploration of Mars, the asteroid 37452 Spirit has been named after it.", "Honors To rover To commemorate Spirit'''s great contribution to the exploration of Mars, the asteroid 37452 Spirit has been named after it. The name was proposed by Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld who along with Cornelis Johannes van Houten and Tom Gehrels discovered the asteroid on September 24, 1960.", "The name was proposed by Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld who along with Cornelis Johannes van Houten and Tom Gehrels discovered the asteroid on September 24, 1960. Reuben H. Fleet Science Center and the Liberty Science Center also have an IMAX show called Roving Mars that documents the journey of both Spirit and Opportunity, using both CG and actual imagery.", "Reuben H. Fleet Science Center and the Liberty Science Center also have an IMAX show called Roving Mars that documents the journey of both Spirit and Opportunity, using both CG and actual imagery. January 4, 2014 was celebrated as the tenth anniversary of its landing on many news sites, despite nearly four years since loss of communications.", "January 4, 2014 was celebrated as the tenth anniversary of its landing on many news sites, despite nearly four years since loss of communications. To honor the rover, the JPL team named an area near Endeavour Crater explored by the Opportunity rover, 'Spirit Point'.", "To honor the rover, the JPL team named an area near Endeavour Crater explored by the Opportunity rover, 'Spirit Point'. From rover On January 27, 2004 (sol ) NASA memorialized the crew of Apollo 1 by naming three hills to the north of \"Columbia Memorial Station\" as the Apollo 1 Hills.", "From rover On January 27, 2004 (sol ) NASA memorialized the crew of Apollo 1 by naming three hills to the north of \"Columbia Memorial Station\" as the Apollo 1 Hills. On February 2, 2004 (sol ) the astronauts on Space Shuttle Columbias final mission were further memorialized when NASA named a set of hills to the east of the landing site the Columbia Hills Complex, denoting seven peaks in that area as \"Anderson\", \"Brown\", \"Chawla\", \"Clark\", \"Husband\", \"McCool\", and \"Ramon\" in honour of the crew; NASA has submitted these geographical feature names to the IAU for approval.", "On February 2, 2004 (sol ) the astronauts on Space Shuttle Columbias final mission were further memorialized when NASA named a set of hills to the east of the landing site the Columbia Hills Complex, denoting seven peaks in that area as \"Anderson\", \"Brown\", \"Chawla\", \"Clark\", \"Husband\", \"McCool\", and \"Ramon\" in honour of the crew; NASA has submitted these geographical feature names to the IAU for approval. Gallery The rover could take pictures with its different cameras, but only the PanCam camera had the ability to photograph a scene with different color filters.", "Gallery The rover could take pictures with its different cameras, but only the PanCam camera had the ability to photograph a scene with different color filters. The panorama views were usually built up from PanCam images. Spirit transferred 128,224 pictures in its lifetime. Views Panoramas {{Wide image|PIA10214.jpg|800px|Spirits West Valley panorama (color not rectificated for media).", "Views Panoramas {{Wide image|PIA10214.jpg|800px|Spirits West Valley panorama (color not rectificated for media). NASA'S Mars Exploration Rover Spirit captured this westward view from atop a low plateau where Spirit spent the closing months of 2007.}}", "NASA'S Mars Exploration Rover Spirit captured this westward view from atop a low plateau where Spirit spent the closing months of 2007.}} Microscopic images From orbit Maps See also References External links JPL, MSSS, and NASA links JPL's Mars Exploration Rover Mission home page (obsolete JPL Mars Exploration Rover home page) Spirit Mission Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration Planetary Photojournal, NASA JPL's Planetary Photojournal for Spirit NASA TV Special Events Schedule for MER News Briefings at JPL Mission Status updates from NASA JPL Wikisource:NASA MER press briefings Finding Spirit: high resolution images of landing site (Mars Global Surveyor – Mars Orbiter Camera) JPL's site devoted to the efforts to free Spirit MER Analyst's Notebook, Interactive access to mission data and documentation Other links SpaceFlightNow Spaceflightnow.com, Status Page last updated May 2004 Marsbase.net, a site that tracks time on Mars.", "Microscopic images From orbit Maps See also References External links JPL, MSSS, and NASA links JPL's Mars Exploration Rover Mission home page (obsolete JPL Mars Exploration Rover home page) Spirit Mission Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration Planetary Photojournal, NASA JPL's Planetary Photojournal for Spirit NASA TV Special Events Schedule for MER News Briefings at JPL Mission Status updates from NASA JPL Wikisource:NASA MER press briefings Finding Spirit: high resolution images of landing site (Mars Global Surveyor – Mars Orbiter Camera) JPL's site devoted to the efforts to free Spirit MER Analyst's Notebook, Interactive access to mission data and documentation Other links SpaceFlightNow Spaceflightnow.com, Status Page last updated May 2004 Marsbase.net, a site that tracks time on Mars. MAESTRO – public version of rover simulation software (requires download, last update October 25, 2004) Cornell's rover site: Athena last update 2006 Finding Spirit: interactive Mars atlas based on Viking images: you can zoom in/out and pan images, to find your preferred site.", "MAESTRO – public version of rover simulation software (requires download, last update October 25, 2004) Cornell's rover site: Athena last update 2006 Finding Spirit: interactive Mars atlas based on Viking images: you can zoom in/out and pan images, to find your preferred site. Spirit approximate position is 14.82°S (= −14.82°N), 184.85°W (= 5.15°E) (not working as of June 4, 2008) Google map with Spirit landing site marked (AXCH) 2004 Mars Exploration Rovers Highlights – News, status, technical info, history, and more.", "Spirit approximate position is 14.82°S (= −14.82°N), 184.85°W (= 5.15°E) (not working as of June 4, 2008) Google map with Spirit landing site marked (AXCH) 2004 Mars Exploration Rovers Highlights – News, status, technical info, history, and more. New Scientist on Spirit Dust Devils , March 15, 2005 New Scientist on Spirit wheel status, April 3, 2006 Unmanned Spaceflight.com discussion on Spirit as of 2008-06-04 last updated 2008-06-04 Full-page, High-res spherical panorama of Spirit in the Columbia Hills, nasatech.net, Nov 23 to December 5, 2005 (long download, uses Java) Full-page, High-res spherical panorama of Spirit at the summit of Husband Hill, nasatech.net, Nov 23 to December 5, 2005 (long download, uses Java) XKCD cartoon on Spirit High-resolution video by Seán Doran that zooms in on Spirits final location Archive of MER progress reports by A.J.S.", "New Scientist on Spirit Dust Devils , March 15, 2005 New Scientist on Spirit wheel status, April 3, 2006 Unmanned Spaceflight.com discussion on Spirit as of 2008-06-04 last updated 2008-06-04 Full-page, High-res spherical panorama of Spirit in the Columbia Hills, nasatech.net, Nov 23 to December 5, 2005 (long download, uses Java) Full-page, High-res spherical panorama of Spirit at the summit of Husband Hill, nasatech.net, Nov 23 to December 5, 2005 (long download, uses Java) XKCD cartoon on Spirit High-resolution video by Seán Doran that zooms in on Spirits final location Archive of MER progress reports by A.J.S. Rayl at planetary.org Space probes launched in 2003 2003 robots Aeolis quadrangle Derelict landers (spacecraft) Missions to Mars Mars rovers Robots of the United States Six-wheeled robots Solar-powered robots Spacecraft launched by Delta II rockets Spacecraft decommissioned in 2011 Soft landings on Mars 2004 on Mars" ]

[ "Spirit (rover)", "Columbia Hills", "What is Columbia Hills?", "Spirit reached the first of many targets at the base of the Columbia Hills called West Spur." ]

[ "Don Juan Manuel's Tales of Count Lucanor, in Spanish Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio (Book of the Examples of Count Lucanor and of Patronio), also commonly known as El Conde Lucanor, Libro de Patronio, or Libro de los ejemplos (original Old Castilian: Libro de los enxiemplos del Conde Lucanor et de Patronio), is one of the earliest works of prose in Castilian Spanish. It was first written in 1335.\n\nThe book is divided into four parts. The first and most well-known part is a series of 51 short stories (some no more than a page or two) drawn from various sources, such as Aesop and other classical writers, and Arabic folktales.\n\nTales of Count Lucanor was first printed in 1575 when it was published at Seville under the auspices of Argote de Molina. It was again printed at Madrid in 1642, after which it lay forgotten for nearly two centuries.\n\nPurpose and structure\n\nA didactic, moralistic purpose, which would color so much of the Spanish literature to follow (see Novela picaresca), is the mark of this book. Count Lucanor engages in conversation with his advisor Patronio, putting to him a problem (\"Some man has made me a proposition...\" or \"I fear that such and such person intends to...\") and asking for advice. Patronio responds always with the greatest humility, claiming not to wish to offer advice to so illustrious a person as the Count, but offering to tell him a story of which the Count's problem reminds him. (Thus, the stories are \"examples\" [ejemplos] of wise action.) At the end he advises the Count to do as the protagonist of his story did.\n\nEach chapter ends in more or less the same way, with slight variations on: \"And this pleased the Count greatly and he did just so, and found it well. And Don Johán (Juan) saw that this example was very good, and had it written in this book, and composed the following verses.\" A rhymed couplet closes, giving the moral of the story.\n\nOrigin of stories and influence on later literature\nMany of the stories written in the book are the first examples written in a modern European language of various stories, which many other writers would use in the proceeding centuries. Many of the stories he included were themselves derived from other stories, coming from western and Arab sources.\n\nShakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew has the basic elements of Tale 35, \"What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\".\n\nTale 32, \"What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth\" tells the story that Hans Christian Andersen made popular as The Emperor's New Clothes.\n\nStory 7, \"What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana\", a version of Aesop's The Milkmaid and Her Pail, was claimed by Max Müller to originate in the Hindu cycle Panchatantra.\n\nTale 2, \"What happened to a good Man and his Son, leading a beast to market,\" is the familiar fable The miller, his son and the donkey.\n\nIn 2016, Baroque Decay released a game under the name \"The Count Lucanor\". As well as some protagonists' names, certain events from the books inspired past events in the game.\n\nThe stories\n\nThe book opens with a prologue which introduces the characters of the Count and Patronio. The titles in the following list are those given in Keller and Keating's 1977 translation into English. James York's 1868 translation into English gives a significantly different ordering of the stories and omits the fifty-first.\n\n What Happened to a King and His Favorite \n What Happened to a Good Man and His Son \n How King Richard of England Leapt into the Sea against the Moors\n What a Genoese Said to His Soul When He Was about to Die \n What Happened to a Fox and a Crow Who Had a Piece of Cheese in His Beak\n How the Swallow Warned the Other Birds When She Saw Flax Being Sown \n What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana \n What Happened to a Man Whose Liver Had to Be Washed \n What Happened to Two Horses Which Were Thrown to the Lion \n What Happened to a Man Who on Account of Poverty and Lack of Other Food Was Eating Bitter Lentils \n What Happened to a Dean of Santiago de Compostela and Don Yllán, the Grand Master of Toledo\n What Happened to the Fox and the Rooster \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Hunting Partridges \n The Miracle of Saint Dominick When He Preached against the Usurer \n What Happened to Lorenzo Suárez at the Siege of Seville \n The Reply that count Fernán González Gave to His Relative Núño Laynes \n What Happened to a Very Hungry Man Who Was Half-heartedly Invited to Dinner \n What Happened to Pero Meléndez de Valdés When He Broke His Leg \n What Happened to the Crows and the Owls \n What Happened to a King for Whom a Man Promised to Perform Alchemy \n What Happened to a Young King and a Philosopher to Whom his Father Commended Him \n What Happened to the Lion and the Bull \n How the Ants Provide for Themselves \n What Happened to the King Who Wanted to Test His Three Sons \n What Happened to the Count of Provence and How He Was Freed from Prison by the Advice of Saladin\n What Happened to the Tree of Lies \n What Happened to an Emperor and to Don Alvarfáñez Minaya and Their Wives \n What Happened in Granada to Don Lorenzo Suárez Gallinato When He Beheaded the Renegade Chaplain \n What Happened to a Fox Who Lay down in the Street to Play Dead \n What Happened to King Abenabet of Seville and Ramayquía His Wife \n How a Cardinal Judged between the Canons of Paris and the Friars Minor \n What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth \n What Happened to Don Juan Manuel's Saker Falcon and an Eagle and a Heron \n What Happened to a Blind Man Who Was Leading Another \n What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\n What Happened to a Merchant When He Found His Son and His Wife Sleeping Together \n What Happened to Count Fernán González with His Men after He Had Won the Battle of Hacinas \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Loaded down with Precious Stones and Drowned in the River \n What Happened to a Man and a Swallow and a Sparrow \n Why the Seneschal of Carcassonne Lost His Soul \n What Happened to a King of Córdova Named Al-Haquem \n What Happened to a Woman of Sham Piety \n What Happened to Good and Evil and the Wise Man and the Madman \n What Happened to Don Pero Núñez the Loyal, to Don Ruy González de Zavallos, and to Don Gutier Roiz de Blaguiello with Don Rodrigo the Generous \n What Happened to a Man Who Became the Devil's Friend and Vassal \n What Happened to a Philosopher who by Accident Went down a Street Where Prostitutes Lived \n What Befell a Moor and His Sister Who Pretended That She Was Timid \n What Happened to a Man Who Tested His Friends \n What Happened to the Man Whom They Cast out Naked on an Island When They Took away from Him the Kingdom He Ruled \n What Happened to Saladin and a Lady, the Wife of a Knight Who Was His Vassal \n What Happened to a Christian King Who Was Very Powerful and Haughty\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n Sturm, Harlan\n\n Wacks, David\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Internet Archive provides free access to the 1868 translation by James York.\nJSTOR has the to the 1977 translation by Keller and Keating.\nSelections in English and Spanish (pedagogical edition) with introduction, notes, and bibliography in Open Iberia/América (open access teaching anthology)\n\n14th-century books\nSpanish literature\n1335 books", "What Happened to Jones may refer to:\n What Happened to Jones (1897 play), a play by George Broadhurst\n What Happened to Jones (1915 film), a lost silent film\n What Happened to Jones (1920 film), a lost silent film\n What Happened to Jones (1926 film), a silent film comedy" ]

[ "Spirit, also known as MER-A (Mars Exploration Rover – A) or MER-2, is a Mars robotic rover, active from 2004 to 2010. Spirit was operational on Mars for sols or 3.3 Martian years ( days; ).", "Spirit was operational on Mars for sols or 3.3 Martian years ( days; ). It was one of two rovers of NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Mission managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).", "It was one of two rovers of NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Mission managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Spirit landed successfully within the impact crater Gusev on Mars at 04:35 Ground UTC on January 4, 2004, three weeks before its twin, Opportunity (MER-B), which landed on the other side of the planet.", "Spirit landed successfully within the impact crater Gusev on Mars at 04:35 Ground UTC on January 4, 2004, three weeks before its twin, Opportunity (MER-B), which landed on the other side of the planet. Its name was chosen through a NASA-sponsored student essay competition.", "Its name was chosen through a NASA-sponsored student essay competition. The rover got stuck in a \"sand trap\" in late 2009 at an angle that hampered recharging of its batteries; its last communication with Earth was on March 22, 2010. The rover completed its planned 90-sol mission (slightly less than 92.5 Earth days).", "The rover completed its planned 90-sol mission (slightly less than 92.5 Earth days). Aided by cleaning events that resulted in more energy from its solar panels, Spirit went on to function effectively over twenty times longer than NASA planners expected.", "Aided by cleaning events that resulted in more energy from its solar panels, Spirit went on to function effectively over twenty times longer than NASA planners expected. Spirit also logged of driving instead of the planned , allowing more extensive geological analysis of Martian rocks and planetary surface features.", "Spirit also logged of driving instead of the planned , allowing more extensive geological analysis of Martian rocks and planetary surface features. Initial scientific results from the first phase of the mission (the 90-sol prime mission) were published in a special issue of the journal Science.", "Initial scientific results from the first phase of the mission (the 90-sol prime mission) were published in a special issue of the journal Science. On May 1, 2009 (5 years, 3 months, 27 Earth days after landing; 21 times the planned mission duration), Spirit became stuck in soft sand.", "On May 1, 2009 (5 years, 3 months, 27 Earth days after landing; 21 times the planned mission duration), Spirit became stuck in soft sand. This was not the first of the mission's \"embedding events\" and for the following eight months NASA carefully analyzed the situation, running Earth-based theoretical and practical simulations, and finally programming the rover to make extrication drives in an attempt to free itself.", "This was not the first of the mission's \"embedding events\" and for the following eight months NASA carefully analyzed the situation, running Earth-based theoretical and practical simulations, and finally programming the rover to make extrication drives in an attempt to free itself. These efforts continued until January 26, 2010 when NASA officials announced that the rover was likely irrecoverably obstructed by its location in soft sand, though it continued to perform scientific research from its current location.", "These efforts continued until January 26, 2010 when NASA officials announced that the rover was likely irrecoverably obstructed by its location in soft sand, though it continued to perform scientific research from its current location. The rover continued in a stationary science platform role until communication with Spirit stopped on March 22, 2010 (sol ).", "The rover continued in a stationary science platform role until communication with Spirit stopped on March 22, 2010 (sol ). JPL continued to attempt to regain contact until May 24, 2011, when NASA announced that efforts to communicate with the unresponsive rover had ended, calling the mission complete.", "JPL continued to attempt to regain contact until May 24, 2011, when NASA announced that efforts to communicate with the unresponsive rover had ended, calling the mission complete. A formal farewell took place at NASA headquarters shortly thereafter. Mission overview The primary surface mission for Spirit was planned to last at least 90 sols.", "Mission overview The primary surface mission for Spirit was planned to last at least 90 sols. The mission received several extensions and lasted about 2,208 sols. On August 11, 2007, Spirit obtained the second longest operational duration on the surface of Mars for a lander or rover at 1282 Sols, one sol longer than the Viking 2 lander.", "On August 11, 2007, Spirit obtained the second longest operational duration on the surface of Mars for a lander or rover at 1282 Sols, one sol longer than the Viking 2 lander. Viking 2 was powered by a nuclear cell whereas Spirit is powered by solar arrays.", "Viking 2 was powered by a nuclear cell whereas Spirit is powered by solar arrays. Until Opportunity overtook it on May 19, 2010, the Mars probe with longest operational period was Viking 1 that lasted for 2245 Sols on the surface of Mars.", "Until Opportunity overtook it on May 19, 2010, the Mars probe with longest operational period was Viking 1 that lasted for 2245 Sols on the surface of Mars. On March 22, 2010, Spirit sent its last communication, thus falling just over a month short of surpassing Viking 1's operational record.", "On March 22, 2010, Spirit sent its last communication, thus falling just over a month short of surpassing Viking 1's operational record. An archive of weekly updates on the rover's status can be found at the Spirit Update Archive. Spirit's total odometry as of March 22, 2010 (sol 2210) is .", "Spirit's total odometry as of March 22, 2010 (sol 2210) is . Objectives The scientific objectives of the Mars Exploration Rover mission were to: Search for and characterize a variety of rocks and soils that hold clues to past water activity.", "Objectives The scientific objectives of the Mars Exploration Rover mission were to: Search for and characterize a variety of rocks and soils that hold clues to past water activity. In particular, samples sought will include those that have minerals deposited by water-related processes such as precipitation, evaporation, sedimentary cementation or hydrothermal activity.", "In particular, samples sought will include those that have minerals deposited by water-related processes such as precipitation, evaporation, sedimentary cementation or hydrothermal activity. Determine the distribution and composition of minerals, rocks, and soils surrounding the landing sites. Determine what geologic processes have shaped the local terrain and influenced the chemistry.", "Determine what geologic processes have shaped the local terrain and influenced the chemistry. Such processes could include water or wind erosion, sedimentation, hydrothermal mechanisms, volcanism, and cratering. Perform calibration and validation of surface observations made by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter instruments.", "Perform calibration and validation of surface observations made by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter instruments. This will help determine the accuracy and effectiveness of various instruments that survey Martian geology from orbit. Search for iron-containing minerals, identify and quantify relative amounts of specific mineral types that contain water or were formed in water, such as iron-bearing carbonates.", "Search for iron-containing minerals, identify and quantify relative amounts of specific mineral types that contain water or were formed in water, such as iron-bearing carbonates. Characterize the mineralogy and textures of rocks and soils and determine the processes that created them. Search for geological clues to the environmental conditions that existed when liquid water was present.", "Search for geological clues to the environmental conditions that existed when liquid water was present. Assess whether those environments were conducive to life. NASA sought evidence of life on Mars, beginning with the question of whether the Martian environment was ever suitable for life.", "NASA sought evidence of life on Mars, beginning with the question of whether the Martian environment was ever suitable for life. Life forms known to science require water, so the history of water on Mars is a critical piece of knowledge.", "Life forms known to science require water, so the history of water on Mars is a critical piece of knowledge. Although the Mars Exploration Rovers did not have the ability to detect life directly, they offered very important information on the habitability of the environment during the planet's history.", "Although the Mars Exploration Rovers did not have the ability to detect life directly, they offered very important information on the habitability of the environment during the planet's history. Design and construction Spirit (and its twin, Opportunity) are six-wheeled, solar-powered robots standing high, wide and long and weighing .", "Design and construction Spirit (and its twin, Opportunity) are six-wheeled, solar-powered robots standing high, wide and long and weighing . Six wheels on a rocker-bogie system enable mobility over rough terrain. Each wheel has its own motor.", "Each wheel has its own motor. The vehicle is steered at front and rear and is designed to operate safely at tilts of up to 30 degrees. Maximum speed is ; , although average speed is about .", "Maximum speed is ; , although average speed is about . Both Spirit and Opportunity have pieces of the fallen World Trade Center's metal on them that were \"turned into shields to protect cables on the drilling mechanisms\".", "Both Spirit and Opportunity have pieces of the fallen World Trade Center's metal on them that were \"turned into shields to protect cables on the drilling mechanisms\". Solar arrays generate about 140 watts for up to four hours per Martian day (sol) while rechargeable lithium ion batteries store energy for use at night.", "Solar arrays generate about 140 watts for up to four hours per Martian day (sol) while rechargeable lithium ion batteries store energy for use at night. Spirit's onboard computer uses a 20 MHz RAD6000 CPU with 128 MB of DRAM, 3 MB of EEPROM, and 256 MB of flash memory.", "Spirit's onboard computer uses a 20 MHz RAD6000 CPU with 128 MB of DRAM, 3 MB of EEPROM, and 256 MB of flash memory. The rover's operating temperature ranges from and radioisotope heater units provide a base level of heating, assisted by electrical heaters when necessary.", "The rover's operating temperature ranges from and radioisotope heater units provide a base level of heating, assisted by electrical heaters when necessary. A gold film and a layer of silica aerogel provide insulation. Communications depends on an omnidirectional low-gain antenna communicating at a low data rate and a steerable high-gain antenna, both in direct contact with Earth.", "Communications depends on an omnidirectional low-gain antenna communicating at a low data rate and a steerable high-gain antenna, both in direct contact with Earth. A low gain antenna is also used to relay data to spacecraft orbiting Mars.", "A low gain antenna is also used to relay data to spacecraft orbiting Mars. Science payload The science instruments include: Panoramic Camera (Pancam) – examines the texture, color, mineralogy, and structure of the local terrain.", "Science payload The science instruments include: Panoramic Camera (Pancam) – examines the texture, color, mineralogy, and structure of the local terrain. Navigation Camera (Navcam) – monochrome with a higher field of view but lower resolution, for navigation and driving.", "Navigation Camera (Navcam) – monochrome with a higher field of view but lower resolution, for navigation and driving. Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) – identifies promising rocks and soils for closer examination, and determines the processes that formed them.", "Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) – identifies promising rocks and soils for closer examination, and determines the processes that formed them. Hazcams, two B&W cameras with 120 degree field of view, that provide additional data about the rover's surroundings.", "Hazcams, two B&W cameras with 120 degree field of view, that provide additional data about the rover's surroundings. The rover arm holds the following instruments: Mössbauer spectrometer (MB) MIMOS II – used for close-up investigations of the mineralogy of iron-bearing rocks and soils.", "The rover arm holds the following instruments: Mössbauer spectrometer (MB) MIMOS II – used for close-up investigations of the mineralogy of iron-bearing rocks and soils. Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer (APXS) – close-up analysis of the abundances of elements that make up rocks and soils. Magnets – for collecting magnetic dust particles.", "Magnets – for collecting magnetic dust particles. Microscopic Imager (MI) – obtains close-up, high-resolution images of rocks and soils. Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) – exposes fresh material for examination by instruments on board.", "Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) – exposes fresh material for examination by instruments on board. Mission timeline 2004 The Spirit Mars rover landed successfully on the surface of Mars on 04:35 Ground UTC on January 4, 2004.", "Mission timeline 2004 The Spirit Mars rover landed successfully on the surface of Mars on 04:35 Ground UTC on January 4, 2004. This was the start of its 90-sol mission, but solar cell cleaning events would mean it was the start of a much longer mission, lasting until 2010.", "This was the start of its 90-sol mission, but solar cell cleaning events would mean it was the start of a much longer mission, lasting until 2010. Landing site: Columbia Memorial Station Spirit was targeted to a site that appears to have been affected by liquid water in the past, the crater Gusev, a possible former lake in a giant impact crater about from the center of the target ellipse at .", "Landing site: Columbia Memorial Station Spirit was targeted to a site that appears to have been affected by liquid water in the past, the crater Gusev, a possible former lake in a giant impact crater about from the center of the target ellipse at . After the airbag-protected landing craft settled onto the surface, the rover rolled out to take panoramic images.", "After the airbag-protected landing craft settled onto the surface, the rover rolled out to take panoramic images. These give scientists the information they need to select promising geological targets and drive to those locations to perform on-site scientific investigations.", "These give scientists the information they need to select promising geological targets and drive to those locations to perform on-site scientific investigations. The panoramic image below shows a slightly rolling surface, littered with small rocks, with hills on the horizon up to away.", "The panoramic image below shows a slightly rolling surface, littered with small rocks, with hills on the horizon up to away. The MER team named the landing site \"Columbia Memorial Station,\" in honor of the seven astronauts killed in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.", "The MER team named the landing site \"Columbia Memorial Station,\" in honor of the seven astronauts killed in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. \"Sleepy Hollow,\" a shallow depression in the Mars ground at the right side of the above picture, was targeted as an early destination when the rover drove off its lander platform.", "\"Sleepy Hollow,\" a shallow depression in the Mars ground at the right side of the above picture, was targeted as an early destination when the rover drove off its lander platform. NASA scientists were very interested in this crater. It is across and about north of the lander.", "It is across and about north of the lander. First color image To the right is the first color image derived from images taken by the panoramic camera on the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit. It was the highest resolution image taken on the surface of another planet.", "It was the highest resolution image taken on the surface of another planet. According to the camera designer Jim Bell of Cornell University, the panoramic mosaic consists of four pancam images high by three wide. The picture shown originally had a full size of 4,000 by 3,000 pixels.", "The picture shown originally had a full size of 4,000 by 3,000 pixels. However, a complete pancam panorama is even 8 times larger than that, and could be taken in stereo (i.e., two complete pictures, making the resolution twice as large again.) The colors are fairly accurate.", "The colors are fairly accurate. The colors are fairly accurate. (For a technical explanation, see colors outside the range of the human eye.) The MER pancams are black-and-white instruments. Thirteen rotating filter wheels produce multiple images of the same scene at different wavelengths.", "Thirteen rotating filter wheels produce multiple images of the same scene at different wavelengths. Once received on Earth, these images can be combined to produce color images. Sol flash memory management anomaly On January 21, 2004 (sol ), Spirit abruptly ceased communicating with mission control.", "Sol flash memory management anomaly On January 21, 2004 (sol ), Spirit abruptly ceased communicating with mission control. The next day the rover radioed a 7.8 bit/s beep, confirming that it had received a transmission from Earth but indicating that the craft believed it was in a fault mode. Commands would only be responded to intermittently.", "Commands would only be responded to intermittently. This was described as a very serious anomaly, but potentially recoverable if it were a software or memory corruption issue rather than a serious hardware failure.", "This was described as a very serious anomaly, but potentially recoverable if it were a software or memory corruption issue rather than a serious hardware failure. Spirit was commanded to transmit engineering data, and on January 23 sent several short low-bitrate messages before finally transmitting 73 megabits via X band to Mars Odyssey.", "Spirit was commanded to transmit engineering data, and on January 23 sent several short low-bitrate messages before finally transmitting 73 megabits via X band to Mars Odyssey. The readings from the engineering data suggested that the rover was not staying in sleep mode.", "The readings from the engineering data suggested that the rover was not staying in sleep mode. As such, it was wasting its battery energy and overheating – risk factors that could potentially destroy the rover if not fixed soon.", "As such, it was wasting its battery energy and overheating – risk factors that could potentially destroy the rover if not fixed soon. On sol 20, the command team sent it the command SHUTDWN_DMT_TIL (\"Shutdown Dammit Until\") to try to cause it to suspend itself until a given time. It seemingly ignored the command.", "It seemingly ignored the command. It seemingly ignored the command. The leading theory at the time was that the rover was stuck in a \"reboot loop\". The rover was programmed to reboot if there was a fault aboard. However, if there was a fault that occurred during reboot, it would continue to reboot forever.", "However, if there was a fault that occurred during reboot, it would continue to reboot forever. The fact that the problem persisted through reboot suggested that the error was not in RAM, but in either the flash memory, the EEPROM, or a hardware fault. The last case would likely doom the rover.", "The last case would likely doom the rover. Anticipating the potential for errors in the flash memory and EEPROM, the designers had made it so that the rover could be booted without ever touching the flash memory. The radio itself could decode a limited command set – enough to tell the rover to reboot without using flash.", "The radio itself could decode a limited command set – enough to tell the rover to reboot without using flash. Without access to flash memory the reboot cycle was broken. On January 24, 2004 (sol ) the rover repair team announced that the problem was with Spirits flash memory and the software that wrote to it.", "On January 24, 2004 (sol ) the rover repair team announced that the problem was with Spirits flash memory and the software that wrote to it. The flash hardware was believed to be working correctly but the file management module in the software was \"not robust enough\" for the operations the Spirit was engaged in when the problem occurred, indicating that the problem was caused by a software bug as opposed to faulty hardware.", "The flash hardware was believed to be working correctly but the file management module in the software was \"not robust enough\" for the operations the Spirit was engaged in when the problem occurred, indicating that the problem was caused by a software bug as opposed to faulty hardware. NASA engineers finally came to the conclusion that there were too many files on the file system, which was a relatively minor problem.", "NASA engineers finally came to the conclusion that there were too many files on the file system, which was a relatively minor problem. Most of these files contained unneeded in-flight data. After realizing what the problem was, the engineers deleted some files, and eventually reformatted the entire flash memory system.", "After realizing what the problem was, the engineers deleted some files, and eventually reformatted the entire flash memory system. On February 6 (sol ), the rover was restored to its original working condition, and science activities resumed.", "On February 6 (sol ), the rover was restored to its original working condition, and science activities resumed. First intentional grinding of a rock on Mars For the first intentional grinding of a rock on Mars, the Spirit team chose a rock called \"Adirondack\".", "First intentional grinding of a rock on Mars For the first intentional grinding of a rock on Mars, the Spirit team chose a rock called \"Adirondack\". To make the drive there, the rover turned 40 degrees in short arcs totaling . It then turned in place to face the target rock and drove four short moves straightforward totaling .", "It then turned in place to face the target rock and drove four short moves straightforward totaling . Adirondack was chosen over another rock called \"Sashimi\", which was closer to the rover, as Adirondack's surface was smoother, making it more suitable for the Rock Abrasion Tool (aka \"RAT\").", "Adirondack was chosen over another rock called \"Sashimi\", which was closer to the rover, as Adirondack's surface was smoother, making it more suitable for the Rock Abrasion Tool (aka \"RAT\"). Spirit made a small depression in the rock, in diameter and deep.", "Spirit made a small depression in the rock, in diameter and deep. Examination of the freshly exposed interior with the rover's microscopic imager and other instruments confirmed that the rock is volcanic basalt.", "Examination of the freshly exposed interior with the rover's microscopic imager and other instruments confirmed that the rock is volcanic basalt. Humphrey rock On March 5, 2004, NASA announced that Spirit had found hints of water history on Mars in a rock dubbed \"Humphrey\".", "Humphrey rock On March 5, 2004, NASA announced that Spirit had found hints of water history on Mars in a rock dubbed \"Humphrey\". Raymond Arvidson, the McDonnell University Professor and chair of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis, reported during a NASA press conference: \"If we found this rock on Earth, we would say it is a volcanic rock that had a little fluid moving through it.\"", "Raymond Arvidson, the McDonnell University Professor and chair of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis, reported during a NASA press conference: \"If we found this rock on Earth, we would say it is a volcanic rock that had a little fluid moving through it.\" In contrast to the rocks found by the twin rover Opportunity, this one was formed from magma and then acquired bright material in small crevices, which look like crystallized minerals.", "In contrast to the rocks found by the twin rover Opportunity, this one was formed from magma and then acquired bright material in small crevices, which look like crystallized minerals. If this interpretation holds true, the minerals were most likely dissolved in water, which was either carried inside the rock or interacted with it at a later stage, after it formed.", "If this interpretation holds true, the minerals were most likely dissolved in water, which was either carried inside the rock or interacted with it at a later stage, after it formed. Bonneville crater On sol March 11, 2004, Spirit reached Bonneville crater after a journey.", "Bonneville crater On sol March 11, 2004, Spirit reached Bonneville crater after a journey. This crater is about across with a floor about below the surface. JPL decided that it would be a bad idea to send the rover down into the crater, as they saw no targets of interest inside.", "JPL decided that it would be a bad idea to send the rover down into the crater, as they saw no targets of interest inside. Spirit drove along the southern rim and continued to the southwest towards the Columbia Hills. Spirit reached Missoula crater on sol 105. The crater is roughly across and deep.", "The crater is roughly across and deep. Missoula crater was not considered a high priority target due to the older rocks it contained. The rover skirted the northern rim, and continued to the southeast. It then reached Lahontan crater on sol 118, and drove along the rim until sol 120. Lahontan is about across and about deep.", "Lahontan is about across and about deep. A long, snaking sand dune stretches away from its southwestern side, and Spirit went around it, because loose sand dunes present an unknown risk to the ability of the rover wheels to get traction. Columbia Hills Spirit drove from Bonneville crater in a direct line to the Columbia Hills.", "Columbia Hills Spirit drove from Bonneville crater in a direct line to the Columbia Hills. The route was only directly controlled by the engineers when the terrain was difficult to navigate; otherwise, the rover drove in an autonomous mode.", "The route was only directly controlled by the engineers when the terrain was difficult to navigate; otherwise, the rover drove in an autonomous mode. On sol 159, Spirit reached the first of many targets at the base of the Columbia Hills called West Spur. Hank's Hollow was studied for 23 sols.", "Hank's Hollow was studied for 23 sols. Within Hank's Hollow was the strange-looking rock dubbed \"Pot of Gold\". Analysing this rock was difficult for Spirit, because it lay in a slippery area. After a detailed analysis with the AXPS-and the Mößbauer instrument it was detected that it contains hematite.", "After a detailed analysis with the AXPS-and the Mößbauer instrument it was detected that it contains hematite. This kind of rock can be built in connection with water. As the produced energy from the solar panels was lowering due to the setting Sun and dust the Deep Sleep Mode was introduced.", "As the produced energy from the solar panels was lowering due to the setting Sun and dust the Deep Sleep Mode was introduced. In this mode the rover was shut down completely during the night in order to save energy, even if the instruments would fail.", "In this mode the rover was shut down completely during the night in order to save energy, even if the instruments would fail. The route was selected so that the rover's panels were tilted as much as possible towards the winter sunlight.", "The route was selected so that the rover's panels were tilted as much as possible towards the winter sunlight. From here, Spirit took a northerly path along the base of the hill towards the target Wooly Patch, which was studied from sol 192 to sol 199.", "From here, Spirit took a northerly path along the base of the hill towards the target Wooly Patch, which was studied from sol 192 to sol 199. By sol 203, Spirit had driven southward up the hill and arrived at the rock dubbed \"Clovis\". Clovis was ground and analyzed from sol 210 to sol 225.", "Clovis was ground and analyzed from sol 210 to sol 225. Following Clovis came the targets of Ebenezer (Sols 226–235), Tetl (sol 270), Uchben and Palinque (Sols 281–295), and Lutefisk (Sols 296–303).", "Following Clovis came the targets of Ebenezer (Sols 226–235), Tetl (sol 270), Uchben and Palinque (Sols 281–295), and Lutefisk (Sols 296–303). From Sols 239 to 262, Spirit powered down for solar conjunction, when communications with the Earth are blocked.", "From Sols 239 to 262, Spirit powered down for solar conjunction, when communications with the Earth are blocked. Slowly, Spirit made its way around the summit of Husband Hill, and at sol 344 was ready to climb over the newly designated \"Cumberland Ridge\" and into \"Larry's Lookout\" and \"Tennessee Valley\".", "Slowly, Spirit made its way around the summit of Husband Hill, and at sol 344 was ready to climb over the newly designated \"Cumberland Ridge\" and into \"Larry's Lookout\" and \"Tennessee Valley\". Spirit also did some communication tests with the ESA orbiter Mars Express though most of the communication was usually done with the NASA orbiters Mars Odyssey and Mars Global Surveyor.", "Spirit also did some communication tests with the ESA orbiter Mars Express though most of the communication was usually done with the NASA orbiters Mars Odyssey and Mars Global Surveyor. 2005 Driving up to Husband Hill Spirit had now been on Mars for one Earth year and was driving slowly uphill towards the top of Husband Hill.", "2005 Driving up to Husband Hill Spirit had now been on Mars for one Earth year and was driving slowly uphill towards the top of Husband Hill. This was difficult because there were many rocky obstacles and sandy parts. This led frequently to slippage and the route could not be driven as planned.", "This led frequently to slippage and the route could not be driven as planned. In February, Spirits computer received a software update in order to drive more autonomously. On sol 371, Spirit arrived at a rock named \"Peace\" near the top of Cumberland Ridge. Spirit ground Peace with the RAT on sol 373.", "Spirit ground Peace with the RAT on sol 373. By sol 390 (mid-February 2005), Spirit was advancing towards \"Larry's Lookout\", by driving up the hill in reverse. The scientists at this time were trying to conserve as much energy as possible for the climb.", "The scientists at this time were trying to conserve as much energy as possible for the climb. Spirit also investigated some targets along the way, including the soil target, \"Paso Robles\", which contained the highest amount of salt found on the red planet.", "Spirit also investigated some targets along the way, including the soil target, \"Paso Robles\", which contained the highest amount of salt found on the red planet. The soil also contained a high amount of phosphorus in its composition, however not nearly as high as another rock sampled by Spirit, \"Wishstone\".", "The soil also contained a high amount of phosphorus in its composition, however not nearly as high as another rock sampled by Spirit, \"Wishstone\". One of the scientists working with Spirit, Dr. Steve Squyres, said of the discovery, \"We're still trying to work out what this means, but clearly, with this much salt around, water had a hand here\".", "One of the scientists working with Spirit, Dr. Steve Squyres, said of the discovery, \"We're still trying to work out what this means, but clearly, with this much salt around, water had a hand here\". Dust devils On March 9, 2005 (probably during the Martian night), the rover's solar panel efficiency jumped from the original ~60% to 93%, followed on March 10, by the sighting of dust devils.", "Dust devils On March 9, 2005 (probably during the Martian night), the rover's solar panel efficiency jumped from the original ~60% to 93%, followed on March 10, by the sighting of dust devils. NASA scientists speculate a dust devil must have swept the solar panels clean, possibly significantly extending the duration of the mission.", "NASA scientists speculate a dust devil must have swept the solar panels clean, possibly significantly extending the duration of the mission. This also marks the first time dust devils had been spotted by Spirit or Opportunity, and is easily one of the top highlights of the mission to date.", "This also marks the first time dust devils had been spotted by Spirit or Opportunity, and is easily one of the top highlights of the mission to date. Dust devils had previously only been photographed by the Pathfinder probe.", "Dust devils had previously only been photographed by the Pathfinder probe. Mission members monitoring Spirit on Mars reported on March 12, 2005 (sol ), that a lucky encounter with a dust devil had cleaned the robot's solar panels. Energy levels dramatically increased and daily science work was anticipated to be expanded.", "Energy levels dramatically increased and daily science work was anticipated to be expanded. Husband Hill summit As of August Spirit was only away from the top. Here it was found that Husband Hill has two summits, with one a little higher than the other. On August 21 (sol ), Spirit reached the real summit of Husband Hill.", "On August 21 (sol ), Spirit reached the real summit of Husband Hill. The rover was the first spacecraft to climb atop a mountain on another planet. The whole distance driven totaled 4971 meters. The summit itself was flat. Spirit took a 360 degree panorama in real color, which included the whole Gusev crater.", "Spirit took a 360 degree panorama in real color, which included the whole Gusev crater. At night the rover observed the moons Phobos and Deimos in order to determine their orbits better.", "At night the rover observed the moons Phobos and Deimos in order to determine their orbits better. On sol 656 Spirit surveyed the Mars sky and the opacity of the atmosphere with its pancam to make a coordinated science campaign with the Hubble Space Telescope in Earth orbit.", "On sol 656 Spirit surveyed the Mars sky and the opacity of the atmosphere with its pancam to make a coordinated science campaign with the Hubble Space Telescope in Earth orbit. From the peak Spirit spotted a striking formation, which was dubbed \"Home Plate\".", "From the peak Spirit spotted a striking formation, which was dubbed \"Home Plate\". This was an interesting target, but Spirit would be driven later to the McCool Hill to tilt its solar panels towards the Sun in the coming winter. At the end of October the rover was driven downhill and to Home Plate.", "At the end of October the rover was driven downhill and to Home Plate. On the way down Spirit reached the rock formation named \"Comanche\" on sol 690. Scientists used data from all three spectrometers to find out that about one-fourth of the composition of Comanche is magnesium iron carbonate.", "Scientists used data from all three spectrometers to find out that about one-fourth of the composition of Comanche is magnesium iron carbonate. That concentration is 10 times higher than for any previously identified carbonate in a Martian rock. Carbonates originate in wet, near-neutral conditions but dissolve in acid.", "Carbonates originate in wet, near-neutral conditions but dissolve in acid. The find at Comanche is the first unambiguous evidence from the Mars Exploration Mission rovers for a past Martian environment that may have been more favorable to life than the wet but acidic conditions indicated by the rovers' earlier finds.", "The find at Comanche is the first unambiguous evidence from the Mars Exploration Mission rovers for a past Martian environment that may have been more favorable to life than the wet but acidic conditions indicated by the rovers' earlier finds. 2006 Driving to McCool Hill In 2006 Spirit drove towards an area dubbed Home Plate, and reached it in February.", "2006 Driving to McCool Hill In 2006 Spirit drove towards an area dubbed Home Plate, and reached it in February. For events in 2006 by NASA see NASA Spirit Archive 2006 Spirit's next stop was originally planned to be the north face of McCool Hill, where Spirit would receive adequate sunlight during the Martian winter.", "For events in 2006 by NASA see NASA Spirit Archive 2006 Spirit's next stop was originally planned to be the north face of McCool Hill, where Spirit would receive adequate sunlight during the Martian winter. On March 16, 2006 JPL announced that Spirit's troublesome front wheel had stopped working altogether.", "On March 16, 2006 JPL announced that Spirit's troublesome front wheel had stopped working altogether. Despite this, Spirit was still making progress toward McCool Hill because the control team programmed the rover to drive toward McCool Hill backwards, dragging its broken wheel.", "Despite this, Spirit was still making progress toward McCool Hill because the control team programmed the rover to drive toward McCool Hill backwards, dragging its broken wheel. In late March, Spirit encountered loose soil that was impeding its progress toward McCool Hill.", "In late March, Spirit encountered loose soil that was impeding its progress toward McCool Hill. A decision was made to terminate attempts to reach McCool Hill and instead park on a nearby ridge named Low Ridge Haven.", "A decision was made to terminate attempts to reach McCool Hill and instead park on a nearby ridge named Low Ridge Haven. Spirit arrived at the north west corner of Home Plate, a raised and layered outcrop on sol 744 (February 2006) after an effort to maximize driving. Scientific observations were conducted with Spirit's robotic arm.", "Scientific observations were conducted with Spirit's robotic arm. Low Ridge Haven Reaching the ridge on April 9, 2006 and parking on the ridge with an 11° incline to the north, Spirit spent the next eight months on the ridge, spending that time undertaking observations of changes in the surrounding area.", "Low Ridge Haven Reaching the ridge on April 9, 2006 and parking on the ridge with an 11° incline to the north, Spirit spent the next eight months on the ridge, spending that time undertaking observations of changes in the surrounding area. No drives were attempted because of the low energy levels the rover was experiencing during the Martian winter.", "No drives were attempted because of the low energy levels the rover was experiencing during the Martian winter. The rover made its first drive, a short turn to position targets of interest within reach of the robotic arm, in early November 2006, following the shortest days of winter and solar conjunction when communications with Earth were severely limited.", "The rover made its first drive, a short turn to position targets of interest within reach of the robotic arm, in early November 2006, following the shortest days of winter and solar conjunction when communications with Earth were severely limited. While at Low Ridge, Spirit imaged two rocks of similar chemical nature to that of Opportunitys Heat Shield Rock, a meteorite on the surface of Mars.", "While at Low Ridge, Spirit imaged two rocks of similar chemical nature to that of Opportunitys Heat Shield Rock, a meteorite on the surface of Mars. Named \"Zhong Shan\" for Sun Yat-sen and \"Allan Hills\" for the location in Antarctica where several Martian meteorites have been found, they stood out against the background rocks that were darker.", "Named \"Zhong Shan\" for Sun Yat-sen and \"Allan Hills\" for the location in Antarctica where several Martian meteorites have been found, they stood out against the background rocks that were darker. Further spectrographic testing is being done to determine the exact composition of these rocks, which may turn out to also be meteorites.", "Further spectrographic testing is being done to determine the exact composition of these rocks, which may turn out to also be meteorites. 2007 Software upgrade On January 4, 2007 (sol ), both rovers received new flight software to the onboard computers. The update was received just in time for the third anniversary of their landing.", "The update was received just in time for the third anniversary of their landing. The new systems let the rovers decide whether or not to transmit an image, and whether or not to extend their arms to examine rocks, which would save much time for scientists as they would not have to sift through hundreds of images to find the one they want, or examine the surroundings to decide to extend the arms and examine the rocks.", "The new systems let the rovers decide whether or not to transmit an image, and whether or not to extend their arms to examine rocks, which would save much time for scientists as they would not have to sift through hundreds of images to find the one they want, or examine the surroundings to decide to extend the arms and examine the rocks. Silica Valley Spirit'''s dead wheel turned out to have a silver lining.", "Silica Valley Spirit'''s dead wheel turned out to have a silver lining. As it was traveling in March 2007, pulling the dead wheel behind, the wheel scraped off the upper layer of the Martian soil, uncovering a patch of ground that scientists say shows evidence of a past environment that would have been perfect for microbial life.", "As it was traveling in March 2007, pulling the dead wheel behind, the wheel scraped off the upper layer of the Martian soil, uncovering a patch of ground that scientists say shows evidence of a past environment that would have been perfect for microbial life. It is similar to areas on Earth where water or steam from hot springs came into contact with volcanic rocks.", "It is similar to areas on Earth where water or steam from hot springs came into contact with volcanic rocks. On Earth, these are locations that tend to teem with bacteria, said rover chief scientist Steve Squyres. \"We're really excited about this,\" he told a meeting of the American Geophysical Union (AGU).", "\"We're really excited about this,\" he told a meeting of the American Geophysical Union (AGU). The area is extremely rich in silica–the main ingredient of window glass. The researchers have now concluded that the bright material must have been produced in one of two ways.", "The researchers have now concluded that the bright material must have been produced in one of two ways. One: hot-spring deposits produced when water dissolved silica at one location and then carried it to another (i.e. a geyser). Two: acidic steam rising through cracks in rocks stripped them of their mineral components, leaving silica behind.", "Two: acidic steam rising through cracks in rocks stripped them of their mineral components, leaving silica behind. \"The important thing is that whether it is one hypothesis or the other, the implications for the former habitability of Mars are pretty much the same,\" Squyres explained to BBC News.", "\"The important thing is that whether it is one hypothesis or the other, the implications for the former habitability of Mars are pretty much the same,\" Squyres explained to BBC News. Hot water provides an environment in which microbes can thrive and the precipitation of that silica entombs and preserves them.", "Hot water provides an environment in which microbes can thrive and the precipitation of that silica entombs and preserves them. Squyres added, \"You can go to hot springs and you can go to fumaroles and at either place on Earth it is teeming with life – microbial life.\"", "Squyres added, \"You can go to hot springs and you can go to fumaroles and at either place on Earth it is teeming with life – microbial life.\" Global dust storm and Home Plate During 2007, Spirit spent several months near the base of the Home Plate plateau.", "Global dust storm and Home Plate During 2007, Spirit spent several months near the base of the Home Plate plateau. On sol 1306 Spirit climbed onto the eastern edge of the plateau. In September and October it examined rocks and soils at several locations on the southern half of the plateau.", "In September and October it examined rocks and soils at several locations on the southern half of the plateau. On November 6, Spirit had reached the western edge of Home Plate, and started taking pictures for a panoramic overview of the western valley, with Grissom Hill and Husband Hill visible.", "On November 6, Spirit had reached the western edge of Home Plate, and started taking pictures for a panoramic overview of the western valley, with Grissom Hill and Husband Hill visible. The panorama image was published on NASA's website on January 3, 2008 to little attention, until January 23, when an independent website published a magnified detail of the image that showed a rock feature a few centimeters high resembling a humanoid figure seen from the side with its right arm partially raised.", "The panorama image was published on NASA's website on January 3, 2008 to little attention, until January 23, when an independent website published a magnified detail of the image that showed a rock feature a few centimeters high resembling a humanoid figure seen from the side with its right arm partially raised. [[File:Mars Spirit rover's solar panels covered with Dust - October 2007.jpg|thumb|right|Circular projection showing Spirits solar panels covered in dust – October 2007]] Towards the end of June 2007, a series of dust storms began clouding the Martian atmosphere with dust.", "[[File:Mars Spirit rover's solar panels covered with Dust - October 2007.jpg|thumb|right|Circular projection showing Spirits solar panels covered in dust – October 2007]] Towards the end of June 2007, a series of dust storms began clouding the Martian atmosphere with dust. The storms intensified and by July 20, both Spirit and Opportunity were facing the real possibility of system failure due to lack of energy.", "The storms intensified and by July 20, both Spirit and Opportunity were facing the real possibility of system failure due to lack of energy. NASA released a statement to the press that said (in part) \"We're rooting for our rovers to survive these storms, but they were never designed for conditions this intense\".", "NASA released a statement to the press that said (in part) \"We're rooting for our rovers to survive these storms, but they were never designed for conditions this intense\". The key problem caused by the dust storms was a dramatic reduction in solar energy caused by there being so much dust in the atmosphere that it was blocking 99 percent of direct sunlight to Opportunity, and slightly more to Spirit.", "The key problem caused by the dust storms was a dramatic reduction in solar energy caused by there being so much dust in the atmosphere that it was blocking 99 percent of direct sunlight to Opportunity, and slightly more to Spirit. Normally the solar arrays on the rovers are able to generate up to of energy per Martian day.", "Normally the solar arrays on the rovers are able to generate up to of energy per Martian day. After the storms, the amount of energy generated was greatly reduced to . If the rovers generate less than per day they must start draining their batteries to run survival heaters.", "If the rovers generate less than per day they must start draining their batteries to run survival heaters. If the batteries run dry, key electrical elements are likely to fail due to the intense cold. Both rovers were put into the lowest-power setting in order to wait out the storms.", "Both rovers were put into the lowest-power setting in order to wait out the storms. In early August the storms began to clear slightly, allowing the rovers to successfully charge their batteries. They were kept in hibernation in order to wait out the remainder of the storm. 2008 Hibernating The main concern was the energy level for Spirit.", "2008 Hibernating The main concern was the energy level for Spirit. To increase the amount of light hitting the solar panels, the rover was parked in the northern part of Home Plate on as steep a slope as possible.", "To increase the amount of light hitting the solar panels, the rover was parked in the northern part of Home Plate on as steep a slope as possible. It was expected that the level of dust cover on the solar panels would increase by 70 percent and that a slope of 30 degrees would be necessary to survive the winter.", "It was expected that the level of dust cover on the solar panels would increase by 70 percent and that a slope of 30 degrees would be necessary to survive the winter. In February, a tilt of 29.9 degrees was achieved. Extra energy was available at times, and a high definition panorama named Bonestell was produced.", "Extra energy was available at times, and a high definition panorama named Bonestell was produced. At other times when there was only enough solar energy to recharge the batteries, communication with Earth was minimized and all unnecessary instruments were switched off. At winter solstice the energy production declined to 235 watt hours per sol.", "At winter solstice the energy production declined to 235 watt hours per sol. Winter dust storm On November 10, 2008, a large dust storm further reduced the output of the solar panels to per day—a critically low level.", "Winter dust storm On November 10, 2008, a large dust storm further reduced the output of the solar panels to per day—a critically low level. NASA officials were hopeful that Spirit would survive the storm, and that the energy level would rise once the storm had passed and the skies started clearing.", "NASA officials were hopeful that Spirit would survive the storm, and that the energy level would rise once the storm had passed and the skies started clearing. They attempted to conserve energy by shutting down systems for extended periods of time, including the heaters. On November 13, 2008 the rover awoke and communicated with mission control as scheduled.", "On November 13, 2008 the rover awoke and communicated with mission control as scheduled. From November 14, 2008 to November 20, 2008 (sols to ), Spirit averaged per day. The heaters for the thermal emission spectrometer, which used about per day, were disabled on November 11, 2008.", "The heaters for the thermal emission spectrometer, which used about per day, were disabled on November 11, 2008. Tests on the thermal emission spectrometer indicate that it was undamaged, and the heaters would be enabled with sufficient energy.", "Tests on the thermal emission spectrometer indicate that it was undamaged, and the heaters would be enabled with sufficient energy. The solar conjunction, where the Sun is between Earth and Mars, started on November 29, 2008 and communication with the rovers was not possible until December 13, 2008.", "The solar conjunction, where the Sun is between Earth and Mars, started on November 29, 2008 and communication with the rovers was not possible until December 13, 2008. 2009 Increased energy On February 6, 2009, a beneficial wind blew off some of the dust accumulated on the panels.", "2009 Increased energy On February 6, 2009, a beneficial wind blew off some of the dust accumulated on the panels. This led to an increase in energy output to per day. NASA officials stated that this increase in energy was to be used predominantly for driving.", "NASA officials stated that this increase in energy was to be used predominantly for driving. On April 18, 2009 (sol ) and April 28, 2009 (sol ) energy output of the solar arrays were increased by cleaning events.", "On April 18, 2009 (sol ) and April 28, 2009 (sol ) energy output of the solar arrays were increased by cleaning events. The energy output of Spirit's solar arrays climbed from per day on March 31, 2009 to per day on April 29, 2009.", "The energy output of Spirit's solar arrays climbed from per day on March 31, 2009 to per day on April 29, 2009. Sand trap [[File:Spirit Sandbox Setup.jpg|thumb|right|Engineers attempt to replicate conditions in the laboratory of Spirits entrapment on a rock and in fluffy material churned by the rover's left-front wheel.]]", "Sand trap [[File:Spirit Sandbox Setup.jpg|thumb|right|Engineers attempt to replicate conditions in the laboratory of Spirits entrapment on a rock and in fluffy material churned by the rover's left-front wheel.]] On May 1, 2009 (sol ), the rover became stuck in soft sand, the machine resting upon a cache of iron(III) sulfate (jarosite) hidden under a veneer of normal-looking soil.", "On May 1, 2009 (sol ), the rover became stuck in soft sand, the machine resting upon a cache of iron(III) sulfate (jarosite) hidden under a veneer of normal-looking soil. Iron sulfate has very little cohesion, making it difficult for the rover's wheels to gain traction.", "Iron sulfate has very little cohesion, making it difficult for the rover's wheels to gain traction. JPL team members simulated the situation by means of a rover mock-up and computer models in an attempt to get the rover back on track.", "JPL team members simulated the situation by means of a rover mock-up and computer models in an attempt to get the rover back on track. To reproduce the same soil mechanical conditions on Earth as those prevailing on Mars under low gravity and under very weak atmospheric pressure, tests with a lighter version of a mock-up of Spirit were conducted at JPL in a special sandbox to attempt to simulate the cohesion behavior of poorly consolidated soils under low gravity.", "To reproduce the same soil mechanical conditions on Earth as those prevailing on Mars under low gravity and under very weak atmospheric pressure, tests with a lighter version of a mock-up of Spirit were conducted at JPL in a special sandbox to attempt to simulate the cohesion behavior of poorly consolidated soils under low gravity. Preliminary extrication drives began on November 17, 2009.", "Preliminary extrication drives began on November 17, 2009. On December 17, 2009 (sol ), the right-front wheel suddenly began to operate normally for the first three out of four rotations attempts. It was unknown what effect it would have on freeing the rover if the wheel became fully operational again.", "It was unknown what effect it would have on freeing the rover if the wheel became fully operational again. The right rear wheel had also stalled on November 28 (sol ) and remained inoperable for the remainder of the mission. This left the rover with only four fully operational wheels.", "This left the rover with only four fully operational wheels. If the team could not gain movement and adjust the tilt of the solar panels, or gain a beneficial wind to clean the panels, the rover would only be able to sustain operations until May 2010.", "If the team could not gain movement and adjust the tilt of the solar panels, or gain a beneficial wind to clean the panels, the rover would only be able to sustain operations until May 2010. 2010 Mars winter at Troy On January 26, 2010 (sol ), after several months attempting to free the rover, NASA decided to redefine the mobile robot mission by calling it a stationary research platform.", "2010 Mars winter at Troy On January 26, 2010 (sol ), after several months attempting to free the rover, NASA decided to redefine the mobile robot mission by calling it a stationary research platform. Efforts were directed in preparing a more suitable orientation of the platform in relation to the Sun in an attempt to allow a more efficient recharge of the platform's batteries.", "Efforts were directed in preparing a more suitable orientation of the platform in relation to the Sun in an attempt to allow a more efficient recharge of the platform's batteries. This was needed to keep some systems operational during the Martian winter.", "This was needed to keep some systems operational during the Martian winter. On March 30, 2010, Spirit skipped a planned communication session and as anticipated from recent power-supply projections, had probably entered a low-power hibernation mode. [[File:HomePlate.png|thumb|right|Spirits concluding journey around Homeplate and ending location.]]", "[[File:HomePlate.png|thumb|right|Spirits concluding journey around Homeplate and ending location.]] The last communication with the rover was March 22, 2010 (sol ) and there is a strong possibility the rover's batteries lost so much energy at some point that the mission clock stopped.", "The last communication with the rover was March 22, 2010 (sol ) and there is a strong possibility the rover's batteries lost so much energy at some point that the mission clock stopped. In previous winters the rover was able to park on a Sun-facing slope and keep its internal temperature above , but since the rover was stuck on flat ground it is estimated that its internal temperature dropped to .", "In previous winters the rover was able to park on a Sun-facing slope and keep its internal temperature above , but since the rover was stuck on flat ground it is estimated that its internal temperature dropped to . If Spirit had survived these conditions and there had been a cleaning event, there was a possibility that with the southern summer solstice in March 2011, solar energy would increase to a level that would wake up the rover.", "If Spirit had survived these conditions and there had been a cleaning event, there was a possibility that with the southern summer solstice in March 2011, solar energy would increase to a level that would wake up the rover. Communication attempts Spirit remains silent at its location, called \"Troy,\" on the west side of Home Plate.", "Communication attempts Spirit remains silent at its location, called \"Troy,\" on the west side of Home Plate. There was no communication with the rover after March 22, 2010 (sol ).", "There was no communication with the rover after March 22, 2010 (sol ). It is likely that Spirit experienced a low-power fault and had turned off all sub-systems, including communication, and gone into a deep sleep, trying to recharge its batteries. It is also possible that the rover had experienced a mission clock fault.", "It is also possible that the rover had experienced a mission clock fault. If that had happened, the rover would have lost track of time and tried to remain asleep until enough sunlight struck the solar arrays to wake it. This state is called \"Solar Groovy.\"", "This state is called \"Solar Groovy.\" If the rover woke up from a mission clock fault, it would only listen. Starting on July 26, 2010 (sol ), a new procedure to address the possible mission clock fault was implemented.", "Starting on July 26, 2010 (sol ), a new procedure to address the possible mission clock fault was implemented. Each sol, the Deep Space Network mission controllers sent a set of X-band \"Sweep & Beep\" commands.", "Each sol, the Deep Space Network mission controllers sent a set of X-band \"Sweep & Beep\" commands. If the rover had experienced a mission clock fault and then had been awoken during the day, it would have listened during brief, 20-minute intervals during each hour awake.", "If the rover had experienced a mission clock fault and then had been awoken during the day, it would have listened during brief, 20-minute intervals during each hour awake. Due to the possible clock fault, the timing of these 20-minute listening intervals was not known, so multiple \"Sweep & Beep\" commands were sent.", "Due to the possible clock fault, the timing of these 20-minute listening intervals was not known, so multiple \"Sweep & Beep\" commands were sent. If the rover heard one of these commands, it would have responded with an X-band beep signal, updating the mission controllers on its status and allowing them to investigate the state of the rover further.", "If the rover heard one of these commands, it would have responded with an X-band beep signal, updating the mission controllers on its status and allowing them to investigate the state of the rover further. But even with this new strategy, there was no response from the rover. The rover had driven until it became immobile.", "The rover had driven until it became immobile. 2011 Mission end JPL continued attempts to regain contact with Spirit until May 25, 2011, when NASA announced the end of contact efforts and the completion of the mission.", "2011 Mission end JPL continued attempts to regain contact with Spirit until May 25, 2011, when NASA announced the end of contact efforts and the completion of the mission. According to NASA, the rover likely experienced excessively cold \"internal temperatures\" due to \"inadequate energy to run its survival heaters\" that, in turn, was a result of \"a stressful Martian winter without much sunlight.\"", "According to NASA, the rover likely experienced excessively cold \"internal temperatures\" due to \"inadequate energy to run its survival heaters\" that, in turn, was a result of \"a stressful Martian winter without much sunlight.\" Many critical components and connections would have been \"susceptible to damage from the cold.\"", "Many critical components and connections would have been \"susceptible to damage from the cold.\" Assets that had been needed to support Spirit were transitioned to support Spirit's then still-active Opportunity rover, and Mars rover Curiosity which is exploring Gale Crater and has been doing so for more than six years.", "Assets that had been needed to support Spirit were transitioned to support Spirit's then still-active Opportunity rover, and Mars rover Curiosity which is exploring Gale Crater and has been doing so for more than six years. Discoveries The rocks on the plains of Gusev are a type of basalt.", "Discoveries The rocks on the plains of Gusev are a type of basalt. They contain the minerals olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase and magnetite. They look like volcanic basalt, as they are fine-grained with irregular holes (geologists would say they have vesicles and vugs).", "They look like volcanic basalt, as they are fine-grained with irregular holes (geologists would say they have vesicles and vugs). Much of the soil on the plains came from the breakdown of the local rocks. Fairly high levels of nickel were found in some soils; probably from meteorites.", "Fairly high levels of nickel were found in some soils; probably from meteorites. Analysis shows that the rocks have been slightly altered by tiny amounts of water. Outside coatings and cracks inside the rocks suggest water deposited minerals, maybe bromine compounds. All the rocks contain a fine coating of dust and one or more harder rinds of material.", "All the rocks contain a fine coating of dust and one or more harder rinds of material. One type can be brushed off, while another needed to be ground off by the Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT).", "One type can be brushed off, while another needed to be ground off by the Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT). There are a variety of rocks in the Columbia Hills, some of which have been altered by water, but not by very much water.", "There are a variety of rocks in the Columbia Hills, some of which have been altered by water, but not by very much water. The dust in Gusev Crater is the same as dust all around the planet. All the dust was found to be magnetic.", "All the dust was found to be magnetic. Moreover, Spirit found the magnetism was caused by the mineral magnetite, especially magnetite that contained the element titanium. One magnet was able to completely divert all dust, hence all Martian dust is thought to be magnetic.", "One magnet was able to completely divert all dust, hence all Martian dust is thought to be magnetic. The spectra of the dust was similar to spectra of bright, low thermal inertia regions like Tharsis and Arabia that have been detected by orbiting satellites.", "The spectra of the dust was similar to spectra of bright, low thermal inertia regions like Tharsis and Arabia that have been detected by orbiting satellites. A thin layer of dust, maybe less than one millimeter thick, covers all surfaces. Something in it contains a small amount of chemically bound water.", "Something in it contains a small amount of chemically bound water. Plains Observations of rocks on the plains show they contain the minerals pyroxene, olivine, plagioclase, and magnetite. These rocks can be classified in different ways. The amounts and types of minerals make the rocks primitive basalts—also called picritic basalts.", "The amounts and types of minerals make the rocks primitive basalts—also called picritic basalts. The rocks are similar to ancient terrestrial rocks called basaltic komatiites. Rocks of the plains also resemble the basaltic shergottites, meteorites that came from Mars.", "Rocks of the plains also resemble the basaltic shergottites, meteorites that came from Mars. One classification system compares the amount of alkali elements to the amount of silica on a graph; in this system, Gusev plains rocks lie near the junction of basalt, picrobasalt, and tephrite. The Irvine-Barager classification calls them basalts.", "The Irvine-Barager classification calls them basalts. Plains rocks have been very slightly altered, probably by thin films of water because they are softer and contain veins of light colored material that may be bromine compounds, as well as coatings or rinds. It is thought that small amounts of water may have gotten into cracks inducing mineralization processes).", "It is thought that small amounts of water may have gotten into cracks inducing mineralization processes). Coatings on the rocks may have occurred when rocks were buried and interacted with thin films of water and dust.", "Coatings on the rocks may have occurred when rocks were buried and interacted with thin films of water and dust. One sign that they were altered was that it was easier to grind these rocks compared to the same types of rocks found on Earth.", "One sign that they were altered was that it was easier to grind these rocks compared to the same types of rocks found on Earth. Columbia Hills Scientists found a variety of rock types in the Columbia Hills, and they placed them into six different categories.", "Columbia Hills Scientists found a variety of rock types in the Columbia Hills, and they placed them into six different categories. The six are: Clovis, Wishbone, Peace, Watchtower, Backstay, and Independence. They are named after a prominent rock in each group.", "They are named after a prominent rock in each group. Their chemical compositions, as measured by APXS, are significantly different from each other. Most importantly, all of the rocks in Columbia Hills show various degrees of alteration due to aqueous fluids.", "Most importantly, all of the rocks in Columbia Hills show various degrees of alteration due to aqueous fluids. They are enriched in the elements phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, and bromine—all of which can be carried around in water solutions. The Columbia Hills' rocks contain basaltic glass, along with varying amounts of olivine and sulfates.Christensen, P.R.", "The Columbia Hills' rocks contain basaltic glass, along with varying amounts of olivine and sulfates.Christensen, P.R. (2005) Mineral Composition and Abundance of the Rocks and Soils at Gusev and Meridiani from the Mars Exploration Rover Mini-TES Instruments AGU Joint Assembly, May 23–27, 2005 http://www.agu.org/meetings/sm05/waissm05.html The olivine abundance varies inversely with the amount of sulfates.", "(2005) Mineral Composition and Abundance of the Rocks and Soils at Gusev and Meridiani from the Mars Exploration Rover Mini-TES Instruments AGU Joint Assembly, May 23–27, 2005 http://www.agu.org/meetings/sm05/waissm05.html The olivine abundance varies inversely with the amount of sulfates. This is exactly what is expected because water destroys olivine but helps to produce sulfates.", "This is exactly what is expected because water destroys olivine but helps to produce sulfates. Acid fog is believed to have changed some of the Watchtower rocks. This was in a long section of Cumberland Ridge and the Husband Hill summit. Certain places became less crystalline and more amorphous.", "Certain places became less crystalline and more amorphous. Acidic water vapor from volcanoes dissolved some minerals forming a gel. When water evaporated a cement formed and produced small bumps. This type of process has been observed in the lab when basalt rocks are exposed to sulfuric and hydrochloric acids.", "This type of process has been observed in the lab when basalt rocks are exposed to sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. The Clovis group is especially interesting because the Mössbauer spectrometer (MB) detected goethite in it.", "The Clovis group is especially interesting because the Mössbauer spectrometer (MB) detected goethite in it. Goethite forms only in the presence of water, so its discovery is the first direct evidence of past water in the Columbia Hills's rocks.", "Goethite forms only in the presence of water, so its discovery is the first direct evidence of past water in the Columbia Hills's rocks. In addition, the MB spectra of rocks and outcrops displayed a strong decline in olivine presence, although the rocks probably once contained much olivine.", "In addition, the MB spectra of rocks and outcrops displayed a strong decline in olivine presence, although the rocks probably once contained much olivine. Olivine is a marker for the lack of water because it easily decomposes in the presence of water. Sulfate was found, and it needs water to form.", "Sulfate was found, and it needs water to form. Wishstone contained a great deal of plagioclase, some olivine, and anhydrate (a sulfate). Peace rocks showed sulfur and strong evidence for bound water, so hydrated sulfates are suspected. Watchtower class rocks lack olivine consequently they may have been altered by water.", "Watchtower class rocks lack olivine consequently they may have been altered by water. The Independence class showed some signs of clay (perhaps montmorillonite a member of the smectite group). Clays require fairly long term exposure to water to form.", "Clays require fairly long term exposure to water to form. One type of soil, called Paso Robles, from the Columbia Hills, may be an evaporate deposit because it contains large amounts of sulfur, phosphorus, calcium, and iron.", "One type of soil, called Paso Robles, from the Columbia Hills, may be an evaporate deposit because it contains large amounts of sulfur, phosphorus, calcium, and iron. Also, MB found that much of the iron in Paso Robles soil was of the oxidized, Fe3+ form, which would happen if water had been present.", "Also, MB found that much of the iron in Paso Robles soil was of the oxidized, Fe3+ form, which would happen if water had been present. Towards the middle of the six-year mission (a mission that was supposed to last only 90 days), large amounts of pure silica were found in the soil.", "Towards the middle of the six-year mission (a mission that was supposed to last only 90 days), large amounts of pure silica were found in the soil. The silica could have come from the interaction of soil with acid vapors produced by volcanic activity in the presence of water or from water in a hot spring environment.", "The silica could have come from the interaction of soil with acid vapors produced by volcanic activity in the presence of water or from water in a hot spring environment. After Spirit stopped working scientists studied old data from the Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer, or Mini-TES and confirmed the presence of large amounts of carbonate-rich rocks, which means that regions of the planet may have once harbored water.", "After Spirit stopped working scientists studied old data from the Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer, or Mini-TES and confirmed the presence of large amounts of carbonate-rich rocks, which means that regions of the planet may have once harbored water. The carbonates were discovered in an outcrop of rocks called \"Comanche.\"", "The carbonates were discovered in an outcrop of rocks called \"Comanche.\" In summary, Spirit found evidence of slight weathering on the plains of Gusev, but no evidence that a lake was there. However, in the Columbia Hills there was clear evidence for a moderate amount of aqueous weathering.", "However, in the Columbia Hills there was clear evidence for a moderate amount of aqueous weathering. The evidence included sulfates and the minerals goethite and carbonates that only form in the presence of water. It is believed that Gusev crater may have held a lake long ago, but it has since been covered by igneous materials.", "It is believed that Gusev crater may have held a lake long ago, but it has since been covered by igneous materials. All the dust contains a magnetic component that was identified as magnetite with some titanium. Furthermore, the thin coating of dust that covers everything on Mars is the same in all parts of Mars.", "Furthermore, the thin coating of dust that covers everything on Mars is the same in all parts of Mars. AstronomySpirit pointed its cameras towards the sky and observed a transit of the Sun by Mars' moon Deimos (see Transit of Deimos from Mars).", "AstronomySpirit pointed its cameras towards the sky and observed a transit of the Sun by Mars' moon Deimos (see Transit of Deimos from Mars). It also took the first photo of Earth from the surface of another planet in early March 2004.", "It also took the first photo of Earth from the surface of another planet in early March 2004. In late 2005, Spirit took advantage of a favorable energy situation to make multiple nighttime observations of both of Mars' moons Phobos and Deimos.", "In late 2005, Spirit took advantage of a favorable energy situation to make multiple nighttime observations of both of Mars' moons Phobos and Deimos. These observations included a \"lunar\" (or rather phobian) eclipse as Spirit watched Phobos disappear into Mars' shadow.", "These observations included a \"lunar\" (or rather phobian) eclipse as Spirit watched Phobos disappear into Mars' shadow. Some of Spirit's star gazing was designed to look for a predicted meteor shower caused by Halley's Comet, and although at least four imaged streaks were suspect meteors, they could not be unambiguously differentiated from those caused by cosmic rays.", "Some of Spirit's star gazing was designed to look for a predicted meteor shower caused by Halley's Comet, and although at least four imaged streaks were suspect meteors, they could not be unambiguously differentiated from those caused by cosmic rays. A transit of Mercury from Mars took place on January 12, 2005 from about 14:45 UTC to 23:05 UTC.", "A transit of Mercury from Mars took place on January 12, 2005 from about 14:45 UTC to 23:05 UTC. Theoretically, this could have been observed by both Spirit and Opportunity; however, camera resolution did not permit seeing Mercury's 6.1\" angular diameter.", "Theoretically, this could have been observed by both Spirit and Opportunity; however, camera resolution did not permit seeing Mercury's 6.1\" angular diameter. They were able to observe transits of Deimos across the Sun, but at 2' angular diameter, Deimos is about 20 times larger than Mercury's 6.1\" angular diameter.", "They were able to observe transits of Deimos across the Sun, but at 2' angular diameter, Deimos is about 20 times larger than Mercury's 6.1\" angular diameter. Ephemeris data generated by JPL Horizons indicates that Opportunity would have been able to observe the transit from the start until local sunset at about 19:23 UTC Earth time, while Spirit would have been able to observe it from local sunrise at about 19:38 UTC until the end of the transit.", "Ephemeris data generated by JPL Horizons indicates that Opportunity would have been able to observe the transit from the start until local sunset at about 19:23 UTC Earth time, while Spirit would have been able to observe it from local sunrise at about 19:38 UTC until the end of the transit. Equipment wear and failures Both rovers passed their original mission time of 90 sols many times over.", "Equipment wear and failures Both rovers passed their original mission time of 90 sols many times over. The extended time on the surface, and therefore additional stress on components, resulted in some issues developing. On March 13, 2006 (sol ), the right front wheel ceased working after having covered on Mars.", "On March 13, 2006 (sol ), the right front wheel ceased working after having covered on Mars. Engineers began driving the rover backwards, dragging the dead wheel.", "Engineers began driving the rover backwards, dragging the dead wheel. Although this resulted in changes to driving techniques, the dragging effect became a useful tool, partially clearing away soil on the surface as the rover traveled, thus allowing areas to be imaged that would normally be inaccessible.", "Although this resulted in changes to driving techniques, the dragging effect became a useful tool, partially clearing away soil on the surface as the rover traveled, thus allowing areas to be imaged that would normally be inaccessible. However, in mid-December 2009, to the surprise of the engineers, the right front wheel showed slight movement in a wheel-test on sol 2113 and clearly rotated with normal resistance on three of four wheel-tests on sol 2117, but stalled on the fourth.", "However, in mid-December 2009, to the surprise of the engineers, the right front wheel showed slight movement in a wheel-test on sol 2113 and clearly rotated with normal resistance on three of four wheel-tests on sol 2117, but stalled on the fourth. On November 29, 2009 (sol ), the right rear wheel also stalled and remained inoperable for the remainder of the mission.", "On November 29, 2009 (sol ), the right rear wheel also stalled and remained inoperable for the remainder of the mission. Scientific instruments also experienced degradation as a result of exposure to the harsh Martian environment and use over a far longer period than had been anticipated by the mission planners.", "Scientific instruments also experienced degradation as a result of exposure to the harsh Martian environment and use over a far longer period than had been anticipated by the mission planners. Over time, the diamond in the resin grinding surface of the Rock Abrasion Tool wore down, after that the device could only be used to brush targets.", "Over time, the diamond in the resin grinding surface of the Rock Abrasion Tool wore down, after that the device could only be used to brush targets. All of the other science instruments and engineering cameras continued to function until contact was lost; however, towards the end of Spirits life, the MIMOS II Mössbauer spectrometer took much longer to produce results than it did earlier in the mission because of the decay of its cobalt-57 gamma ray source that has a half life of 271 days.", "All of the other science instruments and engineering cameras continued to function until contact was lost; however, towards the end of Spirits life, the MIMOS II Mössbauer spectrometer took much longer to produce results than it did earlier in the mission because of the decay of its cobalt-57 gamma ray source that has a half life of 271 days. Honors To rover To commemorate Spirit'''s great contribution to the exploration of Mars, the asteroid 37452 Spirit has been named after it.", "Honors To rover To commemorate Spirit'''s great contribution to the exploration of Mars, the asteroid 37452 Spirit has been named after it. The name was proposed by Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld who along with Cornelis Johannes van Houten and Tom Gehrels discovered the asteroid on September 24, 1960.", "The name was proposed by Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld who along with Cornelis Johannes van Houten and Tom Gehrels discovered the asteroid on September 24, 1960. Reuben H. Fleet Science Center and the Liberty Science Center also have an IMAX show called Roving Mars that documents the journey of both Spirit and Opportunity, using both CG and actual imagery.", "Reuben H. Fleet Science Center and the Liberty Science Center also have an IMAX show called Roving Mars that documents the journey of both Spirit and Opportunity, using both CG and actual imagery. January 4, 2014 was celebrated as the tenth anniversary of its landing on many news sites, despite nearly four years since loss of communications.", "January 4, 2014 was celebrated as the tenth anniversary of its landing on many news sites, despite nearly four years since loss of communications. To honor the rover, the JPL team named an area near Endeavour Crater explored by the Opportunity rover, 'Spirit Point'.", "To honor the rover, the JPL team named an area near Endeavour Crater explored by the Opportunity rover, 'Spirit Point'. From rover On January 27, 2004 (sol ) NASA memorialized the crew of Apollo 1 by naming three hills to the north of \"Columbia Memorial Station\" as the Apollo 1 Hills.", "From rover On January 27, 2004 (sol ) NASA memorialized the crew of Apollo 1 by naming three hills to the north of \"Columbia Memorial Station\" as the Apollo 1 Hills. On February 2, 2004 (sol ) the astronauts on Space Shuttle Columbias final mission were further memorialized when NASA named a set of hills to the east of the landing site the Columbia Hills Complex, denoting seven peaks in that area as \"Anderson\", \"Brown\", \"Chawla\", \"Clark\", \"Husband\", \"McCool\", and \"Ramon\" in honour of the crew; NASA has submitted these geographical feature names to the IAU for approval.", "On February 2, 2004 (sol ) the astronauts on Space Shuttle Columbias final mission were further memorialized when NASA named a set of hills to the east of the landing site the Columbia Hills Complex, denoting seven peaks in that area as \"Anderson\", \"Brown\", \"Chawla\", \"Clark\", \"Husband\", \"McCool\", and \"Ramon\" in honour of the crew; NASA has submitted these geographical feature names to the IAU for approval. Gallery The rover could take pictures with its different cameras, but only the PanCam camera had the ability to photograph a scene with different color filters.", "Gallery The rover could take pictures with its different cameras, but only the PanCam camera had the ability to photograph a scene with different color filters. The panorama views were usually built up from PanCam images. Spirit transferred 128,224 pictures in its lifetime. Views Panoramas {{Wide image|PIA10214.jpg|800px|Spirits West Valley panorama (color not rectificated for media).", "Views Panoramas {{Wide image|PIA10214.jpg|800px|Spirits West Valley panorama (color not rectificated for media). NASA'S Mars Exploration Rover Spirit captured this westward view from atop a low plateau where Spirit spent the closing months of 2007.}}", "NASA'S Mars Exploration Rover Spirit captured this westward view from atop a low plateau where Spirit spent the closing months of 2007.}} Microscopic images From orbit Maps See also References External links JPL, MSSS, and NASA links JPL's Mars Exploration Rover Mission home page (obsolete JPL Mars Exploration Rover home page) Spirit Mission Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration Planetary Photojournal, NASA JPL's Planetary Photojournal for Spirit NASA TV Special Events Schedule for MER News Briefings at JPL Mission Status updates from NASA JPL Wikisource:NASA MER press briefings Finding Spirit: high resolution images of landing site (Mars Global Surveyor – Mars Orbiter Camera) JPL's site devoted to the efforts to free Spirit MER Analyst's Notebook, Interactive access to mission data and documentation Other links SpaceFlightNow Spaceflightnow.com, Status Page last updated May 2004 Marsbase.net, a site that tracks time on Mars.", "Microscopic images From orbit Maps See also References External links JPL, MSSS, and NASA links JPL's Mars Exploration Rover Mission home page (obsolete JPL Mars Exploration Rover home page) Spirit Mission Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration Planetary Photojournal, NASA JPL's Planetary Photojournal for Spirit NASA TV Special Events Schedule for MER News Briefings at JPL Mission Status updates from NASA JPL Wikisource:NASA MER press briefings Finding Spirit: high resolution images of landing site (Mars Global Surveyor – Mars Orbiter Camera) JPL's site devoted to the efforts to free Spirit MER Analyst's Notebook, Interactive access to mission data and documentation Other links SpaceFlightNow Spaceflightnow.com, Status Page last updated May 2004 Marsbase.net, a site that tracks time on Mars. MAESTRO – public version of rover simulation software (requires download, last update October 25, 2004) Cornell's rover site: Athena last update 2006 Finding Spirit: interactive Mars atlas based on Viking images: you can zoom in/out and pan images, to find your preferred site.", "MAESTRO – public version of rover simulation software (requires download, last update October 25, 2004) Cornell's rover site: Athena last update 2006 Finding Spirit: interactive Mars atlas based on Viking images: you can zoom in/out and pan images, to find your preferred site. Spirit approximate position is 14.82°S (= −14.82°N), 184.85°W (= 5.15°E) (not working as of June 4, 2008) Google map with Spirit landing site marked (AXCH) 2004 Mars Exploration Rovers Highlights – News, status, technical info, history, and more.", "Spirit approximate position is 14.82°S (= −14.82°N), 184.85°W (= 5.15°E) (not working as of June 4, 2008) Google map with Spirit landing site marked (AXCH) 2004 Mars Exploration Rovers Highlights – News, status, technical info, history, and more. New Scientist on Spirit Dust Devils , March 15, 2005 New Scientist on Spirit wheel status, April 3, 2006 Unmanned Spaceflight.com discussion on Spirit as of 2008-06-04 last updated 2008-06-04 Full-page, High-res spherical panorama of Spirit in the Columbia Hills, nasatech.net, Nov 23 to December 5, 2005 (long download, uses Java) Full-page, High-res spherical panorama of Spirit at the summit of Husband Hill, nasatech.net, Nov 23 to December 5, 2005 (long download, uses Java) XKCD cartoon on Spirit High-resolution video by Seán Doran that zooms in on Spirits final location Archive of MER progress reports by A.J.S.", "New Scientist on Spirit Dust Devils , March 15, 2005 New Scientist on Spirit wheel status, April 3, 2006 Unmanned Spaceflight.com discussion on Spirit as of 2008-06-04 last updated 2008-06-04 Full-page, High-res spherical panorama of Spirit in the Columbia Hills, nasatech.net, Nov 23 to December 5, 2005 (long download, uses Java) Full-page, High-res spherical panorama of Spirit at the summit of Husband Hill, nasatech.net, Nov 23 to December 5, 2005 (long download, uses Java) XKCD cartoon on Spirit High-resolution video by Seán Doran that zooms in on Spirits final location Archive of MER progress reports by A.J.S. Rayl at planetary.org Space probes launched in 2003 2003 robots Aeolis quadrangle Derelict landers (spacecraft) Missions to Mars Mars rovers Robots of the United States Six-wheeled robots Solar-powered robots Spacecraft launched by Delta II rockets Spacecraft decommissioned in 2011 Soft landings on Mars 2004 on Mars" ]

[ "Spirit (rover)", "Columbia Hills", "What is Columbia Hills?", "Spirit reached the first of many targets at the base of the Columbia Hills called West Spur.", "What happened after this?", "Hank's Hollow was studied for 23 sols.", "Why is this significant?", "it contains hematite. This kind of rock can be built in connection with water.", "What did the Spirit do?", "a detailed analysis with the AXPS-and the Mossbauer instrument" ]

[ "Transcendent truths are those unaffected by time or space. They define the world, but are not defined by the world. An example of a transcendent truth is \"God is good\", or \"there is no God\". Either way, how one looks at things contained by time and space is a result of the transcendent truth. One is true; both cannot be true at the same time.\n\nWorld views are made up of transcendent truths, things we believe are true before we question whether or not anything else is true.\n\nTheories of truth", "In baseball, a fair ball is a batted ball that entitles the batter to attempt to reach first base. By contrast, a foul ball is a batted ball that does not entitle the batter to attempt to reach first base. Whether a batted ball is fair or foul is determined by the location of the ball at the appropriate reference point, as follows:\n\n if the ball leaves the playing field without touching anything, the point where the ball leaves the field;\n else, if the ball first lands past first or third base without touching anything, the point where the ball lands;\n else, if the ball rolls or bounces past first or third base without touching anything other than the ground, the point where the ball passes the base;\n else, if the ball touches anything other than the ground (such as an umpire, a player, or any equipment left on the field) before any of the above happens, the point of such touching;\n else (the ball comes to a rest before reaching first or third base), the point where the ball comes to a rest.\n\nIf any part of the ball is on or above fair territory at the appropriate reference point, it is fair; else it is foul. Fair territory or fair ground is defined as the area of the playing field between the two foul lines, and includes the foul lines themselves and the foul poles. However, certain exceptions exist:\n\n A ball that touches first, second, or third base is always fair.\n Under Rule 5.09(a)(7)-(8), if a batted ball touches the batter or his bat while the batter is in the batter's box and not intentionally interfering with the course of the ball, the ball is foul.\n A ball that hits the foul pole without first having touched anything else off the bat is fair.\n Ground rules may provide whether a ball hitting specific objects (e.g. roof, overhead speaker) is fair or foul.\n\nOn a fair ball, the batter attempts to reach first base or any subsequent base, runners attempt to advance and fielders try to record outs. A fair ball is considered a live ball until the ball becomes dead by leaving the field or any other method.\n\nReferences\n\nBaseball rules" ]

[ "Spirit, also known as MER-A (Mars Exploration Rover – A) or MER-2, is a Mars robotic rover, active from 2004 to 2010. Spirit was operational on Mars for sols or 3.3 Martian years ( days; ).", "Spirit was operational on Mars for sols or 3.3 Martian years ( days; ). It was one of two rovers of NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Mission managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).", "It was one of two rovers of NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Mission managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Spirit landed successfully within the impact crater Gusev on Mars at 04:35 Ground UTC on January 4, 2004, three weeks before its twin, Opportunity (MER-B), which landed on the other side of the planet.", "Spirit landed successfully within the impact crater Gusev on Mars at 04:35 Ground UTC on January 4, 2004, three weeks before its twin, Opportunity (MER-B), which landed on the other side of the planet. Its name was chosen through a NASA-sponsored student essay competition.", "Its name was chosen through a NASA-sponsored student essay competition. The rover got stuck in a \"sand trap\" in late 2009 at an angle that hampered recharging of its batteries; its last communication with Earth was on March 22, 2010. The rover completed its planned 90-sol mission (slightly less than 92.5 Earth days).", "The rover completed its planned 90-sol mission (slightly less than 92.5 Earth days). Aided by cleaning events that resulted in more energy from its solar panels, Spirit went on to function effectively over twenty times longer than NASA planners expected.", "Aided by cleaning events that resulted in more energy from its solar panels, Spirit went on to function effectively over twenty times longer than NASA planners expected. Spirit also logged of driving instead of the planned , allowing more extensive geological analysis of Martian rocks and planetary surface features.", "Spirit also logged of driving instead of the planned , allowing more extensive geological analysis of Martian rocks and planetary surface features. Initial scientific results from the first phase of the mission (the 90-sol prime mission) were published in a special issue of the journal Science.", "Initial scientific results from the first phase of the mission (the 90-sol prime mission) were published in a special issue of the journal Science. On May 1, 2009 (5 years, 3 months, 27 Earth days after landing; 21 times the planned mission duration), Spirit became stuck in soft sand.", "On May 1, 2009 (5 years, 3 months, 27 Earth days after landing; 21 times the planned mission duration), Spirit became stuck in soft sand. This was not the first of the mission's \"embedding events\" and for the following eight months NASA carefully analyzed the situation, running Earth-based theoretical and practical simulations, and finally programming the rover to make extrication drives in an attempt to free itself.", "This was not the first of the mission's \"embedding events\" and for the following eight months NASA carefully analyzed the situation, running Earth-based theoretical and practical simulations, and finally programming the rover to make extrication drives in an attempt to free itself. These efforts continued until January 26, 2010 when NASA officials announced that the rover was likely irrecoverably obstructed by its location in soft sand, though it continued to perform scientific research from its current location.", "These efforts continued until January 26, 2010 when NASA officials announced that the rover was likely irrecoverably obstructed by its location in soft sand, though it continued to perform scientific research from its current location. The rover continued in a stationary science platform role until communication with Spirit stopped on March 22, 2010 (sol ).", "The rover continued in a stationary science platform role until communication with Spirit stopped on March 22, 2010 (sol ). JPL continued to attempt to regain contact until May 24, 2011, when NASA announced that efforts to communicate with the unresponsive rover had ended, calling the mission complete.", "JPL continued to attempt to regain contact until May 24, 2011, when NASA announced that efforts to communicate with the unresponsive rover had ended, calling the mission complete. A formal farewell took place at NASA headquarters shortly thereafter. Mission overview The primary surface mission for Spirit was planned to last at least 90 sols.", "Mission overview The primary surface mission for Spirit was planned to last at least 90 sols. The mission received several extensions and lasted about 2,208 sols. On August 11, 2007, Spirit obtained the second longest operational duration on the surface of Mars for a lander or rover at 1282 Sols, one sol longer than the Viking 2 lander.", "On August 11, 2007, Spirit obtained the second longest operational duration on the surface of Mars for a lander or rover at 1282 Sols, one sol longer than the Viking 2 lander. Viking 2 was powered by a nuclear cell whereas Spirit is powered by solar arrays.", "Viking 2 was powered by a nuclear cell whereas Spirit is powered by solar arrays. Until Opportunity overtook it on May 19, 2010, the Mars probe with longest operational period was Viking 1 that lasted for 2245 Sols on the surface of Mars.", "Until Opportunity overtook it on May 19, 2010, the Mars probe with longest operational period was Viking 1 that lasted for 2245 Sols on the surface of Mars. On March 22, 2010, Spirit sent its last communication, thus falling just over a month short of surpassing Viking 1's operational record.", "On March 22, 2010, Spirit sent its last communication, thus falling just over a month short of surpassing Viking 1's operational record. An archive of weekly updates on the rover's status can be found at the Spirit Update Archive. Spirit's total odometry as of March 22, 2010 (sol 2210) is .", "Spirit's total odometry as of March 22, 2010 (sol 2210) is . Objectives The scientific objectives of the Mars Exploration Rover mission were to: Search for and characterize a variety of rocks and soils that hold clues to past water activity.", "Objectives The scientific objectives of the Mars Exploration Rover mission were to: Search for and characterize a variety of rocks and soils that hold clues to past water activity. In particular, samples sought will include those that have minerals deposited by water-related processes such as precipitation, evaporation, sedimentary cementation or hydrothermal activity.", "In particular, samples sought will include those that have minerals deposited by water-related processes such as precipitation, evaporation, sedimentary cementation or hydrothermal activity. Determine the distribution and composition of minerals, rocks, and soils surrounding the landing sites. Determine what geologic processes have shaped the local terrain and influenced the chemistry.", "Determine what geologic processes have shaped the local terrain and influenced the chemistry. Such processes could include water or wind erosion, sedimentation, hydrothermal mechanisms, volcanism, and cratering. Perform calibration and validation of surface observations made by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter instruments.", "Perform calibration and validation of surface observations made by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter instruments. This will help determine the accuracy and effectiveness of various instruments that survey Martian geology from orbit. Search for iron-containing minerals, identify and quantify relative amounts of specific mineral types that contain water or were formed in water, such as iron-bearing carbonates.", "Search for iron-containing minerals, identify and quantify relative amounts of specific mineral types that contain water or were formed in water, such as iron-bearing carbonates. Characterize the mineralogy and textures of rocks and soils and determine the processes that created them. Search for geological clues to the environmental conditions that existed when liquid water was present.", "Search for geological clues to the environmental conditions that existed when liquid water was present. Assess whether those environments were conducive to life. NASA sought evidence of life on Mars, beginning with the question of whether the Martian environment was ever suitable for life.", "NASA sought evidence of life on Mars, beginning with the question of whether the Martian environment was ever suitable for life. Life forms known to science require water, so the history of water on Mars is a critical piece of knowledge.", "Life forms known to science require water, so the history of water on Mars is a critical piece of knowledge. Although the Mars Exploration Rovers did not have the ability to detect life directly, they offered very important information on the habitability of the environment during the planet's history.", "Although the Mars Exploration Rovers did not have the ability to detect life directly, they offered very important information on the habitability of the environment during the planet's history. Design and construction Spirit (and its twin, Opportunity) are six-wheeled, solar-powered robots standing high, wide and long and weighing .", "Design and construction Spirit (and its twin, Opportunity) are six-wheeled, solar-powered robots standing high, wide and long and weighing . Six wheels on a rocker-bogie system enable mobility over rough terrain. Each wheel has its own motor.", "Each wheel has its own motor. The vehicle is steered at front and rear and is designed to operate safely at tilts of up to 30 degrees. Maximum speed is ; , although average speed is about .", "Maximum speed is ; , although average speed is about . Both Spirit and Opportunity have pieces of the fallen World Trade Center's metal on them that were \"turned into shields to protect cables on the drilling mechanisms\".", "Both Spirit and Opportunity have pieces of the fallen World Trade Center's metal on them that were \"turned into shields to protect cables on the drilling mechanisms\". Solar arrays generate about 140 watts for up to four hours per Martian day (sol) while rechargeable lithium ion batteries store energy for use at night.", "Solar arrays generate about 140 watts for up to four hours per Martian day (sol) while rechargeable lithium ion batteries store energy for use at night. Spirit's onboard computer uses a 20 MHz RAD6000 CPU with 128 MB of DRAM, 3 MB of EEPROM, and 256 MB of flash memory.", "Spirit's onboard computer uses a 20 MHz RAD6000 CPU with 128 MB of DRAM, 3 MB of EEPROM, and 256 MB of flash memory. The rover's operating temperature ranges from and radioisotope heater units provide a base level of heating, assisted by electrical heaters when necessary.", "The rover's operating temperature ranges from and radioisotope heater units provide a base level of heating, assisted by electrical heaters when necessary. A gold film and a layer of silica aerogel provide insulation. Communications depends on an omnidirectional low-gain antenna communicating at a low data rate and a steerable high-gain antenna, both in direct contact with Earth.", "Communications depends on an omnidirectional low-gain antenna communicating at a low data rate and a steerable high-gain antenna, both in direct contact with Earth. A low gain antenna is also used to relay data to spacecraft orbiting Mars.", "A low gain antenna is also used to relay data to spacecraft orbiting Mars. Science payload The science instruments include: Panoramic Camera (Pancam) – examines the texture, color, mineralogy, and structure of the local terrain.", "Science payload The science instruments include: Panoramic Camera (Pancam) – examines the texture, color, mineralogy, and structure of the local terrain. Navigation Camera (Navcam) – monochrome with a higher field of view but lower resolution, for navigation and driving.", "Navigation Camera (Navcam) – monochrome with a higher field of view but lower resolution, for navigation and driving. Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) – identifies promising rocks and soils for closer examination, and determines the processes that formed them.", "Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) – identifies promising rocks and soils for closer examination, and determines the processes that formed them. Hazcams, two B&W cameras with 120 degree field of view, that provide additional data about the rover's surroundings.", "Hazcams, two B&W cameras with 120 degree field of view, that provide additional data about the rover's surroundings. The rover arm holds the following instruments: Mössbauer spectrometer (MB) MIMOS II – used for close-up investigations of the mineralogy of iron-bearing rocks and soils.", "The rover arm holds the following instruments: Mössbauer spectrometer (MB) MIMOS II – used for close-up investigations of the mineralogy of iron-bearing rocks and soils. Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer (APXS) – close-up analysis of the abundances of elements that make up rocks and soils. Magnets – for collecting magnetic dust particles.", "Magnets – for collecting magnetic dust particles. Microscopic Imager (MI) – obtains close-up, high-resolution images of rocks and soils. Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) – exposes fresh material for examination by instruments on board.", "Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) – exposes fresh material for examination by instruments on board. Mission timeline 2004 The Spirit Mars rover landed successfully on the surface of Mars on 04:35 Ground UTC on January 4, 2004.", "Mission timeline 2004 The Spirit Mars rover landed successfully on the surface of Mars on 04:35 Ground UTC on January 4, 2004. This was the start of its 90-sol mission, but solar cell cleaning events would mean it was the start of a much longer mission, lasting until 2010.", "This was the start of its 90-sol mission, but solar cell cleaning events would mean it was the start of a much longer mission, lasting until 2010. Landing site: Columbia Memorial Station Spirit was targeted to a site that appears to have been affected by liquid water in the past, the crater Gusev, a possible former lake in a giant impact crater about from the center of the target ellipse at .", "Landing site: Columbia Memorial Station Spirit was targeted to a site that appears to have been affected by liquid water in the past, the crater Gusev, a possible former lake in a giant impact crater about from the center of the target ellipse at . After the airbag-protected landing craft settled onto the surface, the rover rolled out to take panoramic images.", "After the airbag-protected landing craft settled onto the surface, the rover rolled out to take panoramic images. These give scientists the information they need to select promising geological targets and drive to those locations to perform on-site scientific investigations.", "These give scientists the information they need to select promising geological targets and drive to those locations to perform on-site scientific investigations. The panoramic image below shows a slightly rolling surface, littered with small rocks, with hills on the horizon up to away.", "The panoramic image below shows a slightly rolling surface, littered with small rocks, with hills on the horizon up to away. The MER team named the landing site \"Columbia Memorial Station,\" in honor of the seven astronauts killed in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.", "The MER team named the landing site \"Columbia Memorial Station,\" in honor of the seven astronauts killed in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. \"Sleepy Hollow,\" a shallow depression in the Mars ground at the right side of the above picture, was targeted as an early destination when the rover drove off its lander platform.", "\"Sleepy Hollow,\" a shallow depression in the Mars ground at the right side of the above picture, was targeted as an early destination when the rover drove off its lander platform. NASA scientists were very interested in this crater. It is across and about north of the lander.", "It is across and about north of the lander. First color image To the right is the first color image derived from images taken by the panoramic camera on the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit. It was the highest resolution image taken on the surface of another planet.", "It was the highest resolution image taken on the surface of another planet. According to the camera designer Jim Bell of Cornell University, the panoramic mosaic consists of four pancam images high by three wide. The picture shown originally had a full size of 4,000 by 3,000 pixels.", "The picture shown originally had a full size of 4,000 by 3,000 pixels. However, a complete pancam panorama is even 8 times larger than that, and could be taken in stereo (i.e., two complete pictures, making the resolution twice as large again.) The colors are fairly accurate.", "The colors are fairly accurate. The colors are fairly accurate. (For a technical explanation, see colors outside the range of the human eye.) The MER pancams are black-and-white instruments. Thirteen rotating filter wheels produce multiple images of the same scene at different wavelengths.", "Thirteen rotating filter wheels produce multiple images of the same scene at different wavelengths. Once received on Earth, these images can be combined to produce color images. Sol flash memory management anomaly On January 21, 2004 (sol ), Spirit abruptly ceased communicating with mission control.", "Sol flash memory management anomaly On January 21, 2004 (sol ), Spirit abruptly ceased communicating with mission control. The next day the rover radioed a 7.8 bit/s beep, confirming that it had received a transmission from Earth but indicating that the craft believed it was in a fault mode. Commands would only be responded to intermittently.", "Commands would only be responded to intermittently. This was described as a very serious anomaly, but potentially recoverable if it were a software or memory corruption issue rather than a serious hardware failure.", "This was described as a very serious anomaly, but potentially recoverable if it were a software or memory corruption issue rather than a serious hardware failure. Spirit was commanded to transmit engineering data, and on January 23 sent several short low-bitrate messages before finally transmitting 73 megabits via X band to Mars Odyssey.", "Spirit was commanded to transmit engineering data, and on January 23 sent several short low-bitrate messages before finally transmitting 73 megabits via X band to Mars Odyssey. The readings from the engineering data suggested that the rover was not staying in sleep mode.", "The readings from the engineering data suggested that the rover was not staying in sleep mode. As such, it was wasting its battery energy and overheating – risk factors that could potentially destroy the rover if not fixed soon.", "As such, it was wasting its battery energy and overheating – risk factors that could potentially destroy the rover if not fixed soon. On sol 20, the command team sent it the command SHUTDWN_DMT_TIL (\"Shutdown Dammit Until\") to try to cause it to suspend itself until a given time. It seemingly ignored the command.", "It seemingly ignored the command. It seemingly ignored the command. The leading theory at the time was that the rover was stuck in a \"reboot loop\". The rover was programmed to reboot if there was a fault aboard. However, if there was a fault that occurred during reboot, it would continue to reboot forever.", "However, if there was a fault that occurred during reboot, it would continue to reboot forever. The fact that the problem persisted through reboot suggested that the error was not in RAM, but in either the flash memory, the EEPROM, or a hardware fault. The last case would likely doom the rover.", "The last case would likely doom the rover. Anticipating the potential for errors in the flash memory and EEPROM, the designers had made it so that the rover could be booted without ever touching the flash memory. The radio itself could decode a limited command set – enough to tell the rover to reboot without using flash.", "The radio itself could decode a limited command set – enough to tell the rover to reboot without using flash. Without access to flash memory the reboot cycle was broken. On January 24, 2004 (sol ) the rover repair team announced that the problem was with Spirits flash memory and the software that wrote to it.", "On January 24, 2004 (sol ) the rover repair team announced that the problem was with Spirits flash memory and the software that wrote to it. The flash hardware was believed to be working correctly but the file management module in the software was \"not robust enough\" for the operations the Spirit was engaged in when the problem occurred, indicating that the problem was caused by a software bug as opposed to faulty hardware.", "The flash hardware was believed to be working correctly but the file management module in the software was \"not robust enough\" for the operations the Spirit was engaged in when the problem occurred, indicating that the problem was caused by a software bug as opposed to faulty hardware. NASA engineers finally came to the conclusion that there were too many files on the file system, which was a relatively minor problem.", "NASA engineers finally came to the conclusion that there were too many files on the file system, which was a relatively minor problem. Most of these files contained unneeded in-flight data. After realizing what the problem was, the engineers deleted some files, and eventually reformatted the entire flash memory system.", "After realizing what the problem was, the engineers deleted some files, and eventually reformatted the entire flash memory system. On February 6 (sol ), the rover was restored to its original working condition, and science activities resumed.", "On February 6 (sol ), the rover was restored to its original working condition, and science activities resumed. First intentional grinding of a rock on Mars For the first intentional grinding of a rock on Mars, the Spirit team chose a rock called \"Adirondack\".", "First intentional grinding of a rock on Mars For the first intentional grinding of a rock on Mars, the Spirit team chose a rock called \"Adirondack\". To make the drive there, the rover turned 40 degrees in short arcs totaling . It then turned in place to face the target rock and drove four short moves straightforward totaling .", "It then turned in place to face the target rock and drove four short moves straightforward totaling . Adirondack was chosen over another rock called \"Sashimi\", which was closer to the rover, as Adirondack's surface was smoother, making it more suitable for the Rock Abrasion Tool (aka \"RAT\").", "Adirondack was chosen over another rock called \"Sashimi\", which was closer to the rover, as Adirondack's surface was smoother, making it more suitable for the Rock Abrasion Tool (aka \"RAT\"). Spirit made a small depression in the rock, in diameter and deep.", "Spirit made a small depression in the rock, in diameter and deep. Examination of the freshly exposed interior with the rover's microscopic imager and other instruments confirmed that the rock is volcanic basalt.", "Examination of the freshly exposed interior with the rover's microscopic imager and other instruments confirmed that the rock is volcanic basalt. Humphrey rock On March 5, 2004, NASA announced that Spirit had found hints of water history on Mars in a rock dubbed \"Humphrey\".", "Humphrey rock On March 5, 2004, NASA announced that Spirit had found hints of water history on Mars in a rock dubbed \"Humphrey\". Raymond Arvidson, the McDonnell University Professor and chair of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis, reported during a NASA press conference: \"If we found this rock on Earth, we would say it is a volcanic rock that had a little fluid moving through it.\"", "Raymond Arvidson, the McDonnell University Professor and chair of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis, reported during a NASA press conference: \"If we found this rock on Earth, we would say it is a volcanic rock that had a little fluid moving through it.\" In contrast to the rocks found by the twin rover Opportunity, this one was formed from magma and then acquired bright material in small crevices, which look like crystallized minerals.", "In contrast to the rocks found by the twin rover Opportunity, this one was formed from magma and then acquired bright material in small crevices, which look like crystallized minerals. If this interpretation holds true, the minerals were most likely dissolved in water, which was either carried inside the rock or interacted with it at a later stage, after it formed.", "If this interpretation holds true, the minerals were most likely dissolved in water, which was either carried inside the rock or interacted with it at a later stage, after it formed. Bonneville crater On sol March 11, 2004, Spirit reached Bonneville crater after a journey.", "Bonneville crater On sol March 11, 2004, Spirit reached Bonneville crater after a journey. This crater is about across with a floor about below the surface. JPL decided that it would be a bad idea to send the rover down into the crater, as they saw no targets of interest inside.", "JPL decided that it would be a bad idea to send the rover down into the crater, as they saw no targets of interest inside. Spirit drove along the southern rim and continued to the southwest towards the Columbia Hills. Spirit reached Missoula crater on sol 105. The crater is roughly across and deep.", "The crater is roughly across and deep. Missoula crater was not considered a high priority target due to the older rocks it contained. The rover skirted the northern rim, and continued to the southeast. It then reached Lahontan crater on sol 118, and drove along the rim until sol 120. Lahontan is about across and about deep.", "Lahontan is about across and about deep. A long, snaking sand dune stretches away from its southwestern side, and Spirit went around it, because loose sand dunes present an unknown risk to the ability of the rover wheels to get traction. Columbia Hills Spirit drove from Bonneville crater in a direct line to the Columbia Hills.", "Columbia Hills Spirit drove from Bonneville crater in a direct line to the Columbia Hills. The route was only directly controlled by the engineers when the terrain was difficult to navigate; otherwise, the rover drove in an autonomous mode.", "The route was only directly controlled by the engineers when the terrain was difficult to navigate; otherwise, the rover drove in an autonomous mode. On sol 159, Spirit reached the first of many targets at the base of the Columbia Hills called West Spur. Hank's Hollow was studied for 23 sols.", "Hank's Hollow was studied for 23 sols. Within Hank's Hollow was the strange-looking rock dubbed \"Pot of Gold\". Analysing this rock was difficult for Spirit, because it lay in a slippery area. After a detailed analysis with the AXPS-and the Mößbauer instrument it was detected that it contains hematite.", "After a detailed analysis with the AXPS-and the Mößbauer instrument it was detected that it contains hematite. This kind of rock can be built in connection with water. As the produced energy from the solar panels was lowering due to the setting Sun and dust the Deep Sleep Mode was introduced.", "As the produced energy from the solar panels was lowering due to the setting Sun and dust the Deep Sleep Mode was introduced. In this mode the rover was shut down completely during the night in order to save energy, even if the instruments would fail.", "In this mode the rover was shut down completely during the night in order to save energy, even if the instruments would fail. The route was selected so that the rover's panels were tilted as much as possible towards the winter sunlight.", "The route was selected so that the rover's panels were tilted as much as possible towards the winter sunlight. From here, Spirit took a northerly path along the base of the hill towards the target Wooly Patch, which was studied from sol 192 to sol 199.", "From here, Spirit took a northerly path along the base of the hill towards the target Wooly Patch, which was studied from sol 192 to sol 199. By sol 203, Spirit had driven southward up the hill and arrived at the rock dubbed \"Clovis\". Clovis was ground and analyzed from sol 210 to sol 225.", "Clovis was ground and analyzed from sol 210 to sol 225. Following Clovis came the targets of Ebenezer (Sols 226–235), Tetl (sol 270), Uchben and Palinque (Sols 281–295), and Lutefisk (Sols 296–303).", "Following Clovis came the targets of Ebenezer (Sols 226–235), Tetl (sol 270), Uchben and Palinque (Sols 281–295), and Lutefisk (Sols 296–303). From Sols 239 to 262, Spirit powered down for solar conjunction, when communications with the Earth are blocked.", "From Sols 239 to 262, Spirit powered down for solar conjunction, when communications with the Earth are blocked. Slowly, Spirit made its way around the summit of Husband Hill, and at sol 344 was ready to climb over the newly designated \"Cumberland Ridge\" and into \"Larry's Lookout\" and \"Tennessee Valley\".", "Slowly, Spirit made its way around the summit of Husband Hill, and at sol 344 was ready to climb over the newly designated \"Cumberland Ridge\" and into \"Larry's Lookout\" and \"Tennessee Valley\". Spirit also did some communication tests with the ESA orbiter Mars Express though most of the communication was usually done with the NASA orbiters Mars Odyssey and Mars Global Surveyor.", "Spirit also did some communication tests with the ESA orbiter Mars Express though most of the communication was usually done with the NASA orbiters Mars Odyssey and Mars Global Surveyor. 2005 Driving up to Husband Hill Spirit had now been on Mars for one Earth year and was driving slowly uphill towards the top of Husband Hill.", "2005 Driving up to Husband Hill Spirit had now been on Mars for one Earth year and was driving slowly uphill towards the top of Husband Hill. This was difficult because there were many rocky obstacles and sandy parts. This led frequently to slippage and the route could not be driven as planned.", "This led frequently to slippage and the route could not be driven as planned. In February, Spirits computer received a software update in order to drive more autonomously. On sol 371, Spirit arrived at a rock named \"Peace\" near the top of Cumberland Ridge. Spirit ground Peace with the RAT on sol 373.", "Spirit ground Peace with the RAT on sol 373. By sol 390 (mid-February 2005), Spirit was advancing towards \"Larry's Lookout\", by driving up the hill in reverse. The scientists at this time were trying to conserve as much energy as possible for the climb.", "The scientists at this time were trying to conserve as much energy as possible for the climb. Spirit also investigated some targets along the way, including the soil target, \"Paso Robles\", which contained the highest amount of salt found on the red planet.", "Spirit also investigated some targets along the way, including the soil target, \"Paso Robles\", which contained the highest amount of salt found on the red planet. The soil also contained a high amount of phosphorus in its composition, however not nearly as high as another rock sampled by Spirit, \"Wishstone\".", "The soil also contained a high amount of phosphorus in its composition, however not nearly as high as another rock sampled by Spirit, \"Wishstone\". One of the scientists working with Spirit, Dr. Steve Squyres, said of the discovery, \"We're still trying to work out what this means, but clearly, with this much salt around, water had a hand here\".", "One of the scientists working with Spirit, Dr. Steve Squyres, said of the discovery, \"We're still trying to work out what this means, but clearly, with this much salt around, water had a hand here\". Dust devils On March 9, 2005 (probably during the Martian night), the rover's solar panel efficiency jumped from the original ~60% to 93%, followed on March 10, by the sighting of dust devils.", "Dust devils On March 9, 2005 (probably during the Martian night), the rover's solar panel efficiency jumped from the original ~60% to 93%, followed on March 10, by the sighting of dust devils. NASA scientists speculate a dust devil must have swept the solar panels clean, possibly significantly extending the duration of the mission.", "NASA scientists speculate a dust devil must have swept the solar panels clean, possibly significantly extending the duration of the mission. This also marks the first time dust devils had been spotted by Spirit or Opportunity, and is easily one of the top highlights of the mission to date.", "This also marks the first time dust devils had been spotted by Spirit or Opportunity, and is easily one of the top highlights of the mission to date. Dust devils had previously only been photographed by the Pathfinder probe.", "Dust devils had previously only been photographed by the Pathfinder probe. Mission members monitoring Spirit on Mars reported on March 12, 2005 (sol ), that a lucky encounter with a dust devil had cleaned the robot's solar panels. Energy levels dramatically increased and daily science work was anticipated to be expanded.", "Energy levels dramatically increased and daily science work was anticipated to be expanded. Husband Hill summit As of August Spirit was only away from the top. Here it was found that Husband Hill has two summits, with one a little higher than the other. On August 21 (sol ), Spirit reached the real summit of Husband Hill.", "On August 21 (sol ), Spirit reached the real summit of Husband Hill. The rover was the first spacecraft to climb atop a mountain on another planet. The whole distance driven totaled 4971 meters. The summit itself was flat. Spirit took a 360 degree panorama in real color, which included the whole Gusev crater.", "Spirit took a 360 degree panorama in real color, which included the whole Gusev crater. At night the rover observed the moons Phobos and Deimos in order to determine their orbits better.", "At night the rover observed the moons Phobos and Deimos in order to determine their orbits better. On sol 656 Spirit surveyed the Mars sky and the opacity of the atmosphere with its pancam to make a coordinated science campaign with the Hubble Space Telescope in Earth orbit.", "On sol 656 Spirit surveyed the Mars sky and the opacity of the atmosphere with its pancam to make a coordinated science campaign with the Hubble Space Telescope in Earth orbit. From the peak Spirit spotted a striking formation, which was dubbed \"Home Plate\".", "From the peak Spirit spotted a striking formation, which was dubbed \"Home Plate\". This was an interesting target, but Spirit would be driven later to the McCool Hill to tilt its solar panels towards the Sun in the coming winter. At the end of October the rover was driven downhill and to Home Plate.", "At the end of October the rover was driven downhill and to Home Plate. On the way down Spirit reached the rock formation named \"Comanche\" on sol 690. Scientists used data from all three spectrometers to find out that about one-fourth of the composition of Comanche is magnesium iron carbonate.", "Scientists used data from all three spectrometers to find out that about one-fourth of the composition of Comanche is magnesium iron carbonate. That concentration is 10 times higher than for any previously identified carbonate in a Martian rock. Carbonates originate in wet, near-neutral conditions but dissolve in acid.", "Carbonates originate in wet, near-neutral conditions but dissolve in acid. The find at Comanche is the first unambiguous evidence from the Mars Exploration Mission rovers for a past Martian environment that may have been more favorable to life than the wet but acidic conditions indicated by the rovers' earlier finds.", "The find at Comanche is the first unambiguous evidence from the Mars Exploration Mission rovers for a past Martian environment that may have been more favorable to life than the wet but acidic conditions indicated by the rovers' earlier finds. 2006 Driving to McCool Hill In 2006 Spirit drove towards an area dubbed Home Plate, and reached it in February.", "2006 Driving to McCool Hill In 2006 Spirit drove towards an area dubbed Home Plate, and reached it in February. For events in 2006 by NASA see NASA Spirit Archive 2006 Spirit's next stop was originally planned to be the north face of McCool Hill, where Spirit would receive adequate sunlight during the Martian winter.", "For events in 2006 by NASA see NASA Spirit Archive 2006 Spirit's next stop was originally planned to be the north face of McCool Hill, where Spirit would receive adequate sunlight during the Martian winter. On March 16, 2006 JPL announced that Spirit's troublesome front wheel had stopped working altogether.", "On March 16, 2006 JPL announced that Spirit's troublesome front wheel had stopped working altogether. Despite this, Spirit was still making progress toward McCool Hill because the control team programmed the rover to drive toward McCool Hill backwards, dragging its broken wheel.", "Despite this, Spirit was still making progress toward McCool Hill because the control team programmed the rover to drive toward McCool Hill backwards, dragging its broken wheel. In late March, Spirit encountered loose soil that was impeding its progress toward McCool Hill.", "In late March, Spirit encountered loose soil that was impeding its progress toward McCool Hill. A decision was made to terminate attempts to reach McCool Hill and instead park on a nearby ridge named Low Ridge Haven.", "A decision was made to terminate attempts to reach McCool Hill and instead park on a nearby ridge named Low Ridge Haven. Spirit arrived at the north west corner of Home Plate, a raised and layered outcrop on sol 744 (February 2006) after an effort to maximize driving. Scientific observations were conducted with Spirit's robotic arm.", "Scientific observations were conducted with Spirit's robotic arm. Low Ridge Haven Reaching the ridge on April 9, 2006 and parking on the ridge with an 11° incline to the north, Spirit spent the next eight months on the ridge, spending that time undertaking observations of changes in the surrounding area.", "Low Ridge Haven Reaching the ridge on April 9, 2006 and parking on the ridge with an 11° incline to the north, Spirit spent the next eight months on the ridge, spending that time undertaking observations of changes in the surrounding area. No drives were attempted because of the low energy levels the rover was experiencing during the Martian winter.", "No drives were attempted because of the low energy levels the rover was experiencing during the Martian winter. The rover made its first drive, a short turn to position targets of interest within reach of the robotic arm, in early November 2006, following the shortest days of winter and solar conjunction when communications with Earth were severely limited.", "The rover made its first drive, a short turn to position targets of interest within reach of the robotic arm, in early November 2006, following the shortest days of winter and solar conjunction when communications with Earth were severely limited. While at Low Ridge, Spirit imaged two rocks of similar chemical nature to that of Opportunitys Heat Shield Rock, a meteorite on the surface of Mars.", "While at Low Ridge, Spirit imaged two rocks of similar chemical nature to that of Opportunitys Heat Shield Rock, a meteorite on the surface of Mars. Named \"Zhong Shan\" for Sun Yat-sen and \"Allan Hills\" for the location in Antarctica where several Martian meteorites have been found, they stood out against the background rocks that were darker.", "Named \"Zhong Shan\" for Sun Yat-sen and \"Allan Hills\" for the location in Antarctica where several Martian meteorites have been found, they stood out against the background rocks that were darker. Further spectrographic testing is being done to determine the exact composition of these rocks, which may turn out to also be meteorites.", "Further spectrographic testing is being done to determine the exact composition of these rocks, which may turn out to also be meteorites. 2007 Software upgrade On January 4, 2007 (sol ), both rovers received new flight software to the onboard computers. The update was received just in time for the third anniversary of their landing.", "The update was received just in time for the third anniversary of their landing. The new systems let the rovers decide whether or not to transmit an image, and whether or not to extend their arms to examine rocks, which would save much time for scientists as they would not have to sift through hundreds of images to find the one they want, or examine the surroundings to decide to extend the arms and examine the rocks.", "The new systems let the rovers decide whether or not to transmit an image, and whether or not to extend their arms to examine rocks, which would save much time for scientists as they would not have to sift through hundreds of images to find the one they want, or examine the surroundings to decide to extend the arms and examine the rocks. Silica Valley Spirit'''s dead wheel turned out to have a silver lining.", "Silica Valley Spirit'''s dead wheel turned out to have a silver lining. As it was traveling in March 2007, pulling the dead wheel behind, the wheel scraped off the upper layer of the Martian soil, uncovering a patch of ground that scientists say shows evidence of a past environment that would have been perfect for microbial life.", "As it was traveling in March 2007, pulling the dead wheel behind, the wheel scraped off the upper layer of the Martian soil, uncovering a patch of ground that scientists say shows evidence of a past environment that would have been perfect for microbial life. It is similar to areas on Earth where water or steam from hot springs came into contact with volcanic rocks.", "It is similar to areas on Earth where water or steam from hot springs came into contact with volcanic rocks. On Earth, these are locations that tend to teem with bacteria, said rover chief scientist Steve Squyres. \"We're really excited about this,\" he told a meeting of the American Geophysical Union (AGU).", "\"We're really excited about this,\" he told a meeting of the American Geophysical Union (AGU). The area is extremely rich in silica–the main ingredient of window glass. The researchers have now concluded that the bright material must have been produced in one of two ways.", "The researchers have now concluded that the bright material must have been produced in one of two ways. One: hot-spring deposits produced when water dissolved silica at one location and then carried it to another (i.e. a geyser). Two: acidic steam rising through cracks in rocks stripped them of their mineral components, leaving silica behind.", "Two: acidic steam rising through cracks in rocks stripped them of their mineral components, leaving silica behind. \"The important thing is that whether it is one hypothesis or the other, the implications for the former habitability of Mars are pretty much the same,\" Squyres explained to BBC News.", "\"The important thing is that whether it is one hypothesis or the other, the implications for the former habitability of Mars are pretty much the same,\" Squyres explained to BBC News. Hot water provides an environment in which microbes can thrive and the precipitation of that silica entombs and preserves them.", "Hot water provides an environment in which microbes can thrive and the precipitation of that silica entombs and preserves them. Squyres added, \"You can go to hot springs and you can go to fumaroles and at either place on Earth it is teeming with life – microbial life.\"", "Squyres added, \"You can go to hot springs and you can go to fumaroles and at either place on Earth it is teeming with life – microbial life.\" Global dust storm and Home Plate During 2007, Spirit spent several months near the base of the Home Plate plateau.", "Global dust storm and Home Plate During 2007, Spirit spent several months near the base of the Home Plate plateau. On sol 1306 Spirit climbed onto the eastern edge of the plateau. In September and October it examined rocks and soils at several locations on the southern half of the plateau.", "In September and October it examined rocks and soils at several locations on the southern half of the plateau. On November 6, Spirit had reached the western edge of Home Plate, and started taking pictures for a panoramic overview of the western valley, with Grissom Hill and Husband Hill visible.", "On November 6, Spirit had reached the western edge of Home Plate, and started taking pictures for a panoramic overview of the western valley, with Grissom Hill and Husband Hill visible. The panorama image was published on NASA's website on January 3, 2008 to little attention, until January 23, when an independent website published a magnified detail of the image that showed a rock feature a few centimeters high resembling a humanoid figure seen from the side with its right arm partially raised.", "The panorama image was published on NASA's website on January 3, 2008 to little attention, until January 23, when an independent website published a magnified detail of the image that showed a rock feature a few centimeters high resembling a humanoid figure seen from the side with its right arm partially raised. [[File:Mars Spirit rover's solar panels covered with Dust - October 2007.jpg|thumb|right|Circular projection showing Spirits solar panels covered in dust – October 2007]] Towards the end of June 2007, a series of dust storms began clouding the Martian atmosphere with dust.", "[[File:Mars Spirit rover's solar panels covered with Dust - October 2007.jpg|thumb|right|Circular projection showing Spirits solar panels covered in dust – October 2007]] Towards the end of June 2007, a series of dust storms began clouding the Martian atmosphere with dust. The storms intensified and by July 20, both Spirit and Opportunity were facing the real possibility of system failure due to lack of energy.", "The storms intensified and by July 20, both Spirit and Opportunity were facing the real possibility of system failure due to lack of energy. NASA released a statement to the press that said (in part) \"We're rooting for our rovers to survive these storms, but they were never designed for conditions this intense\".", "NASA released a statement to the press that said (in part) \"We're rooting for our rovers to survive these storms, but they were never designed for conditions this intense\". The key problem caused by the dust storms was a dramatic reduction in solar energy caused by there being so much dust in the atmosphere that it was blocking 99 percent of direct sunlight to Opportunity, and slightly more to Spirit.", "The key problem caused by the dust storms was a dramatic reduction in solar energy caused by there being so much dust in the atmosphere that it was blocking 99 percent of direct sunlight to Opportunity, and slightly more to Spirit. Normally the solar arrays on the rovers are able to generate up to of energy per Martian day.", "Normally the solar arrays on the rovers are able to generate up to of energy per Martian day. After the storms, the amount of energy generated was greatly reduced to . If the rovers generate less than per day they must start draining their batteries to run survival heaters.", "If the rovers generate less than per day they must start draining their batteries to run survival heaters. If the batteries run dry, key electrical elements are likely to fail due to the intense cold. Both rovers were put into the lowest-power setting in order to wait out the storms.", "Both rovers were put into the lowest-power setting in order to wait out the storms. In early August the storms began to clear slightly, allowing the rovers to successfully charge their batteries. They were kept in hibernation in order to wait out the remainder of the storm. 2008 Hibernating The main concern was the energy level for Spirit.", "2008 Hibernating The main concern was the energy level for Spirit. To increase the amount of light hitting the solar panels, the rover was parked in the northern part of Home Plate on as steep a slope as possible.", "To increase the amount of light hitting the solar panels, the rover was parked in the northern part of Home Plate on as steep a slope as possible. It was expected that the level of dust cover on the solar panels would increase by 70 percent and that a slope of 30 degrees would be necessary to survive the winter.", "It was expected that the level of dust cover on the solar panels would increase by 70 percent and that a slope of 30 degrees would be necessary to survive the winter. In February, a tilt of 29.9 degrees was achieved. Extra energy was available at times, and a high definition panorama named Bonestell was produced.", "Extra energy was available at times, and a high definition panorama named Bonestell was produced. At other times when there was only enough solar energy to recharge the batteries, communication with Earth was minimized and all unnecessary instruments were switched off. At winter solstice the energy production declined to 235 watt hours per sol.", "At winter solstice the energy production declined to 235 watt hours per sol. Winter dust storm On November 10, 2008, a large dust storm further reduced the output of the solar panels to per day—a critically low level.", "Winter dust storm On November 10, 2008, a large dust storm further reduced the output of the solar panels to per day—a critically low level. NASA officials were hopeful that Spirit would survive the storm, and that the energy level would rise once the storm had passed and the skies started clearing.", "NASA officials were hopeful that Spirit would survive the storm, and that the energy level would rise once the storm had passed and the skies started clearing. They attempted to conserve energy by shutting down systems for extended periods of time, including the heaters. On November 13, 2008 the rover awoke and communicated with mission control as scheduled.", "On November 13, 2008 the rover awoke and communicated with mission control as scheduled. From November 14, 2008 to November 20, 2008 (sols to ), Spirit averaged per day. The heaters for the thermal emission spectrometer, which used about per day, were disabled on November 11, 2008.", "The heaters for the thermal emission spectrometer, which used about per day, were disabled on November 11, 2008. Tests on the thermal emission spectrometer indicate that it was undamaged, and the heaters would be enabled with sufficient energy.", "Tests on the thermal emission spectrometer indicate that it was undamaged, and the heaters would be enabled with sufficient energy. The solar conjunction, where the Sun is between Earth and Mars, started on November 29, 2008 and communication with the rovers was not possible until December 13, 2008.", "The solar conjunction, where the Sun is between Earth and Mars, started on November 29, 2008 and communication with the rovers was not possible until December 13, 2008. 2009 Increased energy On February 6, 2009, a beneficial wind blew off some of the dust accumulated on the panels.", "2009 Increased energy On February 6, 2009, a beneficial wind blew off some of the dust accumulated on the panels. This led to an increase in energy output to per day. NASA officials stated that this increase in energy was to be used predominantly for driving.", "NASA officials stated that this increase in energy was to be used predominantly for driving. On April 18, 2009 (sol ) and April 28, 2009 (sol ) energy output of the solar arrays were increased by cleaning events.", "On April 18, 2009 (sol ) and April 28, 2009 (sol ) energy output of the solar arrays were increased by cleaning events. The energy output of Spirit's solar arrays climbed from per day on March 31, 2009 to per day on April 29, 2009.", "The energy output of Spirit's solar arrays climbed from per day on March 31, 2009 to per day on April 29, 2009. Sand trap [[File:Spirit Sandbox Setup.jpg|thumb|right|Engineers attempt to replicate conditions in the laboratory of Spirits entrapment on a rock and in fluffy material churned by the rover's left-front wheel.]]", "Sand trap [[File:Spirit Sandbox Setup.jpg|thumb|right|Engineers attempt to replicate conditions in the laboratory of Spirits entrapment on a rock and in fluffy material churned by the rover's left-front wheel.]] On May 1, 2009 (sol ), the rover became stuck in soft sand, the machine resting upon a cache of iron(III) sulfate (jarosite) hidden under a veneer of normal-looking soil.", "On May 1, 2009 (sol ), the rover became stuck in soft sand, the machine resting upon a cache of iron(III) sulfate (jarosite) hidden under a veneer of normal-looking soil. Iron sulfate has very little cohesion, making it difficult for the rover's wheels to gain traction.", "Iron sulfate has very little cohesion, making it difficult for the rover's wheels to gain traction. JPL team members simulated the situation by means of a rover mock-up and computer models in an attempt to get the rover back on track.", "JPL team members simulated the situation by means of a rover mock-up and computer models in an attempt to get the rover back on track. To reproduce the same soil mechanical conditions on Earth as those prevailing on Mars under low gravity and under very weak atmospheric pressure, tests with a lighter version of a mock-up of Spirit were conducted at JPL in a special sandbox to attempt to simulate the cohesion behavior of poorly consolidated soils under low gravity.", "To reproduce the same soil mechanical conditions on Earth as those prevailing on Mars under low gravity and under very weak atmospheric pressure, tests with a lighter version of a mock-up of Spirit were conducted at JPL in a special sandbox to attempt to simulate the cohesion behavior of poorly consolidated soils under low gravity. Preliminary extrication drives began on November 17, 2009.", "Preliminary extrication drives began on November 17, 2009. On December 17, 2009 (sol ), the right-front wheel suddenly began to operate normally for the first three out of four rotations attempts. It was unknown what effect it would have on freeing the rover if the wheel became fully operational again.", "It was unknown what effect it would have on freeing the rover if the wheel became fully operational again. The right rear wheel had also stalled on November 28 (sol ) and remained inoperable for the remainder of the mission. This left the rover with only four fully operational wheels.", "This left the rover with only four fully operational wheels. If the team could not gain movement and adjust the tilt of the solar panels, or gain a beneficial wind to clean the panels, the rover would only be able to sustain operations until May 2010.", "If the team could not gain movement and adjust the tilt of the solar panels, or gain a beneficial wind to clean the panels, the rover would only be able to sustain operations until May 2010. 2010 Mars winter at Troy On January 26, 2010 (sol ), after several months attempting to free the rover, NASA decided to redefine the mobile robot mission by calling it a stationary research platform.", "2010 Mars winter at Troy On January 26, 2010 (sol ), after several months attempting to free the rover, NASA decided to redefine the mobile robot mission by calling it a stationary research platform. Efforts were directed in preparing a more suitable orientation of the platform in relation to the Sun in an attempt to allow a more efficient recharge of the platform's batteries.", "Efforts were directed in preparing a more suitable orientation of the platform in relation to the Sun in an attempt to allow a more efficient recharge of the platform's batteries. This was needed to keep some systems operational during the Martian winter.", "This was needed to keep some systems operational during the Martian winter. On March 30, 2010, Spirit skipped a planned communication session and as anticipated from recent power-supply projections, had probably entered a low-power hibernation mode. [[File:HomePlate.png|thumb|right|Spirits concluding journey around Homeplate and ending location.]]", "[[File:HomePlate.png|thumb|right|Spirits concluding journey around Homeplate and ending location.]] The last communication with the rover was March 22, 2010 (sol ) and there is a strong possibility the rover's batteries lost so much energy at some point that the mission clock stopped.", "The last communication with the rover was March 22, 2010 (sol ) and there is a strong possibility the rover's batteries lost so much energy at some point that the mission clock stopped. In previous winters the rover was able to park on a Sun-facing slope and keep its internal temperature above , but since the rover was stuck on flat ground it is estimated that its internal temperature dropped to .", "In previous winters the rover was able to park on a Sun-facing slope and keep its internal temperature above , but since the rover was stuck on flat ground it is estimated that its internal temperature dropped to . If Spirit had survived these conditions and there had been a cleaning event, there was a possibility that with the southern summer solstice in March 2011, solar energy would increase to a level that would wake up the rover.", "If Spirit had survived these conditions and there had been a cleaning event, there was a possibility that with the southern summer solstice in March 2011, solar energy would increase to a level that would wake up the rover. Communication attempts Spirit remains silent at its location, called \"Troy,\" on the west side of Home Plate.", "Communication attempts Spirit remains silent at its location, called \"Troy,\" on the west side of Home Plate. There was no communication with the rover after March 22, 2010 (sol ).", "There was no communication with the rover after March 22, 2010 (sol ). It is likely that Spirit experienced a low-power fault and had turned off all sub-systems, including communication, and gone into a deep sleep, trying to recharge its batteries. It is also possible that the rover had experienced a mission clock fault.", "It is also possible that the rover had experienced a mission clock fault. If that had happened, the rover would have lost track of time and tried to remain asleep until enough sunlight struck the solar arrays to wake it. This state is called \"Solar Groovy.\"", "This state is called \"Solar Groovy.\" If the rover woke up from a mission clock fault, it would only listen. Starting on July 26, 2010 (sol ), a new procedure to address the possible mission clock fault was implemented.", "Starting on July 26, 2010 (sol ), a new procedure to address the possible mission clock fault was implemented. Each sol, the Deep Space Network mission controllers sent a set of X-band \"Sweep & Beep\" commands.", "Each sol, the Deep Space Network mission controllers sent a set of X-band \"Sweep & Beep\" commands. If the rover had experienced a mission clock fault and then had been awoken during the day, it would have listened during brief, 20-minute intervals during each hour awake.", "If the rover had experienced a mission clock fault and then had been awoken during the day, it would have listened during brief, 20-minute intervals during each hour awake. Due to the possible clock fault, the timing of these 20-minute listening intervals was not known, so multiple \"Sweep & Beep\" commands were sent.", "Due to the possible clock fault, the timing of these 20-minute listening intervals was not known, so multiple \"Sweep & Beep\" commands were sent. If the rover heard one of these commands, it would have responded with an X-band beep signal, updating the mission controllers on its status and allowing them to investigate the state of the rover further.", "If the rover heard one of these commands, it would have responded with an X-band beep signal, updating the mission controllers on its status and allowing them to investigate the state of the rover further. But even with this new strategy, there was no response from the rover. The rover had driven until it became immobile.", "The rover had driven until it became immobile. 2011 Mission end JPL continued attempts to regain contact with Spirit until May 25, 2011, when NASA announced the end of contact efforts and the completion of the mission.", "2011 Mission end JPL continued attempts to regain contact with Spirit until May 25, 2011, when NASA announced the end of contact efforts and the completion of the mission. According to NASA, the rover likely experienced excessively cold \"internal temperatures\" due to \"inadequate energy to run its survival heaters\" that, in turn, was a result of \"a stressful Martian winter without much sunlight.\"", "According to NASA, the rover likely experienced excessively cold \"internal temperatures\" due to \"inadequate energy to run its survival heaters\" that, in turn, was a result of \"a stressful Martian winter without much sunlight.\" Many critical components and connections would have been \"susceptible to damage from the cold.\"", "Many critical components and connections would have been \"susceptible to damage from the cold.\" Assets that had been needed to support Spirit were transitioned to support Spirit's then still-active Opportunity rover, and Mars rover Curiosity which is exploring Gale Crater and has been doing so for more than six years.", "Assets that had been needed to support Spirit were transitioned to support Spirit's then still-active Opportunity rover, and Mars rover Curiosity which is exploring Gale Crater and has been doing so for more than six years. Discoveries The rocks on the plains of Gusev are a type of basalt.", "Discoveries The rocks on the plains of Gusev are a type of basalt. They contain the minerals olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase and magnetite. They look like volcanic basalt, as they are fine-grained with irregular holes (geologists would say they have vesicles and vugs).", "They look like volcanic basalt, as they are fine-grained with irregular holes (geologists would say they have vesicles and vugs). Much of the soil on the plains came from the breakdown of the local rocks. Fairly high levels of nickel were found in some soils; probably from meteorites.", "Fairly high levels of nickel were found in some soils; probably from meteorites. Analysis shows that the rocks have been slightly altered by tiny amounts of water. Outside coatings and cracks inside the rocks suggest water deposited minerals, maybe bromine compounds. All the rocks contain a fine coating of dust and one or more harder rinds of material.", "All the rocks contain a fine coating of dust and one or more harder rinds of material. One type can be brushed off, while another needed to be ground off by the Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT).", "One type can be brushed off, while another needed to be ground off by the Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT). There are a variety of rocks in the Columbia Hills, some of which have been altered by water, but not by very much water.", "There are a variety of rocks in the Columbia Hills, some of which have been altered by water, but not by very much water. The dust in Gusev Crater is the same as dust all around the planet. All the dust was found to be magnetic.", "All the dust was found to be magnetic. Moreover, Spirit found the magnetism was caused by the mineral magnetite, especially magnetite that contained the element titanium. One magnet was able to completely divert all dust, hence all Martian dust is thought to be magnetic.", "One magnet was able to completely divert all dust, hence all Martian dust is thought to be magnetic. The spectra of the dust was similar to spectra of bright, low thermal inertia regions like Tharsis and Arabia that have been detected by orbiting satellites.", "The spectra of the dust was similar to spectra of bright, low thermal inertia regions like Tharsis and Arabia that have been detected by orbiting satellites. A thin layer of dust, maybe less than one millimeter thick, covers all surfaces. Something in it contains a small amount of chemically bound water.", "Something in it contains a small amount of chemically bound water. Plains Observations of rocks on the plains show they contain the minerals pyroxene, olivine, plagioclase, and magnetite. These rocks can be classified in different ways. The amounts and types of minerals make the rocks primitive basalts—also called picritic basalts.", "The amounts and types of minerals make the rocks primitive basalts—also called picritic basalts. The rocks are similar to ancient terrestrial rocks called basaltic komatiites. Rocks of the plains also resemble the basaltic shergottites, meteorites that came from Mars.", "Rocks of the plains also resemble the basaltic shergottites, meteorites that came from Mars. One classification system compares the amount of alkali elements to the amount of silica on a graph; in this system, Gusev plains rocks lie near the junction of basalt, picrobasalt, and tephrite. The Irvine-Barager classification calls them basalts.", "The Irvine-Barager classification calls them basalts. Plains rocks have been very slightly altered, probably by thin films of water because they are softer and contain veins of light colored material that may be bromine compounds, as well as coatings or rinds. It is thought that small amounts of water may have gotten into cracks inducing mineralization processes).", "It is thought that small amounts of water may have gotten into cracks inducing mineralization processes). Coatings on the rocks may have occurred when rocks were buried and interacted with thin films of water and dust.", "Coatings on the rocks may have occurred when rocks were buried and interacted with thin films of water and dust. One sign that they were altered was that it was easier to grind these rocks compared to the same types of rocks found on Earth.", "One sign that they were altered was that it was easier to grind these rocks compared to the same types of rocks found on Earth. Columbia Hills Scientists found a variety of rock types in the Columbia Hills, and they placed them into six different categories.", "Columbia Hills Scientists found a variety of rock types in the Columbia Hills, and they placed them into six different categories. The six are: Clovis, Wishbone, Peace, Watchtower, Backstay, and Independence. They are named after a prominent rock in each group.", "They are named after a prominent rock in each group. Their chemical compositions, as measured by APXS, are significantly different from each other. Most importantly, all of the rocks in Columbia Hills show various degrees of alteration due to aqueous fluids.", "Most importantly, all of the rocks in Columbia Hills show various degrees of alteration due to aqueous fluids. They are enriched in the elements phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, and bromine—all of which can be carried around in water solutions. The Columbia Hills' rocks contain basaltic glass, along with varying amounts of olivine and sulfates.Christensen, P.R.", "The Columbia Hills' rocks contain basaltic glass, along with varying amounts of olivine and sulfates.Christensen, P.R. (2005) Mineral Composition and Abundance of the Rocks and Soils at Gusev and Meridiani from the Mars Exploration Rover Mini-TES Instruments AGU Joint Assembly, May 23–27, 2005 http://www.agu.org/meetings/sm05/waissm05.html The olivine abundance varies inversely with the amount of sulfates.", "(2005) Mineral Composition and Abundance of the Rocks and Soils at Gusev and Meridiani from the Mars Exploration Rover Mini-TES Instruments AGU Joint Assembly, May 23–27, 2005 http://www.agu.org/meetings/sm05/waissm05.html The olivine abundance varies inversely with the amount of sulfates. This is exactly what is expected because water destroys olivine but helps to produce sulfates.", "This is exactly what is expected because water destroys olivine but helps to produce sulfates. Acid fog is believed to have changed some of the Watchtower rocks. This was in a long section of Cumberland Ridge and the Husband Hill summit. Certain places became less crystalline and more amorphous.", "Certain places became less crystalline and more amorphous. Acidic water vapor from volcanoes dissolved some minerals forming a gel. When water evaporated a cement formed and produced small bumps. This type of process has been observed in the lab when basalt rocks are exposed to sulfuric and hydrochloric acids.", "This type of process has been observed in the lab when basalt rocks are exposed to sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. The Clovis group is especially interesting because the Mössbauer spectrometer (MB) detected goethite in it.", "The Clovis group is especially interesting because the Mössbauer spectrometer (MB) detected goethite in it. Goethite forms only in the presence of water, so its discovery is the first direct evidence of past water in the Columbia Hills's rocks.", "Goethite forms only in the presence of water, so its discovery is the first direct evidence of past water in the Columbia Hills's rocks. In addition, the MB spectra of rocks and outcrops displayed a strong decline in olivine presence, although the rocks probably once contained much olivine.", "In addition, the MB spectra of rocks and outcrops displayed a strong decline in olivine presence, although the rocks probably once contained much olivine. Olivine is a marker for the lack of water because it easily decomposes in the presence of water. Sulfate was found, and it needs water to form.", "Sulfate was found, and it needs water to form. Wishstone contained a great deal of plagioclase, some olivine, and anhydrate (a sulfate). Peace rocks showed sulfur and strong evidence for bound water, so hydrated sulfates are suspected. Watchtower class rocks lack olivine consequently they may have been altered by water.", "Watchtower class rocks lack olivine consequently they may have been altered by water. The Independence class showed some signs of clay (perhaps montmorillonite a member of the smectite group). Clays require fairly long term exposure to water to form.", "Clays require fairly long term exposure to water to form. One type of soil, called Paso Robles, from the Columbia Hills, may be an evaporate deposit because it contains large amounts of sulfur, phosphorus, calcium, and iron.", "One type of soil, called Paso Robles, from the Columbia Hills, may be an evaporate deposit because it contains large amounts of sulfur, phosphorus, calcium, and iron. Also, MB found that much of the iron in Paso Robles soil was of the oxidized, Fe3+ form, which would happen if water had been present.", "Also, MB found that much of the iron in Paso Robles soil was of the oxidized, Fe3+ form, which would happen if water had been present. Towards the middle of the six-year mission (a mission that was supposed to last only 90 days), large amounts of pure silica were found in the soil.", "Towards the middle of the six-year mission (a mission that was supposed to last only 90 days), large amounts of pure silica were found in the soil. The silica could have come from the interaction of soil with acid vapors produced by volcanic activity in the presence of water or from water in a hot spring environment.", "The silica could have come from the interaction of soil with acid vapors produced by volcanic activity in the presence of water or from water in a hot spring environment. After Spirit stopped working scientists studied old data from the Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer, or Mini-TES and confirmed the presence of large amounts of carbonate-rich rocks, which means that regions of the planet may have once harbored water.", "After Spirit stopped working scientists studied old data from the Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer, or Mini-TES and confirmed the presence of large amounts of carbonate-rich rocks, which means that regions of the planet may have once harbored water. The carbonates were discovered in an outcrop of rocks called \"Comanche.\"", "The carbonates were discovered in an outcrop of rocks called \"Comanche.\" In summary, Spirit found evidence of slight weathering on the plains of Gusev, but no evidence that a lake was there. However, in the Columbia Hills there was clear evidence for a moderate amount of aqueous weathering.", "However, in the Columbia Hills there was clear evidence for a moderate amount of aqueous weathering. The evidence included sulfates and the minerals goethite and carbonates that only form in the presence of water. It is believed that Gusev crater may have held a lake long ago, but it has since been covered by igneous materials.", "It is believed that Gusev crater may have held a lake long ago, but it has since been covered by igneous materials. All the dust contains a magnetic component that was identified as magnetite with some titanium. Furthermore, the thin coating of dust that covers everything on Mars is the same in all parts of Mars.", "Furthermore, the thin coating of dust that covers everything on Mars is the same in all parts of Mars. AstronomySpirit pointed its cameras towards the sky and observed a transit of the Sun by Mars' moon Deimos (see Transit of Deimos from Mars).", "AstronomySpirit pointed its cameras towards the sky and observed a transit of the Sun by Mars' moon Deimos (see Transit of Deimos from Mars). It also took the first photo of Earth from the surface of another planet in early March 2004.", "It also took the first photo of Earth from the surface of another planet in early March 2004. In late 2005, Spirit took advantage of a favorable energy situation to make multiple nighttime observations of both of Mars' moons Phobos and Deimos.", "In late 2005, Spirit took advantage of a favorable energy situation to make multiple nighttime observations of both of Mars' moons Phobos and Deimos. These observations included a \"lunar\" (or rather phobian) eclipse as Spirit watched Phobos disappear into Mars' shadow.", "These observations included a \"lunar\" (or rather phobian) eclipse as Spirit watched Phobos disappear into Mars' shadow. Some of Spirit's star gazing was designed to look for a predicted meteor shower caused by Halley's Comet, and although at least four imaged streaks were suspect meteors, they could not be unambiguously differentiated from those caused by cosmic rays.", "Some of Spirit's star gazing was designed to look for a predicted meteor shower caused by Halley's Comet, and although at least four imaged streaks were suspect meteors, they could not be unambiguously differentiated from those caused by cosmic rays. A transit of Mercury from Mars took place on January 12, 2005 from about 14:45 UTC to 23:05 UTC.", "A transit of Mercury from Mars took place on January 12, 2005 from about 14:45 UTC to 23:05 UTC. Theoretically, this could have been observed by both Spirit and Opportunity; however, camera resolution did not permit seeing Mercury's 6.1\" angular diameter.", "Theoretically, this could have been observed by both Spirit and Opportunity; however, camera resolution did not permit seeing Mercury's 6.1\" angular diameter. They were able to observe transits of Deimos across the Sun, but at 2' angular diameter, Deimos is about 20 times larger than Mercury's 6.1\" angular diameter.", "They were able to observe transits of Deimos across the Sun, but at 2' angular diameter, Deimos is about 20 times larger than Mercury's 6.1\" angular diameter. Ephemeris data generated by JPL Horizons indicates that Opportunity would have been able to observe the transit from the start until local sunset at about 19:23 UTC Earth time, while Spirit would have been able to observe it from local sunrise at about 19:38 UTC until the end of the transit.", "Ephemeris data generated by JPL Horizons indicates that Opportunity would have been able to observe the transit from the start until local sunset at about 19:23 UTC Earth time, while Spirit would have been able to observe it from local sunrise at about 19:38 UTC until the end of the transit. Equipment wear and failures Both rovers passed their original mission time of 90 sols many times over.", "Equipment wear and failures Both rovers passed their original mission time of 90 sols many times over. The extended time on the surface, and therefore additional stress on components, resulted in some issues developing. On March 13, 2006 (sol ), the right front wheel ceased working after having covered on Mars.", "On March 13, 2006 (sol ), the right front wheel ceased working after having covered on Mars. Engineers began driving the rover backwards, dragging the dead wheel.", "Engineers began driving the rover backwards, dragging the dead wheel. Although this resulted in changes to driving techniques, the dragging effect became a useful tool, partially clearing away soil on the surface as the rover traveled, thus allowing areas to be imaged that would normally be inaccessible.", "Although this resulted in changes to driving techniques, the dragging effect became a useful tool, partially clearing away soil on the surface as the rover traveled, thus allowing areas to be imaged that would normally be inaccessible. However, in mid-December 2009, to the surprise of the engineers, the right front wheel showed slight movement in a wheel-test on sol 2113 and clearly rotated with normal resistance on three of four wheel-tests on sol 2117, but stalled on the fourth.", "However, in mid-December 2009, to the surprise of the engineers, the right front wheel showed slight movement in a wheel-test on sol 2113 and clearly rotated with normal resistance on three of four wheel-tests on sol 2117, but stalled on the fourth. On November 29, 2009 (sol ), the right rear wheel also stalled and remained inoperable for the remainder of the mission.", "On November 29, 2009 (sol ), the right rear wheel also stalled and remained inoperable for the remainder of the mission. Scientific instruments also experienced degradation as a result of exposure to the harsh Martian environment and use over a far longer period than had been anticipated by the mission planners.", "Scientific instruments also experienced degradation as a result of exposure to the harsh Martian environment and use over a far longer period than had been anticipated by the mission planners. Over time, the diamond in the resin grinding surface of the Rock Abrasion Tool wore down, after that the device could only be used to brush targets.", "Over time, the diamond in the resin grinding surface of the Rock Abrasion Tool wore down, after that the device could only be used to brush targets. All of the other science instruments and engineering cameras continued to function until contact was lost; however, towards the end of Spirits life, the MIMOS II Mössbauer spectrometer took much longer to produce results than it did earlier in the mission because of the decay of its cobalt-57 gamma ray source that has a half life of 271 days.", "All of the other science instruments and engineering cameras continued to function until contact was lost; however, towards the end of Spirits life, the MIMOS II Mössbauer spectrometer took much longer to produce results than it did earlier in the mission because of the decay of its cobalt-57 gamma ray source that has a half life of 271 days. Honors To rover To commemorate Spirit'''s great contribution to the exploration of Mars, the asteroid 37452 Spirit has been named after it.", "Honors To rover To commemorate Spirit'''s great contribution to the exploration of Mars, the asteroid 37452 Spirit has been named after it. The name was proposed by Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld who along with Cornelis Johannes van Houten and Tom Gehrels discovered the asteroid on September 24, 1960.", "The name was proposed by Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld who along with Cornelis Johannes van Houten and Tom Gehrels discovered the asteroid on September 24, 1960. Reuben H. Fleet Science Center and the Liberty Science Center also have an IMAX show called Roving Mars that documents the journey of both Spirit and Opportunity, using both CG and actual imagery.", "Reuben H. Fleet Science Center and the Liberty Science Center also have an IMAX show called Roving Mars that documents the journey of both Spirit and Opportunity, using both CG and actual imagery. January 4, 2014 was celebrated as the tenth anniversary of its landing on many news sites, despite nearly four years since loss of communications.", "January 4, 2014 was celebrated as the tenth anniversary of its landing on many news sites, despite nearly four years since loss of communications. To honor the rover, the JPL team named an area near Endeavour Crater explored by the Opportunity rover, 'Spirit Point'.", "To honor the rover, the JPL team named an area near Endeavour Crater explored by the Opportunity rover, 'Spirit Point'. From rover On January 27, 2004 (sol ) NASA memorialized the crew of Apollo 1 by naming three hills to the north of \"Columbia Memorial Station\" as the Apollo 1 Hills.", "From rover On January 27, 2004 (sol ) NASA memorialized the crew of Apollo 1 by naming three hills to the north of \"Columbia Memorial Station\" as the Apollo 1 Hills. On February 2, 2004 (sol ) the astronauts on Space Shuttle Columbias final mission were further memorialized when NASA named a set of hills to the east of the landing site the Columbia Hills Complex, denoting seven peaks in that area as \"Anderson\", \"Brown\", \"Chawla\", \"Clark\", \"Husband\", \"McCool\", and \"Ramon\" in honour of the crew; NASA has submitted these geographical feature names to the IAU for approval.", "On February 2, 2004 (sol ) the astronauts on Space Shuttle Columbias final mission were further memorialized when NASA named a set of hills to the east of the landing site the Columbia Hills Complex, denoting seven peaks in that area as \"Anderson\", \"Brown\", \"Chawla\", \"Clark\", \"Husband\", \"McCool\", and \"Ramon\" in honour of the crew; NASA has submitted these geographical feature names to the IAU for approval. Gallery The rover could take pictures with its different cameras, but only the PanCam camera had the ability to photograph a scene with different color filters.", "Gallery The rover could take pictures with its different cameras, but only the PanCam camera had the ability to photograph a scene with different color filters. The panorama views were usually built up from PanCam images. Spirit transferred 128,224 pictures in its lifetime. Views Panoramas {{Wide image|PIA10214.jpg|800px|Spirits West Valley panorama (color not rectificated for media).", "Views Panoramas {{Wide image|PIA10214.jpg|800px|Spirits West Valley panorama (color not rectificated for media). NASA'S Mars Exploration Rover Spirit captured this westward view from atop a low plateau where Spirit spent the closing months of 2007.}}", "NASA'S Mars Exploration Rover Spirit captured this westward view from atop a low plateau where Spirit spent the closing months of 2007.}} Microscopic images From orbit Maps See also References External links JPL, MSSS, and NASA links JPL's Mars Exploration Rover Mission home page (obsolete JPL Mars Exploration Rover home page) Spirit Mission Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration Planetary Photojournal, NASA JPL's Planetary Photojournal for Spirit NASA TV Special Events Schedule for MER News Briefings at JPL Mission Status updates from NASA JPL Wikisource:NASA MER press briefings Finding Spirit: high resolution images of landing site (Mars Global Surveyor – Mars Orbiter Camera) JPL's site devoted to the efforts to free Spirit MER Analyst's Notebook, Interactive access to mission data and documentation Other links SpaceFlightNow Spaceflightnow.com, Status Page last updated May 2004 Marsbase.net, a site that tracks time on Mars.", "Microscopic images From orbit Maps See also References External links JPL, MSSS, and NASA links JPL's Mars Exploration Rover Mission home page (obsolete JPL Mars Exploration Rover home page) Spirit Mission Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration Planetary Photojournal, NASA JPL's Planetary Photojournal for Spirit NASA TV Special Events Schedule for MER News Briefings at JPL Mission Status updates from NASA JPL Wikisource:NASA MER press briefings Finding Spirit: high resolution images of landing site (Mars Global Surveyor – Mars Orbiter Camera) JPL's site devoted to the efforts to free Spirit MER Analyst's Notebook, Interactive access to mission data and documentation Other links SpaceFlightNow Spaceflightnow.com, Status Page last updated May 2004 Marsbase.net, a site that tracks time on Mars. MAESTRO – public version of rover simulation software (requires download, last update October 25, 2004) Cornell's rover site: Athena last update 2006 Finding Spirit: interactive Mars atlas based on Viking images: you can zoom in/out and pan images, to find your preferred site.", "MAESTRO – public version of rover simulation software (requires download, last update October 25, 2004) Cornell's rover site: Athena last update 2006 Finding Spirit: interactive Mars atlas based on Viking images: you can zoom in/out and pan images, to find your preferred site. Spirit approximate position is 14.82°S (= −14.82°N), 184.85°W (= 5.15°E) (not working as of June 4, 2008) Google map with Spirit landing site marked (AXCH) 2004 Mars Exploration Rovers Highlights – News, status, technical info, history, and more.", "Spirit approximate position is 14.82°S (= −14.82°N), 184.85°W (= 5.15°E) (not working as of June 4, 2008) Google map with Spirit landing site marked (AXCH) 2004 Mars Exploration Rovers Highlights – News, status, technical info, history, and more. New Scientist on Spirit Dust Devils , March 15, 2005 New Scientist on Spirit wheel status, April 3, 2006 Unmanned Spaceflight.com discussion on Spirit as of 2008-06-04 last updated 2008-06-04 Full-page, High-res spherical panorama of Spirit in the Columbia Hills, nasatech.net, Nov 23 to December 5, 2005 (long download, uses Java) Full-page, High-res spherical panorama of Spirit at the summit of Husband Hill, nasatech.net, Nov 23 to December 5, 2005 (long download, uses Java) XKCD cartoon on Spirit High-resolution video by Seán Doran that zooms in on Spirits final location Archive of MER progress reports by A.J.S.", "New Scientist on Spirit Dust Devils , March 15, 2005 New Scientist on Spirit wheel status, April 3, 2006 Unmanned Spaceflight.com discussion on Spirit as of 2008-06-04 last updated 2008-06-04 Full-page, High-res spherical panorama of Spirit in the Columbia Hills, nasatech.net, Nov 23 to December 5, 2005 (long download, uses Java) Full-page, High-res spherical panorama of Spirit at the summit of Husband Hill, nasatech.net, Nov 23 to December 5, 2005 (long download, uses Java) XKCD cartoon on Spirit High-resolution video by Seán Doran that zooms in on Spirits final location Archive of MER progress reports by A.J.S. Rayl at planetary.org Space probes launched in 2003 2003 robots Aeolis quadrangle Derelict landers (spacecraft) Missions to Mars Mars rovers Robots of the United States Six-wheeled robots Solar-powered robots Spacecraft launched by Delta II rockets Spacecraft decommissioned in 2011 Soft landings on Mars 2004 on Mars" ]

[ "Spirit (rover)", "Columbia Hills", "What is Columbia Hills?", "Spirit reached the first of many targets at the base of the Columbia Hills called West Spur.", "What happened after this?", "Hank's Hollow was studied for 23 sols.", "Why is this significant?", "it contains hematite. This kind of rock can be built in connection with water.", "What did the Spirit do?", "a detailed analysis with the AXPS-and the Mossbauer instrument", "Is there anything else significant about this time?", "the rover was shut down completely during the night in order to save energy,", "What was the result of this?", "The route was selected so that the rover's panels were tilted as much as possible towards the winter sun." ]

[ "Cambodia is one of the six founding members of the SEAP Games Federation, but did not compete in the inaugural edition.\n\nMedals by Games\n\n 1 – Competed as Khmer Republic.\n 2 – People's Republic of Kampuchea\nThis medal table is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.\n\nMedals by sport\n\nThis medal table is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.\n\nSee also\n All-time Southeast Asian Games medal table\n Lists of Southeast Asian Games medalists\n\nReferences", "\"Surrender\" is a 1993 single by Paul Haig, and his last single to appear on the Belgian independent label, Les Disques Du Crepuscule. It was released on 5\" CD in March 1993.\n\nThe single was culled from the then recent Coincidence vs Fate album. It is a cover of the Suicide song and was written by Martin Rev and Alan Vega.\n\nThe extra tracks on the CD were an instrumental, \"Coincidence vs Fate\", which curiously did not appear on the album (though is included as an extra track for the LTM 2003 reissue) and a re-working of an older Paul Haig single, \"Heaven Help You Now\", renamed \"Heaven Help You Now '93\". This version was remixed in New York City by Mantronik.\n\nTrack listing \n\n \"Surrender\"\n \"Heaven Help You Now '93\"\n \"Coincidence vs Fate\"\n\nReferences\n\n1993 singles\nSongs written by Alan Vega\n1987 songs\nSongs written by Martin Rev" ]

[ "Spirit, also known as MER-A (Mars Exploration Rover – A) or MER-2, is a Mars robotic rover, active from 2004 to 2010. Spirit was operational on Mars for sols or 3.3 Martian years ( days; ).", "Spirit was operational on Mars for sols or 3.3 Martian years ( days; ). It was one of two rovers of NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Mission managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).", "It was one of two rovers of NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Mission managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Spirit landed successfully within the impact crater Gusev on Mars at 04:35 Ground UTC on January 4, 2004, three weeks before its twin, Opportunity (MER-B), which landed on the other side of the planet.", "Spirit landed successfully within the impact crater Gusev on Mars at 04:35 Ground UTC on January 4, 2004, three weeks before its twin, Opportunity (MER-B), which landed on the other side of the planet. Its name was chosen through a NASA-sponsored student essay competition.", "Its name was chosen through a NASA-sponsored student essay competition. The rover got stuck in a \"sand trap\" in late 2009 at an angle that hampered recharging of its batteries; its last communication with Earth was on March 22, 2010. The rover completed its planned 90-sol mission (slightly less than 92.5 Earth days).", "The rover completed its planned 90-sol mission (slightly less than 92.5 Earth days). Aided by cleaning events that resulted in more energy from its solar panels, Spirit went on to function effectively over twenty times longer than NASA planners expected.", "Aided by cleaning events that resulted in more energy from its solar panels, Spirit went on to function effectively over twenty times longer than NASA planners expected. Spirit also logged of driving instead of the planned , allowing more extensive geological analysis of Martian rocks and planetary surface features.", "Spirit also logged of driving instead of the planned , allowing more extensive geological analysis of Martian rocks and planetary surface features. Initial scientific results from the first phase of the mission (the 90-sol prime mission) were published in a special issue of the journal Science.", "Initial scientific results from the first phase of the mission (the 90-sol prime mission) were published in a special issue of the journal Science. On May 1, 2009 (5 years, 3 months, 27 Earth days after landing; 21 times the planned mission duration), Spirit became stuck in soft sand.", "On May 1, 2009 (5 years, 3 months, 27 Earth days after landing; 21 times the planned mission duration), Spirit became stuck in soft sand. This was not the first of the mission's \"embedding events\" and for the following eight months NASA carefully analyzed the situation, running Earth-based theoretical and practical simulations, and finally programming the rover to make extrication drives in an attempt to free itself.", "This was not the first of the mission's \"embedding events\" and for the following eight months NASA carefully analyzed the situation, running Earth-based theoretical and practical simulations, and finally programming the rover to make extrication drives in an attempt to free itself. These efforts continued until January 26, 2010 when NASA officials announced that the rover was likely irrecoverably obstructed by its location in soft sand, though it continued to perform scientific research from its current location.", "These efforts continued until January 26, 2010 when NASA officials announced that the rover was likely irrecoverably obstructed by its location in soft sand, though it continued to perform scientific research from its current location. The rover continued in a stationary science platform role until communication with Spirit stopped on March 22, 2010 (sol ).", "The rover continued in a stationary science platform role until communication with Spirit stopped on March 22, 2010 (sol ). JPL continued to attempt to regain contact until May 24, 2011, when NASA announced that efforts to communicate with the unresponsive rover had ended, calling the mission complete.", "JPL continued to attempt to regain contact until May 24, 2011, when NASA announced that efforts to communicate with the unresponsive rover had ended, calling the mission complete. A formal farewell took place at NASA headquarters shortly thereafter. Mission overview The primary surface mission for Spirit was planned to last at least 90 sols.", "Mission overview The primary surface mission for Spirit was planned to last at least 90 sols. The mission received several extensions and lasted about 2,208 sols. On August 11, 2007, Spirit obtained the second longest operational duration on the surface of Mars for a lander or rover at 1282 Sols, one sol longer than the Viking 2 lander.", "On August 11, 2007, Spirit obtained the second longest operational duration on the surface of Mars for a lander or rover at 1282 Sols, one sol longer than the Viking 2 lander. Viking 2 was powered by a nuclear cell whereas Spirit is powered by solar arrays.", "Viking 2 was powered by a nuclear cell whereas Spirit is powered by solar arrays. Until Opportunity overtook it on May 19, 2010, the Mars probe with longest operational period was Viking 1 that lasted for 2245 Sols on the surface of Mars.", "Until Opportunity overtook it on May 19, 2010, the Mars probe with longest operational period was Viking 1 that lasted for 2245 Sols on the surface of Mars. On March 22, 2010, Spirit sent its last communication, thus falling just over a month short of surpassing Viking 1's operational record.", "On March 22, 2010, Spirit sent its last communication, thus falling just over a month short of surpassing Viking 1's operational record. An archive of weekly updates on the rover's status can be found at the Spirit Update Archive. Spirit's total odometry as of March 22, 2010 (sol 2210) is .", "Spirit's total odometry as of March 22, 2010 (sol 2210) is . Objectives The scientific objectives of the Mars Exploration Rover mission were to: Search for and characterize a variety of rocks and soils that hold clues to past water activity.", "Objectives The scientific objectives of the Mars Exploration Rover mission were to: Search for and characterize a variety of rocks and soils that hold clues to past water activity. In particular, samples sought will include those that have minerals deposited by water-related processes such as precipitation, evaporation, sedimentary cementation or hydrothermal activity.", "In particular, samples sought will include those that have minerals deposited by water-related processes such as precipitation, evaporation, sedimentary cementation or hydrothermal activity. Determine the distribution and composition of minerals, rocks, and soils surrounding the landing sites. Determine what geologic processes have shaped the local terrain and influenced the chemistry.", "Determine what geologic processes have shaped the local terrain and influenced the chemistry. Such processes could include water or wind erosion, sedimentation, hydrothermal mechanisms, volcanism, and cratering. Perform calibration and validation of surface observations made by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter instruments.", "Perform calibration and validation of surface observations made by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter instruments. This will help determine the accuracy and effectiveness of various instruments that survey Martian geology from orbit. Search for iron-containing minerals, identify and quantify relative amounts of specific mineral types that contain water or were formed in water, such as iron-bearing carbonates.", "Search for iron-containing minerals, identify and quantify relative amounts of specific mineral types that contain water or were formed in water, such as iron-bearing carbonates. Characterize the mineralogy and textures of rocks and soils and determine the processes that created them. Search for geological clues to the environmental conditions that existed when liquid water was present.", "Search for geological clues to the environmental conditions that existed when liquid water was present. Assess whether those environments were conducive to life. NASA sought evidence of life on Mars, beginning with the question of whether the Martian environment was ever suitable for life.", "NASA sought evidence of life on Mars, beginning with the question of whether the Martian environment was ever suitable for life. Life forms known to science require water, so the history of water on Mars is a critical piece of knowledge.", "Life forms known to science require water, so the history of water on Mars is a critical piece of knowledge. Although the Mars Exploration Rovers did not have the ability to detect life directly, they offered very important information on the habitability of the environment during the planet's history.", "Although the Mars Exploration Rovers did not have the ability to detect life directly, they offered very important information on the habitability of the environment during the planet's history. Design and construction Spirit (and its twin, Opportunity) are six-wheeled, solar-powered robots standing high, wide and long and weighing .", "Design and construction Spirit (and its twin, Opportunity) are six-wheeled, solar-powered robots standing high, wide and long and weighing . Six wheels on a rocker-bogie system enable mobility over rough terrain. Each wheel has its own motor.", "Each wheel has its own motor. The vehicle is steered at front and rear and is designed to operate safely at tilts of up to 30 degrees. Maximum speed is ; , although average speed is about .", "Maximum speed is ; , although average speed is about . Both Spirit and Opportunity have pieces of the fallen World Trade Center's metal on them that were \"turned into shields to protect cables on the drilling mechanisms\".", "Both Spirit and Opportunity have pieces of the fallen World Trade Center's metal on them that were \"turned into shields to protect cables on the drilling mechanisms\". Solar arrays generate about 140 watts for up to four hours per Martian day (sol) while rechargeable lithium ion batteries store energy for use at night.", "Solar arrays generate about 140 watts for up to four hours per Martian day (sol) while rechargeable lithium ion batteries store energy for use at night. Spirit's onboard computer uses a 20 MHz RAD6000 CPU with 128 MB of DRAM, 3 MB of EEPROM, and 256 MB of flash memory.", "Spirit's onboard computer uses a 20 MHz RAD6000 CPU with 128 MB of DRAM, 3 MB of EEPROM, and 256 MB of flash memory. The rover's operating temperature ranges from and radioisotope heater units provide a base level of heating, assisted by electrical heaters when necessary.", "The rover's operating temperature ranges from and radioisotope heater units provide a base level of heating, assisted by electrical heaters when necessary. A gold film and a layer of silica aerogel provide insulation. Communications depends on an omnidirectional low-gain antenna communicating at a low data rate and a steerable high-gain antenna, both in direct contact with Earth.", "Communications depends on an omnidirectional low-gain antenna communicating at a low data rate and a steerable high-gain antenna, both in direct contact with Earth. A low gain antenna is also used to relay data to spacecraft orbiting Mars.", "A low gain antenna is also used to relay data to spacecraft orbiting Mars. Science payload The science instruments include: Panoramic Camera (Pancam) – examines the texture, color, mineralogy, and structure of the local terrain.", "Science payload The science instruments include: Panoramic Camera (Pancam) – examines the texture, color, mineralogy, and structure of the local terrain. Navigation Camera (Navcam) – monochrome with a higher field of view but lower resolution, for navigation and driving.", "Navigation Camera (Navcam) – monochrome with a higher field of view but lower resolution, for navigation and driving. Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) – identifies promising rocks and soils for closer examination, and determines the processes that formed them.", "Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) – identifies promising rocks and soils for closer examination, and determines the processes that formed them. Hazcams, two B&W cameras with 120 degree field of view, that provide additional data about the rover's surroundings.", "Hazcams, two B&W cameras with 120 degree field of view, that provide additional data about the rover's surroundings. The rover arm holds the following instruments: Mössbauer spectrometer (MB) MIMOS II – used for close-up investigations of the mineralogy of iron-bearing rocks and soils.", "The rover arm holds the following instruments: Mössbauer spectrometer (MB) MIMOS II – used for close-up investigations of the mineralogy of iron-bearing rocks and soils. Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer (APXS) – close-up analysis of the abundances of elements that make up rocks and soils. Magnets – for collecting magnetic dust particles.", "Magnets – for collecting magnetic dust particles. Microscopic Imager (MI) – obtains close-up, high-resolution images of rocks and soils. Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) – exposes fresh material for examination by instruments on board.", "Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) – exposes fresh material for examination by instruments on board. Mission timeline 2004 The Spirit Mars rover landed successfully on the surface of Mars on 04:35 Ground UTC on January 4, 2004.", "Mission timeline 2004 The Spirit Mars rover landed successfully on the surface of Mars on 04:35 Ground UTC on January 4, 2004. This was the start of its 90-sol mission, but solar cell cleaning events would mean it was the start of a much longer mission, lasting until 2010.", "This was the start of its 90-sol mission, but solar cell cleaning events would mean it was the start of a much longer mission, lasting until 2010. Landing site: Columbia Memorial Station Spirit was targeted to a site that appears to have been affected by liquid water in the past, the crater Gusev, a possible former lake in a giant impact crater about from the center of the target ellipse at .", "Landing site: Columbia Memorial Station Spirit was targeted to a site that appears to have been affected by liquid water in the past, the crater Gusev, a possible former lake in a giant impact crater about from the center of the target ellipse at . After the airbag-protected landing craft settled onto the surface, the rover rolled out to take panoramic images.", "After the airbag-protected landing craft settled onto the surface, the rover rolled out to take panoramic images. These give scientists the information they need to select promising geological targets and drive to those locations to perform on-site scientific investigations.", "These give scientists the information they need to select promising geological targets and drive to those locations to perform on-site scientific investigations. The panoramic image below shows a slightly rolling surface, littered with small rocks, with hills on the horizon up to away.", "The panoramic image below shows a slightly rolling surface, littered with small rocks, with hills on the horizon up to away. The MER team named the landing site \"Columbia Memorial Station,\" in honor of the seven astronauts killed in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.", "The MER team named the landing site \"Columbia Memorial Station,\" in honor of the seven astronauts killed in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. \"Sleepy Hollow,\" a shallow depression in the Mars ground at the right side of the above picture, was targeted as an early destination when the rover drove off its lander platform.", "\"Sleepy Hollow,\" a shallow depression in the Mars ground at the right side of the above picture, was targeted as an early destination when the rover drove off its lander platform. NASA scientists were very interested in this crater. It is across and about north of the lander.", "It is across and about north of the lander. First color image To the right is the first color image derived from images taken by the panoramic camera on the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit. It was the highest resolution image taken on the surface of another planet.", "It was the highest resolution image taken on the surface of another planet. According to the camera designer Jim Bell of Cornell University, the panoramic mosaic consists of four pancam images high by three wide. The picture shown originally had a full size of 4,000 by 3,000 pixels.", "The picture shown originally had a full size of 4,000 by 3,000 pixels. However, a complete pancam panorama is even 8 times larger than that, and could be taken in stereo (i.e., two complete pictures, making the resolution twice as large again.) The colors are fairly accurate.", "The colors are fairly accurate. The colors are fairly accurate. (For a technical explanation, see colors outside the range of the human eye.) The MER pancams are black-and-white instruments. Thirteen rotating filter wheels produce multiple images of the same scene at different wavelengths.", "Thirteen rotating filter wheels produce multiple images of the same scene at different wavelengths. Once received on Earth, these images can be combined to produce color images. Sol flash memory management anomaly On January 21, 2004 (sol ), Spirit abruptly ceased communicating with mission control.", "Sol flash memory management anomaly On January 21, 2004 (sol ), Spirit abruptly ceased communicating with mission control. The next day the rover radioed a 7.8 bit/s beep, confirming that it had received a transmission from Earth but indicating that the craft believed it was in a fault mode. Commands would only be responded to intermittently.", "Commands would only be responded to intermittently. This was described as a very serious anomaly, but potentially recoverable if it were a software or memory corruption issue rather than a serious hardware failure.", "This was described as a very serious anomaly, but potentially recoverable if it were a software or memory corruption issue rather than a serious hardware failure. Spirit was commanded to transmit engineering data, and on January 23 sent several short low-bitrate messages before finally transmitting 73 megabits via X band to Mars Odyssey.", "Spirit was commanded to transmit engineering data, and on January 23 sent several short low-bitrate messages before finally transmitting 73 megabits via X band to Mars Odyssey. The readings from the engineering data suggested that the rover was not staying in sleep mode.", "The readings from the engineering data suggested that the rover was not staying in sleep mode. As such, it was wasting its battery energy and overheating – risk factors that could potentially destroy the rover if not fixed soon.", "As such, it was wasting its battery energy and overheating – risk factors that could potentially destroy the rover if not fixed soon. On sol 20, the command team sent it the command SHUTDWN_DMT_TIL (\"Shutdown Dammit Until\") to try to cause it to suspend itself until a given time. It seemingly ignored the command.", "It seemingly ignored the command. It seemingly ignored the command. The leading theory at the time was that the rover was stuck in a \"reboot loop\". The rover was programmed to reboot if there was a fault aboard. However, if there was a fault that occurred during reboot, it would continue to reboot forever.", "However, if there was a fault that occurred during reboot, it would continue to reboot forever. The fact that the problem persisted through reboot suggested that the error was not in RAM, but in either the flash memory, the EEPROM, or a hardware fault. The last case would likely doom the rover.", "The last case would likely doom the rover. Anticipating the potential for errors in the flash memory and EEPROM, the designers had made it so that the rover could be booted without ever touching the flash memory. The radio itself could decode a limited command set – enough to tell the rover to reboot without using flash.", "The radio itself could decode a limited command set – enough to tell the rover to reboot without using flash. Without access to flash memory the reboot cycle was broken. On January 24, 2004 (sol ) the rover repair team announced that the problem was with Spirits flash memory and the software that wrote to it.", "On January 24, 2004 (sol ) the rover repair team announced that the problem was with Spirits flash memory and the software that wrote to it. The flash hardware was believed to be working correctly but the file management module in the software was \"not robust enough\" for the operations the Spirit was engaged in when the problem occurred, indicating that the problem was caused by a software bug as opposed to faulty hardware.", "The flash hardware was believed to be working correctly but the file management module in the software was \"not robust enough\" for the operations the Spirit was engaged in when the problem occurred, indicating that the problem was caused by a software bug as opposed to faulty hardware. NASA engineers finally came to the conclusion that there were too many files on the file system, which was a relatively minor problem.", "NASA engineers finally came to the conclusion that there were too many files on the file system, which was a relatively minor problem. Most of these files contained unneeded in-flight data. After realizing what the problem was, the engineers deleted some files, and eventually reformatted the entire flash memory system.", "After realizing what the problem was, the engineers deleted some files, and eventually reformatted the entire flash memory system. On February 6 (sol ), the rover was restored to its original working condition, and science activities resumed.", "On February 6 (sol ), the rover was restored to its original working condition, and science activities resumed. First intentional grinding of a rock on Mars For the first intentional grinding of a rock on Mars, the Spirit team chose a rock called \"Adirondack\".", "First intentional grinding of a rock on Mars For the first intentional grinding of a rock on Mars, the Spirit team chose a rock called \"Adirondack\". To make the drive there, the rover turned 40 degrees in short arcs totaling . It then turned in place to face the target rock and drove four short moves straightforward totaling .", "It then turned in place to face the target rock and drove four short moves straightforward totaling . Adirondack was chosen over another rock called \"Sashimi\", which was closer to the rover, as Adirondack's surface was smoother, making it more suitable for the Rock Abrasion Tool (aka \"RAT\").", "Adirondack was chosen over another rock called \"Sashimi\", which was closer to the rover, as Adirondack's surface was smoother, making it more suitable for the Rock Abrasion Tool (aka \"RAT\"). Spirit made a small depression in the rock, in diameter and deep.", "Spirit made a small depression in the rock, in diameter and deep. Examination of the freshly exposed interior with the rover's microscopic imager and other instruments confirmed that the rock is volcanic basalt.", "Examination of the freshly exposed interior with the rover's microscopic imager and other instruments confirmed that the rock is volcanic basalt. Humphrey rock On March 5, 2004, NASA announced that Spirit had found hints of water history on Mars in a rock dubbed \"Humphrey\".", "Humphrey rock On March 5, 2004, NASA announced that Spirit had found hints of water history on Mars in a rock dubbed \"Humphrey\". Raymond Arvidson, the McDonnell University Professor and chair of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis, reported during a NASA press conference: \"If we found this rock on Earth, we would say it is a volcanic rock that had a little fluid moving through it.\"", "Raymond Arvidson, the McDonnell University Professor and chair of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis, reported during a NASA press conference: \"If we found this rock on Earth, we would say it is a volcanic rock that had a little fluid moving through it.\" In contrast to the rocks found by the twin rover Opportunity, this one was formed from magma and then acquired bright material in small crevices, which look like crystallized minerals.", "In contrast to the rocks found by the twin rover Opportunity, this one was formed from magma and then acquired bright material in small crevices, which look like crystallized minerals. If this interpretation holds true, the minerals were most likely dissolved in water, which was either carried inside the rock or interacted with it at a later stage, after it formed.", "If this interpretation holds true, the minerals were most likely dissolved in water, which was either carried inside the rock or interacted with it at a later stage, after it formed. Bonneville crater On sol March 11, 2004, Spirit reached Bonneville crater after a journey.", "Bonneville crater On sol March 11, 2004, Spirit reached Bonneville crater after a journey. This crater is about across with a floor about below the surface. JPL decided that it would be a bad idea to send the rover down into the crater, as they saw no targets of interest inside.", "JPL decided that it would be a bad idea to send the rover down into the crater, as they saw no targets of interest inside. Spirit drove along the southern rim and continued to the southwest towards the Columbia Hills. Spirit reached Missoula crater on sol 105. The crater is roughly across and deep.", "The crater is roughly across and deep. Missoula crater was not considered a high priority target due to the older rocks it contained. The rover skirted the northern rim, and continued to the southeast. It then reached Lahontan crater on sol 118, and drove along the rim until sol 120. Lahontan is about across and about deep.", "Lahontan is about across and about deep. A long, snaking sand dune stretches away from its southwestern side, and Spirit went around it, because loose sand dunes present an unknown risk to the ability of the rover wheels to get traction. Columbia Hills Spirit drove from Bonneville crater in a direct line to the Columbia Hills.", "Columbia Hills Spirit drove from Bonneville crater in a direct line to the Columbia Hills. The route was only directly controlled by the engineers when the terrain was difficult to navigate; otherwise, the rover drove in an autonomous mode.", "The route was only directly controlled by the engineers when the terrain was difficult to navigate; otherwise, the rover drove in an autonomous mode. On sol 159, Spirit reached the first of many targets at the base of the Columbia Hills called West Spur. Hank's Hollow was studied for 23 sols.", "Hank's Hollow was studied for 23 sols. Within Hank's Hollow was the strange-looking rock dubbed \"Pot of Gold\". Analysing this rock was difficult for Spirit, because it lay in a slippery area. After a detailed analysis with the AXPS-and the Mößbauer instrument it was detected that it contains hematite.", "After a detailed analysis with the AXPS-and the Mößbauer instrument it was detected that it contains hematite. This kind of rock can be built in connection with water. As the produced energy from the solar panels was lowering due to the setting Sun and dust the Deep Sleep Mode was introduced.", "As the produced energy from the solar panels was lowering due to the setting Sun and dust the Deep Sleep Mode was introduced. In this mode the rover was shut down completely during the night in order to save energy, even if the instruments would fail.", "In this mode the rover was shut down completely during the night in order to save energy, even if the instruments would fail. The route was selected so that the rover's panels were tilted as much as possible towards the winter sunlight.", "The route was selected so that the rover's panels were tilted as much as possible towards the winter sunlight. From here, Spirit took a northerly path along the base of the hill towards the target Wooly Patch, which was studied from sol 192 to sol 199.", "From here, Spirit took a northerly path along the base of the hill towards the target Wooly Patch, which was studied from sol 192 to sol 199. By sol 203, Spirit had driven southward up the hill and arrived at the rock dubbed \"Clovis\". Clovis was ground and analyzed from sol 210 to sol 225.", "Clovis was ground and analyzed from sol 210 to sol 225. Following Clovis came the targets of Ebenezer (Sols 226–235), Tetl (sol 270), Uchben and Palinque (Sols 281–295), and Lutefisk (Sols 296–303).", "Following Clovis came the targets of Ebenezer (Sols 226–235), Tetl (sol 270), Uchben and Palinque (Sols 281–295), and Lutefisk (Sols 296–303). From Sols 239 to 262, Spirit powered down for solar conjunction, when communications with the Earth are blocked.", "From Sols 239 to 262, Spirit powered down for solar conjunction, when communications with the Earth are blocked. Slowly, Spirit made its way around the summit of Husband Hill, and at sol 344 was ready to climb over the newly designated \"Cumberland Ridge\" and into \"Larry's Lookout\" and \"Tennessee Valley\".", "Slowly, Spirit made its way around the summit of Husband Hill, and at sol 344 was ready to climb over the newly designated \"Cumberland Ridge\" and into \"Larry's Lookout\" and \"Tennessee Valley\". Spirit also did some communication tests with the ESA orbiter Mars Express though most of the communication was usually done with the NASA orbiters Mars Odyssey and Mars Global Surveyor.", "Spirit also did some communication tests with the ESA orbiter Mars Express though most of the communication was usually done with the NASA orbiters Mars Odyssey and Mars Global Surveyor. 2005 Driving up to Husband Hill Spirit had now been on Mars for one Earth year and was driving slowly uphill towards the top of Husband Hill.", "2005 Driving up to Husband Hill Spirit had now been on Mars for one Earth year and was driving slowly uphill towards the top of Husband Hill. This was difficult because there were many rocky obstacles and sandy parts. This led frequently to slippage and the route could not be driven as planned.", "This led frequently to slippage and the route could not be driven as planned. In February, Spirits computer received a software update in order to drive more autonomously. On sol 371, Spirit arrived at a rock named \"Peace\" near the top of Cumberland Ridge. Spirit ground Peace with the RAT on sol 373.", "Spirit ground Peace with the RAT on sol 373. By sol 390 (mid-February 2005), Spirit was advancing towards \"Larry's Lookout\", by driving up the hill in reverse. The scientists at this time were trying to conserve as much energy as possible for the climb.", "The scientists at this time were trying to conserve as much energy as possible for the climb. Spirit also investigated some targets along the way, including the soil target, \"Paso Robles\", which contained the highest amount of salt found on the red planet.", "Spirit also investigated some targets along the way, including the soil target, \"Paso Robles\", which contained the highest amount of salt found on the red planet. The soil also contained a high amount of phosphorus in its composition, however not nearly as high as another rock sampled by Spirit, \"Wishstone\".", "The soil also contained a high amount of phosphorus in its composition, however not nearly as high as another rock sampled by Spirit, \"Wishstone\". One of the scientists working with Spirit, Dr. Steve Squyres, said of the discovery, \"We're still trying to work out what this means, but clearly, with this much salt around, water had a hand here\".", "One of the scientists working with Spirit, Dr. Steve Squyres, said of the discovery, \"We're still trying to work out what this means, but clearly, with this much salt around, water had a hand here\". Dust devils On March 9, 2005 (probably during the Martian night), the rover's solar panel efficiency jumped from the original ~60% to 93%, followed on March 10, by the sighting of dust devils.", "Dust devils On March 9, 2005 (probably during the Martian night), the rover's solar panel efficiency jumped from the original ~60% to 93%, followed on March 10, by the sighting of dust devils. NASA scientists speculate a dust devil must have swept the solar panels clean, possibly significantly extending the duration of the mission.", "NASA scientists speculate a dust devil must have swept the solar panels clean, possibly significantly extending the duration of the mission. This also marks the first time dust devils had been spotted by Spirit or Opportunity, and is easily one of the top highlights of the mission to date.", "This also marks the first time dust devils had been spotted by Spirit or Opportunity, and is easily one of the top highlights of the mission to date. Dust devils had previously only been photographed by the Pathfinder probe.", "Dust devils had previously only been photographed by the Pathfinder probe. Mission members monitoring Spirit on Mars reported on March 12, 2005 (sol ), that a lucky encounter with a dust devil had cleaned the robot's solar panels. Energy levels dramatically increased and daily science work was anticipated to be expanded.", "Energy levels dramatically increased and daily science work was anticipated to be expanded. Husband Hill summit As of August Spirit was only away from the top. Here it was found that Husband Hill has two summits, with one a little higher than the other. On August 21 (sol ), Spirit reached the real summit of Husband Hill.", "On August 21 (sol ), Spirit reached the real summit of Husband Hill. The rover was the first spacecraft to climb atop a mountain on another planet. The whole distance driven totaled 4971 meters. The summit itself was flat. Spirit took a 360 degree panorama in real color, which included the whole Gusev crater.", "Spirit took a 360 degree panorama in real color, which included the whole Gusev crater. At night the rover observed the moons Phobos and Deimos in order to determine their orbits better.", "At night the rover observed the moons Phobos and Deimos in order to determine their orbits better. On sol 656 Spirit surveyed the Mars sky and the opacity of the atmosphere with its pancam to make a coordinated science campaign with the Hubble Space Telescope in Earth orbit.", "On sol 656 Spirit surveyed the Mars sky and the opacity of the atmosphere with its pancam to make a coordinated science campaign with the Hubble Space Telescope in Earth orbit. From the peak Spirit spotted a striking formation, which was dubbed \"Home Plate\".", "From the peak Spirit spotted a striking formation, which was dubbed \"Home Plate\". This was an interesting target, but Spirit would be driven later to the McCool Hill to tilt its solar panels towards the Sun in the coming winter. At the end of October the rover was driven downhill and to Home Plate.", "At the end of October the rover was driven downhill and to Home Plate. On the way down Spirit reached the rock formation named \"Comanche\" on sol 690. Scientists used data from all three spectrometers to find out that about one-fourth of the composition of Comanche is magnesium iron carbonate.", "Scientists used data from all three spectrometers to find out that about one-fourth of the composition of Comanche is magnesium iron carbonate. That concentration is 10 times higher than for any previously identified carbonate in a Martian rock. Carbonates originate in wet, near-neutral conditions but dissolve in acid.", "Carbonates originate in wet, near-neutral conditions but dissolve in acid. The find at Comanche is the first unambiguous evidence from the Mars Exploration Mission rovers for a past Martian environment that may have been more favorable to life than the wet but acidic conditions indicated by the rovers' earlier finds.", "The find at Comanche is the first unambiguous evidence from the Mars Exploration Mission rovers for a past Martian environment that may have been more favorable to life than the wet but acidic conditions indicated by the rovers' earlier finds. 2006 Driving to McCool Hill In 2006 Spirit drove towards an area dubbed Home Plate, and reached it in February.", "2006 Driving to McCool Hill In 2006 Spirit drove towards an area dubbed Home Plate, and reached it in February. For events in 2006 by NASA see NASA Spirit Archive 2006 Spirit's next stop was originally planned to be the north face of McCool Hill, where Spirit would receive adequate sunlight during the Martian winter.", "For events in 2006 by NASA see NASA Spirit Archive 2006 Spirit's next stop was originally planned to be the north face of McCool Hill, where Spirit would receive adequate sunlight during the Martian winter. On March 16, 2006 JPL announced that Spirit's troublesome front wheel had stopped working altogether.", "On March 16, 2006 JPL announced that Spirit's troublesome front wheel had stopped working altogether. Despite this, Spirit was still making progress toward McCool Hill because the control team programmed the rover to drive toward McCool Hill backwards, dragging its broken wheel.", "Despite this, Spirit was still making progress toward McCool Hill because the control team programmed the rover to drive toward McCool Hill backwards, dragging its broken wheel. In late March, Spirit encountered loose soil that was impeding its progress toward McCool Hill.", "In late March, Spirit encountered loose soil that was impeding its progress toward McCool Hill. A decision was made to terminate attempts to reach McCool Hill and instead park on a nearby ridge named Low Ridge Haven.", "A decision was made to terminate attempts to reach McCool Hill and instead park on a nearby ridge named Low Ridge Haven. Spirit arrived at the north west corner of Home Plate, a raised and layered outcrop on sol 744 (February 2006) after an effort to maximize driving. Scientific observations were conducted with Spirit's robotic arm.", "Scientific observations were conducted with Spirit's robotic arm. Low Ridge Haven Reaching the ridge on April 9, 2006 and parking on the ridge with an 11° incline to the north, Spirit spent the next eight months on the ridge, spending that time undertaking observations of changes in the surrounding area.", "Low Ridge Haven Reaching the ridge on April 9, 2006 and parking on the ridge with an 11° incline to the north, Spirit spent the next eight months on the ridge, spending that time undertaking observations of changes in the surrounding area. No drives were attempted because of the low energy levels the rover was experiencing during the Martian winter.", "No drives were attempted because of the low energy levels the rover was experiencing during the Martian winter. The rover made its first drive, a short turn to position targets of interest within reach of the robotic arm, in early November 2006, following the shortest days of winter and solar conjunction when communications with Earth were severely limited.", "The rover made its first drive, a short turn to position targets of interest within reach of the robotic arm, in early November 2006, following the shortest days of winter and solar conjunction when communications with Earth were severely limited. While at Low Ridge, Spirit imaged two rocks of similar chemical nature to that of Opportunitys Heat Shield Rock, a meteorite on the surface of Mars.", "While at Low Ridge, Spirit imaged two rocks of similar chemical nature to that of Opportunitys Heat Shield Rock, a meteorite on the surface of Mars. Named \"Zhong Shan\" for Sun Yat-sen and \"Allan Hills\" for the location in Antarctica where several Martian meteorites have been found, they stood out against the background rocks that were darker.", "Named \"Zhong Shan\" for Sun Yat-sen and \"Allan Hills\" for the location in Antarctica where several Martian meteorites have been found, they stood out against the background rocks that were darker. Further spectrographic testing is being done to determine the exact composition of these rocks, which may turn out to also be meteorites.", "Further spectrographic testing is being done to determine the exact composition of these rocks, which may turn out to also be meteorites. 2007 Software upgrade On January 4, 2007 (sol ), both rovers received new flight software to the onboard computers. The update was received just in time for the third anniversary of their landing.", "The update was received just in time for the third anniversary of their landing. The new systems let the rovers decide whether or not to transmit an image, and whether or not to extend their arms to examine rocks, which would save much time for scientists as they would not have to sift through hundreds of images to find the one they want, or examine the surroundings to decide to extend the arms and examine the rocks.", "The new systems let the rovers decide whether or not to transmit an image, and whether or not to extend their arms to examine rocks, which would save much time for scientists as they would not have to sift through hundreds of images to find the one they want, or examine the surroundings to decide to extend the arms and examine the rocks. Silica Valley Spirit'''s dead wheel turned out to have a silver lining.", "Silica Valley Spirit'''s dead wheel turned out to have a silver lining. As it was traveling in March 2007, pulling the dead wheel behind, the wheel scraped off the upper layer of the Martian soil, uncovering a patch of ground that scientists say shows evidence of a past environment that would have been perfect for microbial life.", "As it was traveling in March 2007, pulling the dead wheel behind, the wheel scraped off the upper layer of the Martian soil, uncovering a patch of ground that scientists say shows evidence of a past environment that would have been perfect for microbial life. It is similar to areas on Earth where water or steam from hot springs came into contact with volcanic rocks.", "It is similar to areas on Earth where water or steam from hot springs came into contact with volcanic rocks. On Earth, these are locations that tend to teem with bacteria, said rover chief scientist Steve Squyres. \"We're really excited about this,\" he told a meeting of the American Geophysical Union (AGU).", "\"We're really excited about this,\" he told a meeting of the American Geophysical Union (AGU). The area is extremely rich in silica–the main ingredient of window glass. The researchers have now concluded that the bright material must have been produced in one of two ways.", "The researchers have now concluded that the bright material must have been produced in one of two ways. One: hot-spring deposits produced when water dissolved silica at one location and then carried it to another (i.e. a geyser). Two: acidic steam rising through cracks in rocks stripped them of their mineral components, leaving silica behind.", "Two: acidic steam rising through cracks in rocks stripped them of their mineral components, leaving silica behind. \"The important thing is that whether it is one hypothesis or the other, the implications for the former habitability of Mars are pretty much the same,\" Squyres explained to BBC News.", "\"The important thing is that whether it is one hypothesis or the other, the implications for the former habitability of Mars are pretty much the same,\" Squyres explained to BBC News. Hot water provides an environment in which microbes can thrive and the precipitation of that silica entombs and preserves them.", "Hot water provides an environment in which microbes can thrive and the precipitation of that silica entombs and preserves them. Squyres added, \"You can go to hot springs and you can go to fumaroles and at either place on Earth it is teeming with life – microbial life.\"", "Squyres added, \"You can go to hot springs and you can go to fumaroles and at either place on Earth it is teeming with life – microbial life.\" Global dust storm and Home Plate During 2007, Spirit spent several months near the base of the Home Plate plateau.", "Global dust storm and Home Plate During 2007, Spirit spent several months near the base of the Home Plate plateau. On sol 1306 Spirit climbed onto the eastern edge of the plateau. In September and October it examined rocks and soils at several locations on the southern half of the plateau.", "In September and October it examined rocks and soils at several locations on the southern half of the plateau. On November 6, Spirit had reached the western edge of Home Plate, and started taking pictures for a panoramic overview of the western valley, with Grissom Hill and Husband Hill visible.", "On November 6, Spirit had reached the western edge of Home Plate, and started taking pictures for a panoramic overview of the western valley, with Grissom Hill and Husband Hill visible. The panorama image was published on NASA's website on January 3, 2008 to little attention, until January 23, when an independent website published a magnified detail of the image that showed a rock feature a few centimeters high resembling a humanoid figure seen from the side with its right arm partially raised.", "The panorama image was published on NASA's website on January 3, 2008 to little attention, until January 23, when an independent website published a magnified detail of the image that showed a rock feature a few centimeters high resembling a humanoid figure seen from the side with its right arm partially raised. [[File:Mars Spirit rover's solar panels covered with Dust - October 2007.jpg|thumb|right|Circular projection showing Spirits solar panels covered in dust – October 2007]] Towards the end of June 2007, a series of dust storms began clouding the Martian atmosphere with dust.", "[[File:Mars Spirit rover's solar panels covered with Dust - October 2007.jpg|thumb|right|Circular projection showing Spirits solar panels covered in dust – October 2007]] Towards the end of June 2007, a series of dust storms began clouding the Martian atmosphere with dust. The storms intensified and by July 20, both Spirit and Opportunity were facing the real possibility of system failure due to lack of energy.", "The storms intensified and by July 20, both Spirit and Opportunity were facing the real possibility of system failure due to lack of energy. NASA released a statement to the press that said (in part) \"We're rooting for our rovers to survive these storms, but they were never designed for conditions this intense\".", "NASA released a statement to the press that said (in part) \"We're rooting for our rovers to survive these storms, but they were never designed for conditions this intense\". The key problem caused by the dust storms was a dramatic reduction in solar energy caused by there being so much dust in the atmosphere that it was blocking 99 percent of direct sunlight to Opportunity, and slightly more to Spirit.", "The key problem caused by the dust storms was a dramatic reduction in solar energy caused by there being so much dust in the atmosphere that it was blocking 99 percent of direct sunlight to Opportunity, and slightly more to Spirit. Normally the solar arrays on the rovers are able to generate up to of energy per Martian day.", "Normally the solar arrays on the rovers are able to generate up to of energy per Martian day. After the storms, the amount of energy generated was greatly reduced to . If the rovers generate less than per day they must start draining their batteries to run survival heaters.", "If the rovers generate less than per day they must start draining their batteries to run survival heaters. If the batteries run dry, key electrical elements are likely to fail due to the intense cold. Both rovers were put into the lowest-power setting in order to wait out the storms.", "Both rovers were put into the lowest-power setting in order to wait out the storms. In early August the storms began to clear slightly, allowing the rovers to successfully charge their batteries. They were kept in hibernation in order to wait out the remainder of the storm. 2008 Hibernating The main concern was the energy level for Spirit.", "2008 Hibernating The main concern was the energy level for Spirit. To increase the amount of light hitting the solar panels, the rover was parked in the northern part of Home Plate on as steep a slope as possible.", "To increase the amount of light hitting the solar panels, the rover was parked in the northern part of Home Plate on as steep a slope as possible. It was expected that the level of dust cover on the solar panels would increase by 70 percent and that a slope of 30 degrees would be necessary to survive the winter.", "It was expected that the level of dust cover on the solar panels would increase by 70 percent and that a slope of 30 degrees would be necessary to survive the winter. In February, a tilt of 29.9 degrees was achieved. Extra energy was available at times, and a high definition panorama named Bonestell was produced.", "Extra energy was available at times, and a high definition panorama named Bonestell was produced. At other times when there was only enough solar energy to recharge the batteries, communication with Earth was minimized and all unnecessary instruments were switched off. At winter solstice the energy production declined to 235 watt hours per sol.", "At winter solstice the energy production declined to 235 watt hours per sol. Winter dust storm On November 10, 2008, a large dust storm further reduced the output of the solar panels to per day—a critically low level.", "Winter dust storm On November 10, 2008, a large dust storm further reduced the output of the solar panels to per day—a critically low level. NASA officials were hopeful that Spirit would survive the storm, and that the energy level would rise once the storm had passed and the skies started clearing.", "NASA officials were hopeful that Spirit would survive the storm, and that the energy level would rise once the storm had passed and the skies started clearing. They attempted to conserve energy by shutting down systems for extended periods of time, including the heaters. On November 13, 2008 the rover awoke and communicated with mission control as scheduled.", "On November 13, 2008 the rover awoke and communicated with mission control as scheduled. From November 14, 2008 to November 20, 2008 (sols to ), Spirit averaged per day. The heaters for the thermal emission spectrometer, which used about per day, were disabled on November 11, 2008.", "The heaters for the thermal emission spectrometer, which used about per day, were disabled on November 11, 2008. Tests on the thermal emission spectrometer indicate that it was undamaged, and the heaters would be enabled with sufficient energy.", "Tests on the thermal emission spectrometer indicate that it was undamaged, and the heaters would be enabled with sufficient energy. The solar conjunction, where the Sun is between Earth and Mars, started on November 29, 2008 and communication with the rovers was not possible until December 13, 2008.", "The solar conjunction, where the Sun is between Earth and Mars, started on November 29, 2008 and communication with the rovers was not possible until December 13, 2008. 2009 Increased energy On February 6, 2009, a beneficial wind blew off some of the dust accumulated on the panels.", "2009 Increased energy On February 6, 2009, a beneficial wind blew off some of the dust accumulated on the panels. This led to an increase in energy output to per day. NASA officials stated that this increase in energy was to be used predominantly for driving.", "NASA officials stated that this increase in energy was to be used predominantly for driving. On April 18, 2009 (sol ) and April 28, 2009 (sol ) energy output of the solar arrays were increased by cleaning events.", "On April 18, 2009 (sol ) and April 28, 2009 (sol ) energy output of the solar arrays were increased by cleaning events. The energy output of Spirit's solar arrays climbed from per day on March 31, 2009 to per day on April 29, 2009.", "The energy output of Spirit's solar arrays climbed from per day on March 31, 2009 to per day on April 29, 2009. Sand trap [[File:Spirit Sandbox Setup.jpg|thumb|right|Engineers attempt to replicate conditions in the laboratory of Spirits entrapment on a rock and in fluffy material churned by the rover's left-front wheel.]]", "Sand trap [[File:Spirit Sandbox Setup.jpg|thumb|right|Engineers attempt to replicate conditions in the laboratory of Spirits entrapment on a rock and in fluffy material churned by the rover's left-front wheel.]] On May 1, 2009 (sol ), the rover became stuck in soft sand, the machine resting upon a cache of iron(III) sulfate (jarosite) hidden under a veneer of normal-looking soil.", "On May 1, 2009 (sol ), the rover became stuck in soft sand, the machine resting upon a cache of iron(III) sulfate (jarosite) hidden under a veneer of normal-looking soil. Iron sulfate has very little cohesion, making it difficult for the rover's wheels to gain traction.", "Iron sulfate has very little cohesion, making it difficult for the rover's wheels to gain traction. JPL team members simulated the situation by means of a rover mock-up and computer models in an attempt to get the rover back on track.", "JPL team members simulated the situation by means of a rover mock-up and computer models in an attempt to get the rover back on track. To reproduce the same soil mechanical conditions on Earth as those prevailing on Mars under low gravity and under very weak atmospheric pressure, tests with a lighter version of a mock-up of Spirit were conducted at JPL in a special sandbox to attempt to simulate the cohesion behavior of poorly consolidated soils under low gravity.", "To reproduce the same soil mechanical conditions on Earth as those prevailing on Mars under low gravity and under very weak atmospheric pressure, tests with a lighter version of a mock-up of Spirit were conducted at JPL in a special sandbox to attempt to simulate the cohesion behavior of poorly consolidated soils under low gravity. Preliminary extrication drives began on November 17, 2009.", "Preliminary extrication drives began on November 17, 2009. On December 17, 2009 (sol ), the right-front wheel suddenly began to operate normally for the first three out of four rotations attempts. It was unknown what effect it would have on freeing the rover if the wheel became fully operational again.", "It was unknown what effect it would have on freeing the rover if the wheel became fully operational again. The right rear wheel had also stalled on November 28 (sol ) and remained inoperable for the remainder of the mission. This left the rover with only four fully operational wheels.", "This left the rover with only four fully operational wheels. If the team could not gain movement and adjust the tilt of the solar panels, or gain a beneficial wind to clean the panels, the rover would only be able to sustain operations until May 2010.", "If the team could not gain movement and adjust the tilt of the solar panels, or gain a beneficial wind to clean the panels, the rover would only be able to sustain operations until May 2010. 2010 Mars winter at Troy On January 26, 2010 (sol ), after several months attempting to free the rover, NASA decided to redefine the mobile robot mission by calling it a stationary research platform.", "2010 Mars winter at Troy On January 26, 2010 (sol ), after several months attempting to free the rover, NASA decided to redefine the mobile robot mission by calling it a stationary research platform. Efforts were directed in preparing a more suitable orientation of the platform in relation to the Sun in an attempt to allow a more efficient recharge of the platform's batteries.", "Efforts were directed in preparing a more suitable orientation of the platform in relation to the Sun in an attempt to allow a more efficient recharge of the platform's batteries. This was needed to keep some systems operational during the Martian winter.", "This was needed to keep some systems operational during the Martian winter. On March 30, 2010, Spirit skipped a planned communication session and as anticipated from recent power-supply projections, had probably entered a low-power hibernation mode. [[File:HomePlate.png|thumb|right|Spirits concluding journey around Homeplate and ending location.]]", "[[File:HomePlate.png|thumb|right|Spirits concluding journey around Homeplate and ending location.]] The last communication with the rover was March 22, 2010 (sol ) and there is a strong possibility the rover's batteries lost so much energy at some point that the mission clock stopped.", "The last communication with the rover was March 22, 2010 (sol ) and there is a strong possibility the rover's batteries lost so much energy at some point that the mission clock stopped. In previous winters the rover was able to park on a Sun-facing slope and keep its internal temperature above , but since the rover was stuck on flat ground it is estimated that its internal temperature dropped to .", "In previous winters the rover was able to park on a Sun-facing slope and keep its internal temperature above , but since the rover was stuck on flat ground it is estimated that its internal temperature dropped to . If Spirit had survived these conditions and there had been a cleaning event, there was a possibility that with the southern summer solstice in March 2011, solar energy would increase to a level that would wake up the rover.", "If Spirit had survived these conditions and there had been a cleaning event, there was a possibility that with the southern summer solstice in March 2011, solar energy would increase to a level that would wake up the rover. Communication attempts Spirit remains silent at its location, called \"Troy,\" on the west side of Home Plate.", "Communication attempts Spirit remains silent at its location, called \"Troy,\" on the west side of Home Plate. There was no communication with the rover after March 22, 2010 (sol ).", "There was no communication with the rover after March 22, 2010 (sol ). It is likely that Spirit experienced a low-power fault and had turned off all sub-systems, including communication, and gone into a deep sleep, trying to recharge its batteries. It is also possible that the rover had experienced a mission clock fault.", "It is also possible that the rover had experienced a mission clock fault. If that had happened, the rover would have lost track of time and tried to remain asleep until enough sunlight struck the solar arrays to wake it. This state is called \"Solar Groovy.\"", "This state is called \"Solar Groovy.\" If the rover woke up from a mission clock fault, it would only listen. Starting on July 26, 2010 (sol ), a new procedure to address the possible mission clock fault was implemented.", "Starting on July 26, 2010 (sol ), a new procedure to address the possible mission clock fault was implemented. Each sol, the Deep Space Network mission controllers sent a set of X-band \"Sweep & Beep\" commands.", "Each sol, the Deep Space Network mission controllers sent a set of X-band \"Sweep & Beep\" commands. If the rover had experienced a mission clock fault and then had been awoken during the day, it would have listened during brief, 20-minute intervals during each hour awake.", "If the rover had experienced a mission clock fault and then had been awoken during the day, it would have listened during brief, 20-minute intervals during each hour awake. Due to the possible clock fault, the timing of these 20-minute listening intervals was not known, so multiple \"Sweep & Beep\" commands were sent.", "Due to the possible clock fault, the timing of these 20-minute listening intervals was not known, so multiple \"Sweep & Beep\" commands were sent. If the rover heard one of these commands, it would have responded with an X-band beep signal, updating the mission controllers on its status and allowing them to investigate the state of the rover further.", "If the rover heard one of these commands, it would have responded with an X-band beep signal, updating the mission controllers on its status and allowing them to investigate the state of the rover further. But even with this new strategy, there was no response from the rover. The rover had driven until it became immobile.", "The rover had driven until it became immobile. 2011 Mission end JPL continued attempts to regain contact with Spirit until May 25, 2011, when NASA announced the end of contact efforts and the completion of the mission.", "2011 Mission end JPL continued attempts to regain contact with Spirit until May 25, 2011, when NASA announced the end of contact efforts and the completion of the mission. According to NASA, the rover likely experienced excessively cold \"internal temperatures\" due to \"inadequate energy to run its survival heaters\" that, in turn, was a result of \"a stressful Martian winter without much sunlight.\"", "According to NASA, the rover likely experienced excessively cold \"internal temperatures\" due to \"inadequate energy to run its survival heaters\" that, in turn, was a result of \"a stressful Martian winter without much sunlight.\" Many critical components and connections would have been \"susceptible to damage from the cold.\"", "Many critical components and connections would have been \"susceptible to damage from the cold.\" Assets that had been needed to support Spirit were transitioned to support Spirit's then still-active Opportunity rover, and Mars rover Curiosity which is exploring Gale Crater and has been doing so for more than six years.", "Assets that had been needed to support Spirit were transitioned to support Spirit's then still-active Opportunity rover, and Mars rover Curiosity which is exploring Gale Crater and has been doing so for more than six years. Discoveries The rocks on the plains of Gusev are a type of basalt.", "Discoveries The rocks on the plains of Gusev are a type of basalt. They contain the minerals olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase and magnetite. They look like volcanic basalt, as they are fine-grained with irregular holes (geologists would say they have vesicles and vugs).", "They look like volcanic basalt, as they are fine-grained with irregular holes (geologists would say they have vesicles and vugs). Much of the soil on the plains came from the breakdown of the local rocks. Fairly high levels of nickel were found in some soils; probably from meteorites.", "Fairly high levels of nickel were found in some soils; probably from meteorites. Analysis shows that the rocks have been slightly altered by tiny amounts of water. Outside coatings and cracks inside the rocks suggest water deposited minerals, maybe bromine compounds. All the rocks contain a fine coating of dust and one or more harder rinds of material.", "All the rocks contain a fine coating of dust and one or more harder rinds of material. One type can be brushed off, while another needed to be ground off by the Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT).", "One type can be brushed off, while another needed to be ground off by the Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT). There are a variety of rocks in the Columbia Hills, some of which have been altered by water, but not by very much water.", "There are a variety of rocks in the Columbia Hills, some of which have been altered by water, but not by very much water. The dust in Gusev Crater is the same as dust all around the planet. All the dust was found to be magnetic.", "All the dust was found to be magnetic. Moreover, Spirit found the magnetism was caused by the mineral magnetite, especially magnetite that contained the element titanium. One magnet was able to completely divert all dust, hence all Martian dust is thought to be magnetic.", "One magnet was able to completely divert all dust, hence all Martian dust is thought to be magnetic. The spectra of the dust was similar to spectra of bright, low thermal inertia regions like Tharsis and Arabia that have been detected by orbiting satellites.", "The spectra of the dust was similar to spectra of bright, low thermal inertia regions like Tharsis and Arabia that have been detected by orbiting satellites. A thin layer of dust, maybe less than one millimeter thick, covers all surfaces. Something in it contains a small amount of chemically bound water.", "Something in it contains a small amount of chemically bound water. Plains Observations of rocks on the plains show they contain the minerals pyroxene, olivine, plagioclase, and magnetite. These rocks can be classified in different ways. The amounts and types of minerals make the rocks primitive basalts—also called picritic basalts.", "The amounts and types of minerals make the rocks primitive basalts—also called picritic basalts. The rocks are similar to ancient terrestrial rocks called basaltic komatiites. Rocks of the plains also resemble the basaltic shergottites, meteorites that came from Mars.", "Rocks of the plains also resemble the basaltic shergottites, meteorites that came from Mars. One classification system compares the amount of alkali elements to the amount of silica on a graph; in this system, Gusev plains rocks lie near the junction of basalt, picrobasalt, and tephrite. The Irvine-Barager classification calls them basalts.", "The Irvine-Barager classification calls them basalts. Plains rocks have been very slightly altered, probably by thin films of water because they are softer and contain veins of light colored material that may be bromine compounds, as well as coatings or rinds. It is thought that small amounts of water may have gotten into cracks inducing mineralization processes).", "It is thought that small amounts of water may have gotten into cracks inducing mineralization processes). Coatings on the rocks may have occurred when rocks were buried and interacted with thin films of water and dust.", "Coatings on the rocks may have occurred when rocks were buried and interacted with thin films of water and dust. One sign that they were altered was that it was easier to grind these rocks compared to the same types of rocks found on Earth.", "One sign that they were altered was that it was easier to grind these rocks compared to the same types of rocks found on Earth. Columbia Hills Scientists found a variety of rock types in the Columbia Hills, and they placed them into six different categories.", "Columbia Hills Scientists found a variety of rock types in the Columbia Hills, and they placed them into six different categories. The six are: Clovis, Wishbone, Peace, Watchtower, Backstay, and Independence. They are named after a prominent rock in each group.", "They are named after a prominent rock in each group. Their chemical compositions, as measured by APXS, are significantly different from each other. Most importantly, all of the rocks in Columbia Hills show various degrees of alteration due to aqueous fluids.", "Most importantly, all of the rocks in Columbia Hills show various degrees of alteration due to aqueous fluids. They are enriched in the elements phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, and bromine—all of which can be carried around in water solutions. The Columbia Hills' rocks contain basaltic glass, along with varying amounts of olivine and sulfates.Christensen, P.R.", "The Columbia Hills' rocks contain basaltic glass, along with varying amounts of olivine and sulfates.Christensen, P.R. (2005) Mineral Composition and Abundance of the Rocks and Soils at Gusev and Meridiani from the Mars Exploration Rover Mini-TES Instruments AGU Joint Assembly, May 23–27, 2005 http://www.agu.org/meetings/sm05/waissm05.html The olivine abundance varies inversely with the amount of sulfates.", "(2005) Mineral Composition and Abundance of the Rocks and Soils at Gusev and Meridiani from the Mars Exploration Rover Mini-TES Instruments AGU Joint Assembly, May 23–27, 2005 http://www.agu.org/meetings/sm05/waissm05.html The olivine abundance varies inversely with the amount of sulfates. This is exactly what is expected because water destroys olivine but helps to produce sulfates.", "This is exactly what is expected because water destroys olivine but helps to produce sulfates. Acid fog is believed to have changed some of the Watchtower rocks. This was in a long section of Cumberland Ridge and the Husband Hill summit. Certain places became less crystalline and more amorphous.", "Certain places became less crystalline and more amorphous. Acidic water vapor from volcanoes dissolved some minerals forming a gel. When water evaporated a cement formed and produced small bumps. This type of process has been observed in the lab when basalt rocks are exposed to sulfuric and hydrochloric acids.", "This type of process has been observed in the lab when basalt rocks are exposed to sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. The Clovis group is especially interesting because the Mössbauer spectrometer (MB) detected goethite in it.", "The Clovis group is especially interesting because the Mössbauer spectrometer (MB) detected goethite in it. Goethite forms only in the presence of water, so its discovery is the first direct evidence of past water in the Columbia Hills's rocks.", "Goethite forms only in the presence of water, so its discovery is the first direct evidence of past water in the Columbia Hills's rocks. In addition, the MB spectra of rocks and outcrops displayed a strong decline in olivine presence, although the rocks probably once contained much olivine.", "In addition, the MB spectra of rocks and outcrops displayed a strong decline in olivine presence, although the rocks probably once contained much olivine. Olivine is a marker for the lack of water because it easily decomposes in the presence of water. Sulfate was found, and it needs water to form.", "Sulfate was found, and it needs water to form. Wishstone contained a great deal of plagioclase, some olivine, and anhydrate (a sulfate). Peace rocks showed sulfur and strong evidence for bound water, so hydrated sulfates are suspected. Watchtower class rocks lack olivine consequently they may have been altered by water.", "Watchtower class rocks lack olivine consequently they may have been altered by water. The Independence class showed some signs of clay (perhaps montmorillonite a member of the smectite group). Clays require fairly long term exposure to water to form.", "Clays require fairly long term exposure to water to form. One type of soil, called Paso Robles, from the Columbia Hills, may be an evaporate deposit because it contains large amounts of sulfur, phosphorus, calcium, and iron.", "One type of soil, called Paso Robles, from the Columbia Hills, may be an evaporate deposit because it contains large amounts of sulfur, phosphorus, calcium, and iron. Also, MB found that much of the iron in Paso Robles soil was of the oxidized, Fe3+ form, which would happen if water had been present.", "Also, MB found that much of the iron in Paso Robles soil was of the oxidized, Fe3+ form, which would happen if water had been present. Towards the middle of the six-year mission (a mission that was supposed to last only 90 days), large amounts of pure silica were found in the soil.", "Towards the middle of the six-year mission (a mission that was supposed to last only 90 days), large amounts of pure silica were found in the soil. The silica could have come from the interaction of soil with acid vapors produced by volcanic activity in the presence of water or from water in a hot spring environment.", "The silica could have come from the interaction of soil with acid vapors produced by volcanic activity in the presence of water or from water in a hot spring environment. After Spirit stopped working scientists studied old data from the Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer, or Mini-TES and confirmed the presence of large amounts of carbonate-rich rocks, which means that regions of the planet may have once harbored water.", "After Spirit stopped working scientists studied old data from the Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer, or Mini-TES and confirmed the presence of large amounts of carbonate-rich rocks, which means that regions of the planet may have once harbored water. The carbonates were discovered in an outcrop of rocks called \"Comanche.\"", "The carbonates were discovered in an outcrop of rocks called \"Comanche.\" In summary, Spirit found evidence of slight weathering on the plains of Gusev, but no evidence that a lake was there. However, in the Columbia Hills there was clear evidence for a moderate amount of aqueous weathering.", "However, in the Columbia Hills there was clear evidence for a moderate amount of aqueous weathering. The evidence included sulfates and the minerals goethite and carbonates that only form in the presence of water. It is believed that Gusev crater may have held a lake long ago, but it has since been covered by igneous materials.", "It is believed that Gusev crater may have held a lake long ago, but it has since been covered by igneous materials. All the dust contains a magnetic component that was identified as magnetite with some titanium. Furthermore, the thin coating of dust that covers everything on Mars is the same in all parts of Mars.", "Furthermore, the thin coating of dust that covers everything on Mars is the same in all parts of Mars. AstronomySpirit pointed its cameras towards the sky and observed a transit of the Sun by Mars' moon Deimos (see Transit of Deimos from Mars).", "AstronomySpirit pointed its cameras towards the sky and observed a transit of the Sun by Mars' moon Deimos (see Transit of Deimos from Mars). It also took the first photo of Earth from the surface of another planet in early March 2004.", "It also took the first photo of Earth from the surface of another planet in early March 2004. In late 2005, Spirit took advantage of a favorable energy situation to make multiple nighttime observations of both of Mars' moons Phobos and Deimos.", "In late 2005, Spirit took advantage of a favorable energy situation to make multiple nighttime observations of both of Mars' moons Phobos and Deimos. These observations included a \"lunar\" (or rather phobian) eclipse as Spirit watched Phobos disappear into Mars' shadow.", "These observations included a \"lunar\" (or rather phobian) eclipse as Spirit watched Phobos disappear into Mars' shadow. Some of Spirit's star gazing was designed to look for a predicted meteor shower caused by Halley's Comet, and although at least four imaged streaks were suspect meteors, they could not be unambiguously differentiated from those caused by cosmic rays.", "Some of Spirit's star gazing was designed to look for a predicted meteor shower caused by Halley's Comet, and although at least four imaged streaks were suspect meteors, they could not be unambiguously differentiated from those caused by cosmic rays. A transit of Mercury from Mars took place on January 12, 2005 from about 14:45 UTC to 23:05 UTC.", "A transit of Mercury from Mars took place on January 12, 2005 from about 14:45 UTC to 23:05 UTC. Theoretically, this could have been observed by both Spirit and Opportunity; however, camera resolution did not permit seeing Mercury's 6.1\" angular diameter.", "Theoretically, this could have been observed by both Spirit and Opportunity; however, camera resolution did not permit seeing Mercury's 6.1\" angular diameter. They were able to observe transits of Deimos across the Sun, but at 2' angular diameter, Deimos is about 20 times larger than Mercury's 6.1\" angular diameter.", "They were able to observe transits of Deimos across the Sun, but at 2' angular diameter, Deimos is about 20 times larger than Mercury's 6.1\" angular diameter. Ephemeris data generated by JPL Horizons indicates that Opportunity would have been able to observe the transit from the start until local sunset at about 19:23 UTC Earth time, while Spirit would have been able to observe it from local sunrise at about 19:38 UTC until the end of the transit.", "Ephemeris data generated by JPL Horizons indicates that Opportunity would have been able to observe the transit from the start until local sunset at about 19:23 UTC Earth time, while Spirit would have been able to observe it from local sunrise at about 19:38 UTC until the end of the transit. Equipment wear and failures Both rovers passed their original mission time of 90 sols many times over.", "Equipment wear and failures Both rovers passed their original mission time of 90 sols many times over. The extended time on the surface, and therefore additional stress on components, resulted in some issues developing. On March 13, 2006 (sol ), the right front wheel ceased working after having covered on Mars.", "On March 13, 2006 (sol ), the right front wheel ceased working after having covered on Mars. Engineers began driving the rover backwards, dragging the dead wheel.", "Engineers began driving the rover backwards, dragging the dead wheel. Although this resulted in changes to driving techniques, the dragging effect became a useful tool, partially clearing away soil on the surface as the rover traveled, thus allowing areas to be imaged that would normally be inaccessible.", "Although this resulted in changes to driving techniques, the dragging effect became a useful tool, partially clearing away soil on the surface as the rover traveled, thus allowing areas to be imaged that would normally be inaccessible. However, in mid-December 2009, to the surprise of the engineers, the right front wheel showed slight movement in a wheel-test on sol 2113 and clearly rotated with normal resistance on three of four wheel-tests on sol 2117, but stalled on the fourth.", "However, in mid-December 2009, to the surprise of the engineers, the right front wheel showed slight movement in a wheel-test on sol 2113 and clearly rotated with normal resistance on three of four wheel-tests on sol 2117, but stalled on the fourth. On November 29, 2009 (sol ), the right rear wheel also stalled and remained inoperable for the remainder of the mission.", "On November 29, 2009 (sol ), the right rear wheel also stalled and remained inoperable for the remainder of the mission. Scientific instruments also experienced degradation as a result of exposure to the harsh Martian environment and use over a far longer period than had been anticipated by the mission planners.", "Scientific instruments also experienced degradation as a result of exposure to the harsh Martian environment and use over a far longer period than had been anticipated by the mission planners. Over time, the diamond in the resin grinding surface of the Rock Abrasion Tool wore down, after that the device could only be used to brush targets.", "Over time, the diamond in the resin grinding surface of the Rock Abrasion Tool wore down, after that the device could only be used to brush targets. All of the other science instruments and engineering cameras continued to function until contact was lost; however, towards the end of Spirits life, the MIMOS II Mössbauer spectrometer took much longer to produce results than it did earlier in the mission because of the decay of its cobalt-57 gamma ray source that has a half life of 271 days.", "All of the other science instruments and engineering cameras continued to function until contact was lost; however, towards the end of Spirits life, the MIMOS II Mössbauer spectrometer took much longer to produce results than it did earlier in the mission because of the decay of its cobalt-57 gamma ray source that has a half life of 271 days. Honors To rover To commemorate Spirit'''s great contribution to the exploration of Mars, the asteroid 37452 Spirit has been named after it.", "Honors To rover To commemorate Spirit'''s great contribution to the exploration of Mars, the asteroid 37452 Spirit has been named after it. The name was proposed by Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld who along with Cornelis Johannes van Houten and Tom Gehrels discovered the asteroid on September 24, 1960.", "The name was proposed by Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld who along with Cornelis Johannes van Houten and Tom Gehrels discovered the asteroid on September 24, 1960. Reuben H. Fleet Science Center and the Liberty Science Center also have an IMAX show called Roving Mars that documents the journey of both Spirit and Opportunity, using both CG and actual imagery.", "Reuben H. Fleet Science Center and the Liberty Science Center also have an IMAX show called Roving Mars that documents the journey of both Spirit and Opportunity, using both CG and actual imagery. January 4, 2014 was celebrated as the tenth anniversary of its landing on many news sites, despite nearly four years since loss of communications.", "January 4, 2014 was celebrated as the tenth anniversary of its landing on many news sites, despite nearly four years since loss of communications. To honor the rover, the JPL team named an area near Endeavour Crater explored by the Opportunity rover, 'Spirit Point'.", "To honor the rover, the JPL team named an area near Endeavour Crater explored by the Opportunity rover, 'Spirit Point'. From rover On January 27, 2004 (sol ) NASA memorialized the crew of Apollo 1 by naming three hills to the north of \"Columbia Memorial Station\" as the Apollo 1 Hills.", "From rover On January 27, 2004 (sol ) NASA memorialized the crew of Apollo 1 by naming three hills to the north of \"Columbia Memorial Station\" as the Apollo 1 Hills. On February 2, 2004 (sol ) the astronauts on Space Shuttle Columbias final mission were further memorialized when NASA named a set of hills to the east of the landing site the Columbia Hills Complex, denoting seven peaks in that area as \"Anderson\", \"Brown\", \"Chawla\", \"Clark\", \"Husband\", \"McCool\", and \"Ramon\" in honour of the crew; NASA has submitted these geographical feature names to the IAU for approval.", "On February 2, 2004 (sol ) the astronauts on Space Shuttle Columbias final mission were further memorialized when NASA named a set of hills to the east of the landing site the Columbia Hills Complex, denoting seven peaks in that area as \"Anderson\", \"Brown\", \"Chawla\", \"Clark\", \"Husband\", \"McCool\", and \"Ramon\" in honour of the crew; NASA has submitted these geographical feature names to the IAU for approval. Gallery The rover could take pictures with its different cameras, but only the PanCam camera had the ability to photograph a scene with different color filters.", "Gallery The rover could take pictures with its different cameras, but only the PanCam camera had the ability to photograph a scene with different color filters. The panorama views were usually built up from PanCam images. Spirit transferred 128,224 pictures in its lifetime. Views Panoramas {{Wide image|PIA10214.jpg|800px|Spirits West Valley panorama (color not rectificated for media).", "Views Panoramas {{Wide image|PIA10214.jpg|800px|Spirits West Valley panorama (color not rectificated for media). NASA'S Mars Exploration Rover Spirit captured this westward view from atop a low plateau where Spirit spent the closing months of 2007.}}", "NASA'S Mars Exploration Rover Spirit captured this westward view from atop a low plateau where Spirit spent the closing months of 2007.}} Microscopic images From orbit Maps See also References External links JPL, MSSS, and NASA links JPL's Mars Exploration Rover Mission home page (obsolete JPL Mars Exploration Rover home page) Spirit Mission Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration Planetary Photojournal, NASA JPL's Planetary Photojournal for Spirit NASA TV Special Events Schedule for MER News Briefings at JPL Mission Status updates from NASA JPL Wikisource:NASA MER press briefings Finding Spirit: high resolution images of landing site (Mars Global Surveyor – Mars Orbiter Camera) JPL's site devoted to the efforts to free Spirit MER Analyst's Notebook, Interactive access to mission data and documentation Other links SpaceFlightNow Spaceflightnow.com, Status Page last updated May 2004 Marsbase.net, a site that tracks time on Mars.", "Microscopic images From orbit Maps See also References External links JPL, MSSS, and NASA links JPL's Mars Exploration Rover Mission home page (obsolete JPL Mars Exploration Rover home page) Spirit Mission Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration Planetary Photojournal, NASA JPL's Planetary Photojournal for Spirit NASA TV Special Events Schedule for MER News Briefings at JPL Mission Status updates from NASA JPL Wikisource:NASA MER press briefings Finding Spirit: high resolution images of landing site (Mars Global Surveyor – Mars Orbiter Camera) JPL's site devoted to the efforts to free Spirit MER Analyst's Notebook, Interactive access to mission data and documentation Other links SpaceFlightNow Spaceflightnow.com, Status Page last updated May 2004 Marsbase.net, a site that tracks time on Mars. MAESTRO – public version of rover simulation software (requires download, last update October 25, 2004) Cornell's rover site: Athena last update 2006 Finding Spirit: interactive Mars atlas based on Viking images: you can zoom in/out and pan images, to find your preferred site.", "MAESTRO – public version of rover simulation software (requires download, last update October 25, 2004) Cornell's rover site: Athena last update 2006 Finding Spirit: interactive Mars atlas based on Viking images: you can zoom in/out and pan images, to find your preferred site. Spirit approximate position is 14.82°S (= −14.82°N), 184.85°W (= 5.15°E) (not working as of June 4, 2008) Google map with Spirit landing site marked (AXCH) 2004 Mars Exploration Rovers Highlights – News, status, technical info, history, and more.", "Spirit approximate position is 14.82°S (= −14.82°N), 184.85°W (= 5.15°E) (not working as of June 4, 2008) Google map with Spirit landing site marked (AXCH) 2004 Mars Exploration Rovers Highlights – News, status, technical info, history, and more. New Scientist on Spirit Dust Devils , March 15, 2005 New Scientist on Spirit wheel status, April 3, 2006 Unmanned Spaceflight.com discussion on Spirit as of 2008-06-04 last updated 2008-06-04 Full-page, High-res spherical panorama of Spirit in the Columbia Hills, nasatech.net, Nov 23 to December 5, 2005 (long download, uses Java) Full-page, High-res spherical panorama of Spirit at the summit of Husband Hill, nasatech.net, Nov 23 to December 5, 2005 (long download, uses Java) XKCD cartoon on Spirit High-resolution video by Seán Doran that zooms in on Spirits final location Archive of MER progress reports by A.J.S.", "New Scientist on Spirit Dust Devils , March 15, 2005 New Scientist on Spirit wheel status, April 3, 2006 Unmanned Spaceflight.com discussion on Spirit as of 2008-06-04 last updated 2008-06-04 Full-page, High-res spherical panorama of Spirit in the Columbia Hills, nasatech.net, Nov 23 to December 5, 2005 (long download, uses Java) Full-page, High-res spherical panorama of Spirit at the summit of Husband Hill, nasatech.net, Nov 23 to December 5, 2005 (long download, uses Java) XKCD cartoon on Spirit High-resolution video by Seán Doran that zooms in on Spirits final location Archive of MER progress reports by A.J.S. Rayl at planetary.org Space probes launched in 2003 2003 robots Aeolis quadrangle Derelict landers (spacecraft) Missions to Mars Mars rovers Robots of the United States Six-wheeled robots Solar-powered robots Spacecraft launched by Delta II rockets Spacecraft decommissioned in 2011 Soft landings on Mars 2004 on Mars" ]

[ "The Apples in Stereo", "1991-1993: The Apples" ]

[ "Chris McDuffie is an American musician. A keyboardist, he performed with the Elephant 6 band The Minders and appeared on their 1996 debut EP Come On and Hear. McDuffie later became a member of The Apples in Stereo, first appearing on the album Her Wallpaper Reverie in 1999. He left the band during the production of the 2002 album Velocity of Sound.\n\nDiscography\n\nWith The Minders\nCome On and Hear (1996)\n\nWith The Apples in Stereo\nHer Wallpaper Reverie (1998)\nLook Away + 4 (2000)\nThe Discovery of a World Inside the Moone (2000)\nLet's Go! (2001)\nVelocity of Sound (2002)\n\nReferences \n\nLiving people\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nAmerican rock keyboardists\nThe Apples in Stereo members\n21st-century American keyboardists\nPlace of birth missing (living people)", "Adams Apples is a Ghanaian film series, starring Yvonne Okoro, Joselyn Dumas, John Dumelo, Naa Ashorkor Mensa-Doku, Anima Misa Amoah, Adjetey Anang, Helene Asante, SoulKnight Jazz, Jasmine Baroudi, Vincent McCauley, Roselyn Ngissah, Fred Kanebi. The series consists of ten drama feature films, known as \"chapters\", produced by Ken Attoh and directed by Shirley Frimpong-Manso.\n\nThe film series follows the life of the Adams' family, which is made up of Doris Adams (Anima Misa Amoah), a widow of an ex-diplomat , and her three daughters; Baaba (Okoro), Jennifer (Dumas) and Kuukua (Mensah-Doku), showing how they deal with their complicated family, love lives, individual secrets, lies and regrets. A spin-off television drama series, with the same title premiered in February 2013, and has since started airing on DStv's Africa Magic; the television series is set a year after the tenth chapter of the film series.\n\nCast\nAnima Misa Amoah as Doris Adams\nYvonne Okoro as Baaba Adams Smith\nJoselyn Dumas as Jennifer Adams\nNaa Ashorkor Mensah-Doku as Kuukua Adams\nAdjetey Anang as Albert Amankwah (or Albert Adams)\nHelene Asante as Ivy Amankwah (or Ivy Adams)\nSoulKnight Jazz as Chris Smith\nJohn Dumelo as Denu McCarby\nJasmine Baroudi as Michelle\nVincent McCauley as Foo\nFred Kanebi as Gerald\nRoselyn Ngissah as Linda\nFiifi Coleman as Chidi\nSesanu Gbadebo as Eric\n\nChapters\n\nMost chapters in the series were released at a month's interval, and the entire film series screened at a span of over ten months.\n\nAdams Apples: The Family Ties (2011)\nAdams Apples: Twisted Connections (2011)\nAdams Apples: Musical Chairs (2011)\nAdams Apples: Torn (2011)\nAdams Apples: Duplicity (2011)\nAdams Apples: Showdown (2011)\nAdams Apples: Confessions (2011)\nAdams Apples: Fight or Flight (2012)\nAdams Apples: Rescue Mission (2012)\nAdams Apples: New Beginnings (2012)\n\nRelease\nOfficial trailer for the first Chapter in the series was released on 15 April 2011. The first installment in the series premiered on 21 April 2011 and the concluding chapter was released on 25 May 2012. A complete DVD set, containing all ten films in the series was released in December 2012. Adams Apples is available for streaming on Demand Africa.\n\nCritical reception\nEach film in the series was generally positively received. Nollywood Reinvented, in its review of the film's final installment, praised everything about the film and commented: \"Shirley was successful in making this movie ‘more than a conqueror’. The fascinating thing about the Adams Apples movies is the wide range of topics it touches on (if not fully addresses). Conquering love in the face of age differences... how to deal with competitive love... the ability to discern lust from love, a quest for adventure and a lean towards reality... dealing with the mistakes of the past. Above all, realizing the importance of family and trusting God to work things out\". Victor Olatoye of Nollywood Critics, in his review of chapter 1 to 3 of the film, commended the character development, gave a 3.5 out of 4 stars and concluded: \"If you are looking for a good movie that can make you feel a little happier, smarter, sexier, funnier, more excited and yet full of wahala if that's what you want, then Adams Apples it is. Go ahead and take a pluck, sink your teeth in them, but just know there will be troubles\". Circumspecte in its overview of the film series comments: \"I'll employ one word to describe Shirley Frimpong Manso's latest film, Adams Apples - delightful. And it is, in every sense of the word. From the script, to the characters, to the picture quality, the music, costume, promotion, everything really, was tastefully done\".\n\nExternal links\n\nAdams Apples on Demand Africa\n\nReferences\n\nFilm series introduced in 2011\n2010s drama films\nFilm series\nGhanaian films\nFilms set in Ghana\nFilms directed by Shirley Frimpong-Manso\nFilms released in separate parts" ]

[ "The Apples in Stereo, styled as The Apples in stereo, are an American rock band associated with Elephant Six Collective, a group of bands also including Neutral Milk Hotel, The Olivia Tremor Control, Elf Power, Of Montreal, and Circulatory System. The band is largely a product of lead vocalist/guitarist/producer Robert Schneider, who writes the majority of the band's music and lyrics.", "The band is largely a product of lead vocalist/guitarist/producer Robert Schneider, who writes the majority of the band's music and lyrics. Currently, The Apples in Stereo also includes longstanding members John Hill (rhythm guitar) and Eric Allen (bass), as well as more recent members John Dufilho (drums), John Ferguson (keyboards), and Ben Phelan (keyboards/guitar/trumpet).", "Currently, The Apples in Stereo also includes longstanding members John Hill (rhythm guitar) and Eric Allen (bass), as well as more recent members John Dufilho (drums), John Ferguson (keyboards), and Ben Phelan (keyboards/guitar/trumpet). The band's sound draws comparisons to the psychedelic rock of The Beatles and The Beach Boys during the 1960s, as well as to bands such as Electric Light Orchestra and Pavement, and also draws from lo-fi, garage rock, new wave, R&B, bubblegum pop, power pop, punk, electro-pop and experimental music.", "The band's sound draws comparisons to the psychedelic rock of The Beatles and The Beach Boys during the 1960s, as well as to bands such as Electric Light Orchestra and Pavement, and also draws from lo-fi, garage rock, new wave, R&B, bubblegum pop, power pop, punk, electro-pop and experimental music. The band is also well known for their appearance in a The Powerpuff Girls music video performing the song \"Signal in the Sky (Let's Go)\".", "The band is also well known for their appearance in a The Powerpuff Girls music video performing the song \"Signal in the Sky (Let's Go)\". It aired immediately after the show's seventh episode of season 4, \"Superfriends\", which was based on the song's lyrics.", "It aired immediately after the show's seventh episode of season 4, \"Superfriends\", which was based on the song's lyrics. The band has appeared widely in television and film, including performances on The Colbert Report, Late Night with Conan O'Brien and Last Call with Carson Daly, guest hosting on MTV, song placements in numerous television shows, commercials and motion pictures, the performance of the single \"Energy\" by the contestants on American Idol, and a song recorded for children's show Yo Gabba Gabba.", "The band has appeared widely in television and film, including performances on The Colbert Report, Late Night with Conan O'Brien and Last Call with Carson Daly, guest hosting on MTV, song placements in numerous television shows, commercials and motion pictures, the performance of the single \"Energy\" by the contestants on American Idol, and a song recorded for children's show Yo Gabba Gabba. Band history 1991–1993: The Apples In late 1991, Robert Schneider met Jim McIntyre on a commuter bus in Denver, Colorado.", "Band history 1991–1993: The Apples In late 1991, Robert Schneider met Jim McIntyre on a commuter bus in Denver, Colorado. Schneider had recently moved to Colorado from Ruston, Louisiana, and often initiated conversations with McIntyre.", "Schneider had recently moved to Colorado from Ruston, Louisiana, and often initiated conversations with McIntyre. When Schneider asked McIntyre what his music interests were, McIntyre named his favorite band: The Beach Boys — a band Schneider was particularly fond of. Realizing that they shared many musical interests, McIntyre introduced Schneider to Hilarie Sidney.", "Realizing that they shared many musical interests, McIntyre introduced Schneider to Hilarie Sidney. McIntyre already had a band called Von Hemmling in which McIntyre played bass and Sidney played drums. With Schneider, they discussed the idea of starting a band and perhaps a recording label.", "With Schneider, they discussed the idea of starting a band and perhaps a recording label. Schneider later met Chris Parfitt, who at the time was also already in a band (which Schneider unsuccessfully auditioned for on bass).", "Schneider later met Chris Parfitt, who at the time was also already in a band (which Schneider unsuccessfully auditioned for on bass). Schneider and Parfitt also became friends, however, and toyed with the idea of having a rock band similar to The Velvet Underground or Black Sabbath, with production qualities similar to that of The Beach Boys.", "Schneider and Parfitt also became friends, however, and toyed with the idea of having a rock band similar to The Velvet Underground or Black Sabbath, with production qualities similar to that of The Beach Boys. Schneider then spent two weeks in Athens, Georgia recording music and spending time with his childhood friends Will Cullen Hart, Bill Doss and Jeff Mangum.", "Schneider then spent two weeks in Athens, Georgia recording music and spending time with his childhood friends Will Cullen Hart, Bill Doss and Jeff Mangum. He discussed the idea of starting a record label with them (which soon became The Elephant 6 Recording Company).", "He discussed the idea of starting a record label with them (which soon became The Elephant 6 Recording Company). It was also at this time that the name \"The Apples\" came about, inspired by the Pink Floyd song \"Apples and Oranges\".", "It was also at this time that the name \"The Apples\" came about, inspired by the Pink Floyd song \"Apples and Oranges\". The earliest incarnation of the band began to form in 1992 upon Schneider's return to Denver, first between Schneider and Parfitt, both of whom played guitar.", "The earliest incarnation of the band began to form in 1992 upon Schneider's return to Denver, first between Schneider and Parfitt, both of whom played guitar. The two recruited McIntyre and Sidney during the autumn of that year, practicing material through the winter.", "The two recruited McIntyre and Sidney during the autumn of that year, practicing material through the winter. Their first few live shows took place the following January, many of which were with the band Felt Pilotes.", "Their first few live shows took place the following January, many of which were with the band Felt Pilotes. From February to April 1993, the band recorded their debut 7\" EP, Tidal Wave, and released it in June as the first record ever to bear the Elephant 6 logo.", "From February to April 1993, the band recorded their debut 7\" EP, Tidal Wave, and released it in June as the first record ever to bear the Elephant 6 logo. 1994–1995: Hypnotic Suggestion and Fun Trick Noisemaker Several conflicts would lead Parfitt to leave the band in early 1994.", "1994–1995: Hypnotic Suggestion and Fun Trick Noisemaker Several conflicts would lead Parfitt to leave the band in early 1994. John Hill, a former bandmate of McIntyre's, would join the band as a rhythm guitarist while Schneider began to grow more comfortable playing lead guitar.", "John Hill, a former bandmate of McIntyre's, would join the band as a rhythm guitarist while Schneider began to grow more comfortable playing lead guitar. It was also at this time that Schneider began to take stronger creative control of the band, shifting its sound from its stronger rock qualities to a spacier pop sound.", "It was also at this time that Schneider began to take stronger creative control of the band, shifting its sound from its stronger rock qualities to a spacier pop sound. The band started work on a debut album, but it instead became Hypnotic Suggestion, a second EP.", "The band started work on a debut album, but it instead became Hypnotic Suggestion, a second EP. However, after SpinART Records offered to buy the band an 8-track in return for an album, new plans for an LP arose.", "However, after SpinART Records offered to buy the band an 8-track in return for an album, new plans for an LP arose. In mid-1994, after Hypnotic Suggestion, McIntyre would be the second to leave the band, due to a number of personal distresses as well as stylistic changes that arose with Parfitt's departure.", "In mid-1994, after Hypnotic Suggestion, McIntyre would be the second to leave the band, due to a number of personal distresses as well as stylistic changes that arose with Parfitt's departure. Having great difficulty finding a new permanent bassist, the band would rotate a number of frequent bass contributors, including Jeff Mangum of Neutral Milk Hotel, Kurt Heasley of The Lilys, Kyle Jones, Joel Richardson, and Joel Evans.", "Having great difficulty finding a new permanent bassist, the band would rotate a number of frequent bass contributors, including Jeff Mangum of Neutral Milk Hotel, Kurt Heasley of The Lilys, Kyle Jones, Joel Richardson, and Joel Evans. Jim McIntyre would also occasionally guest on bass.", "Jim McIntyre would also occasionally guest on bass. This continued to be the makeup of the band as they toured the country in late 1994, recording the first half of their new album in Glendora, California.", "This continued to be the makeup of the band as they toured the country in late 1994, recording the first half of their new album in Glendora, California. In early 1995, the band finished the album, Fun Trick Noisemaker, at Kyle Jones's house (the birthplace of Schneider's Pet Sounds Studio).", "In early 1995, the band finished the album, Fun Trick Noisemaker, at Kyle Jones's house (the birthplace of Schneider's Pet Sounds Studio). Now with a LP to support, the band began touring again.", "Now with a LP to support, the band began touring again. Eric Allen, whom the band had previously auditioned as a guitarist after the departure of Chris Parfitt, joined the band as a much welcomed permanent bassist. Late 1995, Schneider relocated Pet Sounds Studio to Jim McIntyre's house.", "Late 1995, Schneider relocated Pet Sounds Studio to Jim McIntyre's house. McIntyre continued to be involved in the recording and engineering of the band's albums until the mid-2000s.", "McIntyre continued to be involved in the recording and engineering of the band's albums until the mid-2000s. A significantly different band from the original 1992 four-piece, the official name of the band gradually became \"The Apples in Stereo\", with the \"in stereo\" usually somewhat under-emphasized, whether in lower-case or in parentheses.", "A significantly different band from the original 1992 four-piece, the official name of the band gradually became \"The Apples in Stereo\", with the \"in stereo\" usually somewhat under-emphasized, whether in lower-case or in parentheses. Schneider described this in an interview: \"It's very clearcut, actually: we're The Apples, the music's in stereo.", "Schneider described this in an interview: \"It's very clearcut, actually: we're The Apples, the music's in stereo. It's not actually the band name – it's a step back from it, a band name once removed. We're The Apples, in stereo.", "We're The Apples, in stereo. Kind of like a TV show, 'in stereo!' That always seemed to be a really big deal, that it was in stereo.\" McIntyre later remarked, \"It's cool the name changed cause the Apples and the Apples in Stereo were really two different entities.\"", "McIntyre later remarked, \"It's cool the name changed cause the Apples and the Apples in Stereo were really two different entities.\" 1996–2005: Tone Soul Evolution to Velocity of Sound The band continued touring through 1996, playing in Japan for the first time.", "1996–2005: Tone Soul Evolution to Velocity of Sound The band continued touring through 1996, playing in Japan for the first time. Several early recording sessions were held at Pet Sounds for the band's second album, Tone Soul Evolution, but the members were dissatisfied with the quality of the recordings.", "Several early recording sessions were held at Pet Sounds for the band's second album, Tone Soul Evolution, but the members were dissatisfied with the quality of the recordings. The majority of the album's songs were re-recorded at Studio .45 in Hartford, Connecticut before the album's release.", "The majority of the album's songs were re-recorded at Studio .45 in Hartford, Connecticut before the album's release. In 1998, Chris McDuffie joined the band, playing various instruments including organs, synthesizers and assorted percussion. He would leave the band before Velocity of Sound was released in 2002.", "He would leave the band before Velocity of Sound was released in 2002. Several more albums were released by the band through the years, including the psychedelic \"concept EP\", Her Wallpaper Reverie, The Discovery of a World Inside the Moone and Velocity of Sound; both of the latter of which were progressively aimed at capturing the live sound of the band, which continued to tighten as they continued to perform hundreds of live shows (about 100 a year).", "Several more albums were released by the band through the years, including the psychedelic \"concept EP\", Her Wallpaper Reverie, The Discovery of a World Inside the Moone and Velocity of Sound; both of the latter of which were progressively aimed at capturing the live sound of the band, which continued to tighten as they continued to perform hundreds of live shows (about 100 a year). In particular, the 2002 album Velocity of Sound rejects most of the psych-pop production sensibilities that would come to be associated with the band, instead featuring stripped-down production and sparse, rock instrumentation.", "In particular, the 2002 album Velocity of Sound rejects most of the psych-pop production sensibilities that would come to be associated with the band, instead featuring stripped-down production and sparse, rock instrumentation. The band members would also continue to pursue careers in side bands and solo projects, with Schneider producing several albums for Elephant 6 artists.", "The band members would also continue to pursue careers in side bands and solo projects, with Schneider producing several albums for Elephant 6 artists. Schneider and drummer Hilarie Sidney were married for a time, with a son Max born in 2000. They have since been divorced.", "They have since been divorced. They have since been divorced. The band went on a brief hiatus during 2004 as Schneider released the debut album from a new band called Ulysses and Sidney released the debut album from her new band The High Water Marks; both were released on Eenie Meenie Records.", "The band went on a brief hiatus during 2004 as Schneider released the debut album from a new band called Ulysses and Sidney released the debut album from her new band The High Water Marks; both were released on Eenie Meenie Records. In 2005, The Apples in Stereo contributed \"Liza Jane\" to the Eenie Meenie compilation, Dimension Mix.", "In 2005, The Apples in Stereo contributed \"Liza Jane\" to the Eenie Meenie compilation, Dimension Mix. It was also around this time that news began to circulate among various websites concerning the band's next studio album.", "It was also around this time that news began to circulate among various websites concerning the band's next studio album. 2006–2008: New Magnetic Wonder and evolving lineup In August 2006, longtime drummer Hilarie Sidney officially announced her departure from the band during the band's closing set at the Athens Popfest music festival in Athens, Georgia.", "2006–2008: New Magnetic Wonder and evolving lineup In August 2006, longtime drummer Hilarie Sidney officially announced her departure from the band during the band's closing set at the Athens Popfest music festival in Athens, Georgia. Her replacement, John Dufilho, lead singer and principal songwriter of The Deathray Davies, was announced in October 2006.", "Her replacement, John Dufilho, lead singer and principal songwriter of The Deathray Davies, was announced in October 2006. 2006 touring member Bill Doss of The Olivia Tremor Control also quietly joined the band \"officially\" as its new keyboardist.", "2006 touring member Bill Doss of The Olivia Tremor Control also quietly joined the band \"officially\" as its new keyboardist. John Ferguson of Big Fresh and Ulysses joined the Apples in 2007, also playing keyboards, and wearing a Doctor Who-esque space suit on stage.", "John Ferguson of Big Fresh and Ulysses joined the Apples in 2007, also playing keyboards, and wearing a Doctor Who-esque space suit on stage. In December 2006, Robert Schneider appeared on the popular television show The Colbert Report singing the song \"Stephen Stephen\" recorded by The Apples in Stereo to glorify the show's host Stephen Colbert, to kick off a guitar solo contest between Colbert and Chris Funk of The Decemberists.", "In December 2006, Robert Schneider appeared on the popular television show The Colbert Report singing the song \"Stephen Stephen\" recorded by The Apples in Stereo to glorify the show's host Stephen Colbert, to kick off a guitar solo contest between Colbert and Chris Funk of The Decemberists. On February 6, 2007, The Apples in Stereo released their sixth studio LP, New Magnetic Wonder.", "On February 6, 2007, The Apples in Stereo released their sixth studio LP, New Magnetic Wonder. Finishing a ten-year deal with spinART Records, New Magnetic Wonder was the premiere release on Simian Records, a newly formed record label founded by Elijah Wood.", "Finishing a ten-year deal with spinART Records, New Magnetic Wonder was the premiere release on Simian Records, a newly formed record label founded by Elijah Wood. This was followed by a long-awaited b-sides and rarities compilation titled Electronic Projects for Musicians, released on April 1. In 2008, spinART Records went out of business.", "In 2008, spinART Records went out of business. Rights for all major releases by The Apples in Stereo on the label were subsequently acquired by One Little Indian Records, and have since reverted to the band.", "Rights for all major releases by The Apples in Stereo on the label were subsequently acquired by One Little Indian Records, and have since reverted to the band. In a recent interview, Schneider noted that the band's EPs have yet to have been re-released, but will likely be collected for another compilation.", "In a recent interview, Schneider noted that the band's EPs have yet to have been re-released, but will likely be collected for another compilation. Such a compilation would probably include the re-releases of Look Away + 4, Let's Go! and a number of non-album songs released alongside New Magnetic Wonder.", "and a number of non-album songs released alongside New Magnetic Wonder. On August 4, 2008, the band appeared again on The Colbert Report. They performed their song Can You Feel It? to promote the release of the Japanese picture disc.", "to promote the release of the Japanese picture disc. In early 2008, their song \"Same Old Drag\" won in The 7th Annual Independent Music Awards for Best Pop/Rock Song. The same year Apples in Stereo were nominated for Independent Music Awards Pop/Rock Album of the Year.", "The same year Apples in Stereo were nominated for Independent Music Awards Pop/Rock Album of the Year. The band members also joined the 9th annual Independent Music Awards judging panel to assist independent musicians' careers.", "The band members also joined the 9th annual Independent Music Awards judging panel to assist independent musicians' careers. 2009–2011: #1 Hits Explosion and Travellers in Space and Time Yep Roc released #1 Hits Explosion, an Apples in Stereo best-of album, on September 1, 2009.", "2009–2011: #1 Hits Explosion and Travellers in Space and Time Yep Roc released #1 Hits Explosion, an Apples in Stereo best-of album, on September 1, 2009. In late 2008, PepsiCo released an advertisement with their song \"Energy\" off of their album New Magnetic Wonder.", "In late 2008, PepsiCo released an advertisement with their song \"Energy\" off of their album New Magnetic Wonder. In early 2009, Robert appeared on ABC News's segment called \"amplified\" and gave some short performances of songs from New Magnetic Wonder and a song from his project \"Robert Bobbert and the bubble machine\" and he described the album as sounding like early 1970s R&B as it would sound played by aliens and emanating from an alien spaceship.He also confirmed that the band was recording their new album at Trout Recording in Brooklyn, New York.", "In early 2009, Robert appeared on ABC News's segment called \"amplified\" and gave some short performances of songs from New Magnetic Wonder and a song from his project \"Robert Bobbert and the bubble machine\" and he described the album as sounding like early 1970s R&B as it would sound played by aliens and emanating from an alien spaceship.He also confirmed that the band was recording their new album at Trout Recording in Brooklyn, New York. In interviews in Billboard magazine and other press outlets, In April 2009, the single \"Energy\" from New Magnetic Wonder was performed by the contestants on the television show American Idol.", "In interviews in Billboard magazine and other press outlets, In April 2009, the single \"Energy\" from New Magnetic Wonder was performed by the contestants on the television show American Idol. The result was the band's seventh album Travellers in Space and Time, released on April 20, 2010 on Simian Records.", "The result was the band's seventh album Travellers in Space and Time, released on April 20, 2010 on Simian Records. Described by Schneider as a \"retro-futuristic\" concept album intended as a time capsule for listeners of the future, Travellers has drawn comparisons to the style of Electric Light Orchestra.", "Described by Schneider as a \"retro-futuristic\" concept album intended as a time capsule for listeners of the future, Travellers has drawn comparisons to the style of Electric Light Orchestra. The record is the first Apples in Stereo album without Hilarie Sidney, making Schneider the last founding member remaining in the group, although John Hill joined before \"in stereo\" was added to the name.", "The record is the first Apples in Stereo album without Hilarie Sidney, making Schneider the last founding member remaining in the group, although John Hill joined before \"in stereo\" was added to the name. The band was invited by Jeff Mangum of Neutral Milk Hotel to perform at the All Tomorrow's Parties festival that he curated in March 2012 in Minehead, England.", "The band was invited by Jeff Mangum of Neutral Milk Hotel to perform at the All Tomorrow's Parties festival that he curated in March 2012 in Minehead, England. Schneider announced in May 2012 that The Apples in Stereo had begun work on a new album, described as being \"a very, very different sort of album.\"", "Schneider announced in May 2012 that The Apples in Stereo had begun work on a new album, described as being \"a very, very different sort of album.\" In recent years, Schneider has explored a number of experimental music projects, such as the Teletron mind-controlled synthesizer and Non-Pythagorean scale of his own invention.", "In recent years, Schneider has explored a number of experimental music projects, such as the Teletron mind-controlled synthesizer and Non-Pythagorean scale of his own invention. 2012–present: Death of Bill Doss, hiatus and future The death of Bill Doss, the band's keyboardist as well as the co-founder of fellow Elephant 6 band The Olivia Tremor Control, was announced on July 31, 2012.", "2012–present: Death of Bill Doss, hiatus and future The death of Bill Doss, the band's keyboardist as well as the co-founder of fellow Elephant 6 band The Olivia Tremor Control, was announced on July 31, 2012. The cause of death was an aneurysm.", "The cause of death was an aneurysm. Schneider released a statement saying, \"I am heartbroken by the loss of my life-long friend, collaborator and band-mate. My world will never be the same without the wonderful, funny, supremely creative Bill Doss.\"", "My world will never be the same without the wonderful, funny, supremely creative Bill Doss.\" The band went into hiatus in the fall of 2012, after Doss' death and Schneider's acceptance into the PhD program in Mathematics at Emory University. In 2013, Phish started covering the Apples in Stereo song \"Energy.\"", "In 2013, Phish started covering the Apples in Stereo song \"Energy.\" In early 2017, Schneider hinted at a new album called The Bicycle Day.", "In early 2017, Schneider hinted at a new album called The Bicycle Day. He stated on Facebook that \"Apples are working on a concept record called The Bicycle Day but it is too deep of a task to finish while I'm in graduate school... it isn't a pop record though ... (Air-Sea Dolphin and my band Spaceflyte with John Ferguson are the new pop projects though)\".", "He stated on Facebook that \"Apples are working on a concept record called The Bicycle Day but it is too deep of a task to finish while I'm in graduate school... it isn't a pop record though ... (Air-Sea Dolphin and my band Spaceflyte with John Ferguson are the new pop projects though)\". On August 10, 2017, the Apples played their first show since 2012 as a headlining act at the Athens Popfest music festival in Athens, Georgia with Marshmallow Coast, Antlered Auntlord, and Waxahatchee as prior performers.", "On August 10, 2017, the Apples played their first show since 2012 as a headlining act at the Athens Popfest music festival in Athens, Georgia with Marshmallow Coast, Antlered Auntlord, and Waxahatchee as prior performers. In 2018, Schneider received a PhD in mathematics from Emory.", "In 2018, Schneider received a PhD in mathematics from Emory. Band members Current members Robert Schneider - guitar, French horn, lead vocals (1992–present) John Hill - guitar, xylophone (1994–present) Eric Allen - bass, harmonica (1995–present) John Dufilho - drums, harp (2006–present) John Ferguson - vocals, keyboards, panflute (2007–present) Former members Hilarie Sidney - drums, vocals (1992-2006) Jim McIntyre - bass (1992-1994) Chris Parfitt - guitar (1992-1994) Chris McDuffie - keyboards (1998-2002) Bill Doss - vocals, keyboards, ukulele (2006-2012; died 2012) Timeline Selected discography Fun Trick Noisemaker (1995) Science Faire (1996) Tone Soul Evolution (1997) Her Wallpaper Reverie (1999) The Discovery of a World Inside the Moone (2000) Velocity of Sound (2002) New Magnetic Wonder (2007) Electronic Projects for Musicians (2008) Travellers in Space and Time (2010) References External links The Apples in Stereo at Elephant6.com Tractor Beam Management Apples in Stereo entry at Trouser Press The Apples in Stereo at Live Music Archive Interview with the Cornell Daily Sun Step Through the Portal The Elephant 6 Recording Company artists Musical groups from Denver Lo-fi music groups Musical groups established in 1992 Independent Music Awards winners Indie pop groups from Colorado Indie rock musical groups from Colorado Psychedelic pop music groups American power pop groups SpinART Records artists Yep Roc Records artists" ]

[ "The Apples in Stereo", "1991-1993: The Apples", "How did The Apples come about?", "Mangum. He discussed the idea of starting a record label with them (which soon became The Elephant 6 Recording Company)." ]

[ "Matthew Robinson (born May 26, 1978) is an American author, screenwriter, film director, actor, television writer, film producer, and podcaster. He came to prominence by writing and directing the film The Invention of Lying (2009) in collaboration with the English comedian Ricky Gervais.\n\nMusic career\nRobinson was a member of the satirical hip-hop group The Trilambs, performing under the name \"Matty Boom.\" The group took a sideways look at the excessive world of rap culture, mocking the glorification of materialism, misogyny and homophobia.\n\nTheir only album, entitled It Wasn't Not Funny, was released in 2001.\n\nScreenwriting\nRobinson wrote a script, which was titled This Side of Truth at the time, which was included in the 2007 official Black List of the \"most liked\" un-produced scripts in Hollywood. Robinson and producer Lynda Obst sent Ricky Gervais the script out of the blue in the hope that it would spark his interest. Gervais loved it and eventually flew Robinson to London to retool the script and make the movie which became The Invention of Lying (2009). Robinson's original idea for a feature film grew from a skit he wrote about two people on a date who don't have the ability to lie. He later expanded on the idea for more skits with the same premise and then adapted them into a full film script. Robinson ended up co-directing the movie with Gervais.\n\nRobinson wrote the original script for Monster Trucks (2016), while the shooting script was written by Derek Connolly. Robinson received a story credit.\n\nOn December 7, 2016, it was reported that Greg Berlanti was set to direct a revamped film of the musical The Little Shop of Horrors (1960) with Robinson writing the script.\n\nIn March 2019, it was reported that Robinson would rewrite the screenplay for the Edge of Tomorrow (2014) sequel.\n\nRobinson was reported to be writing the upcoming Star Wars spin-off film Rogue Squadron.\n\nPodcasting\nRobinson co-hosted the podcast Get Up On This with Jensen Karp, in which they, along with a guest, discuss things they think they should know about. Robinson and Karp also hosted Get Up Off This, the podcast within a podcast where they discuss things that people should not like and other replacements. The show ran from August 2011 until October 2018 with 371 episodes made. Karp and Robinson choose Ali Segel and Erin Mallory Long to replace them as hosts.\n\nOn March 22, 2019, he started the podcast Game Brain: A Board Game Podcast, where he would discuss board games with guests.\n\nPersonal life\nRobinson married actress Rachel Germaine on January 23, 2016. The couple welcomed their first child, a son named Strider Myer Robinson, on December 29, 2017. This was followed by a daughter, Joni Isley Robinson, who was born on October 15, 2019.\n\nFilmography\n\nFilm\n\nTelevision\n\nBibliography \nJust Can't Get Enough (2007) (co-written with Jensen Karp)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n \n\n1978 births\nLiving people\nAmerican film directors\nAmerican film producers\nAmerican male screenwriters\nMale screenwriters\nWriters from Los Angeles", "If he were among us () is a Saudi Arabian television series for youth presented by Ahmad Al Shugairi. Each program has multiple segments; the main segment is an interview with a young person. The interviewer asks questions such as: \"If the prophet Muhammad were with us today, what would he say about ___?\"\n\nThe second part of the show features a hidden camera focused on people in real-life situations. The objective is to discuss what the prophet Muhammad would do in the same situation as the camera's subjects. The third part of the show is a \"Did you know?\" feature, and the final part of the show is called \"They said about him\".\n\nThe show has two seasons, each containing 15 episodes. All of the episodes are also available to view on YouTube.\n\nBasis\nThe idea of the program is based on the book: The guidance of the Prophet's biography in social change, ().\n\nInternational airings \nThe show has also been aired in Malaysia via TV AlHijrah, an Islamic-oriented TV station, during the Ramadan of 2011 under its romanized Arabic name \"Law Kana Bainana\" with Malay subtitles.\n\nSee also\n List of Islamic films\n\nReferences\n\nArabic-language television shows\nFilms about Muhammad\nTelevision series about Islam" ]

[ "The Apples in Stereo, styled as The Apples in stereo, are an American rock band associated with Elephant Six Collective, a group of bands also including Neutral Milk Hotel, The Olivia Tremor Control, Elf Power, Of Montreal, and Circulatory System. The band is largely a product of lead vocalist/guitarist/producer Robert Schneider, who writes the majority of the band's music and lyrics.", "The band is largely a product of lead vocalist/guitarist/producer Robert Schneider, who writes the majority of the band's music and lyrics. Currently, The Apples in Stereo also includes longstanding members John Hill (rhythm guitar) and Eric Allen (bass), as well as more recent members John Dufilho (drums), John Ferguson (keyboards), and Ben Phelan (keyboards/guitar/trumpet).", "Currently, The Apples in Stereo also includes longstanding members John Hill (rhythm guitar) and Eric Allen (bass), as well as more recent members John Dufilho (drums), John Ferguson (keyboards), and Ben Phelan (keyboards/guitar/trumpet). The band's sound draws comparisons to the psychedelic rock of The Beatles and The Beach Boys during the 1960s, as well as to bands such as Electric Light Orchestra and Pavement, and also draws from lo-fi, garage rock, new wave, R&B, bubblegum pop, power pop, punk, electro-pop and experimental music.", "The band's sound draws comparisons to the psychedelic rock of The Beatles and The Beach Boys during the 1960s, as well as to bands such as Electric Light Orchestra and Pavement, and also draws from lo-fi, garage rock, new wave, R&B, bubblegum pop, power pop, punk, electro-pop and experimental music. The band is also well known for their appearance in a The Powerpuff Girls music video performing the song \"Signal in the Sky (Let's Go)\".", "The band is also well known for their appearance in a The Powerpuff Girls music video performing the song \"Signal in the Sky (Let's Go)\". It aired immediately after the show's seventh episode of season 4, \"Superfriends\", which was based on the song's lyrics.", "It aired immediately after the show's seventh episode of season 4, \"Superfriends\", which was based on the song's lyrics. The band has appeared widely in television and film, including performances on The Colbert Report, Late Night with Conan O'Brien and Last Call with Carson Daly, guest hosting on MTV, song placements in numerous television shows, commercials and motion pictures, the performance of the single \"Energy\" by the contestants on American Idol, and a song recorded for children's show Yo Gabba Gabba.", "The band has appeared widely in television and film, including performances on The Colbert Report, Late Night with Conan O'Brien and Last Call with Carson Daly, guest hosting on MTV, song placements in numerous television shows, commercials and motion pictures, the performance of the single \"Energy\" by the contestants on American Idol, and a song recorded for children's show Yo Gabba Gabba. Band history 1991–1993: The Apples In late 1991, Robert Schneider met Jim McIntyre on a commuter bus in Denver, Colorado.", "Band history 1991–1993: The Apples In late 1991, Robert Schneider met Jim McIntyre on a commuter bus in Denver, Colorado. Schneider had recently moved to Colorado from Ruston, Louisiana, and often initiated conversations with McIntyre.", "Schneider had recently moved to Colorado from Ruston, Louisiana, and often initiated conversations with McIntyre. When Schneider asked McIntyre what his music interests were, McIntyre named his favorite band: The Beach Boys — a band Schneider was particularly fond of. Realizing that they shared many musical interests, McIntyre introduced Schneider to Hilarie Sidney.", "Realizing that they shared many musical interests, McIntyre introduced Schneider to Hilarie Sidney. McIntyre already had a band called Von Hemmling in which McIntyre played bass and Sidney played drums. With Schneider, they discussed the idea of starting a band and perhaps a recording label.", "With Schneider, they discussed the idea of starting a band and perhaps a recording label. Schneider later met Chris Parfitt, who at the time was also already in a band (which Schneider unsuccessfully auditioned for on bass).", "Schneider later met Chris Parfitt, who at the time was also already in a band (which Schneider unsuccessfully auditioned for on bass). Schneider and Parfitt also became friends, however, and toyed with the idea of having a rock band similar to The Velvet Underground or Black Sabbath, with production qualities similar to that of The Beach Boys.", "Schneider and Parfitt also became friends, however, and toyed with the idea of having a rock band similar to The Velvet Underground or Black Sabbath, with production qualities similar to that of The Beach Boys. Schneider then spent two weeks in Athens, Georgia recording music and spending time with his childhood friends Will Cullen Hart, Bill Doss and Jeff Mangum.", "Schneider then spent two weeks in Athens, Georgia recording music and spending time with his childhood friends Will Cullen Hart, Bill Doss and Jeff Mangum. He discussed the idea of starting a record label with them (which soon became The Elephant 6 Recording Company).", "He discussed the idea of starting a record label with them (which soon became The Elephant 6 Recording Company). It was also at this time that the name \"The Apples\" came about, inspired by the Pink Floyd song \"Apples and Oranges\".", "It was also at this time that the name \"The Apples\" came about, inspired by the Pink Floyd song \"Apples and Oranges\". The earliest incarnation of the band began to form in 1992 upon Schneider's return to Denver, first between Schneider and Parfitt, both of whom played guitar.", "The earliest incarnation of the band began to form in 1992 upon Schneider's return to Denver, first between Schneider and Parfitt, both of whom played guitar. The two recruited McIntyre and Sidney during the autumn of that year, practicing material through the winter.", "The two recruited McIntyre and Sidney during the autumn of that year, practicing material through the winter. Their first few live shows took place the following January, many of which were with the band Felt Pilotes.", "Their first few live shows took place the following January, many of which were with the band Felt Pilotes. From February to April 1993, the band recorded their debut 7\" EP, Tidal Wave, and released it in June as the first record ever to bear the Elephant 6 logo.", "From February to April 1993, the band recorded their debut 7\" EP, Tidal Wave, and released it in June as the first record ever to bear the Elephant 6 logo. 1994–1995: Hypnotic Suggestion and Fun Trick Noisemaker Several conflicts would lead Parfitt to leave the band in early 1994.", "1994–1995: Hypnotic Suggestion and Fun Trick Noisemaker Several conflicts would lead Parfitt to leave the band in early 1994. John Hill, a former bandmate of McIntyre's, would join the band as a rhythm guitarist while Schneider began to grow more comfortable playing lead guitar.", "John Hill, a former bandmate of McIntyre's, would join the band as a rhythm guitarist while Schneider began to grow more comfortable playing lead guitar. It was also at this time that Schneider began to take stronger creative control of the band, shifting its sound from its stronger rock qualities to a spacier pop sound.", "It was also at this time that Schneider began to take stronger creative control of the band, shifting its sound from its stronger rock qualities to a spacier pop sound. The band started work on a debut album, but it instead became Hypnotic Suggestion, a second EP.", "The band started work on a debut album, but it instead became Hypnotic Suggestion, a second EP. However, after SpinART Records offered to buy the band an 8-track in return for an album, new plans for an LP arose.", "However, after SpinART Records offered to buy the band an 8-track in return for an album, new plans for an LP arose. In mid-1994, after Hypnotic Suggestion, McIntyre would be the second to leave the band, due to a number of personal distresses as well as stylistic changes that arose with Parfitt's departure.", "In mid-1994, after Hypnotic Suggestion, McIntyre would be the second to leave the band, due to a number of personal distresses as well as stylistic changes that arose with Parfitt's departure. Having great difficulty finding a new permanent bassist, the band would rotate a number of frequent bass contributors, including Jeff Mangum of Neutral Milk Hotel, Kurt Heasley of The Lilys, Kyle Jones, Joel Richardson, and Joel Evans.", "Having great difficulty finding a new permanent bassist, the band would rotate a number of frequent bass contributors, including Jeff Mangum of Neutral Milk Hotel, Kurt Heasley of The Lilys, Kyle Jones, Joel Richardson, and Joel Evans. Jim McIntyre would also occasionally guest on bass.", "Jim McIntyre would also occasionally guest on bass. This continued to be the makeup of the band as they toured the country in late 1994, recording the first half of their new album in Glendora, California.", "This continued to be the makeup of the band as they toured the country in late 1994, recording the first half of their new album in Glendora, California. In early 1995, the band finished the album, Fun Trick Noisemaker, at Kyle Jones's house (the birthplace of Schneider's Pet Sounds Studio).", "In early 1995, the band finished the album, Fun Trick Noisemaker, at Kyle Jones's house (the birthplace of Schneider's Pet Sounds Studio). Now with a LP to support, the band began touring again.", "Now with a LP to support, the band began touring again. Eric Allen, whom the band had previously auditioned as a guitarist after the departure of Chris Parfitt, joined the band as a much welcomed permanent bassist. Late 1995, Schneider relocated Pet Sounds Studio to Jim McIntyre's house.", "Late 1995, Schneider relocated Pet Sounds Studio to Jim McIntyre's house. McIntyre continued to be involved in the recording and engineering of the band's albums until the mid-2000s.", "McIntyre continued to be involved in the recording and engineering of the band's albums until the mid-2000s. A significantly different band from the original 1992 four-piece, the official name of the band gradually became \"The Apples in Stereo\", with the \"in stereo\" usually somewhat under-emphasized, whether in lower-case or in parentheses.", "A significantly different band from the original 1992 four-piece, the official name of the band gradually became \"The Apples in Stereo\", with the \"in stereo\" usually somewhat under-emphasized, whether in lower-case or in parentheses. Schneider described this in an interview: \"It's very clearcut, actually: we're The Apples, the music's in stereo.", "Schneider described this in an interview: \"It's very clearcut, actually: we're The Apples, the music's in stereo. It's not actually the band name – it's a step back from it, a band name once removed. We're The Apples, in stereo.", "We're The Apples, in stereo. Kind of like a TV show, 'in stereo!' That always seemed to be a really big deal, that it was in stereo.\" McIntyre later remarked, \"It's cool the name changed cause the Apples and the Apples in Stereo were really two different entities.\"", "McIntyre later remarked, \"It's cool the name changed cause the Apples and the Apples in Stereo were really two different entities.\" 1996–2005: Tone Soul Evolution to Velocity of Sound The band continued touring through 1996, playing in Japan for the first time.", "1996–2005: Tone Soul Evolution to Velocity of Sound The band continued touring through 1996, playing in Japan for the first time. Several early recording sessions were held at Pet Sounds for the band's second album, Tone Soul Evolution, but the members were dissatisfied with the quality of the recordings.", "Several early recording sessions were held at Pet Sounds for the band's second album, Tone Soul Evolution, but the members were dissatisfied with the quality of the recordings. The majority of the album's songs were re-recorded at Studio .45 in Hartford, Connecticut before the album's release.", "The majority of the album's songs were re-recorded at Studio .45 in Hartford, Connecticut before the album's release. In 1998, Chris McDuffie joined the band, playing various instruments including organs, synthesizers and assorted percussion. He would leave the band before Velocity of Sound was released in 2002.", "He would leave the band before Velocity of Sound was released in 2002. Several more albums were released by the band through the years, including the psychedelic \"concept EP\", Her Wallpaper Reverie, The Discovery of a World Inside the Moone and Velocity of Sound; both of the latter of which were progressively aimed at capturing the live sound of the band, which continued to tighten as they continued to perform hundreds of live shows (about 100 a year).", "Several more albums were released by the band through the years, including the psychedelic \"concept EP\", Her Wallpaper Reverie, The Discovery of a World Inside the Moone and Velocity of Sound; both of the latter of which were progressively aimed at capturing the live sound of the band, which continued to tighten as they continued to perform hundreds of live shows (about 100 a year). In particular, the 2002 album Velocity of Sound rejects most of the psych-pop production sensibilities that would come to be associated with the band, instead featuring stripped-down production and sparse, rock instrumentation.", "In particular, the 2002 album Velocity of Sound rejects most of the psych-pop production sensibilities that would come to be associated with the band, instead featuring stripped-down production and sparse, rock instrumentation. The band members would also continue to pursue careers in side bands and solo projects, with Schneider producing several albums for Elephant 6 artists.", "The band members would also continue to pursue careers in side bands and solo projects, with Schneider producing several albums for Elephant 6 artists. Schneider and drummer Hilarie Sidney were married for a time, with a son Max born in 2000. They have since been divorced.", "They have since been divorced. They have since been divorced. The band went on a brief hiatus during 2004 as Schneider released the debut album from a new band called Ulysses and Sidney released the debut album from her new band The High Water Marks; both were released on Eenie Meenie Records.", "The band went on a brief hiatus during 2004 as Schneider released the debut album from a new band called Ulysses and Sidney released the debut album from her new band The High Water Marks; both were released on Eenie Meenie Records. In 2005, The Apples in Stereo contributed \"Liza Jane\" to the Eenie Meenie compilation, Dimension Mix.", "In 2005, The Apples in Stereo contributed \"Liza Jane\" to the Eenie Meenie compilation, Dimension Mix. It was also around this time that news began to circulate among various websites concerning the band's next studio album.", "It was also around this time that news began to circulate among various websites concerning the band's next studio album. 2006–2008: New Magnetic Wonder and evolving lineup In August 2006, longtime drummer Hilarie Sidney officially announced her departure from the band during the band's closing set at the Athens Popfest music festival in Athens, Georgia.", "2006–2008: New Magnetic Wonder and evolving lineup In August 2006, longtime drummer Hilarie Sidney officially announced her departure from the band during the band's closing set at the Athens Popfest music festival in Athens, Georgia. Her replacement, John Dufilho, lead singer and principal songwriter of The Deathray Davies, was announced in October 2006.", "Her replacement, John Dufilho, lead singer and principal songwriter of The Deathray Davies, was announced in October 2006. 2006 touring member Bill Doss of The Olivia Tremor Control also quietly joined the band \"officially\" as its new keyboardist.", "2006 touring member Bill Doss of The Olivia Tremor Control also quietly joined the band \"officially\" as its new keyboardist. John Ferguson of Big Fresh and Ulysses joined the Apples in 2007, also playing keyboards, and wearing a Doctor Who-esque space suit on stage.", "John Ferguson of Big Fresh and Ulysses joined the Apples in 2007, also playing keyboards, and wearing a Doctor Who-esque space suit on stage. In December 2006, Robert Schneider appeared on the popular television show The Colbert Report singing the song \"Stephen Stephen\" recorded by The Apples in Stereo to glorify the show's host Stephen Colbert, to kick off a guitar solo contest between Colbert and Chris Funk of The Decemberists.", "In December 2006, Robert Schneider appeared on the popular television show The Colbert Report singing the song \"Stephen Stephen\" recorded by The Apples in Stereo to glorify the show's host Stephen Colbert, to kick off a guitar solo contest between Colbert and Chris Funk of The Decemberists. On February 6, 2007, The Apples in Stereo released their sixth studio LP, New Magnetic Wonder.", "On February 6, 2007, The Apples in Stereo released their sixth studio LP, New Magnetic Wonder. Finishing a ten-year deal with spinART Records, New Magnetic Wonder was the premiere release on Simian Records, a newly formed record label founded by Elijah Wood.", "Finishing a ten-year deal with spinART Records, New Magnetic Wonder was the premiere release on Simian Records, a newly formed record label founded by Elijah Wood. This was followed by a long-awaited b-sides and rarities compilation titled Electronic Projects for Musicians, released on April 1. In 2008, spinART Records went out of business.", "In 2008, spinART Records went out of business. Rights for all major releases by The Apples in Stereo on the label were subsequently acquired by One Little Indian Records, and have since reverted to the band.", "Rights for all major releases by The Apples in Stereo on the label were subsequently acquired by One Little Indian Records, and have since reverted to the band. In a recent interview, Schneider noted that the band's EPs have yet to have been re-released, but will likely be collected for another compilation.", "In a recent interview, Schneider noted that the band's EPs have yet to have been re-released, but will likely be collected for another compilation. Such a compilation would probably include the re-releases of Look Away + 4, Let's Go! and a number of non-album songs released alongside New Magnetic Wonder.", "and a number of non-album songs released alongside New Magnetic Wonder. On August 4, 2008, the band appeared again on The Colbert Report. They performed their song Can You Feel It? to promote the release of the Japanese picture disc.", "to promote the release of the Japanese picture disc. In early 2008, their song \"Same Old Drag\" won in The 7th Annual Independent Music Awards for Best Pop/Rock Song. The same year Apples in Stereo were nominated for Independent Music Awards Pop/Rock Album of the Year.", "The same year Apples in Stereo were nominated for Independent Music Awards Pop/Rock Album of the Year. The band members also joined the 9th annual Independent Music Awards judging panel to assist independent musicians' careers.", "The band members also joined the 9th annual Independent Music Awards judging panel to assist independent musicians' careers. 2009–2011: #1 Hits Explosion and Travellers in Space and Time Yep Roc released #1 Hits Explosion, an Apples in Stereo best-of album, on September 1, 2009.", "2009–2011: #1 Hits Explosion and Travellers in Space and Time Yep Roc released #1 Hits Explosion, an Apples in Stereo best-of album, on September 1, 2009. In late 2008, PepsiCo released an advertisement with their song \"Energy\" off of their album New Magnetic Wonder.", "In late 2008, PepsiCo released an advertisement with their song \"Energy\" off of their album New Magnetic Wonder. In early 2009, Robert appeared on ABC News's segment called \"amplified\" and gave some short performances of songs from New Magnetic Wonder and a song from his project \"Robert Bobbert and the bubble machine\" and he described the album as sounding like early 1970s R&B as it would sound played by aliens and emanating from an alien spaceship.He also confirmed that the band was recording their new album at Trout Recording in Brooklyn, New York.", "In early 2009, Robert appeared on ABC News's segment called \"amplified\" and gave some short performances of songs from New Magnetic Wonder and a song from his project \"Robert Bobbert and the bubble machine\" and he described the album as sounding like early 1970s R&B as it would sound played by aliens and emanating from an alien spaceship.He also confirmed that the band was recording their new album at Trout Recording in Brooklyn, New York. In interviews in Billboard magazine and other press outlets, In April 2009, the single \"Energy\" from New Magnetic Wonder was performed by the contestants on the television show American Idol.", "In interviews in Billboard magazine and other press outlets, In April 2009, the single \"Energy\" from New Magnetic Wonder was performed by the contestants on the television show American Idol. The result was the band's seventh album Travellers in Space and Time, released on April 20, 2010 on Simian Records.", "The result was the band's seventh album Travellers in Space and Time, released on April 20, 2010 on Simian Records. Described by Schneider as a \"retro-futuristic\" concept album intended as a time capsule for listeners of the future, Travellers has drawn comparisons to the style of Electric Light Orchestra.", "Described by Schneider as a \"retro-futuristic\" concept album intended as a time capsule for listeners of the future, Travellers has drawn comparisons to the style of Electric Light Orchestra. The record is the first Apples in Stereo album without Hilarie Sidney, making Schneider the last founding member remaining in the group, although John Hill joined before \"in stereo\" was added to the name.", "The record is the first Apples in Stereo album without Hilarie Sidney, making Schneider the last founding member remaining in the group, although John Hill joined before \"in stereo\" was added to the name. The band was invited by Jeff Mangum of Neutral Milk Hotel to perform at the All Tomorrow's Parties festival that he curated in March 2012 in Minehead, England.", "The band was invited by Jeff Mangum of Neutral Milk Hotel to perform at the All Tomorrow's Parties festival that he curated in March 2012 in Minehead, England. Schneider announced in May 2012 that The Apples in Stereo had begun work on a new album, described as being \"a very, very different sort of album.\"", "Schneider announced in May 2012 that The Apples in Stereo had begun work on a new album, described as being \"a very, very different sort of album.\" In recent years, Schneider has explored a number of experimental music projects, such as the Teletron mind-controlled synthesizer and Non-Pythagorean scale of his own invention.", "In recent years, Schneider has explored a number of experimental music projects, such as the Teletron mind-controlled synthesizer and Non-Pythagorean scale of his own invention. 2012–present: Death of Bill Doss, hiatus and future The death of Bill Doss, the band's keyboardist as well as the co-founder of fellow Elephant 6 band The Olivia Tremor Control, was announced on July 31, 2012.", "2012–present: Death of Bill Doss, hiatus and future The death of Bill Doss, the band's keyboardist as well as the co-founder of fellow Elephant 6 band The Olivia Tremor Control, was announced on July 31, 2012. The cause of death was an aneurysm.", "The cause of death was an aneurysm. Schneider released a statement saying, \"I am heartbroken by the loss of my life-long friend, collaborator and band-mate. My world will never be the same without the wonderful, funny, supremely creative Bill Doss.\"", "My world will never be the same without the wonderful, funny, supremely creative Bill Doss.\" The band went into hiatus in the fall of 2012, after Doss' death and Schneider's acceptance into the PhD program in Mathematics at Emory University. In 2013, Phish started covering the Apples in Stereo song \"Energy.\"", "In 2013, Phish started covering the Apples in Stereo song \"Energy.\" In early 2017, Schneider hinted at a new album called The Bicycle Day.", "In early 2017, Schneider hinted at a new album called The Bicycle Day. He stated on Facebook that \"Apples are working on a concept record called The Bicycle Day but it is too deep of a task to finish while I'm in graduate school... it isn't a pop record though ... (Air-Sea Dolphin and my band Spaceflyte with John Ferguson are the new pop projects though)\".", "He stated on Facebook that \"Apples are working on a concept record called The Bicycle Day but it is too deep of a task to finish while I'm in graduate school... it isn't a pop record though ... (Air-Sea Dolphin and my band Spaceflyte with John Ferguson are the new pop projects though)\". On August 10, 2017, the Apples played their first show since 2012 as a headlining act at the Athens Popfest music festival in Athens, Georgia with Marshmallow Coast, Antlered Auntlord, and Waxahatchee as prior performers.", "On August 10, 2017, the Apples played their first show since 2012 as a headlining act at the Athens Popfest music festival in Athens, Georgia with Marshmallow Coast, Antlered Auntlord, and Waxahatchee as prior performers. In 2018, Schneider received a PhD in mathematics from Emory.", "In 2018, Schneider received a PhD in mathematics from Emory. Band members Current members Robert Schneider - guitar, French horn, lead vocals (1992–present) John Hill - guitar, xylophone (1994–present) Eric Allen - bass, harmonica (1995–present) John Dufilho - drums, harp (2006–present) John Ferguson - vocals, keyboards, panflute (2007–present) Former members Hilarie Sidney - drums, vocals (1992-2006) Jim McIntyre - bass (1992-1994) Chris Parfitt - guitar (1992-1994) Chris McDuffie - keyboards (1998-2002) Bill Doss - vocals, keyboards, ukulele (2006-2012; died 2012) Timeline Selected discography Fun Trick Noisemaker (1995) Science Faire (1996) Tone Soul Evolution (1997) Her Wallpaper Reverie (1999) The Discovery of a World Inside the Moone (2000) Velocity of Sound (2002) New Magnetic Wonder (2007) Electronic Projects for Musicians (2008) Travellers in Space and Time (2010) References External links The Apples in Stereo at Elephant6.com Tractor Beam Management Apples in Stereo entry at Trouser Press The Apples in Stereo at Live Music Archive Interview with the Cornell Daily Sun Step Through the Portal The Elephant 6 Recording Company artists Musical groups from Denver Lo-fi music groups Musical groups established in 1992 Independent Music Awards winners Indie pop groups from Colorado Indie rock musical groups from Colorado Psychedelic pop music groups American power pop groups SpinART Records artists Yep Roc Records artists" ]

[ "The Apples in Stereo", "1991-1993: The Apples", "How did The Apples come about?", "Mangum. He discussed the idea of starting a record label with them (which soon became The Elephant 6 Recording Company).", "Who did he discuss the idea with?", "Schneider then spent two weeks in Athens, Georgia recording music and spending time with his childhood friends Will Cullen Hart, Bill Doss and Jeff Mangum." ]

[ "In computer programming, string interpolation (or variable interpolation, variable substitution, or variable expansion) is the process of evaluating a string literal containing one or more placeholders, yielding a result in which the placeholders are replaced with their corresponding values. It is a form of simple template processing or, in formal terms, a form of quasi-quotation (or logic substitution interpretation). The placeholder may be a variable name, or in some languages an arbitrary expression, in either case evaluated in the current context.\n\nString interpolation is an alternative to building string via concatenation, which requires repeated quoting and unquoting; or substituting into a printf format string, where the variable is far from where it is used. Compare:\napples = 4\nprint(\"I have ${apples} apples.\") # string interpolation\nprint(\"I have \" + apples + \" apples.\") # string concatenation\nprintf(\"I have %s apples.\", apples) # format string\n\nTwo types of literal expression are usually offered: one with interpolation enabled, the other without. Non-interpolated strings may also escape sequences, in which case they are termed a raw string, though in other cases this is separate, yielding three classes of raw string, non-interpolated (but escaped) string, interpolated (and escaped) string. For example in Unix shells, single-quoted strings are raw, while double-quoted strings are interpolated. Placeholders are usually represented by a bare or a named sigil (typically $ or %), e.g. $apples or %apples, or with braces, e.g. {apples}, sometimes both, e.g. ${apples}. In some cases additional formatting specifiers can be used (as in printf), e.g. {apples:3}, and in some cases the formatting specifiers themselves can be interpolated, e.g. {apples:width}. Expansion of the string usually occurs at run time.\n\nLanguage support for string interpolation varies widely. Some languages do not offer string interpolation, instead using concatenation, simple formatting functions, or template libraries. String interpolation is common in many programming languages which make heavy use of string representations of data, such as Apache Groovy, Julia, Kotlin, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, Scala, Swift, Tcl and most Unix shells.\n\nAlgorithms \nThere are two main types of expand variable algorithms for variable interpolation:\n Replace and expand placeholders: creating a new string from the original one, by find-replace operations. Find variable-reference (placeholder), replace it by its variable-value. This algorithm offers no cache strategy.\n Split and join string: splitting the string into an array, and merging it with the corresponding array of values; then join items by concatenation. The split string can be cached to reuse.\n\nSecurity issues \nString interpolation, like string concatenation, may lead to security problems. If user input data is improperly escaped or filtered, the system will be exposed to SQL injection, script injection, XML External Entity Injection (XXE), and cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks.\n\nAn SQL injection example:\n query = \" \"\nIf $id is replaced with \"'; \", executing this query will wipe out all the data in Table.\n\nExamples \nThe following Perl code works identically in PHP:\n$name = \"Alice\";\nprint \"${name} said Hello World to the crowd of people.\";\nproduces the output: Alice said Hello World to the crowd of people.\n\nABAP \n\nDATA(apples) = 4.\nWRITE |I have { apples } apples|.The output will be:I have 4 apples\n\nBash \n\napples=4\necho \"I have $apples apples\"\n# or\necho \"I have ${apples} apples\"\nThe output will be:\nI have 4 apples\n\nBoo \n\napples = 4\nprint(\"I have $(apples) apples\")\n# or\nprint(\"I have {0} apples\" % apples)\nThe output will be:\nI have 4 apples\n\nC# \n\nvar apples = 4;\nvar bananas = 3;\n\nConsole.WriteLine($\"I have {apples} apples\");\nConsole.WriteLine($\"I have {apples + bananas} fruits\");\n\nThe output will be:\nI have 4 apples\nI have 7 fruits\n\nColdFusion Markup Language \n\nColdFusion Markup Language (CFML) script syntax:\napples = 4;\nwriteOutput(\"I have #apples# apples\");\n\nTag syntax:\n<cfset apples = 4>\n<cfoutput>I have #apples# apples</cfoutput>\n\nThe output will be:\n\nCoffeeScript \n\napples = 4\nconsole.log \"I have #{apples} apples\"\nThe output will be:\nI have 4 apples\n\nDart \n\nint apples = 4, bananas = 3;\nprint('I have $apples apples.');\nprint('I have ${apples+bananas} fruit.');\nThe output will be:\nI have 4 apples.\nI have 7 fruit.\n\nGo \n\n, Go does not have string interpolation. There have been some proposals for string interpolation in the next version of the language, Go 2. Instead, Go uses printf format strings in the fmt.Sprintf function, string concatenation, or template libraries like text/template.\n\nGroovy \n\nIn groovy, interpolated strings are known as GStrings:\ndef quality = \"superhero\"\nfinal age = 52\ndef sentence = \"A developer is a $quality, if he is ${age <= 42 ? \"young\" : \"seasoned\"}\"\nprintln sentence\nThe output will be:\nA developer is a superhero if he is seasoned\n\nHaxe \n\nvar apples = 4;\nvar bananas = 3;\ntrace('I have $apples apples.');\ntrace('I have ${apples+bananas} fruit.');\nThe output will be:\nI have 4 apples.\nI have 7 fruit.\n\nJava \n\n, Java does not have interpolated strings, and instead uses format functions, notably the MessageFormat class (Java version 1.1 and above) and the static method String.format (Java version 5 and above).\n\nJavaScript \n\nJavaScript, as of the ECMAScript 2015 (ES6) standard, supports string interpolation using backticks ``. This feature is called template literals. Here is an example:\nconst apples = 4;\nconst bananas = 3;\nconsole.log(`I have ${apples} apples`);\nconsole.log(`I have ${apples + bananas} fruit`);\nThe output will be:\nI have 4 apples\nI have 7 fruit\n\nTemplate literals can also be used for multi-line strings:\nconsole.log(`This is the first line of text.\nThis is the second line of text.`);\n\nThe output will be:\nThis is the first line of text.\nThis is the second line of text.\n\nJulia \n\napples = 4\nbananas = 3\nprint(\"I have $apples apples and $bananas bananas, making $(apples + bananas) pieces of fruit in total.\")\nThe output will be:\nI have 4 apples and 3 bananas, making 7 pieces of fruit in total.\n\nKotlin \n\nval quality = \"superhero\"\nval apples = 4\nval bananas = 3\nval sentence = \"A developer is a $quality. I have ${apples + bananas} fruit\"\nprintln(sentence)\nThe output will be:\nA developer is a superhero. I have 7 fruit\n\nNemerle \n\ndef apples = 4;\ndef bananas = 3;\nConsole.WriteLine($\"I have $apples apples.\");\nConsole.WriteLine($\"I have $(apples + bananas) fruit.\");\nIt also supports advanced formatting features, such as:\ndef fruit = [\"apple\", \"banana\"];\nConsole.WriteLine($<#I have ..$(fruit; \"\\n\"; f => f + \"s\")#>);\nThe output will be:\napples\nbananas\n\nNext Generation Shell \n\nThe recommended syntax is ${expr} though $var is also supported:\nquality = \"superhero\"\napples = 4\nbananas = 3\nsentence = \"A developer is a $quality. I have ${apples + bananas} fruit\"\necho(sentence)\nThe output will be:\nA developer is a superhero. I have 7 fruit\n\nNim \n\nNim provides string interpolation via the strutils module.\nFormatted string literals inspired by Python F-string are provided via the strformat module,\nthe strformat macro verifies that the format string is well-formed and well-typed,\nand then are expanded into Nim source code at compile-time.\nimport strutils, strformat\nvar apples = 4\nvar bananas = 3\necho \"I have $1 apples\".format(apples)\necho fmt\"I have {apples} apples\"\necho fmt\"I have {apples + bananas} fruits\"\n\n# Multi-line\necho fmt\"\"\"\nI have \n{apples} apples\"\"\"\n\n# Debug the formatting\necho fmt\"I have {apples=} apples\"\n\n# Custom openChar and closeChar characters\necho fmt(\"I have (apples) {apples}\", '(', ')')\n\n# Backslash inside the formatted string literal\necho fmt\"\"\"{ \"yep\\nope\" }\"\"\" \nThe output will be:\nI have 4 apples\nI have 4 apples\nI have 7 fruits\nI have\n4 apples\nI have apples=4 apples\nI have 4 {apples}\nyep\nope\n\nNix \n\nlet numberOfApples = \"4\";\nin \"I have ${numberOfApples} apples\"\nThe output will be:\nI have 4 apples\n\nParaSail \n\nconst Apples := 4\nconst Bananas := 3\nPrintln (\"I have `(Apples) apples.\\n\")\nPrintln (\"I have `(Apples+Bananas) fruit.\\n\")\nThe output will be:\nI have 4 apples.\nI have 7 fruit.\n\nPerl \n\nmy $apples = 4;\nmy $bananas = 3;\nprint \"I have $apples apples.\\n\";\nprint \"I have @{[$apples+$bananas]} fruit.\\n\"; # Uses the Perl array (@) interpolation.\nThe output will be:\nI have 4 apples.\nI have 7 fruit.\n\nPHP \n\n<?php\n$apples = 5;\n$bananas = 3;\necho \"There are $apples apples and $bananas bananas.\";\necho \"\\n\";\necho \"I have {$apples} apples and {$bananas} bananas.\";The output will be:\nThere are 5 apples and 3 bananas.\nI have 5 apples and 3 bananas.\n\nPython \n\nPython supports string interpolation as of version 3.6, referred to as \n\"formatted string literals\". Such a literal begins with an f or F before the opening quote, and uses braces for placeholders:\napples = 4\nbananas = 3\nprint(f'I have {apples} apples and {bananas} bananas')\nThe output will be:\nI have 4 apples and 3 bananas\n\nRuby / Crystal \n\napples = 4\nputs \"I have #{apples} apples\"\n# or\nputs \"I have %s apples\" % apples\n# or\nputs \"I have %{a} apples\" % {a: apples}\n\nThe output will be:\nI have 4 apples\n\nRust \n\nRust does not have general string interpolation, but provides similar functionality via macros, referred to as \"Captured identifiers in format strings\", introduced in version 1.58.0, released 2022-01-13.\n\nRust provides formatting via the std::fmt module, which is interfaced with through various macros such as format!, write!, and print!. These macros are converted into Rust source code at compile-time, whereby each argument interacts with a formatter. The formatter supports positional parameters, named parameters, argument types, defining various formatting traits, and capturing identifiers from the environment.\n\nlet (apples, bananas) = (4, 3);\n// println! captures the identifiers when formatting: the string itself isn't interpolated by Rust.\nprintln!(\"There are {apples} apples and {bananas} bananas.\");\nThe output will be:\n There are 4 apples and 3 bananas.\n\nScala \n\nScala 2.10+ has implemented the following string interpolators: s, f and raw. It is also possible to write custom ones or override the standard ones.\n\nThe f interpolator is a compiler macro that rewrites a format string with embedded expressions as an invocation of String.format. It verifies that the format string is well-formed and well-typed.\n\nThe standard interpolators \nScala 2.10+'s string interpolation allows embedding variable references directly in processed string literals. Here is an example:\nval apples = 4\nval bananas = 3\n//before Scala 2.10\nprintf(\"I have %d apples\\n\", apples)\nprintln(\"I have %d apples\" format apples)\n//Scala 2.10+\nprintln(s\"I have $apples apples\")\nprintln(s\"I have ${apples + bananas} fruits\")\nprintln(f\"I have $apples%d apples\")\n\nThe output will be:I have 4 apples\n\nSciter (tiscript) \n\nIn Sciter any function with name starting from $ is considered as interpolating function and so interpolation is customizable and context sensitive:\nvar apples = 4\nvar bananas = 3\nvar domElement = ...;\n\ndomElement.$content(<p>I have {apples} apples</p>);\ndomElement.$append(<p>I have {apples + bananas} fruits</p>);\n\nWhere domElement.$content(<p>I have {apples} apples</p>); gets compiled to this:\ndomElement.html = \"<p>I have \" + apples.toHtmlString() + \" apples</p>\";\n\nSnobol \n\n apples = 4 ; bananas = 3\n Output = \"I have \" apples \" apples.\"\n Output = \"I have \" (apples + bananas) \" fruit.\"\nThe output will be:\nI have 4 apples.\nI have 7 fruit.\n\nSwift\n\nIn Swift, a new String value can be created from a mix of constants, variables, literals, and expressions by including their values inside a string literal. Each item inserted into the string literal is wrapped in a pair of parentheses, prefixed by a backslash.\n\nlet apples = 4\nprint(\"I have \\(apples) apples\")The output will be:\nI have 4 apples\n\nTcl \n\nThe Tool Command Language has always supported string interpolation in all quote-delimited strings.\n\nset apples 4\nputs \"I have $apples apples.\"\nThe output will be:\nI have 4 apples.\n\nIn order to actually format - and not simply replace - the values, there is a formatting function.\n\nset apples 4\nputs [format \"I have %d apples.\" $apples]\n\nTypeScript \n\nAs of version 1.4, TypeScript supports string interpolation using backticks ``. Here is an example:\nvar apples: number = 4;\nconsole.log(`I have ${apples} apples`);\nThe output will be:\nI have 4 apples\nThe console.log function can be used as a printf function. The above example can be rewritten, thusly:\nvar apples: number = 4;\nconsole.log(\"I have %d apples\", apples);\nThe output remains the same.\n\nVisual Basic \nAs of Visual Basic 14, String Interpolation is supported in Visual Basic.\n \nname = \"Tom\"\nConsole.WriteLine($\"Hello, {name}\")\n\nwill print \"Hello, Tom\".\n\nSee also \n Concatenation\n Improper input validation\n printf format string\n Quasi-quotation\n String literal\n Substitution\n\nNotes \n\nProgramming constructs\nInterpolation\nVariable (computer science)", "Quasar is a snake game written by Jonathan Dubman for the Apple II and published by Aristotle Software in 1983.\n\nGameplay\nThe objective of the game is to earn points by surrounding and eliminating opponents, the \"light-cycles\". The player control's an orange line with a \"cycle\" in front of it that can move up, down, left, or right. Wherever they go, they leave an orange trail.\n\nIf the player crashes into anything, their cycle is \"zapped\", even if they crash into their own trail.\n\nThe other cycles: violet, green, and blue, also move in a similar way. They are like the player except for that the computer controls them. Likewise, if they crash into anything, they disappear. They also leave trails, . If one cycle crashes, the others remain until they are trapped and crash, one by one.\n\nTo make them disappear, the player must restrict the area in which they move by surrounding them. If they get boxed in, they will spiral to their own demise. \n\nSome points are awarded for mere survival, but many more are awarded for such things as eliminating opponent cycles, completing a level, and eating apples, \n\nEvery 5000 points, the player will get a bonus cycle, which means they will get one more chance to play before the game ends.\n\nApples, After completing the first level, all successive levels will have apples on the screen, colored just like the Apple logo. Many points are earned by contact with an apple. As it is eaten, there is a little \"bleep\" and the apple disappears. The other cycles are not interested in the apples, and will not eat them.\nWormy Apples, When rising in level, the player will soon see some apples that have small worms inside. These apples are poisonous and should not be eaten by the player.\nBalls, are small, round, white balls that bounce haphazardly around the screen. They are fatal if A player touches them. Up to four balls can appear on the screen at one time, depending on the level.\nThe Caterpillar, At level six, a green caterpillar moves to the players monitor screen and slithers around. Players are recommended not to interact with him. He gets longer and faster as the game progresses\nThe Butterfly, The pink butterfly appears after the second ball. He flutters and flies and will home-in on you, attempting to sting you with his venomous bite. Just staying away from him will not help the player. There are many tricks that the player may learn to avoid the butterfly, but the player will have to figure them out for themself. Up to four butterflies can appear, but not until very late in the game.\n\nThere are six different speeds that the game can be played at. Inexperienced players are best off at the lower speeds (1,2) and experienced players are best off at the medium speeds (3,4). The upper speeds (5,6) are for very experienced players.\n\nEvery eighth level there is a \"bonus board\" in which the player can earn many bonus points by lasting long and then killing off their opponents. In the bonus board levels, they and their opponents are snakes. The player can only last so long before they run out of air.\n\nWhen all of the players cycles crash, the game is over and a finale tune is played. If the player then hear 3 sirens, they have a new high score. The player can then type there name letter by letter and press RETURN.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n25th Anniversary Edition\n\n1983 video games\nApple II games\nApple II-only games\nSnake video games\nVertically-oriented video games\nVideo games developed in the United States" ]

[ "The Apples in Stereo, styled as The Apples in stereo, are an American rock band associated with Elephant Six Collective, a group of bands also including Neutral Milk Hotel, The Olivia Tremor Control, Elf Power, Of Montreal, and Circulatory System. The band is largely a product of lead vocalist/guitarist/producer Robert Schneider, who writes the majority of the band's music and lyrics.", "The band is largely a product of lead vocalist/guitarist/producer Robert Schneider, who writes the majority of the band's music and lyrics. Currently, The Apples in Stereo also includes longstanding members John Hill (rhythm guitar) and Eric Allen (bass), as well as more recent members John Dufilho (drums), John Ferguson (keyboards), and Ben Phelan (keyboards/guitar/trumpet).", "Currently, The Apples in Stereo also includes longstanding members John Hill (rhythm guitar) and Eric Allen (bass), as well as more recent members John Dufilho (drums), John Ferguson (keyboards), and Ben Phelan (keyboards/guitar/trumpet). The band's sound draws comparisons to the psychedelic rock of The Beatles and The Beach Boys during the 1960s, as well as to bands such as Electric Light Orchestra and Pavement, and also draws from lo-fi, garage rock, new wave, R&B, bubblegum pop, power pop, punk, electro-pop and experimental music.", "The band's sound draws comparisons to the psychedelic rock of The Beatles and The Beach Boys during the 1960s, as well as to bands such as Electric Light Orchestra and Pavement, and also draws from lo-fi, garage rock, new wave, R&B, bubblegum pop, power pop, punk, electro-pop and experimental music. The band is also well known for their appearance in a The Powerpuff Girls music video performing the song \"Signal in the Sky (Let's Go)\".", "The band is also well known for their appearance in a The Powerpuff Girls music video performing the song \"Signal in the Sky (Let's Go)\". It aired immediately after the show's seventh episode of season 4, \"Superfriends\", which was based on the song's lyrics.", "It aired immediately after the show's seventh episode of season 4, \"Superfriends\", which was based on the song's lyrics. The band has appeared widely in television and film, including performances on The Colbert Report, Late Night with Conan O'Brien and Last Call with Carson Daly, guest hosting on MTV, song placements in numerous television shows, commercials and motion pictures, the performance of the single \"Energy\" by the contestants on American Idol, and a song recorded for children's show Yo Gabba Gabba.", "The band has appeared widely in television and film, including performances on The Colbert Report, Late Night with Conan O'Brien and Last Call with Carson Daly, guest hosting on MTV, song placements in numerous television shows, commercials and motion pictures, the performance of the single \"Energy\" by the contestants on American Idol, and a song recorded for children's show Yo Gabba Gabba. Band history 1991–1993: The Apples In late 1991, Robert Schneider met Jim McIntyre on a commuter bus in Denver, Colorado.", "Band history 1991–1993: The Apples In late 1991, Robert Schneider met Jim McIntyre on a commuter bus in Denver, Colorado. Schneider had recently moved to Colorado from Ruston, Louisiana, and often initiated conversations with McIntyre.", "Schneider had recently moved to Colorado from Ruston, Louisiana, and often initiated conversations with McIntyre. When Schneider asked McIntyre what his music interests were, McIntyre named his favorite band: The Beach Boys — a band Schneider was particularly fond of. Realizing that they shared many musical interests, McIntyre introduced Schneider to Hilarie Sidney.", "Realizing that they shared many musical interests, McIntyre introduced Schneider to Hilarie Sidney. McIntyre already had a band called Von Hemmling in which McIntyre played bass and Sidney played drums. With Schneider, they discussed the idea of starting a band and perhaps a recording label.", "With Schneider, they discussed the idea of starting a band and perhaps a recording label. Schneider later met Chris Parfitt, who at the time was also already in a band (which Schneider unsuccessfully auditioned for on bass).", "Schneider later met Chris Parfitt, who at the time was also already in a band (which Schneider unsuccessfully auditioned for on bass). Schneider and Parfitt also became friends, however, and toyed with the idea of having a rock band similar to The Velvet Underground or Black Sabbath, with production qualities similar to that of The Beach Boys.", "Schneider and Parfitt also became friends, however, and toyed with the idea of having a rock band similar to The Velvet Underground or Black Sabbath, with production qualities similar to that of The Beach Boys. Schneider then spent two weeks in Athens, Georgia recording music and spending time with his childhood friends Will Cullen Hart, Bill Doss and Jeff Mangum.", "Schneider then spent two weeks in Athens, Georgia recording music and spending time with his childhood friends Will Cullen Hart, Bill Doss and Jeff Mangum. He discussed the idea of starting a record label with them (which soon became The Elephant 6 Recording Company).", "He discussed the idea of starting a record label with them (which soon became The Elephant 6 Recording Company). It was also at this time that the name \"The Apples\" came about, inspired by the Pink Floyd song \"Apples and Oranges\".", "It was also at this time that the name \"The Apples\" came about, inspired by the Pink Floyd song \"Apples and Oranges\". The earliest incarnation of the band began to form in 1992 upon Schneider's return to Denver, first between Schneider and Parfitt, both of whom played guitar.", "The earliest incarnation of the band began to form in 1992 upon Schneider's return to Denver, first between Schneider and Parfitt, both of whom played guitar. The two recruited McIntyre and Sidney during the autumn of that year, practicing material through the winter.", "The two recruited McIntyre and Sidney during the autumn of that year, practicing material through the winter. Their first few live shows took place the following January, many of which were with the band Felt Pilotes.", "Their first few live shows took place the following January, many of which were with the band Felt Pilotes. From February to April 1993, the band recorded their debut 7\" EP, Tidal Wave, and released it in June as the first record ever to bear the Elephant 6 logo.", "From February to April 1993, the band recorded their debut 7\" EP, Tidal Wave, and released it in June as the first record ever to bear the Elephant 6 logo. 1994–1995: Hypnotic Suggestion and Fun Trick Noisemaker Several conflicts would lead Parfitt to leave the band in early 1994.", "1994–1995: Hypnotic Suggestion and Fun Trick Noisemaker Several conflicts would lead Parfitt to leave the band in early 1994. John Hill, a former bandmate of McIntyre's, would join the band as a rhythm guitarist while Schneider began to grow more comfortable playing lead guitar.", "John Hill, a former bandmate of McIntyre's, would join the band as a rhythm guitarist while Schneider began to grow more comfortable playing lead guitar. It was also at this time that Schneider began to take stronger creative control of the band, shifting its sound from its stronger rock qualities to a spacier pop sound.", "It was also at this time that Schneider began to take stronger creative control of the band, shifting its sound from its stronger rock qualities to a spacier pop sound. The band started work on a debut album, but it instead became Hypnotic Suggestion, a second EP.", "The band started work on a debut album, but it instead became Hypnotic Suggestion, a second EP. However, after SpinART Records offered to buy the band an 8-track in return for an album, new plans for an LP arose.", "However, after SpinART Records offered to buy the band an 8-track in return for an album, new plans for an LP arose. In mid-1994, after Hypnotic Suggestion, McIntyre would be the second to leave the band, due to a number of personal distresses as well as stylistic changes that arose with Parfitt's departure.", "In mid-1994, after Hypnotic Suggestion, McIntyre would be the second to leave the band, due to a number of personal distresses as well as stylistic changes that arose with Parfitt's departure. Having great difficulty finding a new permanent bassist, the band would rotate a number of frequent bass contributors, including Jeff Mangum of Neutral Milk Hotel, Kurt Heasley of The Lilys, Kyle Jones, Joel Richardson, and Joel Evans.", "Having great difficulty finding a new permanent bassist, the band would rotate a number of frequent bass contributors, including Jeff Mangum of Neutral Milk Hotel, Kurt Heasley of The Lilys, Kyle Jones, Joel Richardson, and Joel Evans. Jim McIntyre would also occasionally guest on bass.", "Jim McIntyre would also occasionally guest on bass. This continued to be the makeup of the band as they toured the country in late 1994, recording the first half of their new album in Glendora, California.", "This continued to be the makeup of the band as they toured the country in late 1994, recording the first half of their new album in Glendora, California. In early 1995, the band finished the album, Fun Trick Noisemaker, at Kyle Jones's house (the birthplace of Schneider's Pet Sounds Studio).", "In early 1995, the band finished the album, Fun Trick Noisemaker, at Kyle Jones's house (the birthplace of Schneider's Pet Sounds Studio). Now with a LP to support, the band began touring again.", "Now with a LP to support, the band began touring again. Eric Allen, whom the band had previously auditioned as a guitarist after the departure of Chris Parfitt, joined the band as a much welcomed permanent bassist. Late 1995, Schneider relocated Pet Sounds Studio to Jim McIntyre's house.", "Late 1995, Schneider relocated Pet Sounds Studio to Jim McIntyre's house. McIntyre continued to be involved in the recording and engineering of the band's albums until the mid-2000s.", "McIntyre continued to be involved in the recording and engineering of the band's albums until the mid-2000s. A significantly different band from the original 1992 four-piece, the official name of the band gradually became \"The Apples in Stereo\", with the \"in stereo\" usually somewhat under-emphasized, whether in lower-case or in parentheses.", "A significantly different band from the original 1992 four-piece, the official name of the band gradually became \"The Apples in Stereo\", with the \"in stereo\" usually somewhat under-emphasized, whether in lower-case or in parentheses. Schneider described this in an interview: \"It's very clearcut, actually: we're The Apples, the music's in stereo.", "Schneider described this in an interview: \"It's very clearcut, actually: we're The Apples, the music's in stereo. It's not actually the band name – it's a step back from it, a band name once removed. We're The Apples, in stereo.", "We're The Apples, in stereo. Kind of like a TV show, 'in stereo!' That always seemed to be a really big deal, that it was in stereo.\" McIntyre later remarked, \"It's cool the name changed cause the Apples and the Apples in Stereo were really two different entities.\"", "McIntyre later remarked, \"It's cool the name changed cause the Apples and the Apples in Stereo were really two different entities.\" 1996–2005: Tone Soul Evolution to Velocity of Sound The band continued touring through 1996, playing in Japan for the first time.", "1996–2005: Tone Soul Evolution to Velocity of Sound The band continued touring through 1996, playing in Japan for the first time. Several early recording sessions were held at Pet Sounds for the band's second album, Tone Soul Evolution, but the members were dissatisfied with the quality of the recordings.", "Several early recording sessions were held at Pet Sounds for the band's second album, Tone Soul Evolution, but the members were dissatisfied with the quality of the recordings. The majority of the album's songs were re-recorded at Studio .45 in Hartford, Connecticut before the album's release.", "The majority of the album's songs were re-recorded at Studio .45 in Hartford, Connecticut before the album's release. In 1998, Chris McDuffie joined the band, playing various instruments including organs, synthesizers and assorted percussion. He would leave the band before Velocity of Sound was released in 2002.", "He would leave the band before Velocity of Sound was released in 2002. Several more albums were released by the band through the years, including the psychedelic \"concept EP\", Her Wallpaper Reverie, The Discovery of a World Inside the Moone and Velocity of Sound; both of the latter of which were progressively aimed at capturing the live sound of the band, which continued to tighten as they continued to perform hundreds of live shows (about 100 a year).", "Several more albums were released by the band through the years, including the psychedelic \"concept EP\", Her Wallpaper Reverie, The Discovery of a World Inside the Moone and Velocity of Sound; both of the latter of which were progressively aimed at capturing the live sound of the band, which continued to tighten as they continued to perform hundreds of live shows (about 100 a year). In particular, the 2002 album Velocity of Sound rejects most of the psych-pop production sensibilities that would come to be associated with the band, instead featuring stripped-down production and sparse, rock instrumentation.", "In particular, the 2002 album Velocity of Sound rejects most of the psych-pop production sensibilities that would come to be associated with the band, instead featuring stripped-down production and sparse, rock instrumentation. The band members would also continue to pursue careers in side bands and solo projects, with Schneider producing several albums for Elephant 6 artists.", "The band members would also continue to pursue careers in side bands and solo projects, with Schneider producing several albums for Elephant 6 artists. Schneider and drummer Hilarie Sidney were married for a time, with a son Max born in 2000. They have since been divorced.", "They have since been divorced. They have since been divorced. The band went on a brief hiatus during 2004 as Schneider released the debut album from a new band called Ulysses and Sidney released the debut album from her new band The High Water Marks; both were released on Eenie Meenie Records.", "The band went on a brief hiatus during 2004 as Schneider released the debut album from a new band called Ulysses and Sidney released the debut album from her new band The High Water Marks; both were released on Eenie Meenie Records. In 2005, The Apples in Stereo contributed \"Liza Jane\" to the Eenie Meenie compilation, Dimension Mix.", "In 2005, The Apples in Stereo contributed \"Liza Jane\" to the Eenie Meenie compilation, Dimension Mix. It was also around this time that news began to circulate among various websites concerning the band's next studio album.", "It was also around this time that news began to circulate among various websites concerning the band's next studio album. 2006–2008: New Magnetic Wonder and evolving lineup In August 2006, longtime drummer Hilarie Sidney officially announced her departure from the band during the band's closing set at the Athens Popfest music festival in Athens, Georgia.", "2006–2008: New Magnetic Wonder and evolving lineup In August 2006, longtime drummer Hilarie Sidney officially announced her departure from the band during the band's closing set at the Athens Popfest music festival in Athens, Georgia. Her replacement, John Dufilho, lead singer and principal songwriter of The Deathray Davies, was announced in October 2006.", "Her replacement, John Dufilho, lead singer and principal songwriter of The Deathray Davies, was announced in October 2006. 2006 touring member Bill Doss of The Olivia Tremor Control also quietly joined the band \"officially\" as its new keyboardist.", "2006 touring member Bill Doss of The Olivia Tremor Control also quietly joined the band \"officially\" as its new keyboardist. John Ferguson of Big Fresh and Ulysses joined the Apples in 2007, also playing keyboards, and wearing a Doctor Who-esque space suit on stage.", "John Ferguson of Big Fresh and Ulysses joined the Apples in 2007, also playing keyboards, and wearing a Doctor Who-esque space suit on stage. In December 2006, Robert Schneider appeared on the popular television show The Colbert Report singing the song \"Stephen Stephen\" recorded by The Apples in Stereo to glorify the show's host Stephen Colbert, to kick off a guitar solo contest between Colbert and Chris Funk of The Decemberists.", "In December 2006, Robert Schneider appeared on the popular television show The Colbert Report singing the song \"Stephen Stephen\" recorded by The Apples in Stereo to glorify the show's host Stephen Colbert, to kick off a guitar solo contest between Colbert and Chris Funk of The Decemberists. On February 6, 2007, The Apples in Stereo released their sixth studio LP, New Magnetic Wonder.", "On February 6, 2007, The Apples in Stereo released their sixth studio LP, New Magnetic Wonder. Finishing a ten-year deal with spinART Records, New Magnetic Wonder was the premiere release on Simian Records, a newly formed record label founded by Elijah Wood.", "Finishing a ten-year deal with spinART Records, New Magnetic Wonder was the premiere release on Simian Records, a newly formed record label founded by Elijah Wood. This was followed by a long-awaited b-sides and rarities compilation titled Electronic Projects for Musicians, released on April 1. In 2008, spinART Records went out of business.", "In 2008, spinART Records went out of business. Rights for all major releases by The Apples in Stereo on the label were subsequently acquired by One Little Indian Records, and have since reverted to the band.", "Rights for all major releases by The Apples in Stereo on the label were subsequently acquired by One Little Indian Records, and have since reverted to the band. In a recent interview, Schneider noted that the band's EPs have yet to have been re-released, but will likely be collected for another compilation.", "In a recent interview, Schneider noted that the band's EPs have yet to have been re-released, but will likely be collected for another compilation. Such a compilation would probably include the re-releases of Look Away + 4, Let's Go! and a number of non-album songs released alongside New Magnetic Wonder.", "and a number of non-album songs released alongside New Magnetic Wonder. On August 4, 2008, the band appeared again on The Colbert Report. They performed their song Can You Feel It? to promote the release of the Japanese picture disc.", "to promote the release of the Japanese picture disc. In early 2008, their song \"Same Old Drag\" won in The 7th Annual Independent Music Awards for Best Pop/Rock Song. The same year Apples in Stereo were nominated for Independent Music Awards Pop/Rock Album of the Year.", "The same year Apples in Stereo were nominated for Independent Music Awards Pop/Rock Album of the Year. The band members also joined the 9th annual Independent Music Awards judging panel to assist independent musicians' careers.", "The band members also joined the 9th annual Independent Music Awards judging panel to assist independent musicians' careers. 2009–2011: #1 Hits Explosion and Travellers in Space and Time Yep Roc released #1 Hits Explosion, an Apples in Stereo best-of album, on September 1, 2009.", "2009–2011: #1 Hits Explosion and Travellers in Space and Time Yep Roc released #1 Hits Explosion, an Apples in Stereo best-of album, on September 1, 2009. In late 2008, PepsiCo released an advertisement with their song \"Energy\" off of their album New Magnetic Wonder.", "In late 2008, PepsiCo released an advertisement with their song \"Energy\" off of their album New Magnetic Wonder. In early 2009, Robert appeared on ABC News's segment called \"amplified\" and gave some short performances of songs from New Magnetic Wonder and a song from his project \"Robert Bobbert and the bubble machine\" and he described the album as sounding like early 1970s R&B as it would sound played by aliens and emanating from an alien spaceship.He also confirmed that the band was recording their new album at Trout Recording in Brooklyn, New York.", "In early 2009, Robert appeared on ABC News's segment called \"amplified\" and gave some short performances of songs from New Magnetic Wonder and a song from his project \"Robert Bobbert and the bubble machine\" and he described the album as sounding like early 1970s R&B as it would sound played by aliens and emanating from an alien spaceship.He also confirmed that the band was recording their new album at Trout Recording in Brooklyn, New York. In interviews in Billboard magazine and other press outlets, In April 2009, the single \"Energy\" from New Magnetic Wonder was performed by the contestants on the television show American Idol.", "In interviews in Billboard magazine and other press outlets, In April 2009, the single \"Energy\" from New Magnetic Wonder was performed by the contestants on the television show American Idol. The result was the band's seventh album Travellers in Space and Time, released on April 20, 2010 on Simian Records.", "The result was the band's seventh album Travellers in Space and Time, released on April 20, 2010 on Simian Records. Described by Schneider as a \"retro-futuristic\" concept album intended as a time capsule for listeners of the future, Travellers has drawn comparisons to the style of Electric Light Orchestra.", "Described by Schneider as a \"retro-futuristic\" concept album intended as a time capsule for listeners of the future, Travellers has drawn comparisons to the style of Electric Light Orchestra. The record is the first Apples in Stereo album without Hilarie Sidney, making Schneider the last founding member remaining in the group, although John Hill joined before \"in stereo\" was added to the name.", "The record is the first Apples in Stereo album without Hilarie Sidney, making Schneider the last founding member remaining in the group, although John Hill joined before \"in stereo\" was added to the name. The band was invited by Jeff Mangum of Neutral Milk Hotel to perform at the All Tomorrow's Parties festival that he curated in March 2012 in Minehead, England.", "The band was invited by Jeff Mangum of Neutral Milk Hotel to perform at the All Tomorrow's Parties festival that he curated in March 2012 in Minehead, England. Schneider announced in May 2012 that The Apples in Stereo had begun work on a new album, described as being \"a very, very different sort of album.\"", "Schneider announced in May 2012 that The Apples in Stereo had begun work on a new album, described as being \"a very, very different sort of album.\" In recent years, Schneider has explored a number of experimental music projects, such as the Teletron mind-controlled synthesizer and Non-Pythagorean scale of his own invention.", "In recent years, Schneider has explored a number of experimental music projects, such as the Teletron mind-controlled synthesizer and Non-Pythagorean scale of his own invention. 2012–present: Death of Bill Doss, hiatus and future The death of Bill Doss, the band's keyboardist as well as the co-founder of fellow Elephant 6 band The Olivia Tremor Control, was announced on July 31, 2012.", "2012–present: Death of Bill Doss, hiatus and future The death of Bill Doss, the band's keyboardist as well as the co-founder of fellow Elephant 6 band The Olivia Tremor Control, was announced on July 31, 2012. The cause of death was an aneurysm.", "The cause of death was an aneurysm. Schneider released a statement saying, \"I am heartbroken by the loss of my life-long friend, collaborator and band-mate. My world will never be the same without the wonderful, funny, supremely creative Bill Doss.\"", "My world will never be the same without the wonderful, funny, supremely creative Bill Doss.\" The band went into hiatus in the fall of 2012, after Doss' death and Schneider's acceptance into the PhD program in Mathematics at Emory University. In 2013, Phish started covering the Apples in Stereo song \"Energy.\"", "In 2013, Phish started covering the Apples in Stereo song \"Energy.\" In early 2017, Schneider hinted at a new album called The Bicycle Day.", "In early 2017, Schneider hinted at a new album called The Bicycle Day. He stated on Facebook that \"Apples are working on a concept record called The Bicycle Day but it is too deep of a task to finish while I'm in graduate school... it isn't a pop record though ... (Air-Sea Dolphin and my band Spaceflyte with John Ferguson are the new pop projects though)\".", "He stated on Facebook that \"Apples are working on a concept record called The Bicycle Day but it is too deep of a task to finish while I'm in graduate school... it isn't a pop record though ... (Air-Sea Dolphin and my band Spaceflyte with John Ferguson are the new pop projects though)\". On August 10, 2017, the Apples played their first show since 2012 as a headlining act at the Athens Popfest music festival in Athens, Georgia with Marshmallow Coast, Antlered Auntlord, and Waxahatchee as prior performers.", "On August 10, 2017, the Apples played their first show since 2012 as a headlining act at the Athens Popfest music festival in Athens, Georgia with Marshmallow Coast, Antlered Auntlord, and Waxahatchee as prior performers. In 2018, Schneider received a PhD in mathematics from Emory.", "In 2018, Schneider received a PhD in mathematics from Emory. Band members Current members Robert Schneider - guitar, French horn, lead vocals (1992–present) John Hill - guitar, xylophone (1994–present) Eric Allen - bass, harmonica (1995–present) John Dufilho - drums, harp (2006–present) John Ferguson - vocals, keyboards, panflute (2007–present) Former members Hilarie Sidney - drums, vocals (1992-2006) Jim McIntyre - bass (1992-1994) Chris Parfitt - guitar (1992-1994) Chris McDuffie - keyboards (1998-2002) Bill Doss - vocals, keyboards, ukulele (2006-2012; died 2012) Timeline Selected discography Fun Trick Noisemaker (1995) Science Faire (1996) Tone Soul Evolution (1997) Her Wallpaper Reverie (1999) The Discovery of a World Inside the Moone (2000) Velocity of Sound (2002) New Magnetic Wonder (2007) Electronic Projects for Musicians (2008) Travellers in Space and Time (2010) References External links The Apples in Stereo at Elephant6.com Tractor Beam Management Apples in Stereo entry at Trouser Press The Apples in Stereo at Live Music Archive Interview with the Cornell Daily Sun Step Through the Portal The Elephant 6 Recording Company artists Musical groups from Denver Lo-fi music groups Musical groups established in 1992 Independent Music Awards winners Indie pop groups from Colorado Indie rock musical groups from Colorado Psychedelic pop music groups American power pop groups SpinART Records artists Yep Roc Records artists" ]

[ "The Apples in Stereo", "1991-1993: The Apples", "How did The Apples come about?", "Mangum. He discussed the idea of starting a record label with them (which soon became The Elephant 6 Recording Company).", "Who did he discuss the idea with?", "Schneider then spent two weeks in Athens, Georgia recording music and spending time with his childhood friends Will Cullen Hart, Bill Doss and Jeff Mangum.", "Where did they get the name The Apples?", "It was also at this time that the name \"The Apples\" came about, inspired by the Pink Floyd song \"Apples and Oranges\"." ]

[ "Ryan Guldemond (born November 24, 1986) is the lead vocalist and guitarist of the Canadian indie rock band Mother Mother, which Guldemond formed on Quadra Island, British Columbia with his sister Molly Guldemond (on vocals and keyboard).\n\nCareer history\nGuldemond was at music school when he decided to start a band based on vocal-driven pop songs. He recruited his sister Molly along with a friend from college, Debra-Jean Creelman, to accompany his own vocals for the songs they had written. The trio played as an acoustic act in Vancouver in January 2005 before adding drummer Kenton Loewen and bassist Jeremy Page to form Mother, a 5-member band. In the fall of 2005, they independently released a self-titled album. Later on, the name of the band was amended to Mother Mother. Guldemond is also an experienced music producer, having worked with Hannah Georgas on her album, This is Good.\n\nPersonal history \nGuldemond grew up in Quadra Island in British Columbia, with sister and bandmate, Molly. The siblings did not play together in their youth, only deciding to start a band as adults. Guldemond has described working through issues with substance abuse and has noted that in the past these issues have negatively impacted his relationship with Molly, though their relationship has strengthened post-sobriety. He has discussed sobriety as an important influence on Mother Mother's sixth album, No Culture, particularly the single \"The Drugs\".\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nMother Mother Official website\n\nCanadian indie rock musicians\nMusicians from British Columbia\nPeople from Campbell River, British Columbia\nCanadian rock singers\nCanadian rock guitarists\nCanadian male guitarists\nLiving people\n1983 births", "The VON is an American band based in South Florida. The band comprises Luis Bonilla, Marek Schneider and Elisa Seda.\n\nHistory\nThe VON was formed in 2013 by the vocalist and bassist Luis Bonilla and the guitarist Marek Schneider. The VON has seen the majority of its career as a trio with the drummer Elisa Seda. Elisa became the part of the band when she replaced their former drummer when the band's 2015 album was recorded.\n\nIn 2015, THE VON released its album Ei8ht. The album depicts musical influences how they came together with respect to their diverse cultures, yoga ideology, and the themes of fearlessly living the life. The VON released their first single, Nothing to Fear, in the start of 2015. This was followed by Cry Of War in 2016. The VON is now working on a National and European Tour.\n\nDiscography \nThe following tracks were released by The VON:\n\nSacred Water, 2017 (Single)\n\n3nity, 2016 (EP)\n\n I Know It's Love\n Nature of the Beast\nMy Heart Machine\n\nei8ht, 2015 (Album)\n Nothing to Fear\n The Machine\n Cry of War\n Love Supreme\n Atomic Sun\n Let It Out\n Don’t Forget About Us\n Ei8ht (Spirit & Matter)\n\nProtagonist, 2013 (EP)\n\n My Fantasy\n The Machine\n Don't Forget About Us\n\nReferences\n\nIndie rock musical groups from Florida\nAmerican electro musicians\nAmerican musical trios\nMusical groups established in 2013\n2013 establishments in Florida" ]

[ "The Apples in Stereo, styled as The Apples in stereo, are an American rock band associated with Elephant Six Collective, a group of bands also including Neutral Milk Hotel, The Olivia Tremor Control, Elf Power, Of Montreal, and Circulatory System. The band is largely a product of lead vocalist/guitarist/producer Robert Schneider, who writes the majority of the band's music and lyrics.", "The band is largely a product of lead vocalist/guitarist/producer Robert Schneider, who writes the majority of the band's music and lyrics. Currently, The Apples in Stereo also includes longstanding members John Hill (rhythm guitar) and Eric Allen (bass), as well as more recent members John Dufilho (drums), John Ferguson (keyboards), and Ben Phelan (keyboards/guitar/trumpet).", "Currently, The Apples in Stereo also includes longstanding members John Hill (rhythm guitar) and Eric Allen (bass), as well as more recent members John Dufilho (drums), John Ferguson (keyboards), and Ben Phelan (keyboards/guitar/trumpet). The band's sound draws comparisons to the psychedelic rock of The Beatles and The Beach Boys during the 1960s, as well as to bands such as Electric Light Orchestra and Pavement, and also draws from lo-fi, garage rock, new wave, R&B, bubblegum pop, power pop, punk, electro-pop and experimental music.", "The band's sound draws comparisons to the psychedelic rock of The Beatles and The Beach Boys during the 1960s, as well as to bands such as Electric Light Orchestra and Pavement, and also draws from lo-fi, garage rock, new wave, R&B, bubblegum pop, power pop, punk, electro-pop and experimental music. The band is also well known for their appearance in a The Powerpuff Girls music video performing the song \"Signal in the Sky (Let's Go)\".", "The band is also well known for their appearance in a The Powerpuff Girls music video performing the song \"Signal in the Sky (Let's Go)\". It aired immediately after the show's seventh episode of season 4, \"Superfriends\", which was based on the song's lyrics.", "It aired immediately after the show's seventh episode of season 4, \"Superfriends\", which was based on the song's lyrics. The band has appeared widely in television and film, including performances on The Colbert Report, Late Night with Conan O'Brien and Last Call with Carson Daly, guest hosting on MTV, song placements in numerous television shows, commercials and motion pictures, the performance of the single \"Energy\" by the contestants on American Idol, and a song recorded for children's show Yo Gabba Gabba.", "The band has appeared widely in television and film, including performances on The Colbert Report, Late Night with Conan O'Brien and Last Call with Carson Daly, guest hosting on MTV, song placements in numerous television shows, commercials and motion pictures, the performance of the single \"Energy\" by the contestants on American Idol, and a song recorded for children's show Yo Gabba Gabba. Band history 1991–1993: The Apples In late 1991, Robert Schneider met Jim McIntyre on a commuter bus in Denver, Colorado.", "Band history 1991–1993: The Apples In late 1991, Robert Schneider met Jim McIntyre on a commuter bus in Denver, Colorado. Schneider had recently moved to Colorado from Ruston, Louisiana, and often initiated conversations with McIntyre.", "Schneider had recently moved to Colorado from Ruston, Louisiana, and often initiated conversations with McIntyre. When Schneider asked McIntyre what his music interests were, McIntyre named his favorite band: The Beach Boys — a band Schneider was particularly fond of. Realizing that they shared many musical interests, McIntyre introduced Schneider to Hilarie Sidney.", "Realizing that they shared many musical interests, McIntyre introduced Schneider to Hilarie Sidney. McIntyre already had a band called Von Hemmling in which McIntyre played bass and Sidney played drums. With Schneider, they discussed the idea of starting a band and perhaps a recording label.", "With Schneider, they discussed the idea of starting a band and perhaps a recording label. Schneider later met Chris Parfitt, who at the time was also already in a band (which Schneider unsuccessfully auditioned for on bass).", "Schneider later met Chris Parfitt, who at the time was also already in a band (which Schneider unsuccessfully auditioned for on bass). Schneider and Parfitt also became friends, however, and toyed with the idea of having a rock band similar to The Velvet Underground or Black Sabbath, with production qualities similar to that of The Beach Boys.", "Schneider and Parfitt also became friends, however, and toyed with the idea of having a rock band similar to The Velvet Underground or Black Sabbath, with production qualities similar to that of The Beach Boys. Schneider then spent two weeks in Athens, Georgia recording music and spending time with his childhood friends Will Cullen Hart, Bill Doss and Jeff Mangum.", "Schneider then spent two weeks in Athens, Georgia recording music and spending time with his childhood friends Will Cullen Hart, Bill Doss and Jeff Mangum. He discussed the idea of starting a record label with them (which soon became The Elephant 6 Recording Company).", "He discussed the idea of starting a record label with them (which soon became The Elephant 6 Recording Company). It was also at this time that the name \"The Apples\" came about, inspired by the Pink Floyd song \"Apples and Oranges\".", "It was also at this time that the name \"The Apples\" came about, inspired by the Pink Floyd song \"Apples and Oranges\". The earliest incarnation of the band began to form in 1992 upon Schneider's return to Denver, first between Schneider and Parfitt, both of whom played guitar.", "The earliest incarnation of the band began to form in 1992 upon Schneider's return to Denver, first between Schneider and Parfitt, both of whom played guitar. The two recruited McIntyre and Sidney during the autumn of that year, practicing material through the winter.", "The two recruited McIntyre and Sidney during the autumn of that year, practicing material through the winter. Their first few live shows took place the following January, many of which were with the band Felt Pilotes.", "Their first few live shows took place the following January, many of which were with the band Felt Pilotes. From February to April 1993, the band recorded their debut 7\" EP, Tidal Wave, and released it in June as the first record ever to bear the Elephant 6 logo.", "From February to April 1993, the band recorded their debut 7\" EP, Tidal Wave, and released it in June as the first record ever to bear the Elephant 6 logo. 1994–1995: Hypnotic Suggestion and Fun Trick Noisemaker Several conflicts would lead Parfitt to leave the band in early 1994.", "1994–1995: Hypnotic Suggestion and Fun Trick Noisemaker Several conflicts would lead Parfitt to leave the band in early 1994. John Hill, a former bandmate of McIntyre's, would join the band as a rhythm guitarist while Schneider began to grow more comfortable playing lead guitar.", "John Hill, a former bandmate of McIntyre's, would join the band as a rhythm guitarist while Schneider began to grow more comfortable playing lead guitar. It was also at this time that Schneider began to take stronger creative control of the band, shifting its sound from its stronger rock qualities to a spacier pop sound.", "It was also at this time that Schneider began to take stronger creative control of the band, shifting its sound from its stronger rock qualities to a spacier pop sound. The band started work on a debut album, but it instead became Hypnotic Suggestion, a second EP.", "The band started work on a debut album, but it instead became Hypnotic Suggestion, a second EP. However, after SpinART Records offered to buy the band an 8-track in return for an album, new plans for an LP arose.", "However, after SpinART Records offered to buy the band an 8-track in return for an album, new plans for an LP arose. In mid-1994, after Hypnotic Suggestion, McIntyre would be the second to leave the band, due to a number of personal distresses as well as stylistic changes that arose with Parfitt's departure.", "In mid-1994, after Hypnotic Suggestion, McIntyre would be the second to leave the band, due to a number of personal distresses as well as stylistic changes that arose with Parfitt's departure. Having great difficulty finding a new permanent bassist, the band would rotate a number of frequent bass contributors, including Jeff Mangum of Neutral Milk Hotel, Kurt Heasley of The Lilys, Kyle Jones, Joel Richardson, and Joel Evans.", "Having great difficulty finding a new permanent bassist, the band would rotate a number of frequent bass contributors, including Jeff Mangum of Neutral Milk Hotel, Kurt Heasley of The Lilys, Kyle Jones, Joel Richardson, and Joel Evans. Jim McIntyre would also occasionally guest on bass.", "Jim McIntyre would also occasionally guest on bass. This continued to be the makeup of the band as they toured the country in late 1994, recording the first half of their new album in Glendora, California.", "This continued to be the makeup of the band as they toured the country in late 1994, recording the first half of their new album in Glendora, California. In early 1995, the band finished the album, Fun Trick Noisemaker, at Kyle Jones's house (the birthplace of Schneider's Pet Sounds Studio).", "In early 1995, the band finished the album, Fun Trick Noisemaker, at Kyle Jones's house (the birthplace of Schneider's Pet Sounds Studio). Now with a LP to support, the band began touring again.", "Now with a LP to support, the band began touring again. Eric Allen, whom the band had previously auditioned as a guitarist after the departure of Chris Parfitt, joined the band as a much welcomed permanent bassist. Late 1995, Schneider relocated Pet Sounds Studio to Jim McIntyre's house.", "Late 1995, Schneider relocated Pet Sounds Studio to Jim McIntyre's house. McIntyre continued to be involved in the recording and engineering of the band's albums until the mid-2000s.", "McIntyre continued to be involved in the recording and engineering of the band's albums until the mid-2000s. A significantly different band from the original 1992 four-piece, the official name of the band gradually became \"The Apples in Stereo\", with the \"in stereo\" usually somewhat under-emphasized, whether in lower-case or in parentheses.", "A significantly different band from the original 1992 four-piece, the official name of the band gradually became \"The Apples in Stereo\", with the \"in stereo\" usually somewhat under-emphasized, whether in lower-case or in parentheses. Schneider described this in an interview: \"It's very clearcut, actually: we're The Apples, the music's in stereo.", "Schneider described this in an interview: \"It's very clearcut, actually: we're The Apples, the music's in stereo. It's not actually the band name – it's a step back from it, a band name once removed. We're The Apples, in stereo.", "We're The Apples, in stereo. Kind of like a TV show, 'in stereo!' That always seemed to be a really big deal, that it was in stereo.\" McIntyre later remarked, \"It's cool the name changed cause the Apples and the Apples in Stereo were really two different entities.\"", "McIntyre later remarked, \"It's cool the name changed cause the Apples and the Apples in Stereo were really two different entities.\" 1996–2005: Tone Soul Evolution to Velocity of Sound The band continued touring through 1996, playing in Japan for the first time.", "1996–2005: Tone Soul Evolution to Velocity of Sound The band continued touring through 1996, playing in Japan for the first time. Several early recording sessions were held at Pet Sounds for the band's second album, Tone Soul Evolution, but the members were dissatisfied with the quality of the recordings.", "Several early recording sessions were held at Pet Sounds for the band's second album, Tone Soul Evolution, but the members were dissatisfied with the quality of the recordings. The majority of the album's songs were re-recorded at Studio .45 in Hartford, Connecticut before the album's release.", "The majority of the album's songs were re-recorded at Studio .45 in Hartford, Connecticut before the album's release. In 1998, Chris McDuffie joined the band, playing various instruments including organs, synthesizers and assorted percussion. He would leave the band before Velocity of Sound was released in 2002.", "He would leave the band before Velocity of Sound was released in 2002. Several more albums were released by the band through the years, including the psychedelic \"concept EP\", Her Wallpaper Reverie, The Discovery of a World Inside the Moone and Velocity of Sound; both of the latter of which were progressively aimed at capturing the live sound of the band, which continued to tighten as they continued to perform hundreds of live shows (about 100 a year).", "Several more albums were released by the band through the years, including the psychedelic \"concept EP\", Her Wallpaper Reverie, The Discovery of a World Inside the Moone and Velocity of Sound; both of the latter of which were progressively aimed at capturing the live sound of the band, which continued to tighten as they continued to perform hundreds of live shows (about 100 a year). In particular, the 2002 album Velocity of Sound rejects most of the psych-pop production sensibilities that would come to be associated with the band, instead featuring stripped-down production and sparse, rock instrumentation.", "In particular, the 2002 album Velocity of Sound rejects most of the psych-pop production sensibilities that would come to be associated with the band, instead featuring stripped-down production and sparse, rock instrumentation. The band members would also continue to pursue careers in side bands and solo projects, with Schneider producing several albums for Elephant 6 artists.", "The band members would also continue to pursue careers in side bands and solo projects, with Schneider producing several albums for Elephant 6 artists. Schneider and drummer Hilarie Sidney were married for a time, with a son Max born in 2000. They have since been divorced.", "They have since been divorced. They have since been divorced. The band went on a brief hiatus during 2004 as Schneider released the debut album from a new band called Ulysses and Sidney released the debut album from her new band The High Water Marks; both were released on Eenie Meenie Records.", "The band went on a brief hiatus during 2004 as Schneider released the debut album from a new band called Ulysses and Sidney released the debut album from her new band The High Water Marks; both were released on Eenie Meenie Records. In 2005, The Apples in Stereo contributed \"Liza Jane\" to the Eenie Meenie compilation, Dimension Mix.", "In 2005, The Apples in Stereo contributed \"Liza Jane\" to the Eenie Meenie compilation, Dimension Mix. It was also around this time that news began to circulate among various websites concerning the band's next studio album.", "It was also around this time that news began to circulate among various websites concerning the band's next studio album. 2006–2008: New Magnetic Wonder and evolving lineup In August 2006, longtime drummer Hilarie Sidney officially announced her departure from the band during the band's closing set at the Athens Popfest music festival in Athens, Georgia.", "2006–2008: New Magnetic Wonder and evolving lineup In August 2006, longtime drummer Hilarie Sidney officially announced her departure from the band during the band's closing set at the Athens Popfest music festival in Athens, Georgia. Her replacement, John Dufilho, lead singer and principal songwriter of The Deathray Davies, was announced in October 2006.", "Her replacement, John Dufilho, lead singer and principal songwriter of The Deathray Davies, was announced in October 2006. 2006 touring member Bill Doss of The Olivia Tremor Control also quietly joined the band \"officially\" as its new keyboardist.", "2006 touring member Bill Doss of The Olivia Tremor Control also quietly joined the band \"officially\" as its new keyboardist. John Ferguson of Big Fresh and Ulysses joined the Apples in 2007, also playing keyboards, and wearing a Doctor Who-esque space suit on stage.", "John Ferguson of Big Fresh and Ulysses joined the Apples in 2007, also playing keyboards, and wearing a Doctor Who-esque space suit on stage. In December 2006, Robert Schneider appeared on the popular television show The Colbert Report singing the song \"Stephen Stephen\" recorded by The Apples in Stereo to glorify the show's host Stephen Colbert, to kick off a guitar solo contest between Colbert and Chris Funk of The Decemberists.", "In December 2006, Robert Schneider appeared on the popular television show The Colbert Report singing the song \"Stephen Stephen\" recorded by The Apples in Stereo to glorify the show's host Stephen Colbert, to kick off a guitar solo contest between Colbert and Chris Funk of The Decemberists. On February 6, 2007, The Apples in Stereo released their sixth studio LP, New Magnetic Wonder.", "On February 6, 2007, The Apples in Stereo released their sixth studio LP, New Magnetic Wonder. Finishing a ten-year deal with spinART Records, New Magnetic Wonder was the premiere release on Simian Records, a newly formed record label founded by Elijah Wood.", "Finishing a ten-year deal with spinART Records, New Magnetic Wonder was the premiere release on Simian Records, a newly formed record label founded by Elijah Wood. This was followed by a long-awaited b-sides and rarities compilation titled Electronic Projects for Musicians, released on April 1. In 2008, spinART Records went out of business.", "In 2008, spinART Records went out of business. Rights for all major releases by The Apples in Stereo on the label were subsequently acquired by One Little Indian Records, and have since reverted to the band.", "Rights for all major releases by The Apples in Stereo on the label were subsequently acquired by One Little Indian Records, and have since reverted to the band. In a recent interview, Schneider noted that the band's EPs have yet to have been re-released, but will likely be collected for another compilation.", "In a recent interview, Schneider noted that the band's EPs have yet to have been re-released, but will likely be collected for another compilation. Such a compilation would probably include the re-releases of Look Away + 4, Let's Go! and a number of non-album songs released alongside New Magnetic Wonder.", "and a number of non-album songs released alongside New Magnetic Wonder. On August 4, 2008, the band appeared again on The Colbert Report. They performed their song Can You Feel It? to promote the release of the Japanese picture disc.", "to promote the release of the Japanese picture disc. In early 2008, their song \"Same Old Drag\" won in The 7th Annual Independent Music Awards for Best Pop/Rock Song. The same year Apples in Stereo were nominated for Independent Music Awards Pop/Rock Album of the Year.", "The same year Apples in Stereo were nominated for Independent Music Awards Pop/Rock Album of the Year. The band members also joined the 9th annual Independent Music Awards judging panel to assist independent musicians' careers.", "The band members also joined the 9th annual Independent Music Awards judging panel to assist independent musicians' careers. 2009–2011: #1 Hits Explosion and Travellers in Space and Time Yep Roc released #1 Hits Explosion, an Apples in Stereo best-of album, on September 1, 2009.", "2009–2011: #1 Hits Explosion and Travellers in Space and Time Yep Roc released #1 Hits Explosion, an Apples in Stereo best-of album, on September 1, 2009. In late 2008, PepsiCo released an advertisement with their song \"Energy\" off of their album New Magnetic Wonder.", "In late 2008, PepsiCo released an advertisement with their song \"Energy\" off of their album New Magnetic Wonder. In early 2009, Robert appeared on ABC News's segment called \"amplified\" and gave some short performances of songs from New Magnetic Wonder and a song from his project \"Robert Bobbert and the bubble machine\" and he described the album as sounding like early 1970s R&B as it would sound played by aliens and emanating from an alien spaceship.He also confirmed that the band was recording their new album at Trout Recording in Brooklyn, New York.", "In early 2009, Robert appeared on ABC News's segment called \"amplified\" and gave some short performances of songs from New Magnetic Wonder and a song from his project \"Robert Bobbert and the bubble machine\" and he described the album as sounding like early 1970s R&B as it would sound played by aliens and emanating from an alien spaceship.He also confirmed that the band was recording their new album at Trout Recording in Brooklyn, New York. In interviews in Billboard magazine and other press outlets, In April 2009, the single \"Energy\" from New Magnetic Wonder was performed by the contestants on the television show American Idol.", "In interviews in Billboard magazine and other press outlets, In April 2009, the single \"Energy\" from New Magnetic Wonder was performed by the contestants on the television show American Idol. The result was the band's seventh album Travellers in Space and Time, released on April 20, 2010 on Simian Records.", "The result was the band's seventh album Travellers in Space and Time, released on April 20, 2010 on Simian Records. Described by Schneider as a \"retro-futuristic\" concept album intended as a time capsule for listeners of the future, Travellers has drawn comparisons to the style of Electric Light Orchestra.", "Described by Schneider as a \"retro-futuristic\" concept album intended as a time capsule for listeners of the future, Travellers has drawn comparisons to the style of Electric Light Orchestra. The record is the first Apples in Stereo album without Hilarie Sidney, making Schneider the last founding member remaining in the group, although John Hill joined before \"in stereo\" was added to the name.", "The record is the first Apples in Stereo album without Hilarie Sidney, making Schneider the last founding member remaining in the group, although John Hill joined before \"in stereo\" was added to the name. The band was invited by Jeff Mangum of Neutral Milk Hotel to perform at the All Tomorrow's Parties festival that he curated in March 2012 in Minehead, England.", "The band was invited by Jeff Mangum of Neutral Milk Hotel to perform at the All Tomorrow's Parties festival that he curated in March 2012 in Minehead, England. Schneider announced in May 2012 that The Apples in Stereo had begun work on a new album, described as being \"a very, very different sort of album.\"", "Schneider announced in May 2012 that The Apples in Stereo had begun work on a new album, described as being \"a very, very different sort of album.\" In recent years, Schneider has explored a number of experimental music projects, such as the Teletron mind-controlled synthesizer and Non-Pythagorean scale of his own invention.", "In recent years, Schneider has explored a number of experimental music projects, such as the Teletron mind-controlled synthesizer and Non-Pythagorean scale of his own invention. 2012–present: Death of Bill Doss, hiatus and future The death of Bill Doss, the band's keyboardist as well as the co-founder of fellow Elephant 6 band The Olivia Tremor Control, was announced on July 31, 2012.", "2012–present: Death of Bill Doss, hiatus and future The death of Bill Doss, the band's keyboardist as well as the co-founder of fellow Elephant 6 band The Olivia Tremor Control, was announced on July 31, 2012. The cause of death was an aneurysm.", "The cause of death was an aneurysm. Schneider released a statement saying, \"I am heartbroken by the loss of my life-long friend, collaborator and band-mate. My world will never be the same without the wonderful, funny, supremely creative Bill Doss.\"", "My world will never be the same without the wonderful, funny, supremely creative Bill Doss.\" The band went into hiatus in the fall of 2012, after Doss' death and Schneider's acceptance into the PhD program in Mathematics at Emory University. In 2013, Phish started covering the Apples in Stereo song \"Energy.\"", "In 2013, Phish started covering the Apples in Stereo song \"Energy.\" In early 2017, Schneider hinted at a new album called The Bicycle Day.", "In early 2017, Schneider hinted at a new album called The Bicycle Day. He stated on Facebook that \"Apples are working on a concept record called The Bicycle Day but it is too deep of a task to finish while I'm in graduate school... it isn't a pop record though ... (Air-Sea Dolphin and my band Spaceflyte with John Ferguson are the new pop projects though)\".", "He stated on Facebook that \"Apples are working on a concept record called The Bicycle Day but it is too deep of a task to finish while I'm in graduate school... it isn't a pop record though ... (Air-Sea Dolphin and my band Spaceflyte with John Ferguson are the new pop projects though)\". On August 10, 2017, the Apples played their first show since 2012 as a headlining act at the Athens Popfest music festival in Athens, Georgia with Marshmallow Coast, Antlered Auntlord, and Waxahatchee as prior performers.", "On August 10, 2017, the Apples played their first show since 2012 as a headlining act at the Athens Popfest music festival in Athens, Georgia with Marshmallow Coast, Antlered Auntlord, and Waxahatchee as prior performers. In 2018, Schneider received a PhD in mathematics from Emory.", "In 2018, Schneider received a PhD in mathematics from Emory. Band members Current members Robert Schneider - guitar, French horn, lead vocals (1992–present) John Hill - guitar, xylophone (1994–present) Eric Allen - bass, harmonica (1995–present) John Dufilho - drums, harp (2006–present) John Ferguson - vocals, keyboards, panflute (2007–present) Former members Hilarie Sidney - drums, vocals (1992-2006) Jim McIntyre - bass (1992-1994) Chris Parfitt - guitar (1992-1994) Chris McDuffie - keyboards (1998-2002) Bill Doss - vocals, keyboards, ukulele (2006-2012; died 2012) Timeline Selected discography Fun Trick Noisemaker (1995) Science Faire (1996) Tone Soul Evolution (1997) Her Wallpaper Reverie (1999) The Discovery of a World Inside the Moone (2000) Velocity of Sound (2002) New Magnetic Wonder (2007) Electronic Projects for Musicians (2008) Travellers in Space and Time (2010) References External links The Apples in Stereo at Elephant6.com Tractor Beam Management Apples in Stereo entry at Trouser Press The Apples in Stereo at Live Music Archive Interview with the Cornell Daily Sun Step Through the Portal The Elephant 6 Recording Company artists Musical groups from Denver Lo-fi music groups Musical groups established in 1992 Independent Music Awards winners Indie pop groups from Colorado Indie rock musical groups from Colorado Psychedelic pop music groups American power pop groups SpinART Records artists Yep Roc Records artists" ]

[ "The Apples in Stereo", "1991-1993: The Apples", "How did The Apples come about?", "Mangum. He discussed the idea of starting a record label with them (which soon became The Elephant 6 Recording Company).", "Who did he discuss the idea with?", "Schneider then spent two weeks in Athens, Georgia recording music and spending time with his childhood friends Will Cullen Hart, Bill Doss and Jeff Mangum.", "Where did they get the name The Apples?", "It was also at this time that the name \"The Apples\" came about, inspired by the Pink Floyd song \"Apples and Oranges\".", "When did the band start working together?", "The earliest incarnation of the band began to form in 1992" ]

[ "Black Cats (in Persian بلک کتس) is a Los Angeles based Persian pop group founded and produced by Shahbal Shabpareh. The band was originally formed in Tehran, Iran in the 1960s and other than Shabpareh, the members have been constantly changing every few years. Some of the most popular members have been Ebi, Hassan Shamaizadeh, Farhad Mehrad, Shabpareh's brother Shahram Shabpareh and Kamran & Hooman.\n\nBackground \nThe group was originally formed in 1966 in Tehran, Iran as a rock band with members Hassan Shamaizadeh, Shahram Shabpareh, Farhad Mehrad, Shahbal Shabpareh. In the 1990s, the band was relaunched in Los Angeles as a pop group. While the band members and singers changed frequently over the next three decades, Shahbal Shabpareh has consistently remained the group's main musician, producer and manager. Shahbal's brother and ex-member, Shahram Shabpareh, who originally played guitar for the band, became a very popular Persian singer after leaving the band in the 1970s.\n\nEbi, one of the most popular Persian singers, was part of the group Black Cats from 1967 to 1979 before starting his solo career.\n\nHassan Shamaizadeh, who played the saxophone for the band, also ended up being a very popular solo singer as well a song writer for many popular artists such as Googoosh.\n\nFrom 1992 to 1999, Pyruz and David were the members, who were very popular. From 1999 to 2004, Kamran and Hooman were also very successful members, who ended up separating and starting their own very popular group called \"Kamran & Hooman.\"\n\nKamyar & Hakim were the main members from 2004 to 2008. Kamyer, who was influenced by Steve Wonder, also became successful on his own. This iteration of the band was known as Black Cats Next Level.\n\nIn 2008, Shabpareh recruited two new members Sami and Eddie and recorded an album called \"Dimbology\".\n\nIn 2013, the new iteration of the band was named Black Cats Ultimate, with the lead vocalist Edvin. Edvin was an X-Factor contestant based in Dubai who got the gig by contacting Shabpareh via email and then auditioning. He has since moved to Los Angeles.\n\nOver the years they have had at least 43 members.\n\nStyle \nThe band's music is traditional upbeat style of Persian pop, but are also known to blend in Jazz, R&B, Hip-Hop, Reggae, Rave and Rapcore influences into their music. Most their beats and timing is in traditional Persian shesh-o-hast format, meaning 6/8th, but often songs switch back and forth from 6/8 to 4/4 rock or pop format. Shabpareh calls it \"rock dambuli.\"\n\nDiscography\n\nExternal links \n Black Cats on Spotify\n Long video recording of early Black Cats, featuring Farhad Mehrad and Shahbal Shabpareh\n\nReferences \n\nIranian musical groups\nIranian pop music groups\nMusical groups from Tehran\nCaltex Records artists", "Star Band is a music group from Senegal that was the resident band of Dakar's Miami Club. They, along with the many off-shoots of the band, are responsible for many of the crucial developments in Senegalese popular music. They were formed in 1959 by the owner of the Miami Club, Ibra Kasse. As was typical in Africa at the time, Kasse owned the instruments and was the band leader of the Star Band although he only occasionally played piano. Each one of the band's twelve albums released in Senegal featured a photo of Kasse on the back cover stating that he was the band leader, composer and arranger.\n\nFormed to celebrate Senegal's independence in 1960, Kasse recruited members of other band including Guinea-Jazz and Tropical Jazz. The band has hosted many of Senegal's most influential musicians, Youssou N'Dour being the most notable, and gave birth to several splinter groups including Le Super Star de Dakar, Orchestra Baobab, Star Number One who considered themselves to be the original Star Band, and Etoile de Dakar. Star Band singers Pape Seck and Laba Sosseh would later go on to sing with Africando.\n\nEarly History\n\nEarly members of the band included singer Amara Toure and saxophonist Mady Konate who were recruited from Tropical Jazz. They joined saxophonist Dexter Johnson, guitar-player Papa Diabate, bass-player Harisson, and trumpet-player Bob Armstrong who were from the then-defunct Guinea-Jazz. Other members included guitarist José Ramos, Mbousse Mbaye (maracas, guiro, vocals) and Lynx Tall (tumba, vocals). The vocalist Laba Sosseh would join soon afterward after requesting to be allowed to sing a song during one of the bands shows.\n\nSplinter Bands\n\nAs Ibra Kasse ruled the band with an iron hand, members of the Star Band often got into disagreements with him. Throughout the years, members of the Star Band would quit because they felt that Ibra Kasse was too much of a dictator as band leader. One of the first major defections was when the Nigerian saxophonist Dexter Johnson left the band along with singer Laba Sosseh in 1964 to form Le Super Star de Dakar.\n\nIn 1970, most of the younger members of the Star Band left to form Orchestra Baobab who were to serve as the house band for the newly opened Baobab club, a new club that was opened to compete with the Miami Club. After several years as a top band in Dakar, Orchestra Baobab would eventually reform for an international career.\n\nStar Number One\n\nMany members of the Star Band left Ibra Kasse's control following a fight on Jan 7, 1976. Members of the Star Band ran afoul of Ibra Kasse after the band agreed to appear, without consulting Kasse, at a memorial concert for Laye Mboup, a singer for Orchestra Baobab who was killed in a car crash the previous year. Many members including noted guitarist Yahya Fall left the Star Band and Ibra Kasse's Miami club, creating a musical cooperative where all members were paid equally. At first they called themselves Star Band Un to assert that they were the original Star Band but after Ibra Kasse got government officials to intervene the band chose the name Number One. They used variants of this name over the course of their ten year career.\n\nThey became one of Dakar's leading bands, eventually becoming the resident band of Dakar's Jandeer Nightclub. Over the course of 10 years together, Star Number One released at least nine LPs and in the late 1970's were considered to be rivals to Orchestra Baobab and the Star Band for the hottest band in Dakar.It is believed that they were the first Senegalese band to record in Paris and that they were the first Senegalese group with their own record label. Their success was so great that all of the singers drove their own Mercedes.\n\nConsisting of up to 15 members, the band had 5 singers: the salsa singers Papa Seck and Maguette Ndiaye, Doudou Sow who sang the Mbalax songs, Pape Djiby Ba who sang ballads, and Mar Seck whose style was broad, signing traditional Wolof material along with Afro-Latin material. The group included Ali Penda N'Dioye, one of Senegal's best trumpet players, and the talented tama (percussion) player, Mamane Fall. Another notable member is the guitarist Yahya Fall who guitar work stood out for both his use of effects and his style which could approach acid rock and psychedelia. In 1978, the Star Band singer Mar Seck joined the band but soon thereafter left to join Étoile de Dakar, returning to No. 1 de Dakar after Étoile de Dakar splintered. After Pape Seck and Maguette Ndiaye served short stints as the first two band leaders, Yahya Fall took over the role for the final nine years of the bands existence.\n\nPost 1976 Defections\n\nAfter the 1976 defections, Ibra Kasse was forced to hire several new musicians including the then 16 year-old Youssou N'Dour. However, by 1977, several of the members of the Star Band including Youssou N'Dour left to create their own band, Etoile de Dakar.\n\nDiscography of Star Number One\n\nStudio albums\nNo. 1, Vol. 2\nNo. 1, Vol. 3\nNo. 1, Vol. 4\nStar Number One, Maam Bamba, Disques Griot GRLP 7601 also Disques M.A.G. 108\nStar Number One, Jangaake, Disques Griot GRLP 7602 also Disques M.A.G, 106\nOrchestra Number One de Dakar, 78 Vol. 1, Discafrique, darl 16 (1978) also no label NO-001\nOrchestra Number One de Dakar, 78 Vol. 2, Discafrique, darl 17 (1978) also no label NO-002\nNumber One du Senegal, Yoro-Kery Goro, no label 1156 A (1980)\nNumber One du Senegal, Yoro-Kery Goro - Objectif 2000, Eddy'son Consortium Mondial 1156 (1980)\nNumber One du Senegal, Jiko-Nafissatu Njaay, no label 1156 B (1980)\nNumber One du Senegal, Jiko-Nafissatu Njaay/Worpe Sanawle, Eddy'son Consortium Mondial 1157 (unknown year)\n\nCompilations\n1996: No. 1 de No. 1, Dakar Sound, DKS 010\n2000: No. 2 de No. 1, Dakar Sound, DKS 019\n2004: no. III de number 1, Popular African Music, pam adc 307\n2009: Star Number One de Dakar – La Belle Epoque, Syllart Productions, 000589\n\nContributing artist\n1994: \"Vampampero\" and \"Guantanamera\" on Latin Thing, Dakar Sound, DKS 003\n1994: \"Mambay Fary\" on Their Thing, Dakar Sound, DKS 004\n1993: \"Noguini, Noguini\" on 100% Pure/Double Concentré, Dakar Sound, DKS 006 & 007\n2008: \"Suma Dom Ji\" plus 4 more on African Pearls Senegal 70: Musical Effervescence, Discograph 6142032\n2009: \"Kouye Wout\" on African Pearls Senegal: Echo Musical, Discograph 6147482\n2013: \"Sama Dialy\" and \"Li Loumouye Nourou\" on Mar Seck, Vagabonde, Teranga Beat, TBCD 018\n\nReferences \n\n.\n Discography of Star Band De Dakar\n Some more (brief) information at The Independent Music\n\nSenegalese musical groups\nDakar\n1960 establishments in Senegal" ]

[ "The Apples in Stereo, styled as The Apples in stereo, are an American rock band associated with Elephant Six Collective, a group of bands also including Neutral Milk Hotel, The Olivia Tremor Control, Elf Power, Of Montreal, and Circulatory System. The band is largely a product of lead vocalist/guitarist/producer Robert Schneider, who writes the majority of the band's music and lyrics.", "The band is largely a product of lead vocalist/guitarist/producer Robert Schneider, who writes the majority of the band's music and lyrics. Currently, The Apples in Stereo also includes longstanding members John Hill (rhythm guitar) and Eric Allen (bass), as well as more recent members John Dufilho (drums), John Ferguson (keyboards), and Ben Phelan (keyboards/guitar/trumpet).", "Currently, The Apples in Stereo also includes longstanding members John Hill (rhythm guitar) and Eric Allen (bass), as well as more recent members John Dufilho (drums), John Ferguson (keyboards), and Ben Phelan (keyboards/guitar/trumpet). The band's sound draws comparisons to the psychedelic rock of The Beatles and The Beach Boys during the 1960s, as well as to bands such as Electric Light Orchestra and Pavement, and also draws from lo-fi, garage rock, new wave, R&B, bubblegum pop, power pop, punk, electro-pop and experimental music.", "The band's sound draws comparisons to the psychedelic rock of The Beatles and The Beach Boys during the 1960s, as well as to bands such as Electric Light Orchestra and Pavement, and also draws from lo-fi, garage rock, new wave, R&B, bubblegum pop, power pop, punk, electro-pop and experimental music. The band is also well known for their appearance in a The Powerpuff Girls music video performing the song \"Signal in the Sky (Let's Go)\".", "The band is also well known for their appearance in a The Powerpuff Girls music video performing the song \"Signal in the Sky (Let's Go)\". It aired immediately after the show's seventh episode of season 4, \"Superfriends\", which was based on the song's lyrics.", "It aired immediately after the show's seventh episode of season 4, \"Superfriends\", which was based on the song's lyrics. The band has appeared widely in television and film, including performances on The Colbert Report, Late Night with Conan O'Brien and Last Call with Carson Daly, guest hosting on MTV, song placements in numerous television shows, commercials and motion pictures, the performance of the single \"Energy\" by the contestants on American Idol, and a song recorded for children's show Yo Gabba Gabba.", "The band has appeared widely in television and film, including performances on The Colbert Report, Late Night with Conan O'Brien and Last Call with Carson Daly, guest hosting on MTV, song placements in numerous television shows, commercials and motion pictures, the performance of the single \"Energy\" by the contestants on American Idol, and a song recorded for children's show Yo Gabba Gabba. Band history 1991–1993: The Apples In late 1991, Robert Schneider met Jim McIntyre on a commuter bus in Denver, Colorado.", "Band history 1991–1993: The Apples In late 1991, Robert Schneider met Jim McIntyre on a commuter bus in Denver, Colorado. Schneider had recently moved to Colorado from Ruston, Louisiana, and often initiated conversations with McIntyre.", "Schneider had recently moved to Colorado from Ruston, Louisiana, and often initiated conversations with McIntyre. When Schneider asked McIntyre what his music interests were, McIntyre named his favorite band: The Beach Boys — a band Schneider was particularly fond of. Realizing that they shared many musical interests, McIntyre introduced Schneider to Hilarie Sidney.", "Realizing that they shared many musical interests, McIntyre introduced Schneider to Hilarie Sidney. McIntyre already had a band called Von Hemmling in which McIntyre played bass and Sidney played drums. With Schneider, they discussed the idea of starting a band and perhaps a recording label.", "With Schneider, they discussed the idea of starting a band and perhaps a recording label. Schneider later met Chris Parfitt, who at the time was also already in a band (which Schneider unsuccessfully auditioned for on bass).", "Schneider later met Chris Parfitt, who at the time was also already in a band (which Schneider unsuccessfully auditioned for on bass). Schneider and Parfitt also became friends, however, and toyed with the idea of having a rock band similar to The Velvet Underground or Black Sabbath, with production qualities similar to that of The Beach Boys.", "Schneider and Parfitt also became friends, however, and toyed with the idea of having a rock band similar to The Velvet Underground or Black Sabbath, with production qualities similar to that of The Beach Boys. Schneider then spent two weeks in Athens, Georgia recording music and spending time with his childhood friends Will Cullen Hart, Bill Doss and Jeff Mangum.", "Schneider then spent two weeks in Athens, Georgia recording music and spending time with his childhood friends Will Cullen Hart, Bill Doss and Jeff Mangum. He discussed the idea of starting a record label with them (which soon became The Elephant 6 Recording Company).", "He discussed the idea of starting a record label with them (which soon became The Elephant 6 Recording Company). It was also at this time that the name \"The Apples\" came about, inspired by the Pink Floyd song \"Apples and Oranges\".", "It was also at this time that the name \"The Apples\" came about, inspired by the Pink Floyd song \"Apples and Oranges\". The earliest incarnation of the band began to form in 1992 upon Schneider's return to Denver, first between Schneider and Parfitt, both of whom played guitar.", "The earliest incarnation of the band began to form in 1992 upon Schneider's return to Denver, first between Schneider and Parfitt, both of whom played guitar. The two recruited McIntyre and Sidney during the autumn of that year, practicing material through the winter.", "The two recruited McIntyre and Sidney during the autumn of that year, practicing material through the winter. Their first few live shows took place the following January, many of which were with the band Felt Pilotes.", "Their first few live shows took place the following January, many of which were with the band Felt Pilotes. From February to April 1993, the band recorded their debut 7\" EP, Tidal Wave, and released it in June as the first record ever to bear the Elephant 6 logo.", "From February to April 1993, the band recorded their debut 7\" EP, Tidal Wave, and released it in June as the first record ever to bear the Elephant 6 logo. 1994–1995: Hypnotic Suggestion and Fun Trick Noisemaker Several conflicts would lead Parfitt to leave the band in early 1994.", "1994–1995: Hypnotic Suggestion and Fun Trick Noisemaker Several conflicts would lead Parfitt to leave the band in early 1994. John Hill, a former bandmate of McIntyre's, would join the band as a rhythm guitarist while Schneider began to grow more comfortable playing lead guitar.", "John Hill, a former bandmate of McIntyre's, would join the band as a rhythm guitarist while Schneider began to grow more comfortable playing lead guitar. It was also at this time that Schneider began to take stronger creative control of the band, shifting its sound from its stronger rock qualities to a spacier pop sound.", "It was also at this time that Schneider began to take stronger creative control of the band, shifting its sound from its stronger rock qualities to a spacier pop sound. The band started work on a debut album, but it instead became Hypnotic Suggestion, a second EP.", "The band started work on a debut album, but it instead became Hypnotic Suggestion, a second EP. However, after SpinART Records offered to buy the band an 8-track in return for an album, new plans for an LP arose.", "However, after SpinART Records offered to buy the band an 8-track in return for an album, new plans for an LP arose. In mid-1994, after Hypnotic Suggestion, McIntyre would be the second to leave the band, due to a number of personal distresses as well as stylistic changes that arose with Parfitt's departure.", "In mid-1994, after Hypnotic Suggestion, McIntyre would be the second to leave the band, due to a number of personal distresses as well as stylistic changes that arose with Parfitt's departure. Having great difficulty finding a new permanent bassist, the band would rotate a number of frequent bass contributors, including Jeff Mangum of Neutral Milk Hotel, Kurt Heasley of The Lilys, Kyle Jones, Joel Richardson, and Joel Evans.", "Having great difficulty finding a new permanent bassist, the band would rotate a number of frequent bass contributors, including Jeff Mangum of Neutral Milk Hotel, Kurt Heasley of The Lilys, Kyle Jones, Joel Richardson, and Joel Evans. Jim McIntyre would also occasionally guest on bass.", "Jim McIntyre would also occasionally guest on bass. This continued to be the makeup of the band as they toured the country in late 1994, recording the first half of their new album in Glendora, California.", "This continued to be the makeup of the band as they toured the country in late 1994, recording the first half of their new album in Glendora, California. In early 1995, the band finished the album, Fun Trick Noisemaker, at Kyle Jones's house (the birthplace of Schneider's Pet Sounds Studio).", "In early 1995, the band finished the album, Fun Trick Noisemaker, at Kyle Jones's house (the birthplace of Schneider's Pet Sounds Studio). Now with a LP to support, the band began touring again.", "Now with a LP to support, the band began touring again. Eric Allen, whom the band had previously auditioned as a guitarist after the departure of Chris Parfitt, joined the band as a much welcomed permanent bassist. Late 1995, Schneider relocated Pet Sounds Studio to Jim McIntyre's house.", "Late 1995, Schneider relocated Pet Sounds Studio to Jim McIntyre's house. McIntyre continued to be involved in the recording and engineering of the band's albums until the mid-2000s.", "McIntyre continued to be involved in the recording and engineering of the band's albums until the mid-2000s. A significantly different band from the original 1992 four-piece, the official name of the band gradually became \"The Apples in Stereo\", with the \"in stereo\" usually somewhat under-emphasized, whether in lower-case or in parentheses.", "A significantly different band from the original 1992 four-piece, the official name of the band gradually became \"The Apples in Stereo\", with the \"in stereo\" usually somewhat under-emphasized, whether in lower-case or in parentheses. Schneider described this in an interview: \"It's very clearcut, actually: we're The Apples, the music's in stereo.", "Schneider described this in an interview: \"It's very clearcut, actually: we're The Apples, the music's in stereo. It's not actually the band name – it's a step back from it, a band name once removed. We're The Apples, in stereo.", "We're The Apples, in stereo. Kind of like a TV show, 'in stereo!' That always seemed to be a really big deal, that it was in stereo.\" McIntyre later remarked, \"It's cool the name changed cause the Apples and the Apples in Stereo were really two different entities.\"", "McIntyre later remarked, \"It's cool the name changed cause the Apples and the Apples in Stereo were really two different entities.\" 1996–2005: Tone Soul Evolution to Velocity of Sound The band continued touring through 1996, playing in Japan for the first time.", "1996–2005: Tone Soul Evolution to Velocity of Sound The band continued touring through 1996, playing in Japan for the first time. Several early recording sessions were held at Pet Sounds for the band's second album, Tone Soul Evolution, but the members were dissatisfied with the quality of the recordings.", "Several early recording sessions were held at Pet Sounds for the band's second album, Tone Soul Evolution, but the members were dissatisfied with the quality of the recordings. The majority of the album's songs were re-recorded at Studio .45 in Hartford, Connecticut before the album's release.", "The majority of the album's songs were re-recorded at Studio .45 in Hartford, Connecticut before the album's release. In 1998, Chris McDuffie joined the band, playing various instruments including organs, synthesizers and assorted percussion. He would leave the band before Velocity of Sound was released in 2002.", "He would leave the band before Velocity of Sound was released in 2002. Several more albums were released by the band through the years, including the psychedelic \"concept EP\", Her Wallpaper Reverie, The Discovery of a World Inside the Moone and Velocity of Sound; both of the latter of which were progressively aimed at capturing the live sound of the band, which continued to tighten as they continued to perform hundreds of live shows (about 100 a year).", "Several more albums were released by the band through the years, including the psychedelic \"concept EP\", Her Wallpaper Reverie, The Discovery of a World Inside the Moone and Velocity of Sound; both of the latter of which were progressively aimed at capturing the live sound of the band, which continued to tighten as they continued to perform hundreds of live shows (about 100 a year). In particular, the 2002 album Velocity of Sound rejects most of the psych-pop production sensibilities that would come to be associated with the band, instead featuring stripped-down production and sparse, rock instrumentation.", "In particular, the 2002 album Velocity of Sound rejects most of the psych-pop production sensibilities that would come to be associated with the band, instead featuring stripped-down production and sparse, rock instrumentation. The band members would also continue to pursue careers in side bands and solo projects, with Schneider producing several albums for Elephant 6 artists.", "The band members would also continue to pursue careers in side bands and solo projects, with Schneider producing several albums for Elephant 6 artists. Schneider and drummer Hilarie Sidney were married for a time, with a son Max born in 2000. They have since been divorced.", "They have since been divorced. They have since been divorced. The band went on a brief hiatus during 2004 as Schneider released the debut album from a new band called Ulysses and Sidney released the debut album from her new band The High Water Marks; both were released on Eenie Meenie Records.", "The band went on a brief hiatus during 2004 as Schneider released the debut album from a new band called Ulysses and Sidney released the debut album from her new band The High Water Marks; both were released on Eenie Meenie Records. In 2005, The Apples in Stereo contributed \"Liza Jane\" to the Eenie Meenie compilation, Dimension Mix.", "In 2005, The Apples in Stereo contributed \"Liza Jane\" to the Eenie Meenie compilation, Dimension Mix. It was also around this time that news began to circulate among various websites concerning the band's next studio album.", "It was also around this time that news began to circulate among various websites concerning the band's next studio album. 2006–2008: New Magnetic Wonder and evolving lineup In August 2006, longtime drummer Hilarie Sidney officially announced her departure from the band during the band's closing set at the Athens Popfest music festival in Athens, Georgia.", "2006–2008: New Magnetic Wonder and evolving lineup In August 2006, longtime drummer Hilarie Sidney officially announced her departure from the band during the band's closing set at the Athens Popfest music festival in Athens, Georgia. Her replacement, John Dufilho, lead singer and principal songwriter of The Deathray Davies, was announced in October 2006.", "Her replacement, John Dufilho, lead singer and principal songwriter of The Deathray Davies, was announced in October 2006. 2006 touring member Bill Doss of The Olivia Tremor Control also quietly joined the band \"officially\" as its new keyboardist.", "2006 touring member Bill Doss of The Olivia Tremor Control also quietly joined the band \"officially\" as its new keyboardist. John Ferguson of Big Fresh and Ulysses joined the Apples in 2007, also playing keyboards, and wearing a Doctor Who-esque space suit on stage.", "John Ferguson of Big Fresh and Ulysses joined the Apples in 2007, also playing keyboards, and wearing a Doctor Who-esque space suit on stage. In December 2006, Robert Schneider appeared on the popular television show The Colbert Report singing the song \"Stephen Stephen\" recorded by The Apples in Stereo to glorify the show's host Stephen Colbert, to kick off a guitar solo contest between Colbert and Chris Funk of The Decemberists.", "In December 2006, Robert Schneider appeared on the popular television show The Colbert Report singing the song \"Stephen Stephen\" recorded by The Apples in Stereo to glorify the show's host Stephen Colbert, to kick off a guitar solo contest between Colbert and Chris Funk of The Decemberists. On February 6, 2007, The Apples in Stereo released their sixth studio LP, New Magnetic Wonder.", "On February 6, 2007, The Apples in Stereo released their sixth studio LP, New Magnetic Wonder. Finishing a ten-year deal with spinART Records, New Magnetic Wonder was the premiere release on Simian Records, a newly formed record label founded by Elijah Wood.", "Finishing a ten-year deal with spinART Records, New Magnetic Wonder was the premiere release on Simian Records, a newly formed record label founded by Elijah Wood. This was followed by a long-awaited b-sides and rarities compilation titled Electronic Projects for Musicians, released on April 1. In 2008, spinART Records went out of business.", "In 2008, spinART Records went out of business. Rights for all major releases by The Apples in Stereo on the label were subsequently acquired by One Little Indian Records, and have since reverted to the band.", "Rights for all major releases by The Apples in Stereo on the label were subsequently acquired by One Little Indian Records, and have since reverted to the band. In a recent interview, Schneider noted that the band's EPs have yet to have been re-released, but will likely be collected for another compilation.", "In a recent interview, Schneider noted that the band's EPs have yet to have been re-released, but will likely be collected for another compilation. Such a compilation would probably include the re-releases of Look Away + 4, Let's Go! and a number of non-album songs released alongside New Magnetic Wonder.", "and a number of non-album songs released alongside New Magnetic Wonder. On August 4, 2008, the band appeared again on The Colbert Report. They performed their song Can You Feel It? to promote the release of the Japanese picture disc.", "to promote the release of the Japanese picture disc. In early 2008, their song \"Same Old Drag\" won in The 7th Annual Independent Music Awards for Best Pop/Rock Song. The same year Apples in Stereo were nominated for Independent Music Awards Pop/Rock Album of the Year.", "The same year Apples in Stereo were nominated for Independent Music Awards Pop/Rock Album of the Year. The band members also joined the 9th annual Independent Music Awards judging panel to assist independent musicians' careers.", "The band members also joined the 9th annual Independent Music Awards judging panel to assist independent musicians' careers. 2009–2011: #1 Hits Explosion and Travellers in Space and Time Yep Roc released #1 Hits Explosion, an Apples in Stereo best-of album, on September 1, 2009.", "2009–2011: #1 Hits Explosion and Travellers in Space and Time Yep Roc released #1 Hits Explosion, an Apples in Stereo best-of album, on September 1, 2009. In late 2008, PepsiCo released an advertisement with their song \"Energy\" off of their album New Magnetic Wonder.", "In late 2008, PepsiCo released an advertisement with their song \"Energy\" off of their album New Magnetic Wonder. In early 2009, Robert appeared on ABC News's segment called \"amplified\" and gave some short performances of songs from New Magnetic Wonder and a song from his project \"Robert Bobbert and the bubble machine\" and he described the album as sounding like early 1970s R&B as it would sound played by aliens and emanating from an alien spaceship.He also confirmed that the band was recording their new album at Trout Recording in Brooklyn, New York.", "In early 2009, Robert appeared on ABC News's segment called \"amplified\" and gave some short performances of songs from New Magnetic Wonder and a song from his project \"Robert Bobbert and the bubble machine\" and he described the album as sounding like early 1970s R&B as it would sound played by aliens and emanating from an alien spaceship.He also confirmed that the band was recording their new album at Trout Recording in Brooklyn, New York. In interviews in Billboard magazine and other press outlets, In April 2009, the single \"Energy\" from New Magnetic Wonder was performed by the contestants on the television show American Idol.", "In interviews in Billboard magazine and other press outlets, In April 2009, the single \"Energy\" from New Magnetic Wonder was performed by the contestants on the television show American Idol. The result was the band's seventh album Travellers in Space and Time, released on April 20, 2010 on Simian Records.", "The result was the band's seventh album Travellers in Space and Time, released on April 20, 2010 on Simian Records. Described by Schneider as a \"retro-futuristic\" concept album intended as a time capsule for listeners of the future, Travellers has drawn comparisons to the style of Electric Light Orchestra.", "Described by Schneider as a \"retro-futuristic\" concept album intended as a time capsule for listeners of the future, Travellers has drawn comparisons to the style of Electric Light Orchestra. The record is the first Apples in Stereo album without Hilarie Sidney, making Schneider the last founding member remaining in the group, although John Hill joined before \"in stereo\" was added to the name.", "The record is the first Apples in Stereo album without Hilarie Sidney, making Schneider the last founding member remaining in the group, although John Hill joined before \"in stereo\" was added to the name. The band was invited by Jeff Mangum of Neutral Milk Hotel to perform at the All Tomorrow's Parties festival that he curated in March 2012 in Minehead, England.", "The band was invited by Jeff Mangum of Neutral Milk Hotel to perform at the All Tomorrow's Parties festival that he curated in March 2012 in Minehead, England. Schneider announced in May 2012 that The Apples in Stereo had begun work on a new album, described as being \"a very, very different sort of album.\"", "Schneider announced in May 2012 that The Apples in Stereo had begun work on a new album, described as being \"a very, very different sort of album.\" In recent years, Schneider has explored a number of experimental music projects, such as the Teletron mind-controlled synthesizer and Non-Pythagorean scale of his own invention.", "In recent years, Schneider has explored a number of experimental music projects, such as the Teletron mind-controlled synthesizer and Non-Pythagorean scale of his own invention. 2012–present: Death of Bill Doss, hiatus and future The death of Bill Doss, the band's keyboardist as well as the co-founder of fellow Elephant 6 band The Olivia Tremor Control, was announced on July 31, 2012.", "2012–present: Death of Bill Doss, hiatus and future The death of Bill Doss, the band's keyboardist as well as the co-founder of fellow Elephant 6 band The Olivia Tremor Control, was announced on July 31, 2012. The cause of death was an aneurysm.", "The cause of death was an aneurysm. Schneider released a statement saying, \"I am heartbroken by the loss of my life-long friend, collaborator and band-mate. My world will never be the same without the wonderful, funny, supremely creative Bill Doss.\"", "My world will never be the same without the wonderful, funny, supremely creative Bill Doss.\" The band went into hiatus in the fall of 2012, after Doss' death and Schneider's acceptance into the PhD program in Mathematics at Emory University. In 2013, Phish started covering the Apples in Stereo song \"Energy.\"", "In 2013, Phish started covering the Apples in Stereo song \"Energy.\" In early 2017, Schneider hinted at a new album called The Bicycle Day.", "In early 2017, Schneider hinted at a new album called The Bicycle Day. He stated on Facebook that \"Apples are working on a concept record called The Bicycle Day but it is too deep of a task to finish while I'm in graduate school... it isn't a pop record though ... (Air-Sea Dolphin and my band Spaceflyte with John Ferguson are the new pop projects though)\".", "He stated on Facebook that \"Apples are working on a concept record called The Bicycle Day but it is too deep of a task to finish while I'm in graduate school... it isn't a pop record though ... (Air-Sea Dolphin and my band Spaceflyte with John Ferguson are the new pop projects though)\". On August 10, 2017, the Apples played their first show since 2012 as a headlining act at the Athens Popfest music festival in Athens, Georgia with Marshmallow Coast, Antlered Auntlord, and Waxahatchee as prior performers.", "On August 10, 2017, the Apples played their first show since 2012 as a headlining act at the Athens Popfest music festival in Athens, Georgia with Marshmallow Coast, Antlered Auntlord, and Waxahatchee as prior performers. In 2018, Schneider received a PhD in mathematics from Emory.", "In 2018, Schneider received a PhD in mathematics from Emory. Band members Current members Robert Schneider - guitar, French horn, lead vocals (1992–present) John Hill - guitar, xylophone (1994–present) Eric Allen - bass, harmonica (1995–present) John Dufilho - drums, harp (2006–present) John Ferguson - vocals, keyboards, panflute (2007–present) Former members Hilarie Sidney - drums, vocals (1992-2006) Jim McIntyre - bass (1992-1994) Chris Parfitt - guitar (1992-1994) Chris McDuffie - keyboards (1998-2002) Bill Doss - vocals, keyboards, ukulele (2006-2012; died 2012) Timeline Selected discography Fun Trick Noisemaker (1995) Science Faire (1996) Tone Soul Evolution (1997) Her Wallpaper Reverie (1999) The Discovery of a World Inside the Moone (2000) Velocity of Sound (2002) New Magnetic Wonder (2007) Electronic Projects for Musicians (2008) Travellers in Space and Time (2010) References External links The Apples in Stereo at Elephant6.com Tractor Beam Management Apples in Stereo entry at Trouser Press The Apples in Stereo at Live Music Archive Interview with the Cornell Daily Sun Step Through the Portal The Elephant 6 Recording Company artists Musical groups from Denver Lo-fi music groups Musical groups established in 1992 Independent Music Awards winners Indie pop groups from Colorado Indie rock musical groups from Colorado Psychedelic pop music groups American power pop groups SpinART Records artists Yep Roc Records artists" ]

[ "Gustave Courbet", "Realist manifesto" ]

[ "The Realistic Manifesto is a key text of Constructivism. Written by Naum Gabo and cosigned by his brother, Antoine Pevsner, the Manifesto laid out their theories of artistic expression in the form of five \"fundamental principles\" of their constructivist practice. The Manifesto focused largely on divorcing art from such conventions as use of lines, color, volume, and mass. In the text, Gabo and Pevsner reject the successive stylistic innovations of modern art as mere illusionism (beginning with Impressionism, and including Cubism and Futurism), advocating instead an art grounded in the material reality of space and time: \"The realization of our perceptions of the world in the forms of space and time is the only aim of our pictorial and plastic art.\"\n\nThe text was first published on August 5, 1920, in poster form, on the occasion of an exhibition with Gustav Klucis in Moscow. Extracts were reproduced in the first issue of G in 1923.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nAudio (MP3) of Naum Gabo reading the Realistic Manifesto\nAudio (MP3) of Naum Gabo reading the Realistic Manifesto, and partial transcript\n Website on the Realistic Manifesto http://www.terezakis.com/realist-manifesto.html\n\nModern art\nRussian avant-garde\nConstructivism (art)\nArt manifestos\n1920 documents", "Ray Pawson is Professor of Social Research Methodology in the School of Sociology and Social Policy at the University of Leeds.\n\nPawson's main interest lies in research methodology. He has written widely on the philosophy and practice of research, covering methods qualitative and quantitative, pure and applied, contemporaneous and historical. He is the author of 'Realist Synthesis', a new approach of literature review that, in the last years, has widely influenced systematic review practices of complex programmes and policies all over the world.\n\nSelect bibliography\nPawson, R. (2006) Evidence Based Policy: A Realist Perspective, Sage.\nPawson, R.; Tilley, N (1997) Realistic Evaluation, Sage.\nPawson, R. (1989) A Measure for Measures: A Manifesto for Empirical Sociology, Routledge.\nPawson, R. (1996) \"Theorizing the Interview,\" British Journal of Sociology 47, pp. 296–314.\nPawson, R. (2006) \"Simple Principles for The Evaluation of Complex Programmes,\" In: Killoran, A et al. Evidence Based Public Health, Oxford University Press.\n\nReferences\n\nAcademics of the University of Leeds\nBritish sociologists\nLiving people\nYear of birth missing (living people)" ]

[ "Jean Désiré Gustave Courbet ( , , ; 10 June 1819 – 31 December 1877) was a French painter who led the Realism movement in 19th-century French painting. Committed to painting only what he could see, he rejected academic convention and the Romanticism of the previous generation of visual artists.", "Committed to painting only what he could see, he rejected academic convention and the Romanticism of the previous generation of visual artists. His independence set an example that was important to later artists, such as the Impressionists and the Cubists.", "His independence set an example that was important to later artists, such as the Impressionists and the Cubists. Courbet occupies an important place in 19th-century French painting as an innovator and as an artist willing to make bold social statements through his work. Courbet's paintings of the late 1840s and early 1850s brought him his first recognition.", "Courbet's paintings of the late 1840s and early 1850s brought him his first recognition. They challenged convention by depicting unidealized peasants and workers, often on a grand scale traditionally reserved for paintings of religious or historical subjects.", "They challenged convention by depicting unidealized peasants and workers, often on a grand scale traditionally reserved for paintings of religious or historical subjects. Courbet's subsequent paintings were mostly of a less overtly political character: landscapes, seascapes, hunting scenes, nudes, and still lifes.", "Courbet's subsequent paintings were mostly of a less overtly political character: landscapes, seascapes, hunting scenes, nudes, and still lifes. Courbet, a socialist, was active in the political developments of France.", "Courbet, a socialist, was active in the political developments of France. He was imprisoned for six months in 1871 for his involvement with the Paris Commune, and lived in exile in Switzerland from 1873 until his death. Biography Gustave Courbet was born in 1819 to Régis and Sylvie Oudot Courbet in Ornans (department of Doubs).", "Biography Gustave Courbet was born in 1819 to Régis and Sylvie Oudot Courbet in Ornans (department of Doubs). Being a prosperous farming family, anti-monarchical feelings prevailed in the household. (His maternal grandfather fought in the French Revolution.)", "(His maternal grandfather fought in the French Revolution.) Courbet's sisters, Zoé, Zélie, and Juliette, were his first models for drawing and painting. After moving to Paris he often returned home to Ornans to hunt, fish and find inspiration.", "After moving to Paris he often returned home to Ornans to hunt, fish and find inspiration. Courbet went to Paris in 1839 and worked at the studio of Steuben and Hesse.", "Courbet went to Paris in 1839 and worked at the studio of Steuben and Hesse. An independent spirit, he soon left, preferring to develop his own style by studying the paintings of Spanish, Flemish and French masters in the Louvre, and painting copies of their work.", "An independent spirit, he soon left, preferring to develop his own style by studying the paintings of Spanish, Flemish and French masters in the Louvre, and painting copies of their work. Courbet's first works were an Odalisque inspired by the writing of Victor Hugo and a Lélia illustrating George Sand, but he soon abandoned literary influences, choosing instead to base his paintings on observed reality.", "Courbet's first works were an Odalisque inspired by the writing of Victor Hugo and a Lélia illustrating George Sand, but he soon abandoned literary influences, choosing instead to base his paintings on observed reality. Among his paintings of the early 1840s are several self-portraits, Romantic in conception, in which the artist portrayed himself in various roles.", "Among his paintings of the early 1840s are several self-portraits, Romantic in conception, in which the artist portrayed himself in various roles. These include Self-Portrait with Black Dog (c. 1842–44, accepted for exhibition at the 1844 Paris Salon), the theatrical Self-Portrait which is also known as Desperate Man (c. 1843–45), Lovers in the Countryside (1844, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Lyon), The Sculptor (1845), The Wounded Man (1844–54, Musée d'Orsay, Paris), The Cellist, Self-Portrait (1847, Nationalmuseum, Stockholm, shown at the 1848 Salon), and Man with a Pipe (1848–49, Musée Fabre, Montpellier).", "These include Self-Portrait with Black Dog (c. 1842–44, accepted for exhibition at the 1844 Paris Salon), the theatrical Self-Portrait which is also known as Desperate Man (c. 1843–45), Lovers in the Countryside (1844, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Lyon), The Sculptor (1845), The Wounded Man (1844–54, Musée d'Orsay, Paris), The Cellist, Self-Portrait (1847, Nationalmuseum, Stockholm, shown at the 1848 Salon), and Man with a Pipe (1848–49, Musée Fabre, Montpellier). Trips to the Netherlands and Belgium in 1846–47 strengthened Courbet's belief that painters should portray the life around them, as Rembrandt, Hals and other Dutch masters had.", "Trips to the Netherlands and Belgium in 1846–47 strengthened Courbet's belief that painters should portray the life around them, as Rembrandt, Hals and other Dutch masters had. By 1848, he had gained supporters among the younger critics, the Neo-romantics and Realists, notably Champfleury.", "By 1848, he had gained supporters among the younger critics, the Neo-romantics and Realists, notably Champfleury. Courbet achieved his first Salon success in 1849 with his painting After Dinner at Ornans. The work, reminiscent of Chardin and Le Nain, earned Courbet a gold medal and was purchased by the state.", "The work, reminiscent of Chardin and Le Nain, earned Courbet a gold medal and was purchased by the state. The gold medal meant that his works would no longer require jury approval for exhibition at the Salon—an exemption Courbet enjoyed until 1857 (when the rule changed).", "The gold medal meant that his works would no longer require jury approval for exhibition at the Salon—an exemption Courbet enjoyed until 1857 (when the rule changed). In 1849–50, Courbet painted The Stone Breakers (destroyed in the Allied Bombing of Dresden in 1945), which Proudhon admired as an icon of peasant life; it has been called \"the first of his great works\".", "In 1849–50, Courbet painted The Stone Breakers (destroyed in the Allied Bombing of Dresden in 1945), which Proudhon admired as an icon of peasant life; it has been called \"the first of his great works\". The painting was inspired by a scene Courbet witnessed on the roadside.", "The painting was inspired by a scene Courbet witnessed on the roadside. He later explained to Champfleury and the writer Francis Wey: \"It is not often that one encounters so complete an expression of poverty and so, right then and there I got the idea for a painting.", "He later explained to Champfleury and the writer Francis Wey: \"It is not often that one encounters so complete an expression of poverty and so, right then and there I got the idea for a painting. I told them to come to my studio the next morning.\"", "I told them to come to my studio the next morning.\" Realism Courbet's work belonged neither to the predominant Romantic nor Neoclassical schools.", "Realism Courbet's work belonged neither to the predominant Romantic nor Neoclassical schools. History painting, which the Paris Salon esteemed as a painter's highest calling, did not interest him, for he believed that \"the artists of one century [are] basically incapable of reproducing the aspect of a past or future century ...\" Instead, he maintained that the only possible source for living art is the artist's own experience.", "History painting, which the Paris Salon esteemed as a painter's highest calling, did not interest him, for he believed that \"the artists of one century [are] basically incapable of reproducing the aspect of a past or future century ...\" Instead, he maintained that the only possible source for living art is the artist's own experience. He and Jean-François Millet would find inspiration painting the life of peasants and workers.", "He and Jean-François Millet would find inspiration painting the life of peasants and workers. Courbet painted figurative compositions, landscapes, seascapes, and still lifes. He courted controversy by addressing social issues in his work, and by painting subjects that were considered vulgar, such as the rural bourgeoisie, peasants, and working conditions of the poor.", "He courted controversy by addressing social issues in his work, and by painting subjects that were considered vulgar, such as the rural bourgeoisie, peasants, and working conditions of the poor. His work, along with that of Honoré Daumier and Jean-François Millet, became known as Realism.", "His work, along with that of Honoré Daumier and Jean-François Millet, became known as Realism. For Courbet realism dealt not with the perfection of line and form, but entailed spontaneous and rough handling of paint, suggesting direct observation by the artist while portraying the irregularities in nature.", "For Courbet realism dealt not with the perfection of line and form, but entailed spontaneous and rough handling of paint, suggesting direct observation by the artist while portraying the irregularities in nature. He depicted the harshness in life, and in doing so challenged contemporary academic ideas of art.", "He depicted the harshness in life, and in doing so challenged contemporary academic ideas of art. The Stone Breakers Considered to be the first of Courbet's great works, The Stone Breakers of 1849 is an example of social realism that caused a sensation when it was first exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1850.", "The Stone Breakers Considered to be the first of Courbet's great works, The Stone Breakers of 1849 is an example of social realism that caused a sensation when it was first exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1850. The work was based on two men, one young and one old, whom Courbet discovered engaged in backbreaking labor on the side of the road when he returned to Ornans for an eight-month visit in October 1848.", "The work was based on two men, one young and one old, whom Courbet discovered engaged in backbreaking labor on the side of the road when he returned to Ornans for an eight-month visit in October 1848. On his inspiration, Courbet told his friends and art critics Francis Wey and Jules Champfleury, \"It is not often that one encounters so complete an expression of poverty and so, right then and there I got the idea for a painting.\"", "On his inspiration, Courbet told his friends and art critics Francis Wey and Jules Champfleury, \"It is not often that one encounters so complete an expression of poverty and so, right then and there I got the idea for a painting.\" While other artists had depicted the plight of the rural poor, Courbet's peasants are not idealized like those in works such as Millet's The Gleaners.", "While other artists had depicted the plight of the rural poor, Courbet's peasants are not idealized like those in works such as Millet's The Gleaners. In February 1945, the work was destroyed during World War II, along with 154 other pictures, when a transport vehicle moving the pictures to the castle of Königstein, near Dresden, was bombed by Allied forces.", "In February 1945, the work was destroyed during World War II, along with 154 other pictures, when a transport vehicle moving the pictures to the castle of Königstein, near Dresden, was bombed by Allied forces. A Burial at Ornans The Salon of 1850–1851 found him triumphant with The Stone Breakers, the Peasants of Flagey and A Burial at Ornans.", "A Burial at Ornans The Salon of 1850–1851 found him triumphant with The Stone Breakers, the Peasants of Flagey and A Burial at Ornans. The Burial, one of Courbet's most important works, records the funeral of his grand uncle which he attended in September 1848. People who attended the funeral were the models for the painting.", "People who attended the funeral were the models for the painting. Previously, models had been used as actors in historical narratives, but in Burial Courbet said he \"painted the very people who had been present at the interment, all the townspeople\". The result is a realistic presentation of them, and of life in Ornans.", "The result is a realistic presentation of them, and of life in Ornans. The vast painting, measuring , drew both praise and fierce denunciations from critics and the public, in part because it upset convention by depicting a prosaic ritual on a scale which would previously have been reserved for a religious or royal subject.", "The vast painting, measuring , drew both praise and fierce denunciations from critics and the public, in part because it upset convention by depicting a prosaic ritual on a scale which would previously have been reserved for a religious or royal subject. According to art historian Sarah Faunce, \"In Paris the Burial was judged as a work that had thrust itself into the grand tradition of history painting, like an upstart in dirty boots crashing a genteel party, and in terms of that tradition it was of course found wanting.\"", "According to art historian Sarah Faunce, \"In Paris the Burial was judged as a work that had thrust itself into the grand tradition of history painting, like an upstart in dirty boots crashing a genteel party, and in terms of that tradition it was of course found wanting.\" The painting lacks the sentimental rhetoric that was expected in a genre work: Courbet's mourners make no theatrical gestures of grief, and their faces seemed more caricatured than ennobled.", "The painting lacks the sentimental rhetoric that was expected in a genre work: Courbet's mourners make no theatrical gestures of grief, and their faces seemed more caricatured than ennobled. The critics accused Courbet of a deliberate pursuit of ugliness.", "The critics accused Courbet of a deliberate pursuit of ugliness. Eventually, the public grew more interested in the new Realist approach, and the lavish, decadent fantasy of Romanticism lost popularity. Courbet well understood the importance of the painting, and said of it, \"The Burial at Ornans was in reality the burial of Romanticism.\"", "Courbet well understood the importance of the painting, and said of it, \"The Burial at Ornans was in reality the burial of Romanticism.\" Courbet became a celebrity, and was spoken of as a genius, a \"terrible socialist\" and a \"savage\".", "Courbet became a celebrity, and was spoken of as a genius, a \"terrible socialist\" and a \"savage\". He actively encouraged the public's perception of him as an unschooled peasant, while his ambition, his bold pronouncements to journalists, and his insistence on depicting his own life in his art gave him a reputation for unbridled vanity.", "He actively encouraged the public's perception of him as an unschooled peasant, while his ambition, his bold pronouncements to journalists, and his insistence on depicting his own life in his art gave him a reputation for unbridled vanity. Courbet associated his ideas of realism in art with political anarchism, and, having gained an audience, he promoted democratic and socialist ideas by writing politically motivated essays and dissertations.", "Courbet associated his ideas of realism in art with political anarchism, and, having gained an audience, he promoted democratic and socialist ideas by writing politically motivated essays and dissertations. His familiar visage was the object of frequent caricature in the popular French press.", "His familiar visage was the object of frequent caricature in the popular French press. In 1850, Courbet wrote to a friend: During the 1850s, Courbet painted numerous figurative works using common folk and friends as his subjects, such as Village Damsels (1852), The Wrestlers (1853), The Bathers (1853), The Sleeping Spinner (1853), and The Wheat Sifters (1854).", "In 1850, Courbet wrote to a friend: During the 1850s, Courbet painted numerous figurative works using common folk and friends as his subjects, such as Village Damsels (1852), The Wrestlers (1853), The Bathers (1853), The Sleeping Spinner (1853), and The Wheat Sifters (1854). The Artist's Studio In 1855, Courbet submitted fourteen paintings for exhibition at the Exposition Universelle.", "The Artist's Studio In 1855, Courbet submitted fourteen paintings for exhibition at the Exposition Universelle. Three were rejected for lack of space, including A Burial at Ornans and his other monumental canvas The Artist's Studio. Refusing to be denied, Courbet took matters into his own hands.", "Refusing to be denied, Courbet took matters into his own hands. He displayed forty of his paintings, including The Artist's Studio, in his own gallery called The Pavilion of Realism (Pavillon du Réalisme) which was a temporary structure that he erected next door to the official Salon-like Exposition Universelle.", "He displayed forty of his paintings, including The Artist's Studio, in his own gallery called The Pavilion of Realism (Pavillon du Réalisme) which was a temporary structure that he erected next door to the official Salon-like Exposition Universelle. The work is an allegory of Courbet's life as a painter, seen as a heroic venture, in which he is flanked by friends and admirers on the right, and challenges and opposition to the left.", "The work is an allegory of Courbet's life as a painter, seen as a heroic venture, in which he is flanked by friends and admirers on the right, and challenges and opposition to the left. Friends on the right include the art critics Champfleury, and Charles Baudelaire, and art collector Alfred Bruyas.", "Friends on the right include the art critics Champfleury, and Charles Baudelaire, and art collector Alfred Bruyas. On the left are figures (priest, prostitute, grave digger, merchant and others) who represent what Courbet described in a letter to Champfleury as \"the other world of trivial life, the people, misery, poverty, wealth, the exploited and the exploiters, the people who live off death.\"", "On the left are figures (priest, prostitute, grave digger, merchant and others) who represent what Courbet described in a letter to Champfleury as \"the other world of trivial life, the people, misery, poverty, wealth, the exploited and the exploiters, the people who live off death.\" In the foreground of the left-hand side is a man with dogs, who was not mentioned in Courbet's letter to Champfleury.", "In the foreground of the left-hand side is a man with dogs, who was not mentioned in Courbet's letter to Champfleury. X-rays show he was painted in later, but his role in the painting is important: he is an allegory of the then current French Emperor, Napoleon III, identified by his famous hunting dogs and iconic twirled moustache.", "X-rays show he was painted in later, but his role in the painting is important: he is an allegory of the then current French Emperor, Napoleon III, identified by his famous hunting dogs and iconic twirled moustache. By placing him on the left, Courbet publicly shows his disdain for the emperor and depicts him as a criminal, suggesting that his \"ownership\" of France is an illegal one.", "By placing him on the left, Courbet publicly shows his disdain for the emperor and depicts him as a criminal, suggesting that his \"ownership\" of France is an illegal one. Although artists like Eugène Delacroix were ardent champions of his effort, the public went to the show mostly out of curiosity and to deride him.", "Although artists like Eugène Delacroix were ardent champions of his effort, the public went to the show mostly out of curiosity and to deride him. Attendance and sales were disappointing, but Courbet's status as a hero to the French avant-garde became assured.", "Attendance and sales were disappointing, but Courbet's status as a hero to the French avant-garde became assured. He was admired by the American James Abbott McNeill Whistler, and he became an inspiration to the younger generation of French artists including Édouard Manet and the Impressionist painters.", "He was admired by the American James Abbott McNeill Whistler, and he became an inspiration to the younger generation of French artists including Édouard Manet and the Impressionist painters. The Artist's Studio was recognized as a masterpiece by Delacroix, Baudelaire, and Champfleury, if not by the public.", "The Artist's Studio was recognized as a masterpiece by Delacroix, Baudelaire, and Champfleury, if not by the public. Realist manifesto Courbet wrote a Realist manifesto for the introduction to the catalogue of this independent, personal exhibition, echoing the tone of the period's political manifestos.", "Realist manifesto Courbet wrote a Realist manifesto for the introduction to the catalogue of this independent, personal exhibition, echoing the tone of the period's political manifestos. In it he asserts his goal as an artist \"to translate the customs, the ideas, the appearance of my epoch according to my own estimation.\"", "In it he asserts his goal as an artist \"to translate the customs, the ideas, the appearance of my epoch according to my own estimation.\" Notoriety In the Salon of 1857, Courbet showed six paintings.", "Notoriety In the Salon of 1857, Courbet showed six paintings. These included Young Ladies on the Banks of the Seine (Summer), depicting two prostitutes under a tree, as well as the first of many hunting scenes Courbet was to paint during the remainder of his life: Hind at Bay in the Snow and The Quarry.", "These included Young Ladies on the Banks of the Seine (Summer), depicting two prostitutes under a tree, as well as the first of many hunting scenes Courbet was to paint during the remainder of his life: Hind at Bay in the Snow and The Quarry. Young Ladies on the Banks of the Seine, painted in 1856, provoked a scandal.", "Young Ladies on the Banks of the Seine, painted in 1856, provoked a scandal. Art critics accustomed to conventional, \"timeless\" nude women in landscapes were shocked by Courbet's depiction of modern women casually displaying their undergarments.", "Art critics accustomed to conventional, \"timeless\" nude women in landscapes were shocked by Courbet's depiction of modern women casually displaying their undergarments. By exhibiting sensational works alongside hunting scenes, of the sort that had brought popular success to the English painter Edwin Landseer, Courbet guaranteed himself \"both notoriety and sales\".", "By exhibiting sensational works alongside hunting scenes, of the sort that had brought popular success to the English painter Edwin Landseer, Courbet guaranteed himself \"both notoriety and sales\". During the 1860s, Courbet painted a series of increasingly erotic works such as Femme nue couchée.", "During the 1860s, Courbet painted a series of increasingly erotic works such as Femme nue couchée. This culminated in The Origin of the World (L'Origine du monde) (1866), which depicts female genitalia and was not publicly exhibited until 1988, and Sleep (1866), featuring two women in bed.", "This culminated in The Origin of the World (L'Origine du monde) (1866), which depicts female genitalia and was not publicly exhibited until 1988, and Sleep (1866), featuring two women in bed. The latter painting became the subject of a police report when it was exhibited by a picture dealer in 1872.", "The latter painting became the subject of a police report when it was exhibited by a picture dealer in 1872. Until about 1861, Napoléon's regime had exhibited authoritarian characteristics, using press censorship to prevent the spread of opposition, manipulating elections, and depriving Parliament of the right to free debate or any real power.", "Until about 1861, Napoléon's regime had exhibited authoritarian characteristics, using press censorship to prevent the spread of opposition, manipulating elections, and depriving Parliament of the right to free debate or any real power. In the 1860s, however, Napoléon III made more concessions to placate his liberal opponents.", "In the 1860s, however, Napoléon III made more concessions to placate his liberal opponents. This change began by allowing free debates in Parliament and public reports of parliamentary debates.", "This change began by allowing free debates in Parliament and public reports of parliamentary debates. Press censorship, too, was relaxed and culminated in the appointment of the Liberal Émile Ollivier, previously a leader of the opposition to Napoléon's regime, as the de facto Prime Minister in 1870.", "Press censorship, too, was relaxed and culminated in the appointment of the Liberal Émile Ollivier, previously a leader of the opposition to Napoléon's regime, as the de facto Prime Minister in 1870. As a sign of appeasement to the Liberals who admired Courbet, Napoleon III nominated him to the Legion of Honour in 1870.", "As a sign of appeasement to the Liberals who admired Courbet, Napoleon III nominated him to the Legion of Honour in 1870. His refusal of the cross of the Legion of Honour angered those in power but made him immensely popular with those who opposed the prevailing regime.", "His refusal of the cross of the Legion of Honour angered those in power but made him immensely popular with those who opposed the prevailing regime. Courbet and the Paris Commune On 4 September 1870, during the Franco-Prussian War, Courbet made a proposal that later came back to haunt him.", "Courbet and the Paris Commune On 4 September 1870, during the Franco-Prussian War, Courbet made a proposal that later came back to haunt him. He wrote a letter to the Government of National Defense, proposing that the column in the Place Vendôme, erected by Napoleon I to honour the victories of the French Army, be taken down.", "He wrote a letter to the Government of National Defense, proposing that the column in the Place Vendôme, erected by Napoleon I to honour the victories of the French Army, be taken down. He wrote: Courbet proposed that the Column be moved to a more appropriate place, such as the Hotel des Invalides, a military hospital.", "He wrote: Courbet proposed that the Column be moved to a more appropriate place, such as the Hotel des Invalides, a military hospital. He also wrote an open letter addressed to the German Army and to German artists, proposing that German and French cannons should be melted down and crowned with a liberty cap, and made into a new monument on Place Vendôme, dedicated to the federation of the German and French people.", "He also wrote an open letter addressed to the German Army and to German artists, proposing that German and French cannons should be melted down and crowned with a liberty cap, and made into a new monument on Place Vendôme, dedicated to the federation of the German and French people. The Government of National Defense did nothing about his suggestion to tear down the column, but it was not forgotten.", "The Government of National Defense did nothing about his suggestion to tear down the column, but it was not forgotten. On 18 March, in the aftermath of the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, a revolutionary government called the Paris Commune briefly took power in the city.", "On 18 March, in the aftermath of the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, a revolutionary government called the Paris Commune briefly took power in the city. Courbet played an active part, and organized a Federation of Artists, which held its first meeting on 5 April in the Grand Amphitheater of the School of Medicine.", "Courbet played an active part, and organized a Federation of Artists, which held its first meeting on 5 April in the Grand Amphitheater of the School of Medicine. Some three hundred to four hundred painters, sculptors, architects, and decorators attended.", "Some three hundred to four hundred painters, sculptors, architects, and decorators attended. There were some famous names on the list of members, including André Gill, Honoré Daumier, Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Eugène Pottier, Jules Dalou, and Édouard Manet.", "There were some famous names on the list of members, including André Gill, Honoré Daumier, Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Eugène Pottier, Jules Dalou, and Édouard Manet. Manet was not in Paris during the Commune, and did not attend, and Corot, who was seventy-five years old, stayed in a country house and in his studio during the Commune, not taking part in the political events.", "Manet was not in Paris during the Commune, and did not attend, and Corot, who was seventy-five years old, stayed in a country house and in his studio during the Commune, not taking part in the political events. Courbet chaired the meeting and proposed that the Louvre and the Museum of the Luxembourg Palace, the two major art museums of Paris, closed during the uprising, be reopened as soon as possible, and that the traditional annual exhibit called the Salon be held as in years past, but with radical differences.", "Courbet chaired the meeting and proposed that the Louvre and the Museum of the Luxembourg Palace, the two major art museums of Paris, closed during the uprising, be reopened as soon as possible, and that the traditional annual exhibit called the Salon be held as in years past, but with radical differences. He proposed that the Salon should be free of any government interference or rewards to preferred artists; there would be no medals or government commissions given.", "He proposed that the Salon should be free of any government interference or rewards to preferred artists; there would be no medals or government commissions given. Furthermore, he called for the abolition of the most famous state institutions of French art; the École des Beaux-Arts, the School of Rome, the School of Athens, and the Fine Arts section of the Institute of France.", "Furthermore, he called for the abolition of the most famous state institutions of French art; the École des Beaux-Arts, the School of Rome, the School of Athens, and the Fine Arts section of the Institute of France. On 12 April, the Executive Committee of the Commune gave Courbet, though he was not yet officially a member of the Commune, the assignment of opening the museums and organizing the Salon.", "On 12 April, the Executive Committee of the Commune gave Courbet, though he was not yet officially a member of the Commune, the assignment of opening the museums and organizing the Salon. At the same meeting, they issued the following decree: \"The Column of the Place Vendôme will be demolished.\"", "At the same meeting, they issued the following decree: \"The Column of the Place Vendôme will be demolished.\" On 16 April, special elections were held to replace more moderate members of the Commune who had resigned their seats, and Courbet was elected as a delegate for the 6th arrondissement.", "On 16 April, special elections were held to replace more moderate members of the Commune who had resigned their seats, and Courbet was elected as a delegate for the 6th arrondissement. He was given the title of Delegate of Fine Arts, and on 21 April he was also made a member of the Commission on Education.", "He was given the title of Delegate of Fine Arts, and on 21 April he was also made a member of the Commission on Education. At the meeting of the Commission on 27 April, the minutes reported that Courbet requested the demolition of the Vendôme column be carried out, and that the column would be replaced by an allegorical figure representing the taking of power of the Commune on 18 March.", "At the meeting of the Commission on 27 April, the minutes reported that Courbet requested the demolition of the Vendôme column be carried out, and that the column would be replaced by an allegorical figure representing the taking of power of the Commune on 18 March. Nonetheless, Courbet was a dissident by nature, and he was soon in opposition with the majority of the Commune members on some of its measures.", "Nonetheless, Courbet was a dissident by nature, and he was soon in opposition with the majority of the Commune members on some of its measures. He was one of a minority of Commune Members which opposed the creation of a Committee on Public Safety, modeled on the committee of the same name which carried out the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution.", "He was one of a minority of Commune Members which opposed the creation of a Committee on Public Safety, modeled on the committee of the same name which carried out the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution. Courbet opposed the Commune on another more serious matter; the arrest of his friend Gustave Chaudey, a prominent socialist, magistrate, and journalist, whose portrait Courbet had painted.", "Courbet opposed the Commune on another more serious matter; the arrest of his friend Gustave Chaudey, a prominent socialist, magistrate, and journalist, whose portrait Courbet had painted. The popular Commune newspaper, Le Père Duchesne, accused Chaudey, when he was briefly deputy mayor of the 9th arrondissement before the Commune was formed, of ordering soldiers to fire on a crowd that had surrounded the Hotel de Ville.", "The popular Commune newspaper, Le Père Duchesne, accused Chaudey, when he was briefly deputy mayor of the 9th arrondissement before the Commune was formed, of ordering soldiers to fire on a crowd that had surrounded the Hotel de Ville. Courbet's opposition was of no use; on 23 May 1871, in the final days of the Commune, Chaudey was shot by a Commune firing squad.", "Courbet's opposition was of no use; on 23 May 1871, in the final days of the Commune, Chaudey was shot by a Commune firing squad. According to some sources Courbet resigned from the Commune in protest.", "According to some sources Courbet resigned from the Commune in protest. On 13 May, on the proposal of Courbet, the Paris house of Adolphe Thiers, the chief executive of the French government, was demolished, and his art collection confiscated.", "On 13 May, on the proposal of Courbet, the Paris house of Adolphe Thiers, the chief executive of the French government, was demolished, and his art collection confiscated. Courbet proposed that the confiscated art be given to the Louvre and other museums, but the director of the Louvre refused to accept it.", "Courbet proposed that the confiscated art be given to the Louvre and other museums, but the director of the Louvre refused to accept it. On 16 May, just nine days before the fall of the Commune, in a large ceremony with military bands and photographers, the Vendôme column was pulled down and broke into pieces.", "On 16 May, just nine days before the fall of the Commune, in a large ceremony with military bands and photographers, the Vendôme column was pulled down and broke into pieces. Some witnesses said Courbet was there, others denied it.", "Some witnesses said Courbet was there, others denied it. The following day, the Federation of Artists debated dismissing directors of the Louvre and of the Luxembourg museums, suspected by some in the Commune of having secret contacts with the French government, and appointed new heads of the museums.", "The following day, the Federation of Artists debated dismissing directors of the Louvre and of the Luxembourg museums, suspected by some in the Commune of having secret contacts with the French government, and appointed new heads of the museums. According to one legend, Courbet defended the Louvre and other museums against \"looting mobs\", but there are no records of any such attacks on the museums.", "According to one legend, Courbet defended the Louvre and other museums against \"looting mobs\", but there are no records of any such attacks on the museums. The only real threat to the Louvre came during \"Bloody Week\", 21–28 May 1871, when a unit of Communards, led by a Commune general, Jules Bergeret, set fire to the Tuileries Palace, next to the Louvre.", "The only real threat to the Louvre came during \"Bloody Week\", 21–28 May 1871, when a unit of Communards, led by a Commune general, Jules Bergeret, set fire to the Tuileries Palace, next to the Louvre. The fire spread to the library of the Louvre, which was completely destroyed, but the efforts of museum curators and firemen saved the art gallery.", "The fire spread to the library of the Louvre, which was completely destroyed, but the efforts of museum curators and firemen saved the art gallery. After the final suppression of the Commune by the French army on 28 May, Courbet went into hiding in apartments of different friends. He was arrested on 7 June.", "He was arrested on 7 June. At his trial before a military tribunal on 14 August, Courbet argued that he had only joined the Commune to pacify it, and that he had wanted to move the Vendôme Column, not destroy it.", "At his trial before a military tribunal on 14 August, Courbet argued that he had only joined the Commune to pacify it, and that he had wanted to move the Vendôme Column, not destroy it. He said he had only belonged to the Commune for a short period of time, and rarely attended its meetings.", "He said he had only belonged to the Commune for a short period of time, and rarely attended its meetings. He was convicted, but given a lighter sentence than other Commune leaders; six months in prison and a fine of five hundred Francs.", "He was convicted, but given a lighter sentence than other Commune leaders; six months in prison and a fine of five hundred Francs. Serving part of his sentence in the prison of Saint-Pelagie in Paris, he was allowed an easel and paints, but he could not have models pose for him.", "Serving part of his sentence in the prison of Saint-Pelagie in Paris, he was allowed an easel and paints, but he could not have models pose for him. He did a famous series of still-life paintings of flowers and fruit.", "He did a famous series of still-life paintings of flowers and fruit. Exile and death Courbet completed his prison sentence on 2 March 1872, but his problems caused by the destruction of the Vendôme Column were still not over.", "Exile and death Courbet completed his prison sentence on 2 March 1872, but his problems caused by the destruction of the Vendôme Column were still not over. In 1873, the newly elected president of the Republic, Patrice Mac-Mahon, announced plans to rebuild the column, with the cost to be paid by Courbet.", "In 1873, the newly elected president of the Republic, Patrice Mac-Mahon, announced plans to rebuild the column, with the cost to be paid by Courbet. Unable to pay, Courbet went into a self-imposed exile in Switzerland to avoid bankruptcy. In the following years, he participated in Swiss regional and national exhibitions.", "In the following years, he participated in Swiss regional and national exhibitions. Surveilled by the Swiss intelligence service, he enjoyed in the small Swiss art world the reputation as head of the \"realist school\" and inspired younger artists such as Auguste Baud-Bovy and Ferdinand Hodler.", "Surveilled by the Swiss intelligence service, he enjoyed in the small Swiss art world the reputation as head of the \"realist school\" and inspired younger artists such as Auguste Baud-Bovy and Ferdinand Hodler. Important works from this period include several paintings of trout, \"hooked and bleeding from the gills\", that have been interpreted as allegorical self-portraits of the exiled artist.", "Important works from this period include several paintings of trout, \"hooked and bleeding from the gills\", that have been interpreted as allegorical self-portraits of the exiled artist. In his final years, Courbet painted landscapes, including several scenes of water mysteriously emerging from the depths of the earth in the Jura Mountains of the France–Switzerland border.", "In his final years, Courbet painted landscapes, including several scenes of water mysteriously emerging from the depths of the earth in the Jura Mountains of the France–Switzerland border. Courbet also worked on sculpture during his exile.", "Courbet also worked on sculpture during his exile. Previously, in the early 1860s, he had produced a few sculptures, one of which – the Fisherman of Chavots (1862) – he donated to Ornans for a public fountain, but it was removed after Courbet's arrest.", "Previously, in the early 1860s, he had produced a few sculptures, one of which – the Fisherman of Chavots (1862) – he donated to Ornans for a public fountain, but it was removed after Courbet's arrest. On 4 May 1877, Courbet was told the estimated cost of reconstructing the Vendôme Column; 323,091 francs and 68 centimes.", "On 4 May 1877, Courbet was told the estimated cost of reconstructing the Vendôme Column; 323,091 francs and 68 centimes. He was given the option of paying the fine in yearly installments of 10,000 francs for the next 33 years, until his 91st birthday.", "He was given the option of paying the fine in yearly installments of 10,000 francs for the next 33 years, until his 91st birthday. On 31 December 1877, a day before the first installment was due, Courbet died, aged 58, in La Tour-de-Peilz, Switzerland, of a liver disease aggravated by heavy drinking.", "On 31 December 1877, a day before the first installment was due, Courbet died, aged 58, in La Tour-de-Peilz, Switzerland, of a liver disease aggravated by heavy drinking. Gallery Legacy Courbet was admired by many younger artists.", "Gallery Legacy Courbet was admired by many younger artists. Claude Monet included a portrait of Courbet in his own version of Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe from 1865–1866 (Musée d'Orsay, Paris).", "Claude Monet included a portrait of Courbet in his own version of Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe from 1865–1866 (Musée d'Orsay, Paris). Courbet's particular kind of realism influenced many artists to follow, notably among them the German painters of the Leibl circle, James McNeill Whistler, and Paul Cézanne.", "Courbet's particular kind of realism influenced many artists to follow, notably among them the German painters of the Leibl circle, James McNeill Whistler, and Paul Cézanne. Courbet's influence can also be seen in the work of Edward Hopper, whose Bridge in Paris (1906) and Approaching a City (1946) have been described as Freudian echoes of Courbet's The Source of the Loue and The Origin of the World.", "Courbet's influence can also be seen in the work of Edward Hopper, whose Bridge in Paris (1906) and Approaching a City (1946) have been described as Freudian echoes of Courbet's The Source of the Loue and The Origin of the World. His pupils included Henri Fantin-Latour, Hector Hanoteau and Olaf Isaachsen.", "His pupils included Henri Fantin-Latour, Hector Hanoteau and Olaf Isaachsen. Courbet once wrote this in a letter: Nazi-looted art During the Third Reich (1933-1945) Jewish art collectors throughout Europe had their property seized as part of the Holocaust.", "Courbet once wrote this in a letter: Nazi-looted art During the Third Reich (1933-1945) Jewish art collectors throughout Europe had their property seized as part of the Holocaust. Many artworks created by Courbet were looted by Nazis and their agents during this period and have only recently been reclaimed by the families of the previous owners.", "Many artworks created by Courbet were looted by Nazis and their agents during this period and have only recently been reclaimed by the families of the previous owners. Courbet's La falaise d’Etretat was owned by the Jewish collector Marc Wolfson and his wife Erna, who both were murdered in Auschwitz.", "Courbet's La falaise d’Etretat was owned by the Jewish collector Marc Wolfson and his wife Erna, who both were murdered in Auschwitz. After disappearing during the Nazi Occupation of France, it reappeared years later at the musée d’Orsay The great Hungarian Jewish collector Baron Mor Lipot Herzog owned several Courbet artworks, including Le Chateau de Blonay (Neige) (circa 1875,\"The Chateau of Blonay (Snow)\", now at the Budapest Museum of Fine Arts), and Courbet's most infamous work — L'Origine du monde (\"The Origin of the World\"), His collection of 2000-2500 pieces was looted by Nazis and many are still missing.", "After disappearing during the Nazi Occupation of France, it reappeared years later at the musée d’Orsay The great Hungarian Jewish collector Baron Mor Lipot Herzog owned several Courbet artworks, including Le Chateau de Blonay (Neige) (circa 1875,\"The Chateau of Blonay (Snow)\", now at the Budapest Museum of Fine Arts), and Courbet's most infamous work — L'Origine du monde (\"The Origin of the World\"), His collection of 2000-2500 pieces was looted by Nazis and many are still missing. Gustav Courbet's paintings Village Girl With Goat, The Father, and Landscape With Rocks were discovered in the Gurlitt Trove of art stashed in Munich.", "Gustav Courbet's paintings Village Girl With Goat, The Father, and Landscape With Rocks were discovered in the Gurlitt Trove of art stashed in Munich. It is not known to whom they belonged. Josephine Weinmann and her family, who were German Jews, had owned Le Grand Pont before they were forced to flee.", "Josephine Weinmann and her family, who were German Jews, had owned Le Grand Pont before they were forced to flee. The Nazi militant Herbert Schaefer acquired it, and loaned it to the Yale University Art Gallery, against whom the Weinmanns filed a claim.", "The Nazi militant Herbert Schaefer acquired it, and loaned it to the Yale University Art Gallery, against whom the Weinmanns filed a claim. The French Database of Art Objects at the Jeu de Paume (Cultural Plunder by the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg) has 41 entries for Courbet.", "The French Database of Art Objects at the Jeu de Paume (Cultural Plunder by the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg) has 41 entries for Courbet. Courbet and Cubism Two 19th-century artists prepared the way for the emergence of Cubism in the 20th century: Courbet and Cézanne. Cézanne's contributions are well-known.", "Cézanne's contributions are well-known. Cézanne's contributions are well-known. Courbet's importance was announced by Guillaume Apollinaire, poet-spokesperson for the Cubists. Writing in Les Peintres Cubistes, Méditations Esthétiques (1913) he declared, \"Courbet is the father of the new painters.\"", "Writing in Les Peintres Cubistes, Méditations Esthétiques (1913) he declared, \"Courbet is the father of the new painters.\" Jean Metzinger and Albert Gleizes often portrayed Courbet as the father of all modern art.", "Jean Metzinger and Albert Gleizes often portrayed Courbet as the father of all modern art. Both artists sought to transcend the conventional methods of rendering nature; Cézanne through a dialectical method revealing the process of seeing, Courbet by his materialism. The Cubists would combine these two approaches in developing a revolution in art.", "The Cubists would combine these two approaches in developing a revolution in art. On a formal level, Courbet wished to convey the physical characteristics of what he was painting: its density, weight and texture.", "On a formal level, Courbet wished to convey the physical characteristics of what he was painting: its density, weight and texture. Art critic John Berger said: \"No painter before Courbet was ever able to emphasize so uncompromisingly the density and weight of what he was painting.\"", "Art critic John Berger said: \"No painter before Courbet was ever able to emphasize so uncompromisingly the density and weight of what he was painting.\" This emphasis on material reality endowed his subjects with dignity. Berger observed that the Cubist painters \"were at great pains to establish the physical presence of what they were representing.", "Berger observed that the Cubist painters \"were at great pains to establish the physical presence of what they were representing. And in this they are the heirs of Courbet.\"", "And in this they are the heirs of Courbet.\" See also History of painting Léonce Bénédite List of Orientalist artists Lost artworks Orientalism Western painting References Notes Citations Works cited Further reading Monographs on the art and life of Courbet have been written by Estignard (Paris, 1874), D'Ideville, (Paris, 1878), Silvestre in Les artistes français, (Paris, 1878), Isham in Van Dyke's Modern French Masters (New York, 1896), Meier-Graefe, Corot and Courbet, (Leipzig, 1905), Cazier (Paris, 1906), Riat, (Paris, 1906), Muther, (Berlin, 1906), Robin, (Paris, 1909), Benedite, (Paris, 1911) and Lazár Béla (Paris, 1911).", "See also History of painting Léonce Bénédite List of Orientalist artists Lost artworks Orientalism Western painting References Notes Citations Works cited Further reading Monographs on the art and life of Courbet have been written by Estignard (Paris, 1874), D'Ideville, (Paris, 1878), Silvestre in Les artistes français, (Paris, 1878), Isham in Van Dyke's Modern French Masters (New York, 1896), Meier-Graefe, Corot and Courbet, (Leipzig, 1905), Cazier (Paris, 1906), Riat, (Paris, 1906), Muther, (Berlin, 1906), Robin, (Paris, 1909), Benedite, (Paris, 1911) and Lazár Béla (Paris, 1911). Consult also Muther, History of Modern Painting, volume ii (London, 1896, 1907); Patoux, \"Courbet\" in Les artistes célèbres and La vérité sur Courbet (Paris, 1879); Le Men, Courbet (New York, 2008).", "Consult also Muther, History of Modern Painting, volume ii (London, 1896, 1907); Patoux, \"Courbet\" in Les artistes célèbres and La vérité sur Courbet (Paris, 1879); Le Men, Courbet (New York, 2008). Bond, Anthony, \"Embodying the Real\", Body.", "Bond, Anthony, \"Embodying the Real\", Body. The Art Gallery of New South Wales (1997). Champfleury, Les Grandes Figures d'hier et d'aujourd'hui (Paris, 1861) Chu, Petra ten Doesschate. Courbet in Perspective. (Prentice Hall, 1977) Chu, Petra ten Doesschate and Gustave Courbet.", "(Prentice Hall, 1977) Chu, Petra ten Doesschate and Gustave Courbet. Letters of Gustave Courbet. (Chicago: Univ Chicago Press, 1992) Chu, Petra ten Doesschate. The Most Arrogant Man in France: Gustave Courbet and the Nineteenth-Century Media Culture.", "The Most Arrogant Man in France: Gustave Courbet and the Nineteenth-Century Media Culture. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007) Clark, Timothy J., Image of the People: Gustave Courbet and the 1848 Revolution, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999); (Originally published 1973.", "(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007) Clark, Timothy J., Image of the People: Gustave Courbet and the 1848 Revolution, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999); (Originally published 1973. Based on his doctoral dissertation along with The Absolute Bourgeois: Artists and Politics in France, 1848–1851), 208pp.", "Based on his doctoral dissertation along with The Absolute Bourgeois: Artists and Politics in France, 1848–1851), 208pp. . (Considered the definitive treatment of Courbet's politics and painting in 1848, and a foundational text of Marxist art history.) Faunce, Sara, \"Feminist in Spite of Himself\", Body.", "Faunce, Sara, \"Feminist in Spite of Himself\", Body. The Art Gallery of New South Wales (1997). Griffiths, Harriet & Alister Mill, Courbet's early Salon exhibition record, Database of Salon Artists, 1827–1850 Howe, Jeffery (ed. ), Courbet. Mapping Realism.", "), Courbet. Mapping Realism. Mapping Realism. Paintings from the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium and American Collections, exhibition catalogue, McMullen Museum of Art, Boston College, 1 September – 8 December 2013 [distributed by the University of Chicago Press] Hutchinson, Mark, \"The history of The Origin of the World\", Times Literary Supplement, 8 Aug. 2007.", "Paintings from the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium and American Collections, exhibition catalogue, McMullen Museum of Art, Boston College, 1 September – 8 December 2013 [distributed by the University of Chicago Press] Hutchinson, Mark, \"The history of The Origin of the World\", Times Literary Supplement, 8 Aug. 2007. Lemonnier, C, Les Peintres de la Vie (Paris, 1888).", "Lemonnier, C, Les Peintres de la Vie (Paris, 1888). Lindsay, Jack. Gustave Courbet his life and art. Publ. Jupiter Books (London) Limited 1977. Mantz, \"G. Courbet,\" Gaz.", "Mantz, \"G. Courbet,\" Gaz. des beaux-arts (Paris, 1878) Nochlin, Linda, Courbet, (London: Thames & Hudson, 2007) Nochlin, Linda, Realism: Style and Civilization (New York: Penguin, 1972). Savatier, Thierry, El origen del mundo.", "Savatier, Thierry, El origen del mundo. Historia de un cuadro de Gustave Courbet. Ediciones TREA (Gijón, 2009). Tennant Jackson, Jenny, \"Courbet's Trauerspiel: Trouble with Women in the Painter's Studio.\" in G. Pollock (ed. ), Visual Politics of Psychoanalysis, London: I.B.Tauris, 2013.", "), Visual Politics of Psychoanalysis, London: I.B.Tauris, 2013. Zola, Émile, Mes Haines (Paris, 1879) External links Gustave Courbet papers at the University of Maryland Libraries Gustave Courbet, works at Musée d'Orsay, Paris Joconde, Portail des collections des musées de France Union List of Artist Names, Getty Vocabularies.", "Zola, Émile, Mes Haines (Paris, 1879) External links Gustave Courbet papers at the University of Maryland Libraries Gustave Courbet, works at Musée d'Orsay, Paris Joconde, Portail des collections des musées de France Union List of Artist Names, Getty Vocabularies. ULAN Full Record Display for Gustave Courbet.", "ULAN Full Record Display for Gustave Courbet. Getty Vocabulary Program, Getty Research Institute. Los Angeles, California The Painter's Studio (L'atelier du peintre), on-line, in increased reality, Musée d'Orsay 'Le chef de l'école du laid': Gustave Courbet in 19th-century caricatures. European Studies Blog, British Library.", "European Studies Blog, British Library. Jennifer A. Thompson, \"Marine by Gustave Courbet (cat.", "Jennifer A. Thompson, \"Marine by Gustave Courbet (cat. 948),\" in The John G. Johnson Collection: A History and Selected Works, a Philadelphia Museum of Art free digital publication 1819 births 1877 deaths 19th-century French painters French male painters French Realist painters French anarchists French socialists Orientalist painters Légion d'honneur refusals People from Doubs People from Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut District Deaths from cirrhosis Communards" ]

[ "Jack Abramoff", "Long-standing college political alliances", "Where did Jack go to college ?", "I don't know." ]

[ "White Electoral Alliance (Bokmål: Hvit Valgallianse, Nynorsk: Kvit Valallianse) was a short-lived political party in Norway, founded by Jack Erik Kjuus in September 1995 after the merging of Stop Immigration (Stopp Innvandringen) and Help the foreigners home or else we will lose our country (Hjelp de fremmede hjem ellers mister vi landet vårt), both minor fringe parties led by Jack Erik Kjuus. The name of the party was a counter to the contemporary far-left political party Red Electoral Alliance.\n\nPolitical profile\nThe party was extremely controversial throughout its short existence, and likely the most extreme far-right party to ever exist in Norway since the second world war. The party wanted to repatriate all immigrants who had come to the country since 1975. For non-western immigrants this would apply from 1960. If this proved infeasible the party advocated forced sterilization. The same applied to immigrants in relationships with ethnic Norwegians as well as their children. According to the party itself, this was to preserve the Norwegian people's ethnic composition.\n\nBecause of these sections of the party program, Jack Erik Kjuus was on 21 February 1997 convicted by the Oslo Municipal Court and received a suspended 60-day jail sentence and a 20.000 NOK fine for violation of penal code section § 135a, also known as racism paragraph. The ruling was appealed to the Supreme Court. In the Supreme Court the issue was discussed in the plenary, which had not happened for 27 years. The ruling from the Municipal Court was upheld in November. Five of the justices argued that the party program was protected free speech and voted to acquit, but the remaining twelve voted for upholding the verdict, arguing that promoting ethnic cleansing was beyond free speech protections. Kjuus also brought the case to the European Court of Human Rights, but that court ruled on 17 March 2000 that the verdict was compatible with the European Commission on Human Rights.\n\nAs a protest against the verdict the party board withdrew shortly after. Jack Erik Kjuus also pulled out of politics. Many of its members went over to the newly established party the National Alliance.\n\nReferences\n\nDefunct political parties in Norway\nPolitical parties established in 1995\n1995 establishments in Norway\nPolitical parties disestablished in 1997\nFar-right political parties in Norway\nWhite nationalist parties", "The Civic Action Front of Chad (, FACT) was a short-lived political alliance in Chad.\n\nHistory\nFACT was formed as an alliance of the Chadian Progressive Party and the Independent Socialist Party of Chad, and was initially named the \"Front for the Defence of Civic Rights\", but was renamed as the Civic Action Front on 19 May, just eleven days before the 1952 Territorial Assembly elections. The alliance put up electoral lists in five of the ten second college constituencies, winning six of the 30 seats, with the remaining 24 won by the Chadian Democratic Union.\n\nReferences\n\nDefunct political parties in Chad\nPolitical party alliances in Chad\nPolitical parties with year of establishment missing\nPolitical parties with year of disestablishment missing" ]

[ "Jack Allan Abramoff (; born February 28, 1959) is an American lobbyist, businessman, film producer, writer, and convicted felon. He was at the center of an extensive corruption investigation led by Earl Devaney that resulted in his conviction and 21 other people either pleading guilty or being found guilty, including White House officials J. Steven Griles and David Safavian, U.S. Representative Bob Ney, and nine other lobbyists and congressional aides.", "He was at the center of an extensive corruption investigation led by Earl Devaney that resulted in his conviction and 21 other people either pleading guilty or being found guilty, including White House officials J. Steven Griles and David Safavian, U.S. Representative Bob Ney, and nine other lobbyists and congressional aides. Abramoff was College Republican National Committee National Chairman from 1981 to 1985, a founding member of the International Freedom Foundation, allegedly financed by apartheid South Africa, and served on the board of directors of the National Center for Public Policy Research, a conservative think tank.", "Abramoff was College Republican National Committee National Chairman from 1981 to 1985, a founding member of the International Freedom Foundation, allegedly financed by apartheid South Africa, and served on the board of directors of the National Center for Public Policy Research, a conservative think tank. From 1994 to 2001 he was a top lobbyist for the firm of Preston Gates & Ellis, and then for Greenberg Traurig until March 2004.", "From 1994 to 2001 he was a top lobbyist for the firm of Preston Gates & Ellis, and then for Greenberg Traurig until March 2004. After a guilty plea in the Jack Abramoff Native American lobbying scandal and his dealings with SunCruz Casinos in January 2006, he was sentenced to six years in federal prison for mail fraud, conspiracy to bribe public officials, and tax evasion.", "After a guilty plea in the Jack Abramoff Native American lobbying scandal and his dealings with SunCruz Casinos in January 2006, he was sentenced to six years in federal prison for mail fraud, conspiracy to bribe public officials, and tax evasion. He served 43 months before being released on December 3, 2010.", "He served 43 months before being released on December 3, 2010. After his release from prison, he wrote the autobiographical book Capitol Punishment: The Hard Truth About Washington Corruption From America's Most Notorious Lobbyist which was published in November 2011.", "After his release from prison, he wrote the autobiographical book Capitol Punishment: The Hard Truth About Washington Corruption From America's Most Notorious Lobbyist which was published in November 2011. Abramoff's lobbying and the surrounding scandals and investigation are the subject of two 2010 films: the documentary Casino Jack and the United States of Money, released in May 2010, and the feature film Casino Jack, released on December 17, 2010, starring Kevin Spacey as Abramoff.", "Abramoff's lobbying and the surrounding scandals and investigation are the subject of two 2010 films: the documentary Casino Jack and the United States of Money, released in May 2010, and the feature film Casino Jack, released on December 17, 2010, starring Kevin Spacey as Abramoff. Early life Jack Abramoff was born February 28, 1959 in Atlantic City, New Jersey.", "Early life Jack Abramoff was born February 28, 1959 in Atlantic City, New Jersey. His parents were Jane (née Divac) and Franklin Abramoff, who was president of the Franchises unit of Diners Club credit card company. Abramoff's family moved to Beverly Hills, California, when he was ten (in 1968).", "Abramoff's family moved to Beverly Hills, California, when he was ten (in 1968). After seeing the film version of Fiddler on the Roof at age twelve, Abramoff decided to practice Orthodox Judaism. In California, Abramoff attended Beverly Hills High School. In high school, he played football and became a weight-lifting champion.", "In high school, he played football and became a weight-lifting champion. Pulitzer prize-winning food critic Jonathan Gold, who was the same year at Beverly Hills High as Abramoff, recounted to the Jewish Journal a time when Abramoff pushed him and his cello down a flight of stairs.", "Pulitzer prize-winning food critic Jonathan Gold, who was the same year at Beverly Hills High as Abramoff, recounted to the Jewish Journal a time when Abramoff pushed him and his cello down a flight of stairs. College and law school years As an undergraduate at Brandeis University, Abramoff served as Chairman of the Massachusetts Alliance of College Republicans, which organized student volunteers for Ronald Reagan's 1980 presidential campaign.", "College and law school years As an undergraduate at Brandeis University, Abramoff served as Chairman of the Massachusetts Alliance of College Republicans, which organized student volunteers for Ronald Reagan's 1980 presidential campaign. He graduated with a B.A. in English in 1981. He earned his Juris Doctor from the Georgetown University Law Center in 1986.", "He earned his Juris Doctor from the Georgetown University Law Center in 1986. According to Nina Easton, Abramoff gained much of his credibility in the conservative movement through his father, Franklin Abramoff. As president of Diners Club International, Abramoff's father worked closely with Alfred S. Bloomingdale, a personal friend of Reagan.", "As president of Diners Club International, Abramoff's father worked closely with Alfred S. Bloomingdale, a personal friend of Reagan. College Republican National Chairman After graduating from Brandeis, Abramoff ran for election as chairman of the College Republican National Committee (CRNC).", "College Republican National Chairman After graduating from Brandeis, Abramoff ran for election as chairman of the College Republican National Committee (CRNC). After a campaign which cost over $11,000 and was managed by Grover Norquist, Abramoff won the election. His chief competitor, Amy Moritz was persuaded to drop out.", "His chief competitor, Amy Moritz was persuaded to drop out. (Later, as Amy Ridenour, she became a founding director of the National Center for Public Policy Research. She was treated to several trips funded by Jack Abramoff when he was working as a lobbyist.)", "She was treated to several trips funded by Jack Abramoff when he was working as a lobbyist.) Abramoff \"changed the direction of the [college] committee and made it more activist and conservative than ever before\", notes the CRNC.", "Abramoff \"changed the direction of the [college] committee and made it more activist and conservative than ever before\", notes the CRNC. \"It is not our job to seek peaceful coexistence with the Left\", Abramoff was quoted as saying in the group's 1983 annual report.", "\"It is not our job to seek peaceful coexistence with the Left\", Abramoff was quoted as saying in the group's 1983 annual report. \"Our job is to remove them from power permanently.\" Norquist served as executive director of the committee under Abramoff.", "Norquist served as executive director of the committee under Abramoff. He later recruited Ralph Reed, a former president of the University of Georgia College Republicans chapter, as an unpaid intern. According to Reed's book Active Faith, Reed introduced Abramoff to Pamela Clarke Alexander, and they later married.", "According to Reed's book Active Faith, Reed introduced Abramoff to Pamela Clarke Alexander, and they later married. As chair of the CRNC, Abramoff addressed the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas, Texas. Long-standing college political alliances At the CRNC, Abramoff developed political alliances with College Republican chapter presidents across the nation.", "Long-standing college political alliances At the CRNC, Abramoff developed political alliances with College Republican chapter presidents across the nation. Many would later hold key roles in state and national politics and business, and some would later interact with Abramoff in his role as a lobbyist. Some of those relationships were at the core of the federal investigation.", "Some of those relationships were at the core of the federal investigation. At the CRNC, Abramoff, Norquist and Reed formed what was known as the \"Abramoff-Norquist-Reed triumvirate\". After Abramoff's election, the trio purged \"dissidents\" and re-wrote the CRNC's bylaws to consolidate their control over the organization.", "After Abramoff's election, the trio purged \"dissidents\" and re-wrote the CRNC's bylaws to consolidate their control over the organization. According to Easton's Gang of Five, Reed was the \"hatchet man\" and \"carried out Abramoff-Norquist orders with ruthless efficiency, not bothering to hide his fingerprints\".", "According to Easton's Gang of Five, Reed was the \"hatchet man\" and \"carried out Abramoff-Norquist orders with ruthless efficiency, not bothering to hide his fingerprints\". In 1983, the CRNC passed a resolution condemning \"deliberate planted propaganda by the KGB and Soviet proxy forces\" against the government of South Africa, at a time when the country's government was under worldwide criticism for its apartheid regime.", "In 1983, the CRNC passed a resolution condemning \"deliberate planted propaganda by the KGB and Soviet proxy forces\" against the government of South Africa, at a time when the country's government was under worldwide criticism for its apartheid regime. In 1984, Abramoff and other College Republicans formed the \"USA Foundation\", a non-partisan tax-exempt organization which held two days of rallies on college campuses around the United States celebrating the first anniversary of the invasion of Grenada.", "In 1984, Abramoff and other College Republicans formed the \"USA Foundation\", a non-partisan tax-exempt organization which held two days of rallies on college campuses around the United States celebrating the first anniversary of the invasion of Grenada. In a letter to campus Republican leaders, Abramoff claimed: Citizens for America In 1985, Abramoff joined Citizens for America, a pro-Reagan group that helped Oliver North build support for the Nicaraguan Contras.", "In a letter to campus Republican leaders, Abramoff claimed: Citizens for America In 1985, Abramoff joined Citizens for America, a pro-Reagan group that helped Oliver North build support for the Nicaraguan Contras. Citizens for America staged an unprecedented meeting of anti-Communist rebel leaders known as the Democratic International in Jamba, Angola.", "Citizens for America staged an unprecedented meeting of anti-Communist rebel leaders known as the Democratic International in Jamba, Angola. This conference included leaders of the Mujahedeen from Afghanistan, UNITA from Angola, the Contras, and opposition groups from Laos. Out of this largely ceremonial conference came the International Freedom Foundation.", "Out of this largely ceremonial conference came the International Freedom Foundation. Abramoff helped to organize, and also attended the conference. Abramoff's membership ended on a sour note when Citizens for America's sponsor Lewis Lehrman, a former New York gubernatorial candidate, concluded that Abramoff had spent his money carelessly.", "Abramoff's membership ended on a sour note when Citizens for America's sponsor Lewis Lehrman, a former New York gubernatorial candidate, concluded that Abramoff had spent his money carelessly. In 1986, Reagan appointed Abramoff as a member of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council.", "In 1986, Reagan appointed Abramoff as a member of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council. Work in film production, and South Africa connections Abramoff spent 10 years in Hollywood. He developed (wrote the story) and produced, with his brother Robert, the 1989 film Red Scorpion.", "He developed (wrote the story) and produced, with his brother Robert, the 1989 film Red Scorpion. The film ultimately cost $16 million (from an $8 million initial budget) and starred Dolph Lundgren playing the Spetsnaz-like Soviet commando Nikolai, sent by the USSR to assassinate an African revolutionary in a country similar to Angola.", "The film ultimately cost $16 million (from an $8 million initial budget) and starred Dolph Lundgren playing the Spetsnaz-like Soviet commando Nikolai, sent by the USSR to assassinate an African revolutionary in a country similar to Angola. Nikolai sees the evil of the Soviets and changes sides, becoming a freedom fighter for the African side.", "Nikolai sees the evil of the Soviets and changes sides, becoming a freedom fighter for the African side. Abramoff also executive-produced its 1994 sequel Red Scorpion 2. The South African government financed the film via the International Freedom Foundation, a front-group chaired by Abramoff, as part of its efforts to undermine international sympathy for the African National Congress.", "The South African government financed the film via the International Freedom Foundation, a front-group chaired by Abramoff, as part of its efforts to undermine international sympathy for the African National Congress. The filming location was in South-West Africa (now Namibia).", "The filming location was in South-West Africa (now Namibia). On April 27, 1998, Abramoff wrote a letter to the editor of The Seattle Times rebutting an article critical of him and his alleged role as effectively a Public Relations puppet of the then-apartheid South African military.", "On April 27, 1998, Abramoff wrote a letter to the editor of The Seattle Times rebutting an article critical of him and his alleged role as effectively a Public Relations puppet of the then-apartheid South African military. Abramoff rebutted: The IFF was a conservative group which I headed.", "Abramoff rebutted: The IFF was a conservative group which I headed. It was vigorously anti-Communist, but it was also actively anti-apartheid. In 1987, it was one of the first conservative groups to call for the release of Nelson Mandela, a position for which it was roundly criticized by other conservatives at the time.", "In 1987, it was one of the first conservative groups to call for the release of Nelson Mandela, a position for which it was roundly criticized by other conservatives at the time. While I headed the IFF, we accepted funding only from private individuals and corporations and would have absolutely rejected any offer of South African military funding, or any other kind of funding from any government – good or evil.", "While I headed the IFF, we accepted funding only from private individuals and corporations and would have absolutely rejected any offer of South African military funding, or any other kind of funding from any government – good or evil. During this period in South Africa, Abramoff first met South African-born rabbi David Lapin, who would become his religious advisor.", "During this period in South Africa, Abramoff first met South African-born rabbi David Lapin, who would become his religious advisor. He also met Lapin's brother and fellow rabbi Daniel Lapin, who allegedly introduced Abramoff to Congressman Tom DeLay (R-TX) at a Washington, DC dinner shortly after the Republican takeover of Congress in 1994.", "He also met Lapin's brother and fellow rabbi Daniel Lapin, who allegedly introduced Abramoff to Congressman Tom DeLay (R-TX) at a Washington, DC dinner shortly after the Republican takeover of Congress in 1994. Lapin later claimed that he did not recall making that introduction.", "Lapin later claimed that he did not recall making that introduction. Seattle-based lobbying In December 1994, Abramoff was hired as a lobbyist at Preston Gates Ellis & Rouvelas Meeds LLP, the lobbying arm of the law firm Preston Gates & Ellis LLP based in Seattle, Washington.", "Seattle-based lobbying In December 1994, Abramoff was hired as a lobbyist at Preston Gates Ellis & Rouvelas Meeds LLP, the lobbying arm of the law firm Preston Gates & Ellis LLP based in Seattle, Washington. According to The Seattle Times, following the Republican takeover of Congress in 1995, partner Emanuel Rouvelas determined that the firm \"didn't have a conservative, Christian Coalition Republican with strong ties to the new Republican leadership\".", "According to The Seattle Times, following the Republican takeover of Congress in 1995, partner Emanuel Rouvelas determined that the firm \"didn't have a conservative, Christian Coalition Republican with strong ties to the new Republican leadership\". The traditionally Democratic-leaning firm hired Abramoff for the specific purpose of attaining these wanted ties.", "The traditionally Democratic-leaning firm hired Abramoff for the specific purpose of attaining these wanted ties. Abramoff was described in a press release as having close ties to Newt Gingrich and Dick Armey, the former the Republican Speaker of the House and the latter the Republican House Majority Leader.", "Abramoff was described in a press release as having close ties to Newt Gingrich and Dick Armey, the former the Republican Speaker of the House and the latter the Republican House Majority Leader. According to The Seattle Times, Abramoff used Preston Gates & Ellis to access a higher pedigree of clientele.", "According to The Seattle Times, Abramoff used Preston Gates & Ellis to access a higher pedigree of clientele. Choctaw gambling In 1995, Abramoff began representing Native American tribes with gambling interests. He became involved with the Mississippi Band of Choctaw, a federally recognized tribe.", "He became involved with the Mississippi Band of Choctaw, a federally recognized tribe. One of Abramoff's first acts as a tribal gaming lobbyist was to defeat a Congressional bill to tax Native American casinos, sponsored by Bill Archer (R-TX) and Ernest Istook (R-OK).", "One of Abramoff's first acts as a tribal gaming lobbyist was to defeat a Congressional bill to tax Native American casinos, sponsored by Bill Archer (R-TX) and Ernest Istook (R-OK). According to Washington Business Forward, a lobbying trade magazine, \"Tom DeLay was a major factor in those victories, and the fight helped cement the alliance between the two men\".", "According to Washington Business Forward, a lobbying trade magazine, \"Tom DeLay was a major factor in those victories, and the fight helped cement the alliance between the two men\". DeLay has called Abramoff \"one of (his) closest and dearest friends\".", "DeLay has called Abramoff \"one of (his) closest and dearest friends\". The Washington Post, on December 29, 2005, reported: \"Jack Abramoff liked to slip into dialogue from The Godfather as he led his lobbying colleagues in planning their next conquest on Capitol Hill.", "The Washington Post, on December 29, 2005, reported: \"Jack Abramoff liked to slip into dialogue from The Godfather as he led his lobbying colleagues in planning their next conquest on Capitol Hill. In a favorite bit, he would mimic an ice-cold Michael Corleone facing down a crooked politician's demand for a cut of Mafia gambling profits: 'Senator, you can have my answer now if you like.", "In a favorite bit, he would mimic an ice-cold Michael Corleone facing down a crooked politician's demand for a cut of Mafia gambling profits: 'Senator, you can have my answer now if you like. My offer is this: nothing.'\" Salon.com political writer Thomas Frank considers Abramoff to have acted as a con man.", "Salon.com political writer Thomas Frank considers Abramoff to have acted as a con man. Alex Gibney, director and writer of the 2010 documentary film Casino Jack and the United States of Money, elaborated on Abramoff's criminal modus operandi.", "Alex Gibney, director and writer of the 2010 documentary film Casino Jack and the United States of Money, elaborated on Abramoff's criminal modus operandi. Gibney said, \"one of his (Abramoff's) great gifts was being able to tell people what they wanted to hear, and this was how he was able to sell things and get them into trouble.\"", "Gibney said, \"one of his (Abramoff's) great gifts was being able to tell people what they wanted to hear, and this was how he was able to sell things and get them into trouble.\" He was interviewed with former U.S. Representative Bob Ney and former Greenberg Traurig lobbyist Neil Volz on Kojo Nnamdi's National Public Radio affiliate WAMU-FM radio show.", "He was interviewed with former U.S. Representative Bob Ney and former Greenberg Traurig lobbyist Neil Volz on Kojo Nnamdi's National Public Radio affiliate WAMU-FM radio show. Saipan and Northern Mariana Islands Abramoff and his law firm were paid at least $6.7 million by the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) from 1995 to 2001.", "Saipan and Northern Mariana Islands Abramoff and his law firm were paid at least $6.7 million by the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) from 1995 to 2001. It made manufactured goods labeled with \"Made in the USA\", but it was not subject to U.S. labor and minimum wage laws.", "It made manufactured goods labeled with \"Made in the USA\", but it was not subject to U.S. labor and minimum wage laws. After Abramoff paid for DeLay and his staffers to go on trips to the CNMI, they crafted policy that extended exemptions from federal immigration and labor laws to the islands' industries.", "After Abramoff paid for DeLay and his staffers to go on trips to the CNMI, they crafted policy that extended exemptions from federal immigration and labor laws to the islands' industries. Abramoff also negotiated with the Marianas for a $1.2 million no-bid contract for \"promoting ethics in government\" to be awarded to David Lapin, brother of his associate Daniel Lapin.", "Abramoff also negotiated with the Marianas for a $1.2 million no-bid contract for \"promoting ethics in government\" to be awarded to David Lapin, brother of his associate Daniel Lapin. Abramoff secretly funded a trip to the Marianas for Congressmen James E. Clyburn (D-SC) and Bennie Thompson (D-MS).", "Abramoff secretly funded a trip to the Marianas for Congressmen James E. Clyburn (D-SC) and Bennie Thompson (D-MS). In 1999 Congressman Dana Rohrabacher (R-CA) went on an Abramoff-funded trip to the Marshall Islands with John Doolittle (R-CA) and Ken Calvert (R-CA); delegates of Guam, American Samoa, and the Virgin Islands; and eight staffers.", "In 1999 Congressman Dana Rohrabacher (R-CA) went on an Abramoff-funded trip to the Marshall Islands with John Doolittle (R-CA) and Ken Calvert (R-CA); delegates of Guam, American Samoa, and the Virgin Islands; and eight staffers. Documentation indicates that Abramoff's lobbying team helped prepare Rep. Ralph Hall's (R-TX) statements on the House floor in which he attacked the credibility of escaped teenaged sex worker \"Katrina\", in an attempt to discredit her testimony regarding the state of the sex slave industry in the Marianas.", "Documentation indicates that Abramoff's lobbying team helped prepare Rep. Ralph Hall's (R-TX) statements on the House floor in which he attacked the credibility of escaped teenaged sex worker \"Katrina\", in an attempt to discredit her testimony regarding the state of the sex slave industry in the Marianas. Ms. magazine reported Abramoff's dealings in the CNMI and the plight of garment workers like Katrina in a major article published in their spring 2006 issue.", "Ms. magazine reported Abramoff's dealings in the CNMI and the plight of garment workers like Katrina in a major article published in their spring 2006 issue. Abramoff arranged for mailings from a Ralph Reed marketing company to Christian conservative voters.", "Abramoff arranged for mailings from a Ralph Reed marketing company to Christian conservative voters. He bribed Roger Stillwell, a high-ranking political appointee at the Department of the Interior who was responsible for some Native American gaming policy; Stillwell pleaded guilty in 2006 to accepting gifts from Abramoff.", "He bribed Roger Stillwell, a high-ranking political appointee at the Department of the Interior who was responsible for some Native American gaming policy; Stillwell pleaded guilty in 2006 to accepting gifts from Abramoff. All government officials and employees are prohibited from accepting gifts from consultants, businesses and lobbyists.", "All government officials and employees are prohibited from accepting gifts from consultants, businesses and lobbyists. Naftasib Executives of Naftasib, a Russian energy company, funneled almost $3.4 million to Abramoff and DeLay advisor Ed Buckham between 1997 and 2005.", "Naftasib Executives of Naftasib, a Russian energy company, funneled almost $3.4 million to Abramoff and DeLay advisor Ed Buckham between 1997 and 2005. About $60,000 was spent on a trip to Russia in 1997 for Tom DeLay, Buckham, and Abramoff.", "About $60,000 was spent on a trip to Russia in 1997 for Tom DeLay, Buckham, and Abramoff. In 1998, $1 million was sent to Buckham via his organization U.S. Family Network to \"influence DeLay's vote in 1998 on legislation that helped make it possible for the International Monetary Fund to bail out the faltering Russian economy\".", "In 1998, $1 million was sent to Buckham via his organization U.S. Family Network to \"influence DeLay's vote in 1998 on legislation that helped make it possible for the International Monetary Fund to bail out the faltering Russian economy\". DeLay voted for the legislation.", "DeLay voted for the legislation. DeLay voted for the legislation. The money was funneled through the Dutch company Voor Huisen, the Bahamas company Chelsea Enterprises, and the London law firm James & Sarch Co. The executives involved, who met DeLay during the 1997 trip, were Marina Nevskaya and Alexander Koulakovsky.", "The executives involved, who met DeLay during the 1997 trip, were Marina Nevskaya and Alexander Koulakovsky. Nevskaya was also involved in Abramoff's support of an Israeli military academy, as indicated by an email sent to Abramoff. eLottery, Inc.", "eLottery, Inc. eLottery, Inc. In 1999, eLottery hired Abramoff to block the Internet Gambling Prohibition Act, which he did by enlisting Ralph Reed, Norquist, and Tom DeLay's former chief of staff, Tony Rudy.", "In 1999, eLottery hired Abramoff to block the Internet Gambling Prohibition Act, which he did by enlisting Ralph Reed, Norquist, and Tom DeLay's former chief of staff, Tony Rudy. Emails from 2000 show that Susan Ralston helped Abramoff pass checks from eLottery to Lou Sheldon's Traditional Values Coalition (TVC) and also to Norquist's Americans for Tax Reform (ATR), en route to Ralph Reed's company, Century Strategies.", "Emails from 2000 show that Susan Ralston helped Abramoff pass checks from eLottery to Lou Sheldon's Traditional Values Coalition (TVC) and also to Norquist's Americans for Tax Reform (ATR), en route to Ralph Reed's company, Century Strategies. Abramoff joins Greenberg Traurig On January 8, 2001, Abramoff left Preston Gates to join the Government Relations division of the Washington, D.C. law firm Greenberg Traurig, which once described him as \"directly involved in the Republican party and conservative movement leadership structures\" and \"one of the leading fund raisers for the party and its congressional candidates\".", "Abramoff joins Greenberg Traurig On January 8, 2001, Abramoff left Preston Gates to join the Government Relations division of the Washington, D.C. law firm Greenberg Traurig, which once described him as \"directly involved in the Republican party and conservative movement leadership structures\" and \"one of the leading fund raisers for the party and its congressional candidates\". With the move to Greenberg Traurig, Abramoff took as much as $6 million worth of client business from his old firm, including the Marianas Islands account.", "With the move to Greenberg Traurig, Abramoff took as much as $6 million worth of client business from his old firm, including the Marianas Islands account. At Greenberg Traurig, Abramoff recruited a team of lobbyists known familiarly as \"Team Abramoff\".", "At Greenberg Traurig, Abramoff recruited a team of lobbyists known familiarly as \"Team Abramoff\". The team included many of his former employees from Preston Gates and former senior staffers of members of Congress. Tribal lobbying Around the time he joined Greenberg Traurig, Abramoff's choice of lobbying clients changed to focus much more on Native American tribes.", "Tribal lobbying Around the time he joined Greenberg Traurig, Abramoff's choice of lobbying clients changed to focus much more on Native American tribes. While Abramoff was a registered lobbyist for 51 clients while working at Preston Gates, with only four being tribes, Abramoff would eventually represent 24 clients for whom he was registered lobbyist at Greenberg Traurig, of which seven were tribes.", "While Abramoff was a registered lobbyist for 51 clients while working at Preston Gates, with only four being tribes, Abramoff would eventually represent 24 clients for whom he was registered lobbyist at Greenberg Traurig, of which seven were tribes. Tyco International Ltd. Former White House Deputy Counsel Timothy Flanigan left his job in December 2002 to work as General Counsel for Corporate and International Law at Tyco International.", "Tyco International Ltd. Former White House Deputy Counsel Timothy Flanigan left his job in December 2002 to work as General Counsel for Corporate and International Law at Tyco International. He immediately hired Abramoff to lobby Congress and the White House on matters relating to Tyco's Bermuda tax-exempt status.", "He immediately hired Abramoff to lobby Congress and the White House on matters relating to Tyco's Bermuda tax-exempt status. Flanigan stated to the Senate Judiciary Committee that Abramoff \"bragged\" that he could help Tyco avoid tax liability aimed at offshore companies because he \"had good relationships with members of Congress\".", "Flanigan stated to the Senate Judiciary Committee that Abramoff \"bragged\" that he could help Tyco avoid tax liability aimed at offshore companies because he \"had good relationships with members of Congress\". Tyco Inc. claimed in August 2005 that Abramoff had been paid $1.7 million for \"astroturfing\", or the creation of a fake \"grassroots\" campaign to oppose proposals to penalize US corporations registered abroad for tax reasons.", "Tyco Inc. claimed in August 2005 that Abramoff had been paid $1.7 million for \"astroturfing\", or the creation of a fake \"grassroots\" campaign to oppose proposals to penalize US corporations registered abroad for tax reasons. The work allegedly was never performed, and most of the fee Tyco paid Abramoff to lobby against the legislation was \"diverted to entities controlled by Mr. Abramoff\".", "The work allegedly was never performed, and most of the fee Tyco paid Abramoff to lobby against the legislation was \"diverted to entities controlled by Mr. Abramoff\". Lobbying for national governments Abramoff's team represented the government of Malaysia, and worked toward improving Malaysian relations with the United States, particularly with trade relations.", "Lobbying for national governments Abramoff's team represented the government of Malaysia, and worked toward improving Malaysian relations with the United States, particularly with trade relations. Abramoff also met with the government of Sudan, offering a plan to deflect criticism from American Christian groups over the regime's alleged role in the Darfur conflict.", "Abramoff also met with the government of Sudan, offering a plan to deflect criticism from American Christian groups over the regime's alleged role in the Darfur conflict. Abramoff promised to enlist Reed to assist, as well as starting a grassroots campaign to improve the image of Sudan in America.", "Abramoff promised to enlist Reed to assist, as well as starting a grassroots campaign to improve the image of Sudan in America. Channel One News Abramoff was a lobbyist for the school TV news service Channel One News. From 1999 to 2003, Channel One retained him to ensure Congress did not block funds to their service.", "From 1999 to 2003, Channel One retained him to ensure Congress did not block funds to their service. Not only did Channel One face frequent campaigns by political groups to persuade Congress to limit its presence in schools, but it also derived much of its advertising revenue from U.S. government sources, including the Office of National Drug Control Policy and military recruitment.", "Not only did Channel One face frequent campaigns by political groups to persuade Congress to limit its presence in schools, but it also derived much of its advertising revenue from U.S. government sources, including the Office of National Drug Control Policy and military recruitment. Since Abramoff and Channel One parted ways, Channel One's advertising revenues have dropped substantially, but a cause-and-effect relationship would be difficult to establish.", "Since Abramoff and Channel One parted ways, Channel One's advertising revenues have dropped substantially, but a cause-and-effect relationship would be difficult to establish. Telecommunications firm On October 18, 2005, The Washington Post reported that Bob Ney, as chair of the House Administration Committee, approved a 2002 license for an Israeli telecommunications company to install antennas for the House of Representatives.", "Telecommunications firm On October 18, 2005, The Washington Post reported that Bob Ney, as chair of the House Administration Committee, approved a 2002 license for an Israeli telecommunications company to install antennas for the House of Representatives. The company, then Foxcom Wireless, an Israeli start-up telecommunications firm, (which has since moved headquarters from Jerusalem to Vienna, Virginia, and been renamed MobileAccess Networks) later paid Abramoff $280,000 for lobbying.", "The company, then Foxcom Wireless, an Israeli start-up telecommunications firm, (which has since moved headquarters from Jerusalem to Vienna, Virginia, and been renamed MobileAccess Networks) later paid Abramoff $280,000 for lobbying. It also donated $50,000 to the Capital Athletic Foundation charity that Abramoff sometimes used to secretly pay for some of his lobbying activities.", "It also donated $50,000 to the Capital Athletic Foundation charity that Abramoff sometimes used to secretly pay for some of his lobbying activities. In Michael Scanlon's plea agreement, this activity was described as public corruption.", "In Michael Scanlon's plea agreement, this activity was described as public corruption. Skyboxes, \"Signatures\", and Scotland Abramoff maintained four skyboxes at major sports arenas for political entertaining at a cost of over $1 million a year.", "Skyboxes, \"Signatures\", and Scotland Abramoff maintained four skyboxes at major sports arenas for political entertaining at a cost of over $1 million a year. Abramoff hosted many fundraisers at these skyboxes including events for politicians publicly opposed to gambling, such as Representative John Doolittle (R-CA).", "Abramoff hosted many fundraisers at these skyboxes including events for politicians publicly opposed to gambling, such as Representative John Doolittle (R-CA). Then Senate Finance Committee Ranking Member Max Baucus returned $18,892 in contributions that his office found to be connected to Abramoff.", "Then Senate Finance Committee Ranking Member Max Baucus returned $18,892 in contributions that his office found to be connected to Abramoff. Included in the returned donations was an estimated $1,892 that was never reported for Baucus' use of Abramoff's skybox at a professional sports arena and concert venue in downtown Washington in 2001.", "Included in the returned donations was an estimated $1,892 that was never reported for Baucus' use of Abramoff's skybox at a professional sports arena and concert venue in downtown Washington in 2001. Abramoff also was co-owner of Signatures Restaurant, a high-end Washington establishment which he used to reward friends and associates. His fellow lobbyist Kevin A.", "His fellow lobbyist Kevin A. His fellow lobbyist Kevin A. Ring treated Justice Department official Robert E. Coughlin to free tickets to the skyboxes and took him out to Signatures multiple times in exchange for favors. The restaurant, once thriving, was closed once investigations closed in on Abramoff.", "The restaurant, once thriving, was closed once investigations closed in on Abramoff. DeLay, Ney and Florida Republican Representative Tom Feeney have each gone on golf trips to Scotland that were apparently arranged or funded by Abramoff. These trips took place in 2000, 2002 and 2003.", "These trips took place in 2000, 2002 and 2003. Ney and Feeney each claimed that their trips were paid for by the National Center for Public Policy Research, but the group denied this. Spokespeople for Ney and Feeney blamed others for filing errors. Ney later pleaded guilty to knowing that Abramoff had paid for the trip.", "Ney later pleaded guilty to knowing that Abramoff had paid for the trip. A former top procurement official in the Bush administration, David H. Safavian, has been convicted of lying and obstruction of justice in connection with the Abramoff investigation.", "A former top procurement official in the Bush administration, David H. Safavian, has been convicted of lying and obstruction of justice in connection with the Abramoff investigation. Safavian, who traveled to Scotland with Reed and Ney on a golf outing arranged by Abramoff, was accused of concealing from federal investigators information about Abramoff's plans to do business with the General Services Administration at the time of the golf trip – in particular, seeking help finding property for his private religious school, Eshkol Academy, and for one of his tribal clients.", "Safavian, who traveled to Scotland with Reed and Ney on a golf outing arranged by Abramoff, was accused of concealing from federal investigators information about Abramoff's plans to do business with the General Services Administration at the time of the golf trip – in particular, seeking help finding property for his private religious school, Eshkol Academy, and for one of his tribal clients. Safavian was then GSA chief of staff.", "Safavian was then GSA chief of staff. However, this conviction was overturned on appeal. Access to the Bush administration Jack Abramoff was a highly influential figure as lobbyist and activist in the Bush administration. In 2001, Abramoff was a member of the Bush administration's 2001 Transition Advisory Team assigned to the Department of the Interior.", "In 2001, Abramoff was a member of the Bush administration's 2001 Transition Advisory Team assigned to the Department of the Interior. Abramoff befriended the incoming Deputy Secretary of the Interior J. Steven Griles.", "Abramoff befriended the incoming Deputy Secretary of the Interior J. Steven Griles. The draft report of the House Government Reform Committee said the documents – largely Abramoff's billing records and e-mails – listed 485 lobbying contacts with White House officials over three years, including 10 with top Bush aide Karl Rove.", "The draft report of the House Government Reform Committee said the documents – largely Abramoff's billing records and e-mails – listed 485 lobbying contacts with White House officials over three years, including 10 with top Bush aide Karl Rove. The report said that of the 485 contacts listed, 345 were described as meetings or other in-person contacts; 71 were described as phone conversations and 69 were e-mail exchanges.", "The report said that of the 485 contacts listed, 345 were described as meetings or other in-person contacts; 71 were described as phone conversations and 69 were e-mail exchanges. In the first ten months of 2001, the Abramoff lobbying team logged almost 200 contacts with the Bush administration.", "In the first ten months of 2001, the Abramoff lobbying team logged almost 200 contacts with the Bush administration. He may have used these senior level contacts to assist in his lobbying for Indian tribes concerning tribal gaming. The Department of the Interior has Federal regulatory authority over tribal affairs such as tribal recognition and gaming.", "The Department of the Interior has Federal regulatory authority over tribal affairs such as tribal recognition and gaming. From 2000 to 2003, six Indian tribes paid Abramoff over $80 million in lobbying fees.", "From 2000 to 2003, six Indian tribes paid Abramoff over $80 million in lobbying fees. The Department of the Interior Office of Insular Affairs has authority over policy and grants to US territories such as the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI). This may have assisted Abramoff in lobbying for textile interests in the islands.", "This may have assisted Abramoff in lobbying for textile interests in the islands. U.S. Senator Conrad Burns (R-MT) and DeLay also heavily lobbied the CNMI for opposing the minimum wage.", "Senator Conrad Burns (R-MT) and DeLay also heavily lobbied the CNMI for opposing the minimum wage. Abramoff asked for $9 million in 2003 from the president of Gabon, Omar Bongo, to arrange a meeting with Bush and directed his fees to an Abramoff-controlled lobbying firm, GrassRoots Interactive.", "Abramoff asked for $9 million in 2003 from the president of Gabon, Omar Bongo, to arrange a meeting with Bush and directed his fees to an Abramoff-controlled lobbying firm, GrassRoots Interactive. Bongo did meet with Bush in the Oval Office on May 26, 2004.", "Bongo did meet with Bush in the Oval Office on May 26, 2004. There has been no evidence in the public record that Abramoff had any role in organizing the meeting, or that he received any money or had a signed contract with Gabon.", "There has been no evidence in the public record that Abramoff had any role in organizing the meeting, or that he received any money or had a signed contract with Gabon. White House and State Department officials described Bush's meeting with Bongo, whose government is regularly accused by the United States of human rights abuses, as routine.", "White House and State Department officials described Bush's meeting with Bongo, whose government is regularly accused by the United States of human rights abuses, as routine. The officials said they knew of no involvement by Abramoff in the arrangements. Officials at Gabon's embassy in Washington did not respond to written questions.", "Officials at Gabon's embassy in Washington did not respond to written questions. Susan Ralston, Rove's assistant since 2001, previously worked as an administrative assistant for both Abramoff and Reed.", "Susan Ralston, Rove's assistant since 2001, previously worked as an administrative assistant for both Abramoff and Reed. According to former Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, Abramoff was paid $1.2 million to arrange a meeting between Mahathir and Bush, allegedly at the direction of The Heritage Foundation.", "According to former Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, Abramoff was paid $1.2 million to arrange a meeting between Mahathir and Bush, allegedly at the direction of The Heritage Foundation. Mahathir insisted that someone unknown to him had paid for the meeting.", "Mahathir insisted that someone unknown to him had paid for the meeting. On May 9, 2001, Chief Raul Garza of the Kickapoo tribe of Texas met with Bush, with Abramoff and Norquist in attendance. Abramoff was identified in the background of a photo taken at the meeting.", "Abramoff was identified in the background of a photo taken at the meeting. Days before the meeting, the tribe paid $25,000 to Norquist's Americans for Tax Reform at Abramoff's direction. According to the organization's communications director, John Kartch, the meeting was one of several gatherings with Bush sponsored by ATR.", "According to the organization's communications director, John Kartch, the meeting was one of several gatherings with Bush sponsored by ATR. On the same day, the chief of the Louisiana Coushattas also attended an ATR-sponsored gathering with Bush. The Coushattas also gave $25,000 to ATR soon before the event.", "The Coushattas also gave $25,000 to ATR soon before the event. The details of the Kickapoo meeting and a letter dated May 10, 2001, from ATR thanking the Kickapoos for their contribution were revealed to the New York Times in 2006 by former council elder Isidro Garza, who with Raul Garza (no relation), is under indictment in Texas for embezzling tribal money.", "The details of the Kickapoo meeting and a letter dated May 10, 2001, from ATR thanking the Kickapoos for their contribution were revealed to the New York Times in 2006 by former council elder Isidro Garza, who with Raul Garza (no relation), is under indictment in Texas for embezzling tribal money. According to Isidro Garza, Abramoff did not say the donation was required to meet Bush; the White House denied any knowledge of the transaction.", "According to Isidro Garza, Abramoff did not say the donation was required to meet Bush; the White House denied any knowledge of the transaction. Other photos have surfaced of Abramoff and Bush meeting at the White House and Oval Office on either December 22 or 23, 2002.", "Other photos have surfaced of Abramoff and Bush meeting at the White House and Oval Office on either December 22 or 23, 2002. The photos were found on a site that published many pictures of governmental events, ReflectionsOrders.com. The owner of the site removed the photos almost immediately when the presence of Abramoff and Bush together was discovered.", "The owner of the site removed the photos almost immediately when the presence of Abramoff and Bush together was discovered. Some Internet users located the photos and preserved copies of some of them. The owner of the site gave thousands of dollars to the Bush campaign and Republican National Committee, according to public FEC contribution records.", "The owner of the site gave thousands of dollars to the Bush campaign and Republican National Committee, according to public FEC contribution records. An NPR news report from March 2006 stated that: \"... Abramoff recently granted a rare press interview to Vanity Fair magazine, where he asserts President Bush and other prominent figures in Washington know him very well.", "An NPR news report from March 2006 stated that: \"... Abramoff recently granted a rare press interview to Vanity Fair magazine, where he asserts President Bush and other prominent figures in Washington know him very well. He called them liars for denying contact with him\".", "He called them liars for denying contact with him\". In June 2006, Abramoff began secretly granting exclusive interviews to former Boston Globe investigative reporter Gary S. Chafetz, without the knowledge of Abramoff's attorneys or the federal prosecutors with whom Abramoff had been cooperating.", "In June 2006, Abramoff began secretly granting exclusive interviews to former Boston Globe investigative reporter Gary S. Chafetz, without the knowledge of Abramoff's attorneys or the federal prosecutors with whom Abramoff had been cooperating. These interviews – conducted before and during Abramoff's imprisonment – continued until May 2008.", "These interviews – conducted before and during Abramoff's imprisonment – continued until May 2008. In September 2008, Chafetz's book, The Perfect Villain: John McCain and the Demonization of Lobbyist Jack Abramoff was rushed into print prior to the 2008 presidential election.", "In September 2008, Chafetz's book, The Perfect Villain: John McCain and the Demonization of Lobbyist Jack Abramoff was rushed into print prior to the 2008 presidential election. In his book, Chafetz asserted that Abramoff, though guilty of some of the charges, was the victim of misleading and sensational reporting by the Washington Post, vengeance and mendacity on the part of Sen. John McCain (R-AZ), and strong-arm tactics of the Justice Department who forced Abramoff into confessing to crimes he did not believe he was guilty of.", "In his book, Chafetz asserted that Abramoff, though guilty of some of the charges, was the victim of misleading and sensational reporting by the Washington Post, vengeance and mendacity on the part of Sen. John McCain (R-AZ), and strong-arm tactics of the Justice Department who forced Abramoff into confessing to crimes he did not believe he was guilty of. Chafetz also accused federal prosecutors of abusive – and possibly illegal – tactics in their reliance on private and public honest services fraud, which he characterized as vague and controversial.", "Chafetz also accused federal prosecutors of abusive – and possibly illegal – tactics in their reliance on private and public honest services fraud, which he characterized as vague and controversial. Abramoff organizations Abramoff has founded or run several non-profit organizations, including Capital Athletic Foundation and Eshkol Academy; as well as lobbying firms and political think tanks such as American International Center, GrassRoots Interactive, and the National Center for Public Policy Research.", "Abramoff organizations Abramoff has founded or run several non-profit organizations, including Capital Athletic Foundation and Eshkol Academy; as well as lobbying firms and political think tanks such as American International Center, GrassRoots Interactive, and the National Center for Public Policy Research. While these organizations had varying degrees of legitimate activities, it has come to light that Abramoff used these organizations to channel millions of dollars to recipients not related to the organizations.", "While these organizations had varying degrees of legitimate activities, it has come to light that Abramoff used these organizations to channel millions of dollars to recipients not related to the organizations. Capital Athletic Foundation and Eshkol Academy Although Federal tax records show that various Indian tribes donated more than $6 million to the Capital Athletic Foundation, less than 1% of the money went to athletic programs, the stated purpose of the foundation.", "Capital Athletic Foundation and Eshkol Academy Although Federal tax records show that various Indian tribes donated more than $6 million to the Capital Athletic Foundation, less than 1% of the money went to athletic programs, the stated purpose of the foundation. The majority of the funds went to the Eshkol Academy in Maryland, an Orthodox Jewish school founded by Abramoff in 2002.", "The majority of the funds went to the Eshkol Academy in Maryland, an Orthodox Jewish school founded by Abramoff in 2002. Hundreds of thousands of dollars from CAF were also spent on golf trips to Scotland for Abramoff, Ney, Ralph Reed Safavian, as well as purchases of camping equipment sent to a high school friend.", "Hundreds of thousands of dollars from CAF were also spent on golf trips to Scotland for Abramoff, Ney, Ralph Reed Safavian, as well as purchases of camping equipment sent to a high school friend. Abramoff solicited Safavian's help in looking for property deals for Eshkol Academy and tribal clients, leading to Safavian's conviction.", "Abramoff solicited Safavian's help in looking for property deals for Eshkol Academy and tribal clients, leading to Safavian's conviction. GrassRoots Interactive and Kay Gold GrassRoots Interactive, now defunct, was a small Silver Spring, Maryland, lobbying firm controlled by Abramoff and PJ Johnson.", "GrassRoots Interactive and Kay Gold GrassRoots Interactive, now defunct, was a small Silver Spring, Maryland, lobbying firm controlled by Abramoff and PJ Johnson. Millions of dollars flowed into GrassRoots Interactive in 2003, the year it was created, and then flowed out again to unusual places.", "Millions of dollars flowed into GrassRoots Interactive in 2003, the year it was created, and then flowed out again to unusual places. At least $2.3 million went to a California consulting firm that used the same address as the law office of Abramoff's brother, Robert.", "At least $2.3 million went to a California consulting firm that used the same address as the law office of Abramoff's brother, Robert. A separate check for $400,000, from GrassRoots, was made out to Kay Gold LLC, another Abramoff family company.", "A separate check for $400,000, from GrassRoots, was made out to Kay Gold LLC, another Abramoff family company. Maldon Institute Abramoff was a board member and secretary/treasurer of the Maldon Institute for at least five years (1999–2003). He was one of only four board members, including PJ Johnson and John Rees.", "He was one of only four board members, including PJ Johnson and John Rees. Scandal and criminal investigations In late 2004, the Senate Indian Affairs Committee began to investigate Abramoff's lobbying on behalf of American Indian tribes and casinos. In September he was called before the Committee to answer questions about that work, but pleaded the fifth.", "In September he was called before the Committee to answer questions about that work, but pleaded the fifth. SunCruz Casinos fraud conviction On August 11, 2005, Abramoff and Adam Kidan were indicted by a federal grand jury in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, on fraud charges arising from a 2000 deal to buy SunCruz Casinos from Gus Boulis.", "SunCruz Casinos fraud conviction On August 11, 2005, Abramoff and Adam Kidan were indicted by a federal grand jury in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, on fraud charges arising from a 2000 deal to buy SunCruz Casinos from Gus Boulis. Abramoff and Kidan are accused of using a fake wire transfer to make lenders believe that they had made a $23 million down payment, in order to qualify for a $60 million loan.", "Abramoff and Kidan are accused of using a fake wire transfer to make lenders believe that they had made a $23 million down payment, in order to qualify for a $60 million loan. Ney also was implicated in helping to consummate the deal.", "Ney also was implicated in helping to consummate the deal. After the partners purchased SunCruz in September 2000, the business relationship with Boulis deteriorated, culminating in a fistfight between Kidan and Boulis in December 2000. In February 2001 Boulis was murdered in his car in a Mafia-style attack.", "In February 2001 Boulis was murdered in his car in a Mafia-style attack. The murder investigation included three individuals who had received payments from Kidan.", "The murder investigation included three individuals who had received payments from Kidan. Two of the suspects received life sentences for the murder charges, while a third associate pled guilty to conspiracy to commit murder and was sentenced to 6 and half years time served already after he testified against his co-conspirators.", "Two of the suspects received life sentences for the murder charges, while a third associate pled guilty to conspiracy to commit murder and was sentenced to 6 and half years time served already after he testified against his co-conspirators. On January 4, 2006, Abramoff pleaded guilty to conspiracy and wire fraud in Miami, related to the SunCruz deal.", "On January 4, 2006, Abramoff pleaded guilty to conspiracy and wire fraud in Miami, related to the SunCruz deal. The plea agreement called for a maximum sentence of just over seven years and would run concurrently with the sentence in the Washington corruption case, but could be reduced if Abramoff cooperated fully.", "The plea agreement called for a maximum sentence of just over seven years and would run concurrently with the sentence in the Washington corruption case, but could be reduced if Abramoff cooperated fully. The remaining four counts in the Florida indictment were dismissed.", "The remaining four counts in the Florida indictment were dismissed. On March 29, 2006, Abramoff and Kidan were both sentenced in the SunCruz case to the minimum amount of 70 months, and ordered to pay US$21.7 million in restitution.", "On March 29, 2006, Abramoff and Kidan were both sentenced in the SunCruz case to the minimum amount of 70 months, and ordered to pay US$21.7 million in restitution. According to the \"memorandum in aid of sentencing\", the sentencing judge, U.S. District Judge Paul C. Huck, received over 260 pleas for leniency from various people, including \"rabbis, military officers and even a professional hockey referee.\"", "According to the \"memorandum in aid of sentencing\", the sentencing judge, U.S. District Judge Paul C. Huck, received over 260 pleas for leniency from various people, including \"rabbis, military officers and even a professional hockey referee.\" Guam grand jury investigation In 2002 Abramoff was retained under a secret contract by the Guam Superior Court to lobby against a bill proposing to put the Superior Court under the authority of the Guam Supreme Court.", "Guam grand jury investigation In 2002 Abramoff was retained under a secret contract by the Guam Superior Court to lobby against a bill proposing to put the Superior Court under the authority of the Guam Supreme Court. On November 18, 2002, a grand jury issued a subpoena demanding that the administrator of the Guam Superior Court release all records relating to the contract.", "On November 18, 2002, a grand jury issued a subpoena demanding that the administrator of the Guam Superior Court release all records relating to the contract. On November 19, 2002, U.S. Attorney Frederick A.", "On November 19, 2002, U.S. Attorney Frederick A. Black, the chief prosecutor for Guam and the instigator of the indictment, was unexpectedly demoted and removed from the office he had held since 1991. The federal grand jury investigation was quickly wound down and took no further action.", "The federal grand jury investigation was quickly wound down and took no further action. In 2005 Public Auditor Doris Flores Brooks initiated a new investigation of the Abramoff contract, which is continuing.", "In 2005 Public Auditor Doris Flores Brooks initiated a new investigation of the Abramoff contract, which is continuing. In 2006 California attorney and Marshall Islands lobbyist Howard Hills, and Tony Sanchez, a former administrator of the Guam Superior Court, were indicted for unlawful influence, conspiracy for unlawful influence, theft of property held in trust, and official misconduct for allegedly authorizing 36 payments of $9,000 vis a vis a pre-existing contract between Hills and the Guam Superior Court, each written out to Hills, but funneled to Abramoff.", "In 2006 California attorney and Marshall Islands lobbyist Howard Hills, and Tony Sanchez, a former administrator of the Guam Superior Court, were indicted for unlawful influence, conspiracy for unlawful influence, theft of property held in trust, and official misconduct for allegedly authorizing 36 payments of $9,000 vis a vis a pre-existing contract between Hills and the Guam Superior Court, each written out to Hills, but funneled to Abramoff. Hills, trusting Sanchez as a court official at face value, assumed that this was a temporary circumstance and agreed to help facilitate transition for what he thought was a standard government contract between Abramoff and the court.", "Hills, trusting Sanchez as a court official at face value, assumed that this was a temporary circumstance and agreed to help facilitate transition for what he thought was a standard government contract between Abramoff and the court. For this Hills received no compensation.", "For this Hills received no compensation. Before indictments or investigations were initiated, Hills halted his temporary contract with Abramoff and reported what he thought was potentially suspicious behavior to public officials when it occurred to him that something may be wrong.", "Before indictments or investigations were initiated, Hills halted his temporary contract with Abramoff and reported what he thought was potentially suspicious behavior to public officials when it occurred to him that something may be wrong. In 2007, superseding indictments were issued against Hills and Sanchez, and in 2008 further related indictments were handed down against Abramoff and Abramoff's firm at the time, Greenberg Traurig.", "In 2007, superseding indictments were issued against Hills and Sanchez, and in 2008 further related indictments were handed down against Abramoff and Abramoff's firm at the time, Greenberg Traurig. The charges against both attorney Howard Hills and Greenberg Traurig have since been dismissed.", "The charges against both attorney Howard Hills and Greenberg Traurig have since been dismissed. Native tribes grand jury investigations Abramoff and his partner, Michael Scanlon (a former Tom DeLay aide), conspired to bilk Native casino gambling interests out of an estimated $85 million in fees.", "Native tribes grand jury investigations Abramoff and his partner, Michael Scanlon (a former Tom DeLay aide), conspired to bilk Native casino gambling interests out of an estimated $85 million in fees. The lobbyists also orchestrated lobbying against their own clients in order to force them to pay for lobbying services.", "The lobbyists also orchestrated lobbying against their own clients in order to force them to pay for lobbying services. These practices were the subject both of long-running criminal prosecution and hearings by the Senate Indian Affairs Committee. On November 21, 2005, Scanlon pleaded guilty to conspiring to bribe a member of Congress and other public officials.", "On November 21, 2005, Scanlon pleaded guilty to conspiring to bribe a member of Congress and other public officials. On January 3, 2006, Abramoff pleaded guilty to three felony counts – conspiracy, fraud, and tax evasion – involving charges stemming principally from his lobbying activities in Washington on behalf of Native American tribes.", "On January 3, 2006, Abramoff pleaded guilty to three felony counts – conspiracy, fraud, and tax evasion – involving charges stemming principally from his lobbying activities in Washington on behalf of Native American tribes. The four tribes Abramoff and his associates had been involved with included Michigan's Saginaw Chippewas, California's Agua Caliente, the Mississippi Choctaws, and the Louisiana Coushattas.", "The four tribes Abramoff and his associates had been involved with included Michigan's Saginaw Chippewas, California's Agua Caliente, the Mississippi Choctaws, and the Louisiana Coushattas. As a result, Abramoff and other defendants must make restitution of at least $25 million that was defrauded from clients, primarily the Native American tribes.", "As a result, Abramoff and other defendants must make restitution of at least $25 million that was defrauded from clients, primarily the Native American tribes. Further, Abramoff owes the Internal Revenue Service $1.7 million as a result of his guilty plea to the tax evasion charge.", "Further, Abramoff owes the Internal Revenue Service $1.7 million as a result of his guilty plea to the tax evasion charge. In the agreement, Abramoff admits to bribing public officials, including Ney.", "In the agreement, Abramoff admits to bribing public officials, including Ney. Also included: the hiring of congressional staffers and conspiring with them to lobby their former employers – including members of Congress – in violation of a one-year federal ban on such lobbying.", "Also included: the hiring of congressional staffers and conspiring with them to lobby their former employers – including members of Congress – in violation of a one-year federal ban on such lobbying. Later in 2006 Abramoff lobbyists Neil Volz and Tony Rudy pleaded guilty to conspiracy charges; in September 2006 Ney himself pleaded guilty to conspiracy and making false statements.", "Later in 2006 Abramoff lobbyists Neil Volz and Tony Rudy pleaded guilty to conspiracy charges; in September 2006 Ney himself pleaded guilty to conspiracy and making false statements. On September 4, 2008, a Washington court found Abramoff guilty of trading expensive gifts, meals and sports trips in exchange for political favors, and U.S. District Judge Ellen Segal Huvelle sentenced him to a four-year term in prison, to be served concurrently with his previous sentences.", "On September 4, 2008, a Washington court found Abramoff guilty of trading expensive gifts, meals and sports trips in exchange for political favors, and U.S. District Judge Ellen Segal Huvelle sentenced him to a four-year term in prison, to be served concurrently with his previous sentences. Abramoff cooperated in a bribery investigation involving lawmakers, their aides, and members of the Bush administration.", "Abramoff cooperated in a bribery investigation involving lawmakers, their aides, and members of the Bush administration. People convicted in Abramoff probe Eventually 24 people were convicted of corruption or bribery. Adam Kidan (an Abramoff associate), was sentenced in Florida in March 2006, serving 27 months in prison, followed by three years of probation.", "Adam Kidan (an Abramoff associate), was sentenced in Florida in March 2006, serving 27 months in prison, followed by three years of probation. Todd Boulanger, an Abramoff deputy, pleaded guilty to lavishing congressional aides with meals, gifts and tickets to sporting events, concerts, and the circus in exchange for help with legislation favorable to Abramoff's clients.", "Todd Boulanger, an Abramoff deputy, pleaded guilty to lavishing congressional aides with meals, gifts and tickets to sporting events, concerts, and the circus in exchange for help with legislation favorable to Abramoff's clients. Sentenced to 30 days and fined.", "Sentenced to 30 days and fined. Roger Stillwell (R) Staff in the Department of the Interior under George W. Bush(R). Pleaded guilty and received two years suspended sentence for not reporting hundreds of dollars' worth of sports and concert tickets he received from Abramoff.", "Pleaded guilty and received two years suspended sentence for not reporting hundreds of dollars' worth of sports and concert tickets he received from Abramoff. Steven Griles (R) (former Deputy Interior Secretary) the highest-ranking Bush administration official convicted in the scandal, pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice.", "Steven Griles (R) (former Deputy Interior Secretary) the highest-ranking Bush administration official convicted in the scandal, pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice. He admitted lying to a Senate committee about his relationship with Abramoff, who repeatedly sought Griles' intervention at Interior on behalf of Indian tribal clients.", "He admitted lying to a Senate committee about his relationship with Abramoff, who repeatedly sought Griles' intervention at Interior on behalf of Indian tribal clients. David Safavian (R) (former White House official), the Bush administration's former top procurement official, was sentenced to 18 months in prison in October 2006 after he was found guilty of covering up his dealings with Abramoff.", "David Safavian (R) (former White House official), the Bush administration's former top procurement official, was sentenced to 18 months in prison in October 2006 after he was found guilty of covering up his dealings with Abramoff. Bob Ney (R-OH) then U. S. Representative, pleaded guilty September 2006, sentenced in January 2007 to 2½ years in prison, acknowledged taking bribes from Abramoff.", "Bob Ney (R-OH) then U. S. Representative, pleaded guilty September 2006, sentenced in January 2007 to 2½ years in prison, acknowledged taking bribes from Abramoff. Ney was in the traveling party on an Abramoff-sponsored golf trip to Scotland at the heart of the case against Safavian.", "Ney was in the traveling party on an Abramoff-sponsored golf trip to Scotland at the heart of the case against Safavian. Neil Volz (R) a former chief of staff to Ney who left government to work for Abramoff, pleaded guilty in May 2006 to conspiring to corrupt Ney and others with trips and other aid William Heaton (R) former chief of staff for Ney, pleaded guilty to a federal conspiracy charge involving a golf trip to Scotland, expensive meals, and tickets to sporting events between 2002 and 2004 as payoffs for helping Abramoff's clients.", "Neil Volz (R) a former chief of staff to Ney who left government to work for Abramoff, pleaded guilty in May 2006 to conspiring to corrupt Ney and others with trips and other aid William Heaton (R) former chief of staff for Ney, pleaded guilty to a federal conspiracy charge involving a golf trip to Scotland, expensive meals, and tickets to sporting events between 2002 and 2004 as payoffs for helping Abramoff's clients. Thomas Hart (R) former chief of staff for Ney, pleaded guilty to a federal conspiracy charge involving a golf trip to Scotland, expensive meals, and tickets to sporting events between 2002 and 2004 as payoffs for helping Abramoff's clients.", "Thomas Hart (R) former chief of staff for Ney, pleaded guilty to a federal conspiracy charge involving a golf trip to Scotland, expensive meals, and tickets to sporting events between 2002 and 2004 as payoffs for helping Abramoff's clients. Italia Federici (R) co-founder of the Council of Republicans for Environmental Advocacy, pleaded guilty to tax evasion and obstruction of a Senate investigation into Abramoff's relationship with officials at the Department of the Interior.", "Italia Federici (R) co-founder of the Council of Republicans for Environmental Advocacy, pleaded guilty to tax evasion and obstruction of a Senate investigation into Abramoff's relationship with officials at the Department of the Interior. Jared Carpenter (R) Vice-President of the Council of Republicans for Environmental Advocacy, was discovered during the Abramoff investigation and pleaded guilty to income tax evasion.", "Jared Carpenter (R) Vice-President of the Council of Republicans for Environmental Advocacy, was discovered during the Abramoff investigation and pleaded guilty to income tax evasion. He got 45 days, plus 4 years probation. Mark Zachares (R) former aide to U. S. Representative Don Young(R-AL), pleaded guilty to conspiracy.", "Mark Zachares (R) former aide to U. S. Representative Don Young(R-AL), pleaded guilty to conspiracy. He acknowledged accepting tens of thousands of dollars' worth of gifts and a golf trip to Scotland from Abramoff's team in exchange for official acts on the lobbyist's behalf. Kevin A.", "Kevin A. Kevin A. Ring (R) former staff to John Doolittle (R-CA) was convicted of five charges of corruption. He was sentenced to 20 months in prison in October 2011.", "He was sentenced to 20 months in prison in October 2011. James Hirni (R) US Senate aide, acknowledged bribing Trevor L. Blackann (R) aide to US Senator Kit Bond (R) with meals, concert passes and tickets to the opening game of the 2003 World Series between the Florida Marlins and the New York Yankees at Yankee Stadium, pleaded guilty to using wire communications to defraud taxpayers of congressional aides' honest services.", "James Hirni (R) US Senate aide, acknowledged bribing Trevor L. Blackann (R) aide to US Senator Kit Bond (R) with meals, concert passes and tickets to the opening game of the 2003 World Series between the Florida Marlins and the New York Yankees at Yankee Stadium, pleaded guilty to using wire communications to defraud taxpayers of congressional aides' honest services. Trevor L. Blackann (R) a former aide to US Senator Kit Bond (R-MO) and then-US Rep. Roy Blunt (R-MO), pleaded guilty to not reporting $4,100 in gifts from lobbyists in return for helping clients of Abramoff and his associates.", "Trevor L. Blackann (R) a former aide to US Senator Kit Bond (R-MO) and then-US Rep. Roy Blunt (R-MO), pleaded guilty to not reporting $4,100 in gifts from lobbyists in return for helping clients of Abramoff and his associates. Among the gifts were tickets to the World Series and concerts, plus meals and entertainment at a \"gentleman's club.\"", "Among the gifts were tickets to the World Series and concerts, plus meals and entertainment at a \"gentleman's club.\" Michael Scanlon (R) a former Staff member of Tom DeLay, pled guilty to committing bribery in the course of his work for Abramoff.", "Michael Scanlon (R) a former Staff member of Tom DeLay, pled guilty to committing bribery in the course of his work for Abramoff. Tony Rudy (R) another former staff member of Tom DeLay, he also left DeLay to work with Abramoff; pleaded guilty to conspiracy.", "Tony Rudy (R) another former staff member of Tom DeLay, he also left DeLay to work with Abramoff; pleaded guilty to conspiracy. John Albaugh (R) former Chief of Staff to Ernest Istook (R-OK), pleaded guilty to accepting bribes connected to the Federal Highway Bill. Istook was not charged.", "Istook was not charged. Istook was not charged. (2008) Robert E. Coughlin (R) Deputy Chief of Staff, Criminal Division of the Justice Department pleaded guilty to conflict of interest after accepting bribes from Jack Abramoff.", "(2008) Robert E. Coughlin (R) Deputy Chief of Staff, Criminal Division of the Justice Department pleaded guilty to conflict of interest after accepting bribes from Jack Abramoff. (2008) Horace Cooper (R) a former Labor Department official with the Bush administration and aide to US Rep. Dick Armey (R-TX), pleaded guilty to falsifying a document when he did not report receiving gifts from Abramoff.", "(2008) Horace Cooper (R) a former Labor Department official with the Bush administration and aide to US Rep. Dick Armey (R-TX), pleaded guilty to falsifying a document when he did not report receiving gifts from Abramoff. Ann Copland (R) a former aide to US Senator Thad Cochran (R-MS) pleaded guilty to taking more than $25,000 worth of concert and sporting event tickets in return for helping Abramoff.", "Ann Copland (R) a former aide to US Senator Thad Cochran (R-MS) pleaded guilty to taking more than $25,000 worth of concert and sporting event tickets in return for helping Abramoff. Roger Stillwell, a former Interior Department official, was sentenced to two years on probation in January 2007 after pleading guilty to a misdemeanor charge for not reporting hundreds of dollars worth of sports and concert tickets he received from Abramoff.", "Roger Stillwell, a former Interior Department official, was sentenced to two years on probation in January 2007 after pleading guilty to a misdemeanor charge for not reporting hundreds of dollars worth of sports and concert tickets he received from Abramoff. Fraser Verrusio (R) former Transportation Dept official, was found guilty of conspiracy and accepting bribes.", "Fraser Verrusio (R) former Transportation Dept official, was found guilty of conspiracy and accepting bribes. Sentenced to 1 day in jail, 2 years' probation and a $1,000 fine. Incarceration Abramoff served four years of a six-year sentence.", "Incarceration Abramoff served four years of a six-year sentence. On November 15, 2006, he began serving his term in the minimum security prison camp of Federal Correctional Institution, Cumberland, Maryland, as inmate number 27593-112.", "On November 15, 2006, he began serving his term in the minimum security prison camp of Federal Correctional Institution, Cumberland, Maryland, as inmate number 27593-112. The Justice Department had requested that he serve his sentence there so as to be accessible to agents in Washington for cooperation as the investigations related to his associates intensified.", "The Justice Department had requested that he serve his sentence there so as to be accessible to agents in Washington for cooperation as the investigations related to his associates intensified. Abramoff worked as a clerk in the prison chaplain's office for 12 cents an hour.", "Abramoff worked as a clerk in the prison chaplain's office for 12 cents an hour. He was also teaching courses in public speaking and screenwriting to his fellow inmates and instituted a popular movie night.", "He was also teaching courses in public speaking and screenwriting to his fellow inmates and instituted a popular movie night. Post-release activities On June 8, 2010, he was released from federal prison and was transferred to a halfway house in Baltimore, Maryland, until the end of his six-year sentence.", "Post-release activities On June 8, 2010, he was released from federal prison and was transferred to a halfway house in Baltimore, Maryland, until the end of his six-year sentence. In late June he began working as an accountant at the kosher pizzeria Tov Pizza, working about 40 hours a week from 10:30 a.m. till 5:30 p.m., earning between $7.50 and $10.00 per hour.", "In late June he began working as an accountant at the kosher pizzeria Tov Pizza, working about 40 hours a week from 10:30 a.m. till 5:30 p.m., earning between $7.50 and $10.00 per hour. He finished working at Tov Pizza when he was released from the halfway house on December 3, 2010.", "He finished working at Tov Pizza when he was released from the halfway house on December 3, 2010. Abramoff has returned to lobbying since his release from prison, having attempted to arrange meetings between then President-elect Donald Trump and foreign leaders. He is registered as a lobbyist.", "He is registered as a lobbyist. On June 25, 2020, Abramoff and CEO Roland Marcus Andrade were charged in San Francisco federal court with fraud in connection with a $5 million cryptocurrency deal. Abramoff agreed to a negotiated plea of guilty.", "Abramoff agreed to a negotiated plea of guilty. On July 14, 2020, Abramoff pleaded guilty to charges of conspiracy and violating the Lobbying Disclosure Act in relation to the AML BitCoin case. Abramoff faces up to five years in prison for each count.", "Abramoff faces up to five years in prison for each count. Notably, this makes Abramoff the first person to be convicted under the Lobbying Disclosure Act, which was amended as a result of his previous misconduct.", "Notably, this makes Abramoff the first person to be convicted under the Lobbying Disclosure Act, which was amended as a result of his previous misconduct. Criticism of lobbying industry In November 2011, the book Capitol Punishment: The Hard Truth About Washington Corruption From America's Most Notorious Lobbyist Abramoff wrote after he was released from prison was published.", "Criticism of lobbying industry In November 2011, the book Capitol Punishment: The Hard Truth About Washington Corruption From America's Most Notorious Lobbyist Abramoff wrote after he was released from prison was published. The 300-page memoir is an account of his life in Washington as a lobbyist.", "The 300-page memoir is an account of his life in Washington as a lobbyist. In its last chapter, titled \"Path to Reform\", Abramoff portrays himself as someone who supports genuine reform and lists a number of proposals to eliminate bribery of government officials, such as barring members of Congress and their aides for life from becoming lobbyists.", "In its last chapter, titled \"Path to Reform\", Abramoff portrays himself as someone who supports genuine reform and lists a number of proposals to eliminate bribery of government officials, such as barring members of Congress and their aides for life from becoming lobbyists. Abramoff has become a critic of the lobbying industry and has appeared on radio and television, \"trying ... to redeem and rebrand himself\".", "Abramoff has become a critic of the lobbying industry and has appeared on radio and television, \"trying ... to redeem and rebrand himself\". He has a Facebook page and game app called \"Congressional Jack\", and a feature film in the works about the lobbying milieu.", "He has a Facebook page and game app called \"Congressional Jack\", and a feature film in the works about the lobbying milieu. He plans to charge for giving talks about corruption in Washington, and has briefed F.B.I. agents on the nature of corruption.", "agents on the nature of corruption. He has joined the United Republic anticorruption nonprofit organization and has started in February 2012 as one of the lead bloggers at United Republic's newly launched , described as \"an anti-corruption blog focusing on how self-interested dollars are warping the public-interest responsibilities of America's democratic institutions\" by the Huffington Post.", "He has joined the United Republic anticorruption nonprofit organization and has started in February 2012 as one of the lead bloggers at United Republic's newly launched , described as \"an anti-corruption blog focusing on how self-interested dollars are warping the public-interest responsibilities of America's democratic institutions\" by the Huffington Post. He has appeared as a guest on CNN to talk about lobbying and the Affordable Care Act healthcare reform law.", "He has appeared as a guest on CNN to talk about lobbying and the Affordable Care Act healthcare reform law. In July 2012, Premier Networks announced it was launching \"The Jack Abramoff Show\" on XM Satellite Radio's \"Talk Radio\" channel, on which Abramoff would hold forth on political reform.", "In July 2012, Premier Networks announced it was launching \"The Jack Abramoff Show\" on XM Satellite Radio's \"Talk Radio\" channel, on which Abramoff would hold forth on political reform. Following Abramoff's return to lobbying after his time in prison, lawmakers passed the Justice Against Corruption on K Street (JACK) Act, which requires convicts such as Abramoff to disclose their criminal history when they re-register to lobby.", "Following Abramoff's return to lobbying after his time in prison, lawmakers passed the Justice Against Corruption on K Street (JACK) Act, which requires convicts such as Abramoff to disclose their criminal history when they re-register to lobby. Personal life Abramoff has been married to Pamela Clarke Abramoff (née Alexander), a co-manager and executive assistant at Capital Athletic Foundation, since July 1986.", "Personal life Abramoff has been married to Pamela Clarke Abramoff (née Alexander), a co-manager and executive assistant at Capital Athletic Foundation, since July 1986. The couple has five children. Pamela is a convert to Orthodox Judaism.", "Pamela is a convert to Orthodox Judaism. See also :Category:Jack Abramoff scandals List of federal political scandals in the United States References External links Official website Posts by Jack Abramoff at Republic Report 1959 births Living people Beverly Hills High School alumni Businesspeople from California American film producers American Orthodox Jews American lobbyists American people convicted of tax crimes Brandeis University alumni College Republican National Committee chairs Georgetown University Law Center alumni Jewish American writers People from Atlantic City, New Jersey People from Beverly Hills, California Lawyers from Washington, D.C. People convicted of honest services fraud 21st-century American criminals 20th-century American criminals California Republicans Washington (state) Republicans People associated with Greenberg Traurig Jewish anti-communists" ]

[ "Super Furry Animals", "1999-2000: Guerrilla and Mwng" ]

[ "On Guerrilla Warfare () is Mao Zedong’s case for the extensive use of an irregular form of warfare in which small groups of combatants use mobile military tactics in the forms of ambushes and raids to combat a larger and less mobile formal army. Mao wrote the book in 1937 to convince Chinese political and military leaders that guerilla style-tactics were necessary for the Chinese to use in the Second Sino-Japanese War.\n\nOverview\n\nChapter 1: What is Guerrilla Warfare?\nMao states that guerrilla warfare is “a powerful special weapon with which we resist the Japanese and without which we cannot defeat them.” Mao explains how guerrilla warfare can only succeed if employed by revolutionaries because it is a political and military style. According to Mao, guerrilla warfare is a way for the Chinese to expel an intruder that has more arms, equipment, and troops.\n\nChapter 2: The Relation of Guerrilla Hostilities to Regular Operations \n“A primary feature of guerrilla operations is their dependence upon the people themselves to organize battalions and other units.” In chapter 2, Mao explains the differences and the relationship between guerrilla and regular troops. Guerilla warfare needs to be decentralized to allow quickness and detachment. However, orthodox troops can temporarily adopt guerrilla strategy and vice versa.\n\nChapter 3: Guerrilla Warfare in History \nMao refers to a bevy of wars from different continents to support his belief that guerrilla warfare is necessary to expel more powerful potential conquerors. He refers specifically to Russian resistance during the French invasion of Russia and the Abyssinians' failures to resist Italian aggression in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. He also makes reference to the use of guerrilla tactics in the Sanyuanli incident during the First Opium War, the Taiping Rebellion and the Boxer Uprising. He also states that guerrilla warfare cannot succeed on its own without orthodox warfare. The two should work together in an effort to defeat a larger, stronger enemy.\n\nChapter 4: Can Victory be Attained by Guerrilla Operations? \nMao explains that Japan's military efforts do not have complete citizen and soldier support. He believes that China can defeat the enemy if they use guerrilla warfare and extend the duration of the war.\n\nChapter 5: Organization for Guerrilla Warfare \nMao says that guerrilla bands can be created from the masses or soldiers. Guerrilla units should learn to be independent of higher leadership because they may need to function without it. “The most important natural quality is that of complete loyalty to the idea of the people’s emancipation. If this is present, the others will develop; if it is not present, nothing can be done.” Guerrilla troops should acquire supplies, ammunition, and weapons from the Japanese after victories on the battle field.\n\nChapter 6: The Political Problems of Guerrilla Warfare \nMao explains the inalienable political aspects of guerrilla warfare and any warfare in general. “Military action is a method used to attain a political goal. While military action and political affairs are not identical, it is impossible to isolate one from the other.” Chinese guerrilla soldiers must be self-disciplined and committed to the revolutionary cause or the effort will fail. Soldiers must sacrifice some democratic privileges in the effort to defeat the Japanese.\n\nChapter 7: The Strategy of Guerrilla Resistance against Japan \nMao explains that guerrilla troops should have no conception of defense or battle lines. They should attack orthodox Japanese troops from the front, the sides, and the rear. Guerrilla troops should always dictate the timing of conflicts with the enemy. They should be prepared to flee if need be.\n\nReferences\nMao, Tse-tung. On Guerrilla Warfare. Champaign, Ill: First Illinois Paperback, 2000. Print.\n\n1937 non-fiction books\nChinese military texts\nIdeology of the Chinese Communist Party\nNon-fiction books about guerrilla warfare\nWorks by Mao Zedong", "Guerrilla art is a street art movement that first emerged in the UK, but has since spread across the world and is now established in most countries that already had developed graffiti scenes. In fact, it owes so much to the early graffiti movement, in the United States guerrilla art is still referred to as ‘post-graffiti art’.\n \nGuerrilla art differs from other art forms in it has no external boundary between the image and the environment. While a traditional painting can be moved from one gallery to another without the meaning or the artistic credibility of the piece being affected, street art is environmental, the surface to which it is applied to being as fundamental to the piece's meaning as that which is applied. Without the dynamics of modern life, guerrilla art is reduced to ‘art for arts sake’ and would be defined by what it is as opposed to what it does.\n\nThe production of guerrilla art is focused on cause and effect, not the material piece itself. It aims to produce an effect within the minds of those people who live within the environment being altered. It does not necessarily aim to produce meaningful art in itself.\n\nGuerrilla artists \nGuerrilla artists increasingly seem to be moving towards a philosophy of painting a continuous work of art, adding to it over time as less developed elements of the piece are erased by graffiti cleaning efforts or in the battle for space. Art on canvas is not guerrilla art. Although many guerrilla artists regularly produce ‘trapped art’, they do not generally consider it to be the same thing. This has manifested itself in a wave of new canvas styles that have a guerrilla art style, but are more comprehensive and finished. Few traditional artists would create artwork intentionally meaning for it to be mass produced with little fidelity and put up with wheat paste. Many guerrilla artists hijack major branding for their own publicity and identity, often at odds with the brand itself. This can be seen with D*Face's hijacking of the Walt Disney signature.\n\nIt's not a movement that attempts to support or to oppose brand conditioning. It is the general public's artistic response to it.\n\nArtists \n\n Banksy is an English-based graffiti artist, political activist and film director whose real identity is unknown. His satirical street art and subversive epigrams combine dark humour with graffiti executed in a distinctive stenciling technique. His works of political and social commentary have been featured on streets, walls, and bridges of cities throughout the world.\n\nEarly guerrilla art \n\nIn 1978 in downtown Wellington, New Zealand artist Barry Thomas, in collaboration with Chris Lipscombe, Hugh Walton and others, planted 180 cabbages \"on the demolished Duke of Edinburgh/Roxy Theatre site in the centre of Wellington. This cabbage patch, planted in such a way as to spell the word CABBAGE immediately captured the imagination of both the media and the public and engendered a flurry of other activities on the site, culminating in a week-long festival... when the cabbages were ceremonially harvested.\" While a work of conceptual sculpture, this intervention is also an early example of Guerrilla art and guerilla gardening in New Zealand. Thomas' work remained for six months, \"astonishingly unvandalised, as a living, breathing sculpture in the heart of the city.\" Christina Barton writes in the following months, \"it captured the hearts and minds of Wellingtonians, who followed the growth of the cabbages, adding their own embellishments to the site, and contributed to the week of festivities (with poetry readings, performances, and the distribution of free coleslaw) that celebrated their harvest\", describing the work as \"a provocation to the local council and the city's developers\". Thomas' documentation of the project was recently purchased by New Zealand's national gallery Te Papa, who described the work as an \"important moment in New Zealand’s art and social history\" with links to the \"Occupy movement, urban farming and guerrilla gardening\".\n\nSee also \n Culture jamming\n Street installation\n Subvertising\n Bust of Edward Snowden\n Yarn bombing\nBrandalism\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n POW (Pictures On Walls)\n Banksy\n Iranian Graffiti movement\n GUERRILLA - INTERVENTIONIST - POLITICAL Art Links\n\nVisual arts genres\nGraffiti and unauthorised signage\nCulture jamming" ]

[ "Super Furry Animals are a Welsh rock band formed in Cardiff in 1993. Since their formation, the band had consisted of Gruff Rhys (lead vocals, guitar), Huw Bunford (lead guitar, vocals), Guto Pryce (bass guitar), Cian Ciaran (keyboards, synthesisers, various electronics, occasional guitar, vocals), Dafydd Ieuan (drums, vocals) and actor Rhys Ifans.", "Since their formation, the band had consisted of Gruff Rhys (lead vocals, guitar), Huw Bunford (lead guitar, vocals), Guto Pryce (bass guitar), Cian Ciaran (keyboards, synthesisers, various electronics, occasional guitar, vocals), Dafydd Ieuan (drums, vocals) and actor Rhys Ifans. Super Furry Animals has recorded nine UK Albums Chart Top 25 studio albums (one BPI certified Gold and four certified Silver), plus numerous singles, EPs, compilations and collaborations.", "Super Furry Animals has recorded nine UK Albums Chart Top 25 studio albums (one BPI certified Gold and four certified Silver), plus numerous singles, EPs, compilations and collaborations. The band were known as central to the Cool Cymru era during which they were dominant, and are the act with the most top 75 hits without reaching the UK Singles Chart Top 10.", "The band were known as central to the Cool Cymru era during which they were dominant, and are the act with the most top 75 hits without reaching the UK Singles Chart Top 10. Over the course of nine albums, Super Furry Animals has been described as \"one of the most imaginative bands of our time\" by Billboard, while according to a 2005 article in NME, \"There's a case to be argued that [Super Furry Animals] were the most important band of the past 15 years\".", "Over the course of nine albums, Super Furry Animals has been described as \"one of the most imaginative bands of our time\" by Billboard, while according to a 2005 article in NME, \"There's a case to be argued that [Super Furry Animals] were the most important band of the past 15 years\". History 1990–1993: Formation Super Furry Animals formed in Cardiff after being in various other Welsh bands and techno outfits in the area.", "History 1990–1993: Formation Super Furry Animals formed in Cardiff after being in various other Welsh bands and techno outfits in the area. Rhys, Ieuan and Pryce had been together since the early 1990s and had toured France as a techno group.", "Rhys, Ieuan and Pryce had been together since the early 1990s and had toured France as a techno group. After Bunford and Ciaran (Ieuan's younger brother) joined, they wrote some songs, and in 1995 signed to Ankst, a Welsh indie label.", "After Bunford and Ciaran (Ieuan's younger brother) joined, they wrote some songs, and in 1995 signed to Ankst, a Welsh indie label. The band are considered to be part of the renaissance of Welsh music (and art, and literature) in the 1990s: other Welsh bands of the time include the Manic Street Preachers, Stereophonics, Catatonia and Gorky's Zygotic Mynci.", "The band are considered to be part of the renaissance of Welsh music (and art, and literature) in the 1990s: other Welsh bands of the time include the Manic Street Preachers, Stereophonics, Catatonia and Gorky's Zygotic Mynci. The name of the band came from T-shirts being printed by Rhys' sister.", "The name of the band came from T-shirts being printed by Rhys' sister. She was making Super Furry Animals T-shirts for the fashion and music collective Acid Casuals (variants of whose name have appeared throughout Super Furry Animals' career – for example, in their song \"The Placid Casual\", their record label Placid Casual).", "She was making Super Furry Animals T-shirts for the fashion and music collective Acid Casuals (variants of whose name have appeared throughout Super Furry Animals' career – for example, in their song \"The Placid Casual\", their record label Placid Casual). The band has also made reference to Blur, Elvis Costello, and Wynton Marsalis as major influences in their work.", "The band has also made reference to Blur, Elvis Costello, and Wynton Marsalis as major influences in their work. 1994–1995: Early recordings The earliest Super Furry Animals track commercially available is \"Dim Brys: Dim Chwys\", recorded in 1994 for Radio Cymru: an ambient piece, the track shows the band's techno roots.", "1994–1995: Early recordings The earliest Super Furry Animals track commercially available is \"Dim Brys: Dim Chwys\", recorded in 1994 for Radio Cymru: an ambient piece, the track shows the band's techno roots. However, by the time it was released (on the \"Triskedekaphilia\" compilation album in August 1995), the band had already put out their debut EP on the Ankst label.", "However, by the time it was released (on the \"Triskedekaphilia\" compilation album in August 1995), the band had already put out their debut EP on the Ankst label. The Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyndrobwllantysiliogogogochynygofod (In Space) EP appeared in June 1995 and has been listed in the Guinness Book of Records as having the longest-ever title for an EP.", "The Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyndrobwllantysiliogogogochynygofod (In Space) EP appeared in June 1995 and has been listed in the Guinness Book of Records as having the longest-ever title for an EP. The Moog Droog EP followed in October 1995, named after the synthesiser manufacturer Robert Moog and the Nadsat term for \"friend\" in A Clockwork Orange.", "The Moog Droog EP followed in October 1995, named after the synthesiser manufacturer Robert Moog and the Nadsat term for \"friend\" in A Clockwork Orange. The EP's title is also a pun on the Welsh \"mwg drwg\", meaning \"wacky baccy\" (slang for cannabis, more literally \"bad (or naughty) smoke\").", "The EP's title is also a pun on the Welsh \"mwg drwg\", meaning \"wacky baccy\" (slang for cannabis, more literally \"bad (or naughty) smoke\"). The lyrics on all the tracks on both EPs were in Welsh, except for \"God!", "The lyrics on all the tracks on both EPs were in Welsh, except for \"God! Show Me Magic\" from \"Moog Droog\". After gigging in London in late 1995, they were noticed by Creation Records boss Alan McGee at the Camden Monarch club, who signed them to his label.", "After gigging in London in late 1995, they were noticed by Creation Records boss Alan McGee at the Camden Monarch club, who signed them to his label. Creation was also home to Primal Scream, My Bloody Valentine and Teenage Fanclub, and had recently found massive commercial success with Oasis.", "Creation was also home to Primal Scream, My Bloody Valentine and Teenage Fanclub, and had recently found massive commercial success with Oasis. The band have said that having watched their gig, McGee asked them if they could sing in English rather than Welsh in future shows.", "The band have said that having watched their gig, McGee asked them if they could sing in English rather than Welsh in future shows. In fact, by this stage they were singing in English, but McGee didn't realise because their Welsh accents were so strong.", "In fact, by this stage they were singing in English, but McGee didn't realise because their Welsh accents were so strong. The Super Furry Animals received some criticism in the Welsh media for singing in English, something which the band felt \"completely pissed\" about.", "The Super Furry Animals received some criticism in the Welsh media for singing in English, something which the band felt \"completely pissed\" about. According to drummer Dafydd Ieuan: \"It all started when we played this festival in West Wales, and for some reason the Welsh media started foaming at the mouth because we were singing songs in Welsh and English.", "According to drummer Dafydd Ieuan: \"It all started when we played this festival in West Wales, and for some reason the Welsh media started foaming at the mouth because we were singing songs in Welsh and English. But they get The Dubliners playing and they don't sing in Irish. It's ridiculous.\"", "It's ridiculous.\" It's ridiculous.\" The band have claimed that the decision to sing in English was taken in order to broaden their fanbase.", "The band have claimed that the decision to sing in English was taken in order to broaden their fanbase. 1996–1998: Fuzzy Logic to Out Spaced In February 1996, the band's debut on Creation, \"Hometown Unicorn\", became New Musical Express's Single of the Week, chosen by guest reviewers Pulp, and the first Super Furry Animals single to chart in the UK Top 50, peaking at No.", "1996–1998: Fuzzy Logic to Out Spaced In February 1996, the band's debut on Creation, \"Hometown Unicorn\", became New Musical Express's Single of the Week, chosen by guest reviewers Pulp, and the first Super Furry Animals single to chart in the UK Top 50, peaking at No. 47.", "47. 47. The follow-up, a re-recording of \"God! Show Me Magic\", charted at No. 33 upon release in April 1996 and also became NME single of the week. Rawer than the \"Moog Droog\" version, it clocks in at 1 min 50 secs.", "Rawer than the \"Moog Droog\" version, it clocks in at 1 min 50 secs. In May, their debut album Fuzzy Logic was released, to wide critical acclaim. Sales were slow, with the album peaking at No.", "Sales were slow, with the album peaking at No. 23 in the charts, but it garnered a little more interest when next single \"Something 4 the Weekend\" (a reworked, more mellow version of the album track) was given considerable radio airplay and charted at No. 18 in July 1996.", "18 in July 1996. 18 in July 1996. The final single from the album, \"If You Don't Want Me to Destroy You\", was to have been backed by a track called \"The Man Don't Give a Fuck\".", "The final single from the album, \"If You Don't Want Me to Destroy You\", was to have been backed by a track called \"The Man Don't Give a Fuck\". However, there were problems in clearing a sample from \"Showbiz Kids\" by Steely Dan which formed the basis of the chorus, and it was switched for a different track.", "However, there were problems in clearing a sample from \"Showbiz Kids\" by Steely Dan which formed the basis of the chorus, and it was switched for a different track. The single charted at No. 18.", "The single charted at No. 18. 18. However, Super Furry Animals regarded \"The Man Don't Give a Fuck\" as one of their best songs and continued their efforts to clear the sample.", "However, Super Furry Animals regarded \"The Man Don't Give a Fuck\" as one of their best songs and continued their efforts to clear the sample. When they managed this, there was no upcoming release to attach it to – so it came out as a limited edition single in its own right, in December 1996.", "When they managed this, there was no upcoming release to attach it to – so it came out as a limited edition single in its own right, in December 1996. This ultimately cemented its legendary status and did much to establish Super Furry Animals as cult heroes, as the song contained the word \"fuck\" over 50 times and therefore received practically no airplay.", "This ultimately cemented its legendary status and did much to establish Super Furry Animals as cult heroes, as the song contained the word \"fuck\" over 50 times and therefore received practically no airplay. However, it hit No. 22 in the charts and became Super Furry Animals' standard closing number when they played live.", "22 in the charts and became Super Furry Animals' standard closing number when they played live. In early 1997, Super Furry Animals embarked on the NME Brats Tour and completed work on a speedy follow-up to Fuzzy Logic.", "In early 1997, Super Furry Animals embarked on the NME Brats Tour and completed work on a speedy follow-up to Fuzzy Logic. Two singles preceded the new album, \"Hermann ♥'s Pauline\" in May and \"The International Language of Screaming\" in July, hitting No. 26 and No.", "26 and No. 26 and No. 24 respectively: these releases were the first to feature cover art from Pete Fowler, who went on to design the sleeves of all their releases up until 2007's Hey Venus. The album, Radiator, hit shelves in August.", "The album, Radiator, hit shelves in August. The reviews were, if anything, better than those for Fuzzy Logic, and it sold more quickly than its predecessor, reaching a peak of No.", "The reviews were, if anything, better than those for Fuzzy Logic, and it sold more quickly than its predecessor, reaching a peak of No. 8: however, Creation did not serve the album particularly well by releasing it just four days after the long-awaited new effort from Oasis, Be Here Now.", "8: however, Creation did not serve the album particularly well by releasing it just four days after the long-awaited new effort from Oasis, Be Here Now. Two further singles, \"Play It Cool\" (released September 1997) and \"Demons\" (November 1997) both hit No.", "Two further singles, \"Play It Cool\" (released September 1997) and \"Demons\" (November 1997) both hit No. 27 in the charts, suggesting that Super Furry Animals had hit a commercial ceiling though which they were struggling to break.", "27 in the charts, suggesting that Super Furry Animals had hit a commercial ceiling though which they were struggling to break. However, they had established themselves as favourites in the music press, a cut above the majority of their Britpop peers.", "However, they had established themselves as favourites in the music press, a cut above the majority of their Britpop peers. After a chance to think about their music and their direction, Super Furry Animals decided to record a new EP in early 1998 at Gorwel Owen's house and released it in May.", "After a chance to think about their music and their direction, Super Furry Animals decided to record a new EP in early 1998 at Gorwel Owen's house and released it in May. This was the Ice Hockey Hair EP, widely held as one of their finest moments.", "This was the Ice Hockey Hair EP, widely held as one of their finest moments. (\"Ice hockey hair\" is a slang term for a mullet.) Featuring four tracks, the EP sampled from Black Uhuru. The title track, a melodic and very moving epic, gained airplay while \"Smokin'\".", "The title track, a melodic and very moving epic, gained airplay while \"Smokin'\". In a Melody Maker interview, Super Furry Animals said the \"Smokin'\" referred to smoking haddock, or to truck drivers' tyres when they're 'burnin' the roads'.", "In a Melody Maker interview, Super Furry Animals said the \"Smokin'\" referred to smoking haddock, or to truck drivers' tyres when they're 'burnin' the roads'. It became their most successful single up to this point, hitting No.", "It became their most successful single up to this point, hitting No. 12 in the charts and leading to a memorable appearance on \"Top of the Pops\". In November 1998, the album Out Spaced was released.", "In November 1998, the album Out Spaced was released. This was a collection of songs from the 1995 Ankst releases (including \"Dim Brys: Dim Chwys\"), the band's favourite B-sides, plus \"The Man Don't Give a Fuck\" and \"Smokin'\".", "This was a collection of songs from the 1995 Ankst releases (including \"Dim Brys: Dim Chwys\"), the band's favourite B-sides, plus \"The Man Don't Give a Fuck\" and \"Smokin'\". A limited edition appeared in a comedy rubber sleeve, shaped like a nipple.", "A limited edition appeared in a comedy rubber sleeve, shaped like a nipple. 1999–2000: Guerrilla and Mwng In 1999, NME readers named them 'best new band' in January (this despite the fact it was now three years since they released their debut album).", "1999–2000: Guerrilla and Mwng In 1999, NME readers named them 'best new band' in January (this despite the fact it was now three years since they released their debut album). In May, the single \"Northern Lites\" was released and made No. 11 in the charts.", "11 in the charts. 11 in the charts. A dense production, with steel drums clattering out a calypso rhythm whilst Rhys sang an irreverent lyric about the El Niño-Southern Oscillation weather phenomenon, it was an apt taster for the new album, Guerrilla.", "A dense production, with steel drums clattering out a calypso rhythm whilst Rhys sang an irreverent lyric about the El Niño-Southern Oscillation weather phenomenon, it was an apt taster for the new album, Guerrilla. Recorded at the Real World Studios, the album retained SFA's pop melodies but took a less guitar-centric approach to their execution and was their most experimental work to date.", "Recorded at the Real World Studios, the album retained SFA's pop melodies but took a less guitar-centric approach to their execution and was their most experimental work to date. Layers of samples over brass, percussion and Gruff's melodic singing produced an album which took the freewheeling approach of 1960s groups such as The Beatles, The Beach Boys and The Velvet Underground and updated it to the late 1990s.", "Layers of samples over brass, percussion and Gruff's melodic singing produced an album which took the freewheeling approach of 1960s groups such as The Beatles, The Beach Boys and The Velvet Underground and updated it to the late 1990s. The album swung from glam and garage rock numbers (\"Night Vision\", \"The Teacher\") to novelty techno (\"Wherever I Lay My Phone (That's My Home)\"), ambient indietronica (\"Some Things Come From Nothing\") and upbeat drum and bass (\"The Door To This House Remains Open\").", "The album swung from glam and garage rock numbers (\"Night Vision\", \"The Teacher\") to novelty techno (\"Wherever I Lay My Phone (That's My Home)\"), ambient indietronica (\"Some Things Come From Nothing\") and upbeat drum and bass (\"The Door To This House Remains Open\"). For the cover art, Pete Fowler created the band's first three-dimensional models, rather than the paintings he had supplied for the Radiator album and singles.", "For the cover art, Pete Fowler created the band's first three-dimensional models, rather than the paintings he had supplied for the Radiator album and singles. After playing several of the summer festivals, SFA released \"Fire in My Heart\", the most soulful track from Guerrilla, in August and saw it chart at No. 25.", "25. 25. They then embarked on a US and UK tour. SFA finished their UK tour at the Cardiff International Arena in Cardiff, where they showcased the first ever concert in surround sound and broadcast it on the World Wide Web. January 2000 involved a series of changes for SFA.", "January 2000 involved a series of changes for SFA. The last single from Guerrilla, \"Do or Die\", was released and made No. 20. It was also the last single SFA released on Creation Records, as founder Alan McGee set off to pursue other interests.", "It was also the last single SFA released on Creation Records, as founder Alan McGee set off to pursue other interests. It had always been SFA's plan to release their next album on their own label, Placid Casual, as it would be a deliberate sidestep from their recent work: a largely acoustic album of Welsh language songs entitled Mwng.", "It had always been SFA's plan to release their next album on their own label, Placid Casual, as it would be a deliberate sidestep from their recent work: a largely acoustic album of Welsh language songs entitled Mwng. Meaning \"mane\", its lilting melodies established that SFA's songwriting did not have to fall back on head-spinning production tricks.", "Meaning \"mane\", its lilting melodies established that SFA's songwriting did not have to fall back on head-spinning production tricks. A limited edition (of 3000) 7 inch record, \"Ysbeidiau Heulog\" (meaning \"Sunny Intervals\") preceded Mwng in May 2000.", "A limited edition (of 3000) 7 inch record, \"Ysbeidiau Heulog\" (meaning \"Sunny Intervals\") preceded Mwng in May 2000. It came backed with \"Charge\", a hard-rock jam recorded as a Peel Session for the BBC.", "It came backed with \"Charge\", a hard-rock jam recorded as a Peel Session for the BBC. The album, released the same month, sold remarkably well for a non-English LP – it made No.", "The album, released the same month, sold remarkably well for a non-English LP – it made No. 11 in the charts – and received a rare distinction for a pop record, being commended in Parliament for its efforts in keeping the Welsh language alive.", "11 in the charts – and received a rare distinction for a pop record, being commended in Parliament for its efforts in keeping the Welsh language alive. 2000 also saw the Furries contribute two tracks, Free Now and Peter Blake 2000, for the Liverpool Sound Collage project, which was nominated for a Grammy.", "2000 also saw the Furries contribute two tracks, Free Now and Peter Blake 2000, for the Liverpool Sound Collage project, which was nominated for a Grammy. They undertook this remixing of unreleased Beatles recordings at the invitation of Paul McCartney, whom they had met at the NME Awards, where they had won Best Live Act.", "They undertook this remixing of unreleased Beatles recordings at the invitation of Paul McCartney, whom they had met at the NME Awards, where they had won Best Live Act. 2001–2003: Rings Around the World and Phantom Power With the demise of Creation, SFA needed to find a new label for their next album.", "2001–2003: Rings Around the World and Phantom Power With the demise of Creation, SFA needed to find a new label for their next album. Sony had long held a substantial stake in Creation and offered deals to many ex-Creation artists, including SFA, who signed with one of Sony's subsidiaries, Epic.", "Sony had long held a substantial stake in Creation and offered deals to many ex-Creation artists, including SFA, who signed with one of Sony's subsidiaries, Epic. The band pushed for a deal which allowed them to take a new album elsewhere if the label wasn't interested in releasing it – thereby allowing them to find a home for any esoteric project they might want to undertake in the future.", "The band pushed for a deal which allowed them to take a new album elsewhere if the label wasn't interested in releasing it – thereby allowing them to find a home for any esoteric project they might want to undertake in the future. The greater resources afforded them by Epic were apparent in their first album for the label, Rings Around the World, an album that recaptured the cohesive, experimental feel of Guerrilla but more song-driven and sonically expansive.", "The greater resources afforded them by Epic were apparent in their first album for the label, Rings Around the World, an album that recaptured the cohesive, experimental feel of Guerrilla but more song-driven and sonically expansive. It is cited by many critics and fans alike as their most polished and accessible work.", "It is cited by many critics and fans alike as their most polished and accessible work. Again the first single was a good indication of what was to come: \"Juxtapozed with U\", released in July 2001, was a lush soul record which made No. 14 in the charts.", "14 in the charts. 14 in the charts. The album followed in the same month and major label marketing muscle made it their biggest-seller to date, reaching No. 3 in the album charts.", "3 in the album charts. 3 in the album charts. One of the tracks from the album, \"Receptacle For the Respectable\" featured Paul McCartney on \"carrot and celery rhythm track\" (a homage to his performance on the Beach Boys' \"Vegetables\").", "One of the tracks from the album, \"Receptacle For the Respectable\" featured Paul McCartney on \"carrot and celery rhythm track\" (a homage to his performance on the Beach Boys' \"Vegetables\"). SFA unleashed their experimental side on tracks such as \"Sidewalk Serfer Girl\" (which switches between light techno-pop and hardcore punk), \"[A] Touch Sensitive\" (gloomy trip-hop) and \"No Sympathy\" (which descends into chaotic drum'n'bass), but also apparent was an angrier edge to the lyrics: \"Run!", "SFA unleashed their experimental side on tracks such as \"Sidewalk Serfer Girl\" (which switches between light techno-pop and hardcore punk), \"[A] Touch Sensitive\" (gloomy trip-hop) and \"No Sympathy\" (which descends into chaotic drum'n'bass), but also apparent was an angrier edge to the lyrics: \"Run! Christian, Run!\"", "Christian, Run!\" Christian, Run!\" seemed to be an attack on the complacency of organised religion. Rings Around the World is also remarkable for being the world's first simultaneous release of an audio and DVD album. It was nominated for the Mercury Music Prize in 2001.", "It was nominated for the Mercury Music Prize in 2001. The ceremony took place on the day after the terror attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, and SFA's performance of the album track \"It's Not the End of the World?\" took on a somewhat bitter edge.", "took on a somewhat bitter edge. It was released as a single in January 2002 (chart No. 30), following \"(Drawing) Rings Around the World\" (chart No. 28): neither had that much impact but still received some airplay, notably on BBC Radio 2.", "28): neither had that much impact but still received some airplay, notably on BBC Radio 2. The next album, Phantom Power, relied less on sound experimentation and proved to be a more stripped-down, back-to-basics recording in contrast to the orchestral Rings Around the World.", "The next album, Phantom Power, relied less on sound experimentation and proved to be a more stripped-down, back-to-basics recording in contrast to the orchestral Rings Around the World. It was also released as both a CD and DVD album in July 2003, preceded by a single, \"Golden Retriever\", in June (chart No.", "It was also released as both a CD and DVD album in July 2003, preceded by a single, \"Golden Retriever\", in June (chart No. 13). Although the reviews for the album were generally good and it sold well initially, charting at No.", "Although the reviews for the album were generally good and it sold well initially, charting at No. 4, the album broke little new ground by SFA's standards and the band had fallen out of fashion, receiving little coverage in the music press. Another single, \"Hello Sunshine\", hit No.", "Another single, \"Hello Sunshine\", hit No. 31 in October 2003 and was eventually featured on the soundtrack of The O.C.. 2004–2005: Phantom Phorce to Love Kraft Perhaps recognising that their approach to Phantom Power had been a little too straightforward, the group followed it up in 2004 with a remix version, Phantom Phorce, with tracks reworked by the likes of Killa Kela, Four Tet and Brave Captain.", "31 in October 2003 and was eventually featured on the soundtrack of The O.C.. 2004–2005: Phantom Phorce to Love Kraft Perhaps recognising that their approach to Phantom Power had been a little too straightforward, the group followed it up in 2004 with a remix version, Phantom Phorce, with tracks reworked by the likes of Killa Kela, Four Tet and Brave Captain. They accompanied this with a download single, \"Slow Life\", which also included the track \"Motherfokker\", a collaboration with Goldie Lookin Chain, both tracks are now available as a free download via the Placid Casual website.", "They accompanied this with a download single, \"Slow Life\", which also included the track \"Motherfokker\", a collaboration with Goldie Lookin Chain, both tracks are now available as a free download via the Placid Casual website. In October 2004 the band released a best of album, Songbook: The Singles, Vol.", "In October 2004 the band released a best of album, Songbook: The Singles, Vol. 1, accompanied by a single – a live version of \"The Man Don't Give a Fuck\" (chart No. 16).", "16). 16). In early 2005, Gruff Rhys released a solo album Yr Atal Genhedlaeth, (\"The Stuttering Generation\", and also a play on words as \"Atal Genhedlu\" means contraception), sung all in Welsh.", "In early 2005, Gruff Rhys released a solo album Yr Atal Genhedlaeth, (\"The Stuttering Generation\", and also a play on words as \"Atal Genhedlu\" means contraception), sung all in Welsh. Gruff played most of the instruments himself, mainly using guitars, drums and his own multi-tracked voice.", "Gruff played most of the instruments himself, mainly using guitars, drums and his own multi-tracked voice. The band also selected tracks for a volume in the Under the Influence series of compilations, in which artists present the songs that they feel have most contributed to their sound.", "The band also selected tracks for a volume in the Under the Influence series of compilations, in which artists present the songs that they feel have most contributed to their sound. In 2005 Super Furry Animals were asked to put together the sixth release from the 'Under The Influence' series - Under the Influence: Super Furry Animals.", "In 2005 Super Furry Animals were asked to put together the sixth release from the 'Under The Influence' series - Under the Influence: Super Furry Animals. Each member chose 3 track each - Pryce's selections were Dawn Penn \"You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)\", Dennis Wilson and Rumbo \"Lady\" and MC5 \"Kick Out the Jams\".", "Each member chose 3 track each - Pryce's selections were Dawn Penn \"You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)\", Dennis Wilson and Rumbo \"Lady\" and MC5 \"Kick Out the Jams\". Also in 2005 it was reported that the band turned down a US$1.8m advertising deal with Coca-Cola after visiting a Coca-Cola plantation in Colombia with charity War on Want, where they heard of management-directed killings of trade-union members.", "Also in 2005 it was reported that the band turned down a US$1.8m advertising deal with Coca-Cola after visiting a Coca-Cola plantation in Colombia with charity War on Want, where they heard of management-directed killings of trade-union members. The company were asking for use of \"Hello Sunshine\" as part of their campaign.", "The company were asking for use of \"Hello Sunshine\" as part of their campaign. In a statement to British magazine Q, Coca-Cola denied the allegations, stating they had been \"an exemplary member of the business community\" in Colombia.", "In a statement to British magazine Q, Coca-Cola denied the allegations, stating they had been \"an exemplary member of the business community\" in Colombia. In August 2005, Super Furry Animals released their seventh studio effort, Love Kraft, recorded in Spain.", "In August 2005, Super Furry Animals released their seventh studio effort, Love Kraft, recorded in Spain. This represented a departure from their previous working methods: although all five members had always contributed to the development of the songs, Rhys had been the main songwriter.", "This represented a departure from their previous working methods: although all five members had always contributed to the development of the songs, Rhys had been the main songwriter. On Love Kraft this was no longer the case, as Rhys, Bunford, Ieuan and Ciaran all contributed songs and lead vocals.", "On Love Kraft this was no longer the case, as Rhys, Bunford, Ieuan and Ciaran all contributed songs and lead vocals. There was only one single from the album, \"Lazer Beam\", released on 15 August (chart No. 28).", "28). 28). The laid-back ambience recalls early-1970s Beach Boys albums such as Surf's Up (which SFA have referred to as one of their favourite albums), whilst the heavy use of strings suggested the likes of Scott Walker and Curtis Mayfield. The album's cool commercial reception (it charted at just No.", "The album's cool commercial reception (it charted at just No. 19) suggested that they had returned to their familiar status of critically acclaimed cult favourites. Love Kraft was also the last album released under Epic Records, as their contract expired in early 2006. 2006–2008: Rough Trade and Hey Venus!", "2006–2008: Rough Trade and Hey Venus! Ciaran's side project Acid Casuals released their debut album Omni in January 2006 on the Placid Casual label.", "Ciaran's side project Acid Casuals released their debut album Omni in January 2006 on the Placid Casual label. Drummer Ieuan formed a band known as The Peth which has been described by Rhys in various magazine articles as \"Satanic Abba\": the band also reunites Rhys Ifans with the SFA family, as he takes lead vocal duties.", "Drummer Ieuan formed a band known as The Peth which has been described by Rhys in various magazine articles as \"Satanic Abba\": the band also reunites Rhys Ifans with the SFA family, as he takes lead vocal duties. The band signed to Rough Trade Records during 2006 and are reportedly working on three projects for the label.", "The band signed to Rough Trade Records during 2006 and are reportedly working on three projects for the label. Gruff Rhys has also signed for Rough Trade Records as a solo artist in his own right and released a single on 7\" vinyl and download entitled \"Candylion\" in late 2006 which preceded an album of the same name that was released during the second week of 2007.", "Gruff Rhys has also signed for Rough Trade Records as a solo artist in his own right and released a single on 7\" vinyl and download entitled \"Candylion\" in late 2006 which preceded an album of the same name that was released during the second week of 2007. Unlike his debut Yr Atal Genhedlaeth, Candylion is primarily sung in English but has two Welsh tracks and one in \"bad Spanish\": it is primarily an acoustic album, and came about because Rhys has written several acoustic pop songs that didn't fit with the direction of the new SFA record.", "Unlike his debut Yr Atal Genhedlaeth, Candylion is primarily sung in English but has two Welsh tracks and one in \"bad Spanish\": it is primarily an acoustic album, and came about because Rhys has written several acoustic pop songs that didn't fit with the direction of the new SFA record. During this time some of the bands' music was used prominently in The Rock-afire Explosion documentary movie, namely Hello Sunshine and Some things Come From Nothing.", "During this time some of the bands' music was used prominently in The Rock-afire Explosion documentary movie, namely Hello Sunshine and Some things Come From Nothing. Recording sessions took place in a chateau in the south of France in 2007 for the band's first release for Rough Trade, Hey Venus!, which was released on 27 August that year.", "Recording sessions took place in a chateau in the south of France in 2007 for the band's first release for Rough Trade, Hey Venus!, which was released on 27 August that year. Gruff himself described the record as \"speaker blowing\".", "Gruff himself described the record as \"speaker blowing\". The album's first single, \"Show Your Hand\", failed to enter the top 40, their first to do so since 1996's \"Hometown Unicorn\", despite modest airplay. The album itself fared much better, peaking at No.", "The album itself fared much better, peaking at No. 11 and was a slight improvement from the sales of Love Kraft. The album became their first to enter the iTunes Music Store top 10 album charts, peaking at No. 9.", "9. 9. Over the 2007 Christmas period SFA released a single, \"The Gift That Keeps Giving\", free from their website. 2009–2014: Dark Days/Light Years and hiatus On 16 March 2009, Super Furry Animals released their ninth and final studio album, Dark Days/Light Years, digitally via their website.", "2009–2014: Dark Days/Light Years and hiatus On 16 March 2009, Super Furry Animals released their ninth and final studio album, Dark Days/Light Years, digitally via their website. The album's progress was recorded in a series of short films that were shown on the band's website in the build-up to the release.", "The album's progress was recorded in a series of short films that were shown on the band's website in the build-up to the release. Later in March, they performed the record in its entirety through an exclusive stream on their website.", "Later in March, they performed the record in its entirety through an exclusive stream on their website. A physical release on Rough Trade Records followed on 21 April, resulting in a number 23 UK Chart placement. Dark Days/Light Years notably featured a guest appearance from Nick McCarthy of Franz Ferdinand on \"Inaugural Trams.\"", "Dark Days/Light Years notably featured a guest appearance from Nick McCarthy of Franz Ferdinand on \"Inaugural Trams.\" Dark Days/Light Years received strong critical feedback, with The Guardian writing that \"it has more spark and invention than most teen bands manage on their debuts.\"", "Dark Days/Light Years received strong critical feedback, with The Guardian writing that \"it has more spark and invention than most teen bands manage on their debuts.\" In 2010, Super Furry Animals went on what became a five-year hiatus, as bassist Guto Pryce revealed in an interview with Wales Online.", "In 2010, Super Furry Animals went on what became a five-year hiatus, as bassist Guto Pryce revealed in an interview with Wales Online. Pryce noted that the band expected to reconvene as soon as the members finished with the various projects they were working on.", "Pryce noted that the band expected to reconvene as soon as the members finished with the various projects they were working on. Super Furry Animals reconvened for one performance on 29 February 2012 at Cardiff City Stadium before a Wales v Costa Rica Gary Speed Memorial Match, in tribute to the late Welsh footballer and team manager.", "Super Furry Animals reconvened for one performance on 29 February 2012 at Cardiff City Stadium before a Wales v Costa Rica Gary Speed Memorial Match, in tribute to the late Welsh footballer and team manager. In 2014, craft brewer The Celt Experience created a tribute \"Fuzzy Beer\" in collaboration with the band.", "In 2014, craft brewer The Celt Experience created a tribute \"Fuzzy Beer\" in collaboration with the band. 2015–2016: Reunion In May 2015, the band played several gigs from early May to September to accompany a major reissue of their 15-year-old album Mwng, which had been out of print.", "2015–2016: Reunion In May 2015, the band played several gigs from early May to September to accompany a major reissue of their 15-year-old album Mwng, which had been out of print. The same month a biography, Rise of the Super Furry Animals, was published by HarperCollins.", "The same month a biography, Rise of the Super Furry Animals, was published by HarperCollins. In January 2016, the band announced their first North American tour in six years. In May 2016, the band released \"Bing Bong\", their first single in seven years.", "In May 2016, the band released \"Bing Bong\", their first single in seven years. The song was released to celebrate the Wales national football team's qualification for UEFA Euro 2016. They headlined the Caught by the River Festival in August 2016, and announced the re-release of Fuzzy Logic. A compilation album, Zoom!", "A compilation album, Zoom! A compilation album, Zoom! The Best of 1995–2016, was released on 4 November 2016. The final tour of their reunion, in which they played both Fuzzy Logic and Radiator in full across the UK and Ireland, took place in December 2016.", "The final tour of their reunion, in which they played both Fuzzy Logic and Radiator in full across the UK and Ireland, took place in December 2016. 2017–present: Second hiatus and Das Koolies In September 2018, the official Super Furry Animals Twitter feed posted an announcement of a multi-disc set of recordings made at the BBC to be released on 23 November 2018.", "2017–present: Second hiatus and Das Koolies In September 2018, the official Super Furry Animals Twitter feed posted an announcement of a multi-disc set of recordings made at the BBC to be released on 23 November 2018. In 2019 Bunford, Ciaran, Pryce, and Ieuan reformed without Rhys under the name Das Koolies, an alter ego SFA used around 2000 for an experimental electronic album that was never officially released.", "In 2019 Bunford, Ciaran, Pryce, and Ieuan reformed without Rhys under the name Das Koolies, an alter ego SFA used around 2000 for an experimental electronic album that was never officially released. Das Koolies released their debut single \"It's All About The Dolphins\" on 29 January 2020.", "Das Koolies released their debut single \"It's All About The Dolphins\" on 29 January 2020. According to Ciaran, Das Koolies is now their main focus; they are no longer focusing on anything from Super Furry Animals.", "According to Ciaran, Das Koolies is now their main focus; they are no longer focusing on anything from Super Furry Animals. Discography Fuzzy Logic (1996) Radiator (1997) Guerrilla (1999) Mwng (2000) Rings Around the World (2001) Phantom Power (2003) Love Kraft (2005) Hey Venus!", "Discography Fuzzy Logic (1996) Radiator (1997) Guerrilla (1999) Mwng (2000) Rings Around the World (2001) Phantom Power (2003) Love Kraft (2005) Hey Venus! (2007) Dark Days/Light Years (2009) References External links Super Furry Animals biography from BBC Wales Musical groups established in 1993 1993 establishments in Wales Neo-psychedelia groups Cool Cymru Welsh alternative rock groups British psychedelic rock music groups Britpop groups Creation Records artists Welsh-language bands Musical quintets Musical groups from Cardiff Bertelsmann Music Group artists Epic Records artists Rough Trade Records artists" ]

[ "Super Furry Animals", "1999-2000: Guerrilla and Mwng", "What is Guerrilla?", "the new album, Guerrilla." ]

[ "When the Bough Breaks is the second solo album from Black Sabbath drummer Bill Ward. It was originally released on April 27, 1997, on Cleopatra Records.\n\nTrack listing\n\"Hate\" – 5:00\n\"Children Killing Children\" – 3:51\n\"Growth\" – 5:45\n\"When I was a Child\" – 4:54\n\"Please Help Mommy (She's a Junkie)\" – 6:40\n\"Shine\" – 5:06\n\"Step Lightly (On the Grass)\" – 5:59\n\"Love & Innocence\" – 1:00\n\"Animals\" – 6:32\n\"Nighthawks Stars & Pines\" – 6:45\n\"Try Life\" – 5:35\n\"When the Bough Breaks\" – 9:45\n\nCD Cleopatra CL9981 (US 1997)\n\nMusicians\n\nBill Ward - vocals, lyrics, musical arrangements\nKeith Lynch - guitars\nPaul Ill - bass, double bass, synthesizer, tape loops\nRonnie Ciago - drums\n\nCover art and reprint issues\n\nAs originally released, this album featured cover art that had two roses on it. After it was released, Bill Ward (as with Ward One, his first solo album) stated on his website that the released cover art was not the correct one that was intended to be released. Additionally, the liner notes for the original printing had lyrics that were so small, most people needed a magnifying glass to read them. This was eventually corrected in 2000 when the version of the album with Bill on the cover from the 70's was released. The album was later on released in a special digipak style of case, but this was later said to be released prematurely, and was withdrawn.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nWhen the Bough Breaks at Bill Ward's site\nWhen the Bough Breaks at Black Sabbath Online\n\nBill Ward (musician) albums\nBlack Sabbath\n1997 albums\nCleopatra Records albums", "\"When It Rains, It Really Pours\" is a song originally written and recorded by Billy \"The Kid\" Emerson. His version, titled \"When It Rains It Pours\", was released by Sun Records in 1954. The song was later recorded by Elvis Presley in 1957, but not released until 1965 on the album Elvis for Everyone.\n\nEmerson's version\nThe song was recorded on October 27, 1954 at Sun Recording Studio in Memphis, Tennessee. Sam Phillips was the producer. It was released on January 8, 1955 as Sun 214, as the B-side to the song \"Move Baby Move\" which did not chart.\n\nPersonnel at the season were Emerson, piano: Elven Parr, guitar: Robert Prindell, drums: Charles Smith, alto sax: Bennie Moore, tenor sax: and Luther Taylor, trumpet.\n\nPresley's recordings\nPresley had initially attempted to record the song while at Sun Records in November 1955, with Elvis and Scotty Moore on guitars, Bill Black on bass and Johnny Bernero on drums, but it was never completed as his contract with Sun was sold to RCA Records around the same time. The tapes of all Presley's Sun recordings were handed to RCA as part of the deal, with most of them being included on albums released shortly afterwards. Presley's 1955 recording of \"When It Rains, It Really Pours\", however, was not released. It was lost for several years until 1982 when it was found and finally released officially on the 1983 compilation album Elvis: A Legendary Performer Volume 4.\n\nPresley was recorded performing the song during the Million Dollar Quartet session on December 4, 1956.\n\nOn February 24, 1957 Presley again recorded the song, this time for RCA. This version also went unreleased until it appeared on the 1965 album Elvis for Everyone. The musicians on this session were Moore and Presley on guitars, Black on bass, Fontana on drums, Dudley Brooks on piano and the Jordanaires singing backup.\n\nIn 1968, during rehearsals for the television special Elvis, Presley was recorded singing it as a potential song for the show. Although the song was not chosen for the special, the rehearsal was released on The Complete '68 Comeback Special CD released in 2008.\n\nReferences\n\nElvis Presley songs\n1954 songs\nSongs written by Billy \"The Kid\" Emerson" ]

[ "Super Furry Animals are a Welsh rock band formed in Cardiff in 1993. Since their formation, the band had consisted of Gruff Rhys (lead vocals, guitar), Huw Bunford (lead guitar, vocals), Guto Pryce (bass guitar), Cian Ciaran (keyboards, synthesisers, various electronics, occasional guitar, vocals), Dafydd Ieuan (drums, vocals) and actor Rhys Ifans.", "Since their formation, the band had consisted of Gruff Rhys (lead vocals, guitar), Huw Bunford (lead guitar, vocals), Guto Pryce (bass guitar), Cian Ciaran (keyboards, synthesisers, various electronics, occasional guitar, vocals), Dafydd Ieuan (drums, vocals) and actor Rhys Ifans. Super Furry Animals has recorded nine UK Albums Chart Top 25 studio albums (one BPI certified Gold and four certified Silver), plus numerous singles, EPs, compilations and collaborations.", "Super Furry Animals has recorded nine UK Albums Chart Top 25 studio albums (one BPI certified Gold and four certified Silver), plus numerous singles, EPs, compilations and collaborations. The band were known as central to the Cool Cymru era during which they were dominant, and are the act with the most top 75 hits without reaching the UK Singles Chart Top 10.", "The band were known as central to the Cool Cymru era during which they were dominant, and are the act with the most top 75 hits without reaching the UK Singles Chart Top 10. Over the course of nine albums, Super Furry Animals has been described as \"one of the most imaginative bands of our time\" by Billboard, while according to a 2005 article in NME, \"There's a case to be argued that [Super Furry Animals] were the most important band of the past 15 years\".", "Over the course of nine albums, Super Furry Animals has been described as \"one of the most imaginative bands of our time\" by Billboard, while according to a 2005 article in NME, \"There's a case to be argued that [Super Furry Animals] were the most important band of the past 15 years\". History 1990–1993: Formation Super Furry Animals formed in Cardiff after being in various other Welsh bands and techno outfits in the area.", "History 1990–1993: Formation Super Furry Animals formed in Cardiff after being in various other Welsh bands and techno outfits in the area. Rhys, Ieuan and Pryce had been together since the early 1990s and had toured France as a techno group.", "Rhys, Ieuan and Pryce had been together since the early 1990s and had toured France as a techno group. After Bunford and Ciaran (Ieuan's younger brother) joined, they wrote some songs, and in 1995 signed to Ankst, a Welsh indie label.", "After Bunford and Ciaran (Ieuan's younger brother) joined, they wrote some songs, and in 1995 signed to Ankst, a Welsh indie label. The band are considered to be part of the renaissance of Welsh music (and art, and literature) in the 1990s: other Welsh bands of the time include the Manic Street Preachers, Stereophonics, Catatonia and Gorky's Zygotic Mynci.", "The band are considered to be part of the renaissance of Welsh music (and art, and literature) in the 1990s: other Welsh bands of the time include the Manic Street Preachers, Stereophonics, Catatonia and Gorky's Zygotic Mynci. The name of the band came from T-shirts being printed by Rhys' sister.", "The name of the band came from T-shirts being printed by Rhys' sister. She was making Super Furry Animals T-shirts for the fashion and music collective Acid Casuals (variants of whose name have appeared throughout Super Furry Animals' career – for example, in their song \"The Placid Casual\", their record label Placid Casual).", "She was making Super Furry Animals T-shirts for the fashion and music collective Acid Casuals (variants of whose name have appeared throughout Super Furry Animals' career – for example, in their song \"The Placid Casual\", their record label Placid Casual). The band has also made reference to Blur, Elvis Costello, and Wynton Marsalis as major influences in their work.", "The band has also made reference to Blur, Elvis Costello, and Wynton Marsalis as major influences in their work. 1994–1995: Early recordings The earliest Super Furry Animals track commercially available is \"Dim Brys: Dim Chwys\", recorded in 1994 for Radio Cymru: an ambient piece, the track shows the band's techno roots.", "1994–1995: Early recordings The earliest Super Furry Animals track commercially available is \"Dim Brys: Dim Chwys\", recorded in 1994 for Radio Cymru: an ambient piece, the track shows the band's techno roots. However, by the time it was released (on the \"Triskedekaphilia\" compilation album in August 1995), the band had already put out their debut EP on the Ankst label.", "However, by the time it was released (on the \"Triskedekaphilia\" compilation album in August 1995), the band had already put out their debut EP on the Ankst label. The Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyndrobwllantysiliogogogochynygofod (In Space) EP appeared in June 1995 and has been listed in the Guinness Book of Records as having the longest-ever title for an EP.", "The Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyndrobwllantysiliogogogochynygofod (In Space) EP appeared in June 1995 and has been listed in the Guinness Book of Records as having the longest-ever title for an EP. The Moog Droog EP followed in October 1995, named after the synthesiser manufacturer Robert Moog and the Nadsat term for \"friend\" in A Clockwork Orange.", "The Moog Droog EP followed in October 1995, named after the synthesiser manufacturer Robert Moog and the Nadsat term for \"friend\" in A Clockwork Orange. The EP's title is also a pun on the Welsh \"mwg drwg\", meaning \"wacky baccy\" (slang for cannabis, more literally \"bad (or naughty) smoke\").", "The EP's title is also a pun on the Welsh \"mwg drwg\", meaning \"wacky baccy\" (slang for cannabis, more literally \"bad (or naughty) smoke\"). The lyrics on all the tracks on both EPs were in Welsh, except for \"God!", "The lyrics on all the tracks on both EPs were in Welsh, except for \"God! Show Me Magic\" from \"Moog Droog\". After gigging in London in late 1995, they were noticed by Creation Records boss Alan McGee at the Camden Monarch club, who signed them to his label.", "After gigging in London in late 1995, they were noticed by Creation Records boss Alan McGee at the Camden Monarch club, who signed them to his label. Creation was also home to Primal Scream, My Bloody Valentine and Teenage Fanclub, and had recently found massive commercial success with Oasis.", "Creation was also home to Primal Scream, My Bloody Valentine and Teenage Fanclub, and had recently found massive commercial success with Oasis. The band have said that having watched their gig, McGee asked them if they could sing in English rather than Welsh in future shows.", "The band have said that having watched their gig, McGee asked them if they could sing in English rather than Welsh in future shows. In fact, by this stage they were singing in English, but McGee didn't realise because their Welsh accents were so strong.", "In fact, by this stage they were singing in English, but McGee didn't realise because their Welsh accents were so strong. The Super Furry Animals received some criticism in the Welsh media for singing in English, something which the band felt \"completely pissed\" about.", "The Super Furry Animals received some criticism in the Welsh media for singing in English, something which the band felt \"completely pissed\" about. According to drummer Dafydd Ieuan: \"It all started when we played this festival in West Wales, and for some reason the Welsh media started foaming at the mouth because we were singing songs in Welsh and English.", "According to drummer Dafydd Ieuan: \"It all started when we played this festival in West Wales, and for some reason the Welsh media started foaming at the mouth because we were singing songs in Welsh and English. But they get The Dubliners playing and they don't sing in Irish. It's ridiculous.\"", "It's ridiculous.\" It's ridiculous.\" The band have claimed that the decision to sing in English was taken in order to broaden their fanbase.", "The band have claimed that the decision to sing in English was taken in order to broaden their fanbase. 1996–1998: Fuzzy Logic to Out Spaced In February 1996, the band's debut on Creation, \"Hometown Unicorn\", became New Musical Express's Single of the Week, chosen by guest reviewers Pulp, and the first Super Furry Animals single to chart in the UK Top 50, peaking at No.", "1996–1998: Fuzzy Logic to Out Spaced In February 1996, the band's debut on Creation, \"Hometown Unicorn\", became New Musical Express's Single of the Week, chosen by guest reviewers Pulp, and the first Super Furry Animals single to chart in the UK Top 50, peaking at No. 47.", "47. 47. The follow-up, a re-recording of \"God! Show Me Magic\", charted at No. 33 upon release in April 1996 and also became NME single of the week. Rawer than the \"Moog Droog\" version, it clocks in at 1 min 50 secs.", "Rawer than the \"Moog Droog\" version, it clocks in at 1 min 50 secs. In May, their debut album Fuzzy Logic was released, to wide critical acclaim. Sales were slow, with the album peaking at No.", "Sales were slow, with the album peaking at No. 23 in the charts, but it garnered a little more interest when next single \"Something 4 the Weekend\" (a reworked, more mellow version of the album track) was given considerable radio airplay and charted at No. 18 in July 1996.", "18 in July 1996. 18 in July 1996. The final single from the album, \"If You Don't Want Me to Destroy You\", was to have been backed by a track called \"The Man Don't Give a Fuck\".", "The final single from the album, \"If You Don't Want Me to Destroy You\", was to have been backed by a track called \"The Man Don't Give a Fuck\". However, there were problems in clearing a sample from \"Showbiz Kids\" by Steely Dan which formed the basis of the chorus, and it was switched for a different track.", "However, there were problems in clearing a sample from \"Showbiz Kids\" by Steely Dan which formed the basis of the chorus, and it was switched for a different track. The single charted at No. 18.", "The single charted at No. 18. 18. However, Super Furry Animals regarded \"The Man Don't Give a Fuck\" as one of their best songs and continued their efforts to clear the sample.", "However, Super Furry Animals regarded \"The Man Don't Give a Fuck\" as one of their best songs and continued their efforts to clear the sample. When they managed this, there was no upcoming release to attach it to – so it came out as a limited edition single in its own right, in December 1996.", "When they managed this, there was no upcoming release to attach it to – so it came out as a limited edition single in its own right, in December 1996. This ultimately cemented its legendary status and did much to establish Super Furry Animals as cult heroes, as the song contained the word \"fuck\" over 50 times and therefore received practically no airplay.", "This ultimately cemented its legendary status and did much to establish Super Furry Animals as cult heroes, as the song contained the word \"fuck\" over 50 times and therefore received practically no airplay. However, it hit No. 22 in the charts and became Super Furry Animals' standard closing number when they played live.", "22 in the charts and became Super Furry Animals' standard closing number when they played live. In early 1997, Super Furry Animals embarked on the NME Brats Tour and completed work on a speedy follow-up to Fuzzy Logic.", "In early 1997, Super Furry Animals embarked on the NME Brats Tour and completed work on a speedy follow-up to Fuzzy Logic. Two singles preceded the new album, \"Hermann ♥'s Pauline\" in May and \"The International Language of Screaming\" in July, hitting No. 26 and No.", "26 and No. 26 and No. 24 respectively: these releases were the first to feature cover art from Pete Fowler, who went on to design the sleeves of all their releases up until 2007's Hey Venus. The album, Radiator, hit shelves in August.", "The album, Radiator, hit shelves in August. The reviews were, if anything, better than those for Fuzzy Logic, and it sold more quickly than its predecessor, reaching a peak of No.", "The reviews were, if anything, better than those for Fuzzy Logic, and it sold more quickly than its predecessor, reaching a peak of No. 8: however, Creation did not serve the album particularly well by releasing it just four days after the long-awaited new effort from Oasis, Be Here Now.", "8: however, Creation did not serve the album particularly well by releasing it just four days after the long-awaited new effort from Oasis, Be Here Now. Two further singles, \"Play It Cool\" (released September 1997) and \"Demons\" (November 1997) both hit No.", "Two further singles, \"Play It Cool\" (released September 1997) and \"Demons\" (November 1997) both hit No. 27 in the charts, suggesting that Super Furry Animals had hit a commercial ceiling though which they were struggling to break.", "27 in the charts, suggesting that Super Furry Animals had hit a commercial ceiling though which they were struggling to break. However, they had established themselves as favourites in the music press, a cut above the majority of their Britpop peers.", "However, they had established themselves as favourites in the music press, a cut above the majority of their Britpop peers. After a chance to think about their music and their direction, Super Furry Animals decided to record a new EP in early 1998 at Gorwel Owen's house and released it in May.", "After a chance to think about their music and their direction, Super Furry Animals decided to record a new EP in early 1998 at Gorwel Owen's house and released it in May. This was the Ice Hockey Hair EP, widely held as one of their finest moments.", "This was the Ice Hockey Hair EP, widely held as one of their finest moments. (\"Ice hockey hair\" is a slang term for a mullet.) Featuring four tracks, the EP sampled from Black Uhuru. The title track, a melodic and very moving epic, gained airplay while \"Smokin'\".", "The title track, a melodic and very moving epic, gained airplay while \"Smokin'\". In a Melody Maker interview, Super Furry Animals said the \"Smokin'\" referred to smoking haddock, or to truck drivers' tyres when they're 'burnin' the roads'.", "In a Melody Maker interview, Super Furry Animals said the \"Smokin'\" referred to smoking haddock, or to truck drivers' tyres when they're 'burnin' the roads'. It became their most successful single up to this point, hitting No.", "It became their most successful single up to this point, hitting No. 12 in the charts and leading to a memorable appearance on \"Top of the Pops\". In November 1998, the album Out Spaced was released.", "In November 1998, the album Out Spaced was released. This was a collection of songs from the 1995 Ankst releases (including \"Dim Brys: Dim Chwys\"), the band's favourite B-sides, plus \"The Man Don't Give a Fuck\" and \"Smokin'\".", "This was a collection of songs from the 1995 Ankst releases (including \"Dim Brys: Dim Chwys\"), the band's favourite B-sides, plus \"The Man Don't Give a Fuck\" and \"Smokin'\". A limited edition appeared in a comedy rubber sleeve, shaped like a nipple.", "A limited edition appeared in a comedy rubber sleeve, shaped like a nipple. 1999–2000: Guerrilla and Mwng In 1999, NME readers named them 'best new band' in January (this despite the fact it was now three years since they released their debut album).", "1999–2000: Guerrilla and Mwng In 1999, NME readers named them 'best new band' in January (this despite the fact it was now three years since they released their debut album). In May, the single \"Northern Lites\" was released and made No. 11 in the charts.", "11 in the charts. 11 in the charts. A dense production, with steel drums clattering out a calypso rhythm whilst Rhys sang an irreverent lyric about the El Niño-Southern Oscillation weather phenomenon, it was an apt taster for the new album, Guerrilla.", "A dense production, with steel drums clattering out a calypso rhythm whilst Rhys sang an irreverent lyric about the El Niño-Southern Oscillation weather phenomenon, it was an apt taster for the new album, Guerrilla. Recorded at the Real World Studios, the album retained SFA's pop melodies but took a less guitar-centric approach to their execution and was their most experimental work to date.", "Recorded at the Real World Studios, the album retained SFA's pop melodies but took a less guitar-centric approach to their execution and was their most experimental work to date. Layers of samples over brass, percussion and Gruff's melodic singing produced an album which took the freewheeling approach of 1960s groups such as The Beatles, The Beach Boys and The Velvet Underground and updated it to the late 1990s.", "Layers of samples over brass, percussion and Gruff's melodic singing produced an album which took the freewheeling approach of 1960s groups such as The Beatles, The Beach Boys and The Velvet Underground and updated it to the late 1990s. The album swung from glam and garage rock numbers (\"Night Vision\", \"The Teacher\") to novelty techno (\"Wherever I Lay My Phone (That's My Home)\"), ambient indietronica (\"Some Things Come From Nothing\") and upbeat drum and bass (\"The Door To This House Remains Open\").", "The album swung from glam and garage rock numbers (\"Night Vision\", \"The Teacher\") to novelty techno (\"Wherever I Lay My Phone (That's My Home)\"), ambient indietronica (\"Some Things Come From Nothing\") and upbeat drum and bass (\"The Door To This House Remains Open\"). For the cover art, Pete Fowler created the band's first three-dimensional models, rather than the paintings he had supplied for the Radiator album and singles.", "For the cover art, Pete Fowler created the band's first three-dimensional models, rather than the paintings he had supplied for the Radiator album and singles. After playing several of the summer festivals, SFA released \"Fire in My Heart\", the most soulful track from Guerrilla, in August and saw it chart at No. 25.", "25. 25. They then embarked on a US and UK tour. SFA finished their UK tour at the Cardiff International Arena in Cardiff, where they showcased the first ever concert in surround sound and broadcast it on the World Wide Web. January 2000 involved a series of changes for SFA.", "January 2000 involved a series of changes for SFA. The last single from Guerrilla, \"Do or Die\", was released and made No. 20. It was also the last single SFA released on Creation Records, as founder Alan McGee set off to pursue other interests.", "It was also the last single SFA released on Creation Records, as founder Alan McGee set off to pursue other interests. It had always been SFA's plan to release their next album on their own label, Placid Casual, as it would be a deliberate sidestep from their recent work: a largely acoustic album of Welsh language songs entitled Mwng.", "It had always been SFA's plan to release their next album on their own label, Placid Casual, as it would be a deliberate sidestep from their recent work: a largely acoustic album of Welsh language songs entitled Mwng. Meaning \"mane\", its lilting melodies established that SFA's songwriting did not have to fall back on head-spinning production tricks.", "Meaning \"mane\", its lilting melodies established that SFA's songwriting did not have to fall back on head-spinning production tricks. A limited edition (of 3000) 7 inch record, \"Ysbeidiau Heulog\" (meaning \"Sunny Intervals\") preceded Mwng in May 2000.", "A limited edition (of 3000) 7 inch record, \"Ysbeidiau Heulog\" (meaning \"Sunny Intervals\") preceded Mwng in May 2000. It came backed with \"Charge\", a hard-rock jam recorded as a Peel Session for the BBC.", "It came backed with \"Charge\", a hard-rock jam recorded as a Peel Session for the BBC. The album, released the same month, sold remarkably well for a non-English LP – it made No.", "The album, released the same month, sold remarkably well for a non-English LP – it made No. 11 in the charts – and received a rare distinction for a pop record, being commended in Parliament for its efforts in keeping the Welsh language alive.", "11 in the charts – and received a rare distinction for a pop record, being commended in Parliament for its efforts in keeping the Welsh language alive. 2000 also saw the Furries contribute two tracks, Free Now and Peter Blake 2000, for the Liverpool Sound Collage project, which was nominated for a Grammy.", "2000 also saw the Furries contribute two tracks, Free Now and Peter Blake 2000, for the Liverpool Sound Collage project, which was nominated for a Grammy. They undertook this remixing of unreleased Beatles recordings at the invitation of Paul McCartney, whom they had met at the NME Awards, where they had won Best Live Act.", "They undertook this remixing of unreleased Beatles recordings at the invitation of Paul McCartney, whom they had met at the NME Awards, where they had won Best Live Act. 2001–2003: Rings Around the World and Phantom Power With the demise of Creation, SFA needed to find a new label for their next album.", "2001–2003: Rings Around the World and Phantom Power With the demise of Creation, SFA needed to find a new label for their next album. Sony had long held a substantial stake in Creation and offered deals to many ex-Creation artists, including SFA, who signed with one of Sony's subsidiaries, Epic.", "Sony had long held a substantial stake in Creation and offered deals to many ex-Creation artists, including SFA, who signed with one of Sony's subsidiaries, Epic. The band pushed for a deal which allowed them to take a new album elsewhere if the label wasn't interested in releasing it – thereby allowing them to find a home for any esoteric project they might want to undertake in the future.", "The band pushed for a deal which allowed them to take a new album elsewhere if the label wasn't interested in releasing it – thereby allowing them to find a home for any esoteric project they might want to undertake in the future. The greater resources afforded them by Epic were apparent in their first album for the label, Rings Around the World, an album that recaptured the cohesive, experimental feel of Guerrilla but more song-driven and sonically expansive.", "The greater resources afforded them by Epic were apparent in their first album for the label, Rings Around the World, an album that recaptured the cohesive, experimental feel of Guerrilla but more song-driven and sonically expansive. It is cited by many critics and fans alike as their most polished and accessible work.", "It is cited by many critics and fans alike as their most polished and accessible work. Again the first single was a good indication of what was to come: \"Juxtapozed with U\", released in July 2001, was a lush soul record which made No. 14 in the charts.", "14 in the charts. 14 in the charts. The album followed in the same month and major label marketing muscle made it their biggest-seller to date, reaching No. 3 in the album charts.", "3 in the album charts. 3 in the album charts. One of the tracks from the album, \"Receptacle For the Respectable\" featured Paul McCartney on \"carrot and celery rhythm track\" (a homage to his performance on the Beach Boys' \"Vegetables\").", "One of the tracks from the album, \"Receptacle For the Respectable\" featured Paul McCartney on \"carrot and celery rhythm track\" (a homage to his performance on the Beach Boys' \"Vegetables\"). SFA unleashed their experimental side on tracks such as \"Sidewalk Serfer Girl\" (which switches between light techno-pop and hardcore punk), \"[A] Touch Sensitive\" (gloomy trip-hop) and \"No Sympathy\" (which descends into chaotic drum'n'bass), but also apparent was an angrier edge to the lyrics: \"Run!", "SFA unleashed their experimental side on tracks such as \"Sidewalk Serfer Girl\" (which switches between light techno-pop and hardcore punk), \"[A] Touch Sensitive\" (gloomy trip-hop) and \"No Sympathy\" (which descends into chaotic drum'n'bass), but also apparent was an angrier edge to the lyrics: \"Run! Christian, Run!\"", "Christian, Run!\" Christian, Run!\" seemed to be an attack on the complacency of organised religion. Rings Around the World is also remarkable for being the world's first simultaneous release of an audio and DVD album. It was nominated for the Mercury Music Prize in 2001.", "It was nominated for the Mercury Music Prize in 2001. The ceremony took place on the day after the terror attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, and SFA's performance of the album track \"It's Not the End of the World?\" took on a somewhat bitter edge.", "took on a somewhat bitter edge. It was released as a single in January 2002 (chart No. 30), following \"(Drawing) Rings Around the World\" (chart No. 28): neither had that much impact but still received some airplay, notably on BBC Radio 2.", "28): neither had that much impact but still received some airplay, notably on BBC Radio 2. The next album, Phantom Power, relied less on sound experimentation and proved to be a more stripped-down, back-to-basics recording in contrast to the orchestral Rings Around the World.", "The next album, Phantom Power, relied less on sound experimentation and proved to be a more stripped-down, back-to-basics recording in contrast to the orchestral Rings Around the World. It was also released as both a CD and DVD album in July 2003, preceded by a single, \"Golden Retriever\", in June (chart No.", "It was also released as both a CD and DVD album in July 2003, preceded by a single, \"Golden Retriever\", in June (chart No. 13). Although the reviews for the album were generally good and it sold well initially, charting at No.", "Although the reviews for the album were generally good and it sold well initially, charting at No. 4, the album broke little new ground by SFA's standards and the band had fallen out of fashion, receiving little coverage in the music press. Another single, \"Hello Sunshine\", hit No.", "Another single, \"Hello Sunshine\", hit No. 31 in October 2003 and was eventually featured on the soundtrack of The O.C.. 2004–2005: Phantom Phorce to Love Kraft Perhaps recognising that their approach to Phantom Power had been a little too straightforward, the group followed it up in 2004 with a remix version, Phantom Phorce, with tracks reworked by the likes of Killa Kela, Four Tet and Brave Captain.", "31 in October 2003 and was eventually featured on the soundtrack of The O.C.. 2004–2005: Phantom Phorce to Love Kraft Perhaps recognising that their approach to Phantom Power had been a little too straightforward, the group followed it up in 2004 with a remix version, Phantom Phorce, with tracks reworked by the likes of Killa Kela, Four Tet and Brave Captain. They accompanied this with a download single, \"Slow Life\", which also included the track \"Motherfokker\", a collaboration with Goldie Lookin Chain, both tracks are now available as a free download via the Placid Casual website.", "They accompanied this with a download single, \"Slow Life\", which also included the track \"Motherfokker\", a collaboration with Goldie Lookin Chain, both tracks are now available as a free download via the Placid Casual website. In October 2004 the band released a best of album, Songbook: The Singles, Vol.", "In October 2004 the band released a best of album, Songbook: The Singles, Vol. 1, accompanied by a single – a live version of \"The Man Don't Give a Fuck\" (chart No. 16).", "16). 16). In early 2005, Gruff Rhys released a solo album Yr Atal Genhedlaeth, (\"The Stuttering Generation\", and also a play on words as \"Atal Genhedlu\" means contraception), sung all in Welsh.", "In early 2005, Gruff Rhys released a solo album Yr Atal Genhedlaeth, (\"The Stuttering Generation\", and also a play on words as \"Atal Genhedlu\" means contraception), sung all in Welsh. Gruff played most of the instruments himself, mainly using guitars, drums and his own multi-tracked voice.", "Gruff played most of the instruments himself, mainly using guitars, drums and his own multi-tracked voice. The band also selected tracks for a volume in the Under the Influence series of compilations, in which artists present the songs that they feel have most contributed to their sound.", "The band also selected tracks for a volume in the Under the Influence series of compilations, in which artists present the songs that they feel have most contributed to their sound. In 2005 Super Furry Animals were asked to put together the sixth release from the 'Under The Influence' series - Under the Influence: Super Furry Animals.", "In 2005 Super Furry Animals were asked to put together the sixth release from the 'Under The Influence' series - Under the Influence: Super Furry Animals. Each member chose 3 track each - Pryce's selections were Dawn Penn \"You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)\", Dennis Wilson and Rumbo \"Lady\" and MC5 \"Kick Out the Jams\".", "Each member chose 3 track each - Pryce's selections were Dawn Penn \"You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)\", Dennis Wilson and Rumbo \"Lady\" and MC5 \"Kick Out the Jams\". Also in 2005 it was reported that the band turned down a US$1.8m advertising deal with Coca-Cola after visiting a Coca-Cola plantation in Colombia with charity War on Want, where they heard of management-directed killings of trade-union members.", "Also in 2005 it was reported that the band turned down a US$1.8m advertising deal with Coca-Cola after visiting a Coca-Cola plantation in Colombia with charity War on Want, where they heard of management-directed killings of trade-union members. The company were asking for use of \"Hello Sunshine\" as part of their campaign.", "The company were asking for use of \"Hello Sunshine\" as part of their campaign. In a statement to British magazine Q, Coca-Cola denied the allegations, stating they had been \"an exemplary member of the business community\" in Colombia.", "In a statement to British magazine Q, Coca-Cola denied the allegations, stating they had been \"an exemplary member of the business community\" in Colombia. In August 2005, Super Furry Animals released their seventh studio effort, Love Kraft, recorded in Spain.", "In August 2005, Super Furry Animals released their seventh studio effort, Love Kraft, recorded in Spain. This represented a departure from their previous working methods: although all five members had always contributed to the development of the songs, Rhys had been the main songwriter.", "This represented a departure from their previous working methods: although all five members had always contributed to the development of the songs, Rhys had been the main songwriter. On Love Kraft this was no longer the case, as Rhys, Bunford, Ieuan and Ciaran all contributed songs and lead vocals.", "On Love Kraft this was no longer the case, as Rhys, Bunford, Ieuan and Ciaran all contributed songs and lead vocals. There was only one single from the album, \"Lazer Beam\", released on 15 August (chart No. 28).", "28). 28). The laid-back ambience recalls early-1970s Beach Boys albums such as Surf's Up (which SFA have referred to as one of their favourite albums), whilst the heavy use of strings suggested the likes of Scott Walker and Curtis Mayfield. The album's cool commercial reception (it charted at just No.", "The album's cool commercial reception (it charted at just No. 19) suggested that they had returned to their familiar status of critically acclaimed cult favourites. Love Kraft was also the last album released under Epic Records, as their contract expired in early 2006. 2006–2008: Rough Trade and Hey Venus!", "2006–2008: Rough Trade and Hey Venus! Ciaran's side project Acid Casuals released their debut album Omni in January 2006 on the Placid Casual label.", "Ciaran's side project Acid Casuals released their debut album Omni in January 2006 on the Placid Casual label. Drummer Ieuan formed a band known as The Peth which has been described by Rhys in various magazine articles as \"Satanic Abba\": the band also reunites Rhys Ifans with the SFA family, as he takes lead vocal duties.", "Drummer Ieuan formed a band known as The Peth which has been described by Rhys in various magazine articles as \"Satanic Abba\": the band also reunites Rhys Ifans with the SFA family, as he takes lead vocal duties. The band signed to Rough Trade Records during 2006 and are reportedly working on three projects for the label.", "The band signed to Rough Trade Records during 2006 and are reportedly working on three projects for the label. Gruff Rhys has also signed for Rough Trade Records as a solo artist in his own right and released a single on 7\" vinyl and download entitled \"Candylion\" in late 2006 which preceded an album of the same name that was released during the second week of 2007.", "Gruff Rhys has also signed for Rough Trade Records as a solo artist in his own right and released a single on 7\" vinyl and download entitled \"Candylion\" in late 2006 which preceded an album of the same name that was released during the second week of 2007. Unlike his debut Yr Atal Genhedlaeth, Candylion is primarily sung in English but has two Welsh tracks and one in \"bad Spanish\": it is primarily an acoustic album, and came about because Rhys has written several acoustic pop songs that didn't fit with the direction of the new SFA record.", "Unlike his debut Yr Atal Genhedlaeth, Candylion is primarily sung in English but has two Welsh tracks and one in \"bad Spanish\": it is primarily an acoustic album, and came about because Rhys has written several acoustic pop songs that didn't fit with the direction of the new SFA record. During this time some of the bands' music was used prominently in The Rock-afire Explosion documentary movie, namely Hello Sunshine and Some things Come From Nothing.", "During this time some of the bands' music was used prominently in The Rock-afire Explosion documentary movie, namely Hello Sunshine and Some things Come From Nothing. Recording sessions took place in a chateau in the south of France in 2007 for the band's first release for Rough Trade, Hey Venus!, which was released on 27 August that year.", "Recording sessions took place in a chateau in the south of France in 2007 for the band's first release for Rough Trade, Hey Venus!, which was released on 27 August that year. Gruff himself described the record as \"speaker blowing\".", "Gruff himself described the record as \"speaker blowing\". The album's first single, \"Show Your Hand\", failed to enter the top 40, their first to do so since 1996's \"Hometown Unicorn\", despite modest airplay. The album itself fared much better, peaking at No.", "The album itself fared much better, peaking at No. 11 and was a slight improvement from the sales of Love Kraft. The album became their first to enter the iTunes Music Store top 10 album charts, peaking at No. 9.", "9. 9. Over the 2007 Christmas period SFA released a single, \"The Gift That Keeps Giving\", free from their website. 2009–2014: Dark Days/Light Years and hiatus On 16 March 2009, Super Furry Animals released their ninth and final studio album, Dark Days/Light Years, digitally via their website.", "2009–2014: Dark Days/Light Years and hiatus On 16 March 2009, Super Furry Animals released their ninth and final studio album, Dark Days/Light Years, digitally via their website. The album's progress was recorded in a series of short films that were shown on the band's website in the build-up to the release.", "The album's progress was recorded in a series of short films that were shown on the band's website in the build-up to the release. Later in March, they performed the record in its entirety through an exclusive stream on their website.", "Later in March, they performed the record in its entirety through an exclusive stream on their website. A physical release on Rough Trade Records followed on 21 April, resulting in a number 23 UK Chart placement. Dark Days/Light Years notably featured a guest appearance from Nick McCarthy of Franz Ferdinand on \"Inaugural Trams.\"", "Dark Days/Light Years notably featured a guest appearance from Nick McCarthy of Franz Ferdinand on \"Inaugural Trams.\" Dark Days/Light Years received strong critical feedback, with The Guardian writing that \"it has more spark and invention than most teen bands manage on their debuts.\"", "Dark Days/Light Years received strong critical feedback, with The Guardian writing that \"it has more spark and invention than most teen bands manage on their debuts.\" In 2010, Super Furry Animals went on what became a five-year hiatus, as bassist Guto Pryce revealed in an interview with Wales Online.", "In 2010, Super Furry Animals went on what became a five-year hiatus, as bassist Guto Pryce revealed in an interview with Wales Online. Pryce noted that the band expected to reconvene as soon as the members finished with the various projects they were working on.", "Pryce noted that the band expected to reconvene as soon as the members finished with the various projects they were working on. Super Furry Animals reconvened for one performance on 29 February 2012 at Cardiff City Stadium before a Wales v Costa Rica Gary Speed Memorial Match, in tribute to the late Welsh footballer and team manager.", "Super Furry Animals reconvened for one performance on 29 February 2012 at Cardiff City Stadium before a Wales v Costa Rica Gary Speed Memorial Match, in tribute to the late Welsh footballer and team manager. In 2014, craft brewer The Celt Experience created a tribute \"Fuzzy Beer\" in collaboration with the band.", "In 2014, craft brewer The Celt Experience created a tribute \"Fuzzy Beer\" in collaboration with the band. 2015–2016: Reunion In May 2015, the band played several gigs from early May to September to accompany a major reissue of their 15-year-old album Mwng, which had been out of print.", "2015–2016: Reunion In May 2015, the band played several gigs from early May to September to accompany a major reissue of their 15-year-old album Mwng, which had been out of print. The same month a biography, Rise of the Super Furry Animals, was published by HarperCollins.", "The same month a biography, Rise of the Super Furry Animals, was published by HarperCollins. In January 2016, the band announced their first North American tour in six years. In May 2016, the band released \"Bing Bong\", their first single in seven years.", "In May 2016, the band released \"Bing Bong\", their first single in seven years. The song was released to celebrate the Wales national football team's qualification for UEFA Euro 2016. They headlined the Caught by the River Festival in August 2016, and announced the re-release of Fuzzy Logic. A compilation album, Zoom!", "A compilation album, Zoom! A compilation album, Zoom! The Best of 1995–2016, was released on 4 November 2016. The final tour of their reunion, in which they played both Fuzzy Logic and Radiator in full across the UK and Ireland, took place in December 2016.", "The final tour of their reunion, in which they played both Fuzzy Logic and Radiator in full across the UK and Ireland, took place in December 2016. 2017–present: Second hiatus and Das Koolies In September 2018, the official Super Furry Animals Twitter feed posted an announcement of a multi-disc set of recordings made at the BBC to be released on 23 November 2018.", "2017–present: Second hiatus and Das Koolies In September 2018, the official Super Furry Animals Twitter feed posted an announcement of a multi-disc set of recordings made at the BBC to be released on 23 November 2018. In 2019 Bunford, Ciaran, Pryce, and Ieuan reformed without Rhys under the name Das Koolies, an alter ego SFA used around 2000 for an experimental electronic album that was never officially released.", "In 2019 Bunford, Ciaran, Pryce, and Ieuan reformed without Rhys under the name Das Koolies, an alter ego SFA used around 2000 for an experimental electronic album that was never officially released. Das Koolies released their debut single \"It's All About The Dolphins\" on 29 January 2020.", "Das Koolies released their debut single \"It's All About The Dolphins\" on 29 January 2020. According to Ciaran, Das Koolies is now their main focus; they are no longer focusing on anything from Super Furry Animals.", "According to Ciaran, Das Koolies is now their main focus; they are no longer focusing on anything from Super Furry Animals. Discography Fuzzy Logic (1996) Radiator (1997) Guerrilla (1999) Mwng (2000) Rings Around the World (2001) Phantom Power (2003) Love Kraft (2005) Hey Venus!", "Discography Fuzzy Logic (1996) Radiator (1997) Guerrilla (1999) Mwng (2000) Rings Around the World (2001) Phantom Power (2003) Love Kraft (2005) Hey Venus! (2007) Dark Days/Light Years (2009) References External links Super Furry Animals biography from BBC Wales Musical groups established in 1993 1993 establishments in Wales Neo-psychedelia groups Cool Cymru Welsh alternative rock groups British psychedelic rock music groups Britpop groups Creation Records artists Welsh-language bands Musical quintets Musical groups from Cardiff Bertelsmann Music Group artists Epic Records artists Rough Trade Records artists" ]

[ "Super Furry Animals", "1999-2000: Guerrilla and Mwng", "What is Guerrilla?", "the new album, Guerrilla.", "When was this released?", "1960s" ]

[ "Mwng (; English: Mane) is the fourth studio album by Welsh rock band the Super Furry Animals, and the first by the group to have lyrics written entirely in the Welsh language. Mwng was released on 15 May 2000 on the band's own record label, Placid Casual, following the demise of their former label, Creation. The album includes the single \"Ysbeidiau Heulog\", and reached number 11 on the UK Albums Chart following its release—the first Welsh-language album to reach the top 20. This success led to Mwng being mentioned in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom by Elfyn Llwyd, who described the record as a celebration of a \"new wave of confidence in the Welsh nation\".\n\nThe Super Furry Animals had attempted to make a hit record with a commercial sound with their previous release, 1999's Guerrilla. The record's singles failed to hit the top 10 of the UK Singles Chart, so the band decided to go on \"pop strike\". The group had written several Welsh-language songs during sessions for Guerrilla, and opted to release them as a coherent album rather than issue \"token Welsh songs\" as b-sides—reasoning that, if their English pop songs were not going to be played on the radio they may as well release Welsh pop songs that would not get played on the radio. Singer Gruff Rhys stated that, although the decision to release a Welsh language album was not an explicitly political statement, he does feel the record is a \"stand against globalisation\". Recording largely took place at Ofn Studios, Llanfaelog, Anglesey in 1999, with the band sharing production duties with Gorwel Owen. The \"lo-fi\" album cost just to make, in contrast with the \"excessive expense\" of Guerrilla, and was recorded almost entirely live.\n\nMwng is an understated rock record inspired by the band's love of \"Anglo-American pop culture of the 60s, 70s and 80s.\" The album has a \"wintery persona\" that is best summed up by the track \"Ymaelodi Â'r Ymylon\". Rhys feels that the record marks the first time the band managed to escape their influences and clearly establish their own sound. The album's lyrics deal with a diverse set of subjects, such as the death of rural communities, old school teachers, and Sarn Helen (a Roman road built in Wales). Rhys has stated that many of Mwngs songs are highly personal reflections on what were difficult years for him. Rhys has also expressed the belief that the album is accessible to non-Welsh speakers, as they can pick up on the mood of the songs even if they cannot understand the lyrics. Critical reception was generally positive, although some reviewers criticised the album for its \"bare-boned production\". Mwng was included in both the Melody Maker and NME \"Best album of 2000\" lists, with the latter calling the record the band's best release. The band were surprised by album's commercial success, entering number 11 in the UK charts, and going on to become the biggest-selling Welsh language album.\n\nOrigins and recording\n\nThe Super Furry Animals made a conscious decision to make a commercial-sounding \"pop jukebox\" record with 1999's Guerrilla. The band had written the album's intended singles with the hope that they would become \"radio hits\", and were disappointed with the limited success they received: the first single, \"Northern Lites\", charted just outside the Top 10 of the UK Singles Chart at number 11, while subsequent releases \"Fire in My Heart\" and \"Do or Die\" reached numbers 25 and 20, respectively. The band blamed their record label, Creation, for the relative failure of the singles—particularly \"Northern Lites\", which they felt \"could have been bigger\" if the label had produced a better music video and conducted a more successful marketing campaign. As a result, the group became tired of playing \"chart games\" and went on \"pop strike\", deciding to release music just \"for the joy of it\", with no agenda.\n\nThe Super Furry Animals had written several Welsh language songs while they were working on Guerrilla and decided that, rather than releasing \"token Welsh songs\" as b-sides and album tracks, they would issue them together as a coherent record. These tracks would be augmented by \"Dacw Hi\", a song written by Rhys in 1987 that he had never \"had a chance to do before\", and a cover of the track \"Y Teimlad\", which the group wanted to record because of their admiration for Welsh language band Datblygu (who originally wrote and recorded the song in 1984). According to Rhys, the Super Furry Animals reasoned that, if their English language pop songs were not getting played on the radio, they may as well make a Welsh language album featuring songs that would not be played on the radio. Rhys has said that, although the decision to release a Welsh language album was not \"an explicitly political statement\", he does see Mwng as a \"stand against globalisation\", railing against \"advanced capitalism\" and the lack of interest shown in minority cultures by large companies who \"just want to make money\". Rhys has also stated that his boredom with writing songs in English inspired him to write Mwng, and that it is a very personal album, rather than a celebration of Welsh culture.\n\nThe \"lo-fi\" Mwng was recorded over two weeks in late 1999, and—in contrast with the \"excessive expense\" of Guerrilla—cost just to make. The band chose Gorwel Owen as co-producer, having previously worked with him on their first two albums, 1996's Fuzzy Logic and 1997's Radiator. The majority of Mwng was recorded with Owen at Ofn Studios in Llanfaelog, Wales. According to Rhys, the band had to play in separate rooms to avoid the sound of one instrument bleeding onto the track of another during recording due to Ofn's small size. \"Y Gwyneb Iau\" and \"Ysbeidiau Heulog\" were recorded at Famous Studios in Cardiff, and were engineered by Greg Haver, while \"Y Teimlad\" was recorded at Real World Studios, Box, Wiltshire, and was engineered by Michael Brennan, Jr. \"Sarn Helen\" was recorded and engineered by keyboardist Cian Ciaran in his living room. Overdubs for all songs were added at Ofn with Owen, who also mixed the album at the studio along with the Super Furry Animals. Songs were recorded almost entirely live, with the band wanting to make a \"really immediate record\" as a reaction against the drawn out recording sessions for Guerilla and 1997's Radiator, which had taken several months and proved frustrating for the group. The version of \"Nythod Cacwn\" that appears on the album is the original demo, with Rhys on drums. The band felt that, although the demo did not sound very professional, there was a warmth to it that would be impossible to recreate were the group to record the song again. The album's title translates into English as \"Mane\". According to Rhys, the band did not have the mane of a particular animal in mind, but felt it could be \"an extension of a Super Furry Animal\".\n\nMusical style\n\nMwng is a \"lo-fi\", raw, and understated record of rock songs, \"stripped of the bleeps and squelches\" that appear on the Super Furry Animals' other releases. Although the album's lyrics are in Welsh, singer Rhys has said that \"musically there's nothing Welsh about it at all\", going on to state that the record's only real Welsh influences are Datblygu (the writers of \"Y Teimlad\") and Meic Stevens. Instead, the record is a tribute to the band's obsession with \"Anglo-American pop culture of the 60s, 70s and 80s\", and is an album that \"can be understood on a musical level anywhere in the Westernised world\" regardless of whether or not the listener can understand the lyrics.\n\nBassist Guto Pryce said that he feels Mwng \"sounds like an album\" rather than a collection of individual songs, due to the fact it was recorded live and over a short period of time. According to Rhys, Mwng marks a refining of the group's sound, with the band having \"sieved off\" their influences to truly sound like the Super Furry Animals for the first time. Rhys has said that, although keyboardist Cian Ciaran did not explore \"digital frontiers\" on the album, he was still able to \"deconstruct songs\", even when playing the harmonium. The band had previously thought of the saxophone as \"the instrument of Satan\", but actually used one on this record for the first time, reasoning that it was appropriate as Mwng is a \"darkish album\". Rhys described the album as the band's \"monochrome\" record, stating that it is \"less dressed up\" than their other releases, and that it is a \"good introduction to [the group's] songwriting.\"\n\nRhys said that \"if there's a song that sums up the album in terms of mood\", perhaps it is \"Ymaelodi Â'r Ymylon\", typifying its \"wintery persona\". The track has been described by Rhys as a celebration of the band's love of The Beach Boys, Love, and Ennio Morricone, featuring layered vocal harmonies. \"Pan Ddaw'r Wawr\" features a \"wheezing harmonium\" and \"perishing trumpet swirl\", and has been compared to the music of XTC, Ennio Morricone, and \"psychedelic-era\" Rolling Stones. According to Rhys, the music of \"Sarn Helen\" was written to provide the soundtrack to a fictional journey, \"cruising down the A5 to Rome in a two-door chariot\". The song has been called \"evil personified\" and dark, and has been likened to the sound of \"an approaching Roman army\". The \"folky\", eerily melancholic \"Nythod Cacwn\" has been compared to the Tori Amos single \"Cornflake Girl\". \"Y Gwyneb Iau\" has been described as a \"brass-soaked\" cross between the music of Herb Alpert and The Doors, featuring \"maudlin horns and military beats\", while Rhys has said that the song is a combination of Nick Drake, Gladys Knight, and The Velvet Underground's third album. \"Ysbeidiau Heulog\" and the album's opening track, \"Drygioni\", have been singled out as the only songs on Mwng that are \"distinctly cheery\". Both display glam rock influences and have been compared to Roxy Music, with Rhys describing \"Ysbeidiau Heulog\" as \"old time pop music\" with vocal harmonies that are a tribute to late 1960s groups such as the West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band and Os Mutantes.\n\nLyrical themes\n\nLyrically, the album deals with subjects as diverse as \"isolated communities, old school teachers and Roman roads\", but maintains a \"warped coherency\". According to Rhys, Mwngs lyrics—which he considers to be some of his best—were written \"very simply\" and convey simple messages. The singer made an effort to be economical with his words, not communicating a lot of information with them. Rhys feels that the album is accessible to non-Welsh speakers, citing his own experience of listening to Nirvana: \"If I listen to a Nirvana record I don't understand most of their lyrics cos he's just screaming away, but I just understand the frustration and the passion in his voice. I think equally people can get off on this record by just hitting on the mood of the song, or connecting to the mood of the song.\"\n\nSeveral of the songs on Mwng feature quite solemn, personal lyrics, which reflect on a difficult few years for Rhys. The single, \"Ysbeidiau Heulog\", is about \"looking back at a bad time which had the odd good moment\", while \"Pan Ddaw'r Wawr\" deals with the death of rural communities. The singer claims to have wept—rather than sung—the album's last track, \"Gwreiddiau Dwfn\" / \"Mawrth Oer Ar y Blaned Neifion\", which features lyrics \"so bleak it's almost comic\" about \"being rooted to a sad piece of land [...] being doomed to live somewhere and that's all you have and that's what you're stuck with\". Rhys has described Datblygu's \"Y Teimlad\" as being about \"not knowing what love is or what love means.\" \"Drygioni\" is a song about \"sleaze [...] about good versus evil, and a person's need for both\", and \"Y Gwyneb Iau\" is a \"moody song about war\" whose title is a Welsh insult that translates into English as \"Liverface\". In contrast, \"Nythod Cacwn\" is a comedic song, based on an incident involving drummer Dafydd Ieuan being chased by bees after he disturbed a beehive while attempting to build a bonfire on a beach. It features lyrics that were \"made up on the spot\" by Rhys. \"Dacw Hi\" is inspired by one of Rhys's former teachers who claimed she had eyes in the back of her head. \"Sarn Helen\" is about the decline of the Roman road of the same name that was built between North and South Wales. \"Ymaelodi Â'r Ymylon\" is partly inspired by the ostracisation the band felt from some areas of the Welsh musical community due to their decision to sing in English on earlier albums. The track's lyrics feature the old Welsh idiom \"y cythraul canu\", which means \"the demon in music\" and refers to the friction this can create between people.\n\nRelease and legacy\n\nThe Super Furry Animals had originally intended to issue Mwng in March 2000, but the release was delayed due to the demise of the band's UK record label, Creation. The group have variously stated that Creation originally planned to issue Mwng, but allowed the group to buy the rights from them for around , and that the company \"didn't want to take\" the record in the first place. The band decided to put the album out on their own label, Placid Casual, as they were worried that a label that did not understand the group might do something \"horrific\", such as putting a Welsh flag on the cover. The \"Mwng\" logo on the cover is based on the logo for Mixmag\n\nMwng was eventually released on 15 May 2000 in the United Kingdom on CD, cassette, and vinyl, and reached number 11 in the UK Albums Chart. In the United States, Mwng was released on 20 June 2000 by Flydaddy, with a bonus CD entitled Mwng Bach (; English: Little Mane) featuring five Welsh language tracks: \"Sali Mali\", from the 1995 EP Moog Droog, and four songs which had originally been released in the UK as B-sides. This two-disc version of Mwng was reissued in the US in 2005 by XL Recordings/Beggars Banquet US. \"Ysbeidiau Heulog\" was released as the only single from the album, and failed to chart inside the UK Singles Top 75. Although the Super Furry Animals had \"no commercial expectations\" for the album, Mwng became the first Welsh-language record to reach the Top 20 of the UK album charts, and has frequently been called the biggest-selling Welsh language album of all time. As a result of the record's success, Mwng was mentioned in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom by Plaid Cymru's Elfyn Llwyd, who called on his fellow politicians to congratulate the band on their \"chart topping new album\" and recognise Mwng as a celebration of a \"new wave of confidence in the Welsh nation\". Rhys dismissed Llwyd's statement, saying that the record is very personal and has \"bugger all to do with a celebration\".\n\nIn 2015, fifteen years after its release, Domino Records re-issued Mwng. Deluxe vinyl, CD and download versions included content from the bonus Mwng Bach disc, originally included with Mwng'''s American release, along with live recordings and radio sessions.\n\nCritical receptionMwng received generally positive reviews from critics, with a score of 84 on Metacritic denoting \"universal acclaim\". AllMusic called the album \"terrific\", and stated that the band's decision to release an all-Welsh record was courageous and proof that they are \"the great eccentric band of [their] time\". Drowned in Sound called the album \"a poignant, dark, curling, bundle of songs\", but expressed sadness that the band's usual \"skewed play on words\" are missed by all but Welsh speakers. In contrast, Rolling Stone said that the album's \"tight arrangements of melodic bliss\" manage to cross the \"Welsh-language barrier.\" Yahoo! Music stated that Mwng cemented the Super Furry Animals' position as \"figureheads of futuristic rock.\" The review went on to state that Mwng is \"a theoretically disorientating and complex, but triumphantly audacious, experience\", and said that initial reservations about not being able to understand the lyrics were lost when it became clear that Rhys was always \"unintelligible [...] on record anyway\".\n\nMatt LeMay, reviewing Mwng on its initial release for Pitchfork, described the album as being not as \"fully realised or inventive\" as 1999's Guerrilla and said that, although the record highlights Rhys's talents for songwriting, the lack of any \"electronic wizardry\" from keyboard player Ciaran is disappointing. LeMay went on to state, however, that Mwng is \"still [...] a damned enjoyable listen\", and said that the record \"couples cultural pride with unforgettable melodies in a way few bands have ever attempted\". On the album's re-release in 2005, Pitchfork writer Marc Hogan stated that Mwng's \"sinuous pop melodies and organic arrangements\" make for an \"exciting discovery\", despite the lack of the band's \"usual studio wizardry\". Q said that, while tracks such as \"Ymaelodi Â'r Ymylon\" and \"Y Gwyneb Iau\" are \"strangely charming, chiming pop music with a twist\", Mwng is hampered by its \"bare-boned production\". Mojo, however, described the album as a \"sensuous sonic journey\" with an \"organic, woody, mystical atmosphere\" that compares favourably with the overly-produced sounds of the band's previous records. The magazine went on to suggest the album's only flaw is that it \"manages to lose its way for a while [...] in the middle\", thanks to the poor sequencing of its tracks.Nude as the News stated that, although the record is \"more reserved\" than the band's previous releases, it \"conjures up images of the Welsh winter in which the songs were recorded\" and fits in with the group's \"unique vision.\" Melody Maker described the album as a \"sad, beautiful record\", but expressed concern that the Super Furry Animals had moved away from the pop of Guerilla and called on them to deliver another release in the vein of the band's 1996 single \"The Man Don't Give a Fuck\". Nevertheless, Mwng was ranked number 24 in the magazine's \"Albums of the year 2000\" feature. Website SonicNet described the record as a slightly retro album that sees the Super Furry Animals \"refashion the past into the present\". Art Sperl, writing for Rock's Backpages in December 2000, stated that although the album \"[gathers] from the past\", the band's influences are channelled \"into a truly organic maverick pop\". NME described Mwng as an antidote to the \"preservative pumped-junk\" music that they felt was prevalent at the time of the album's release, and placed it at number nine in their album of the year list for 2000, calling it the group's best record. The magazine also described the album as the most accessible Super Furry Animals release, despite its Welsh-language lyrics. Rhys has stated that he considers Mwng'' to be a \"really pure record\".\n\nAccolades\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel\n\nBand\nGruff Rhys – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, drums on \"Nythod Cacwn\"\nHuw Bunford – lead guitar, backing vocals\nGuto Pryce – bass guitar\nCian Ciaran – keyboards, harmonium, backing vocals\nDafydd Ieuan – drums, backing vocals\n\nAdditional musicians\nGary Alesbrook – trumpet\nMatt Sibley – saxophone\nCan Pierce – claps\nLlyr Pierce – claps\nGorwel Owen – Stylophone\n\nRecording personnel\nSuper Furry Animals – production, mixing, mastering \nGorwel Owen – production, engineering, mixing (Ofn Studios)\nGreg Haver – engineering (Famous Studios)\nMichael Brennan Jnr. – engineering (Real World Studios)\nStuart Hawkes – mastering (Metropolis)\n\nArtwork\nPete Fowler – illustration\nJohn Mark James – design\n\nAlbum chart position\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nMwng at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed)\n\n \nMwng.co.uk explanation of lyrics in English on partially working official album site\n\n2000 albums\nSuper Furry Animals albums\nWelsh-language albums\nAlbums produced by Gorwel Owen\nLo-fi music albums\nAlbums with cover art by Pete Fowler", "Placid Casual is the Cardiff based record label set up in 1998 by Super Furry Animals. It is named after a track on their album Radiator.\n\nAccording to the label's website \"Placid Casual retains an amateur status and an a&r policy of blatant nepotism. We exist to expose to the world (when we can be bothered), songs that come our way that may be ignored otherwise.\" The Independent has described the label as an \"enterprise run by passion not for profit\".\n\nSuper Furry Animals released their Welsh language album Mwng on the label before leaving to sign with Epic Records.\n\nGruff Rhys also released his debut solo album, Yr Atal Genhedlaeth, on the label in 2005.\n\nSee also\n List of record labels\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Placid Casual website\n\nSuper Furry Animals\nWelsh record labels\nRecord labels established in 1998\nAlternative rock record labels\nCompanies based in Cardiff\nEconomy of Cardiff" ]

[ "Super Furry Animals are a Welsh rock band formed in Cardiff in 1993. Since their formation, the band had consisted of Gruff Rhys (lead vocals, guitar), Huw Bunford (lead guitar, vocals), Guto Pryce (bass guitar), Cian Ciaran (keyboards, synthesisers, various electronics, occasional guitar, vocals), Dafydd Ieuan (drums, vocals) and actor Rhys Ifans.", "Since their formation, the band had consisted of Gruff Rhys (lead vocals, guitar), Huw Bunford (lead guitar, vocals), Guto Pryce (bass guitar), Cian Ciaran (keyboards, synthesisers, various electronics, occasional guitar, vocals), Dafydd Ieuan (drums, vocals) and actor Rhys Ifans. Super Furry Animals has recorded nine UK Albums Chart Top 25 studio albums (one BPI certified Gold and four certified Silver), plus numerous singles, EPs, compilations and collaborations.", "Super Furry Animals has recorded nine UK Albums Chart Top 25 studio albums (one BPI certified Gold and four certified Silver), plus numerous singles, EPs, compilations and collaborations. The band were known as central to the Cool Cymru era during which they were dominant, and are the act with the most top 75 hits without reaching the UK Singles Chart Top 10.", "The band were known as central to the Cool Cymru era during which they were dominant, and are the act with the most top 75 hits without reaching the UK Singles Chart Top 10. Over the course of nine albums, Super Furry Animals has been described as \"one of the most imaginative bands of our time\" by Billboard, while according to a 2005 article in NME, \"There's a case to be argued that [Super Furry Animals] were the most important band of the past 15 years\".", "Over the course of nine albums, Super Furry Animals has been described as \"one of the most imaginative bands of our time\" by Billboard, while according to a 2005 article in NME, \"There's a case to be argued that [Super Furry Animals] were the most important band of the past 15 years\". History 1990–1993: Formation Super Furry Animals formed in Cardiff after being in various other Welsh bands and techno outfits in the area.", "History 1990–1993: Formation Super Furry Animals formed in Cardiff after being in various other Welsh bands and techno outfits in the area. Rhys, Ieuan and Pryce had been together since the early 1990s and had toured France as a techno group.", "Rhys, Ieuan and Pryce had been together since the early 1990s and had toured France as a techno group. After Bunford and Ciaran (Ieuan's younger brother) joined, they wrote some songs, and in 1995 signed to Ankst, a Welsh indie label.", "After Bunford and Ciaran (Ieuan's younger brother) joined, they wrote some songs, and in 1995 signed to Ankst, a Welsh indie label. The band are considered to be part of the renaissance of Welsh music (and art, and literature) in the 1990s: other Welsh bands of the time include the Manic Street Preachers, Stereophonics, Catatonia and Gorky's Zygotic Mynci.", "The band are considered to be part of the renaissance of Welsh music (and art, and literature) in the 1990s: other Welsh bands of the time include the Manic Street Preachers, Stereophonics, Catatonia and Gorky's Zygotic Mynci. The name of the band came from T-shirts being printed by Rhys' sister.", "The name of the band came from T-shirts being printed by Rhys' sister. She was making Super Furry Animals T-shirts for the fashion and music collective Acid Casuals (variants of whose name have appeared throughout Super Furry Animals' career – for example, in their song \"The Placid Casual\", their record label Placid Casual).", "She was making Super Furry Animals T-shirts for the fashion and music collective Acid Casuals (variants of whose name have appeared throughout Super Furry Animals' career – for example, in their song \"The Placid Casual\", their record label Placid Casual). The band has also made reference to Blur, Elvis Costello, and Wynton Marsalis as major influences in their work.", "The band has also made reference to Blur, Elvis Costello, and Wynton Marsalis as major influences in their work. 1994–1995: Early recordings The earliest Super Furry Animals track commercially available is \"Dim Brys: Dim Chwys\", recorded in 1994 for Radio Cymru: an ambient piece, the track shows the band's techno roots.", "1994–1995: Early recordings The earliest Super Furry Animals track commercially available is \"Dim Brys: Dim Chwys\", recorded in 1994 for Radio Cymru: an ambient piece, the track shows the band's techno roots. However, by the time it was released (on the \"Triskedekaphilia\" compilation album in August 1995), the band had already put out their debut EP on the Ankst label.", "However, by the time it was released (on the \"Triskedekaphilia\" compilation album in August 1995), the band had already put out their debut EP on the Ankst label. The Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyndrobwllantysiliogogogochynygofod (In Space) EP appeared in June 1995 and has been listed in the Guinness Book of Records as having the longest-ever title for an EP.", "The Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyndrobwllantysiliogogogochynygofod (In Space) EP appeared in June 1995 and has been listed in the Guinness Book of Records as having the longest-ever title for an EP. The Moog Droog EP followed in October 1995, named after the synthesiser manufacturer Robert Moog and the Nadsat term for \"friend\" in A Clockwork Orange.", "The Moog Droog EP followed in October 1995, named after the synthesiser manufacturer Robert Moog and the Nadsat term for \"friend\" in A Clockwork Orange. The EP's title is also a pun on the Welsh \"mwg drwg\", meaning \"wacky baccy\" (slang for cannabis, more literally \"bad (or naughty) smoke\").", "The EP's title is also a pun on the Welsh \"mwg drwg\", meaning \"wacky baccy\" (slang for cannabis, more literally \"bad (or naughty) smoke\"). The lyrics on all the tracks on both EPs were in Welsh, except for \"God!", "The lyrics on all the tracks on both EPs were in Welsh, except for \"God! Show Me Magic\" from \"Moog Droog\". After gigging in London in late 1995, they were noticed by Creation Records boss Alan McGee at the Camden Monarch club, who signed them to his label.", "After gigging in London in late 1995, they were noticed by Creation Records boss Alan McGee at the Camden Monarch club, who signed them to his label. Creation was also home to Primal Scream, My Bloody Valentine and Teenage Fanclub, and had recently found massive commercial success with Oasis.", "Creation was also home to Primal Scream, My Bloody Valentine and Teenage Fanclub, and had recently found massive commercial success with Oasis. The band have said that having watched their gig, McGee asked them if they could sing in English rather than Welsh in future shows.", "The band have said that having watched their gig, McGee asked them if they could sing in English rather than Welsh in future shows. In fact, by this stage they were singing in English, but McGee didn't realise because their Welsh accents were so strong.", "In fact, by this stage they were singing in English, but McGee didn't realise because their Welsh accents were so strong. The Super Furry Animals received some criticism in the Welsh media for singing in English, something which the band felt \"completely pissed\" about.", "The Super Furry Animals received some criticism in the Welsh media for singing in English, something which the band felt \"completely pissed\" about. According to drummer Dafydd Ieuan: \"It all started when we played this festival in West Wales, and for some reason the Welsh media started foaming at the mouth because we were singing songs in Welsh and English.", "According to drummer Dafydd Ieuan: \"It all started when we played this festival in West Wales, and for some reason the Welsh media started foaming at the mouth because we were singing songs in Welsh and English. But they get The Dubliners playing and they don't sing in Irish. It's ridiculous.\"", "It's ridiculous.\" It's ridiculous.\" The band have claimed that the decision to sing in English was taken in order to broaden their fanbase.", "The band have claimed that the decision to sing in English was taken in order to broaden their fanbase. 1996–1998: Fuzzy Logic to Out Spaced In February 1996, the band's debut on Creation, \"Hometown Unicorn\", became New Musical Express's Single of the Week, chosen by guest reviewers Pulp, and the first Super Furry Animals single to chart in the UK Top 50, peaking at No.", "1996–1998: Fuzzy Logic to Out Spaced In February 1996, the band's debut on Creation, \"Hometown Unicorn\", became New Musical Express's Single of the Week, chosen by guest reviewers Pulp, and the first Super Furry Animals single to chart in the UK Top 50, peaking at No. 47.", "47. 47. The follow-up, a re-recording of \"God! Show Me Magic\", charted at No. 33 upon release in April 1996 and also became NME single of the week. Rawer than the \"Moog Droog\" version, it clocks in at 1 min 50 secs.", "Rawer than the \"Moog Droog\" version, it clocks in at 1 min 50 secs. In May, their debut album Fuzzy Logic was released, to wide critical acclaim. Sales were slow, with the album peaking at No.", "Sales were slow, with the album peaking at No. 23 in the charts, but it garnered a little more interest when next single \"Something 4 the Weekend\" (a reworked, more mellow version of the album track) was given considerable radio airplay and charted at No. 18 in July 1996.", "18 in July 1996. 18 in July 1996. The final single from the album, \"If You Don't Want Me to Destroy You\", was to have been backed by a track called \"The Man Don't Give a Fuck\".", "The final single from the album, \"If You Don't Want Me to Destroy You\", was to have been backed by a track called \"The Man Don't Give a Fuck\". However, there were problems in clearing a sample from \"Showbiz Kids\" by Steely Dan which formed the basis of the chorus, and it was switched for a different track.", "However, there were problems in clearing a sample from \"Showbiz Kids\" by Steely Dan which formed the basis of the chorus, and it was switched for a different track. The single charted at No. 18.", "The single charted at No. 18. 18. However, Super Furry Animals regarded \"The Man Don't Give a Fuck\" as one of their best songs and continued their efforts to clear the sample.", "However, Super Furry Animals regarded \"The Man Don't Give a Fuck\" as one of their best songs and continued their efforts to clear the sample. When they managed this, there was no upcoming release to attach it to – so it came out as a limited edition single in its own right, in December 1996.", "When they managed this, there was no upcoming release to attach it to – so it came out as a limited edition single in its own right, in December 1996. This ultimately cemented its legendary status and did much to establish Super Furry Animals as cult heroes, as the song contained the word \"fuck\" over 50 times and therefore received practically no airplay.", "This ultimately cemented its legendary status and did much to establish Super Furry Animals as cult heroes, as the song contained the word \"fuck\" over 50 times and therefore received practically no airplay. However, it hit No. 22 in the charts and became Super Furry Animals' standard closing number when they played live.", "22 in the charts and became Super Furry Animals' standard closing number when they played live. In early 1997, Super Furry Animals embarked on the NME Brats Tour and completed work on a speedy follow-up to Fuzzy Logic.", "In early 1997, Super Furry Animals embarked on the NME Brats Tour and completed work on a speedy follow-up to Fuzzy Logic. Two singles preceded the new album, \"Hermann ♥'s Pauline\" in May and \"The International Language of Screaming\" in July, hitting No. 26 and No.", "26 and No. 26 and No. 24 respectively: these releases were the first to feature cover art from Pete Fowler, who went on to design the sleeves of all their releases up until 2007's Hey Venus. The album, Radiator, hit shelves in August.", "The album, Radiator, hit shelves in August. The reviews were, if anything, better than those for Fuzzy Logic, and it sold more quickly than its predecessor, reaching a peak of No.", "The reviews were, if anything, better than those for Fuzzy Logic, and it sold more quickly than its predecessor, reaching a peak of No. 8: however, Creation did not serve the album particularly well by releasing it just four days after the long-awaited new effort from Oasis, Be Here Now.", "8: however, Creation did not serve the album particularly well by releasing it just four days after the long-awaited new effort from Oasis, Be Here Now. Two further singles, \"Play It Cool\" (released September 1997) and \"Demons\" (November 1997) both hit No.", "Two further singles, \"Play It Cool\" (released September 1997) and \"Demons\" (November 1997) both hit No. 27 in the charts, suggesting that Super Furry Animals had hit a commercial ceiling though which they were struggling to break.", "27 in the charts, suggesting that Super Furry Animals had hit a commercial ceiling though which they were struggling to break. However, they had established themselves as favourites in the music press, a cut above the majority of their Britpop peers.", "However, they had established themselves as favourites in the music press, a cut above the majority of their Britpop peers. After a chance to think about their music and their direction, Super Furry Animals decided to record a new EP in early 1998 at Gorwel Owen's house and released it in May.", "After a chance to think about their music and their direction, Super Furry Animals decided to record a new EP in early 1998 at Gorwel Owen's house and released it in May. This was the Ice Hockey Hair EP, widely held as one of their finest moments.", "This was the Ice Hockey Hair EP, widely held as one of their finest moments. (\"Ice hockey hair\" is a slang term for a mullet.) Featuring four tracks, the EP sampled from Black Uhuru. The title track, a melodic and very moving epic, gained airplay while \"Smokin'\".", "The title track, a melodic and very moving epic, gained airplay while \"Smokin'\". In a Melody Maker interview, Super Furry Animals said the \"Smokin'\" referred to smoking haddock, or to truck drivers' tyres when they're 'burnin' the roads'.", "In a Melody Maker interview, Super Furry Animals said the \"Smokin'\" referred to smoking haddock, or to truck drivers' tyres when they're 'burnin' the roads'. It became their most successful single up to this point, hitting No.", "It became their most successful single up to this point, hitting No. 12 in the charts and leading to a memorable appearance on \"Top of the Pops\". In November 1998, the album Out Spaced was released.", "In November 1998, the album Out Spaced was released. This was a collection of songs from the 1995 Ankst releases (including \"Dim Brys: Dim Chwys\"), the band's favourite B-sides, plus \"The Man Don't Give a Fuck\" and \"Smokin'\".", "This was a collection of songs from the 1995 Ankst releases (including \"Dim Brys: Dim Chwys\"), the band's favourite B-sides, plus \"The Man Don't Give a Fuck\" and \"Smokin'\". A limited edition appeared in a comedy rubber sleeve, shaped like a nipple.", "A limited edition appeared in a comedy rubber sleeve, shaped like a nipple. 1999–2000: Guerrilla and Mwng In 1999, NME readers named them 'best new band' in January (this despite the fact it was now three years since they released their debut album).", "1999–2000: Guerrilla and Mwng In 1999, NME readers named them 'best new band' in January (this despite the fact it was now three years since they released their debut album). In May, the single \"Northern Lites\" was released and made No. 11 in the charts.", "11 in the charts. 11 in the charts. A dense production, with steel drums clattering out a calypso rhythm whilst Rhys sang an irreverent lyric about the El Niño-Southern Oscillation weather phenomenon, it was an apt taster for the new album, Guerrilla.", "A dense production, with steel drums clattering out a calypso rhythm whilst Rhys sang an irreverent lyric about the El Niño-Southern Oscillation weather phenomenon, it was an apt taster for the new album, Guerrilla. Recorded at the Real World Studios, the album retained SFA's pop melodies but took a less guitar-centric approach to their execution and was their most experimental work to date.", "Recorded at the Real World Studios, the album retained SFA's pop melodies but took a less guitar-centric approach to their execution and was their most experimental work to date. Layers of samples over brass, percussion and Gruff's melodic singing produced an album which took the freewheeling approach of 1960s groups such as The Beatles, The Beach Boys and The Velvet Underground and updated it to the late 1990s.", "Layers of samples over brass, percussion and Gruff's melodic singing produced an album which took the freewheeling approach of 1960s groups such as The Beatles, The Beach Boys and The Velvet Underground and updated it to the late 1990s. The album swung from glam and garage rock numbers (\"Night Vision\", \"The Teacher\") to novelty techno (\"Wherever I Lay My Phone (That's My Home)\"), ambient indietronica (\"Some Things Come From Nothing\") and upbeat drum and bass (\"The Door To This House Remains Open\").", "The album swung from glam and garage rock numbers (\"Night Vision\", \"The Teacher\") to novelty techno (\"Wherever I Lay My Phone (That's My Home)\"), ambient indietronica (\"Some Things Come From Nothing\") and upbeat drum and bass (\"The Door To This House Remains Open\"). For the cover art, Pete Fowler created the band's first three-dimensional models, rather than the paintings he had supplied for the Radiator album and singles.", "For the cover art, Pete Fowler created the band's first three-dimensional models, rather than the paintings he had supplied for the Radiator album and singles. After playing several of the summer festivals, SFA released \"Fire in My Heart\", the most soulful track from Guerrilla, in August and saw it chart at No. 25.", "25. 25. They then embarked on a US and UK tour. SFA finished their UK tour at the Cardiff International Arena in Cardiff, where they showcased the first ever concert in surround sound and broadcast it on the World Wide Web. January 2000 involved a series of changes for SFA.", "January 2000 involved a series of changes for SFA. The last single from Guerrilla, \"Do or Die\", was released and made No. 20. It was also the last single SFA released on Creation Records, as founder Alan McGee set off to pursue other interests.", "It was also the last single SFA released on Creation Records, as founder Alan McGee set off to pursue other interests. It had always been SFA's plan to release their next album on their own label, Placid Casual, as it would be a deliberate sidestep from their recent work: a largely acoustic album of Welsh language songs entitled Mwng.", "It had always been SFA's plan to release their next album on their own label, Placid Casual, as it would be a deliberate sidestep from their recent work: a largely acoustic album of Welsh language songs entitled Mwng. Meaning \"mane\", its lilting melodies established that SFA's songwriting did not have to fall back on head-spinning production tricks.", "Meaning \"mane\", its lilting melodies established that SFA's songwriting did not have to fall back on head-spinning production tricks. A limited edition (of 3000) 7 inch record, \"Ysbeidiau Heulog\" (meaning \"Sunny Intervals\") preceded Mwng in May 2000.", "A limited edition (of 3000) 7 inch record, \"Ysbeidiau Heulog\" (meaning \"Sunny Intervals\") preceded Mwng in May 2000. It came backed with \"Charge\", a hard-rock jam recorded as a Peel Session for the BBC.", "It came backed with \"Charge\", a hard-rock jam recorded as a Peel Session for the BBC. The album, released the same month, sold remarkably well for a non-English LP – it made No.", "The album, released the same month, sold remarkably well for a non-English LP – it made No. 11 in the charts – and received a rare distinction for a pop record, being commended in Parliament for its efforts in keeping the Welsh language alive.", "11 in the charts – and received a rare distinction for a pop record, being commended in Parliament for its efforts in keeping the Welsh language alive. 2000 also saw the Furries contribute two tracks, Free Now and Peter Blake 2000, for the Liverpool Sound Collage project, which was nominated for a Grammy.", "2000 also saw the Furries contribute two tracks, Free Now and Peter Blake 2000, for the Liverpool Sound Collage project, which was nominated for a Grammy. They undertook this remixing of unreleased Beatles recordings at the invitation of Paul McCartney, whom they had met at the NME Awards, where they had won Best Live Act.", "They undertook this remixing of unreleased Beatles recordings at the invitation of Paul McCartney, whom they had met at the NME Awards, where they had won Best Live Act. 2001–2003: Rings Around the World and Phantom Power With the demise of Creation, SFA needed to find a new label for their next album.", "2001–2003: Rings Around the World and Phantom Power With the demise of Creation, SFA needed to find a new label for their next album. Sony had long held a substantial stake in Creation and offered deals to many ex-Creation artists, including SFA, who signed with one of Sony's subsidiaries, Epic.", "Sony had long held a substantial stake in Creation and offered deals to many ex-Creation artists, including SFA, who signed with one of Sony's subsidiaries, Epic. The band pushed for a deal which allowed them to take a new album elsewhere if the label wasn't interested in releasing it – thereby allowing them to find a home for any esoteric project they might want to undertake in the future.", "The band pushed for a deal which allowed them to take a new album elsewhere if the label wasn't interested in releasing it – thereby allowing them to find a home for any esoteric project they might want to undertake in the future. The greater resources afforded them by Epic were apparent in their first album for the label, Rings Around the World, an album that recaptured the cohesive, experimental feel of Guerrilla but more song-driven and sonically expansive.", "The greater resources afforded them by Epic were apparent in their first album for the label, Rings Around the World, an album that recaptured the cohesive, experimental feel of Guerrilla but more song-driven and sonically expansive. It is cited by many critics and fans alike as their most polished and accessible work.", "It is cited by many critics and fans alike as their most polished and accessible work. Again the first single was a good indication of what was to come: \"Juxtapozed with U\", released in July 2001, was a lush soul record which made No. 14 in the charts.", "14 in the charts. 14 in the charts. The album followed in the same month and major label marketing muscle made it their biggest-seller to date, reaching No. 3 in the album charts.", "3 in the album charts. 3 in the album charts. One of the tracks from the album, \"Receptacle For the Respectable\" featured Paul McCartney on \"carrot and celery rhythm track\" (a homage to his performance on the Beach Boys' \"Vegetables\").", "One of the tracks from the album, \"Receptacle For the Respectable\" featured Paul McCartney on \"carrot and celery rhythm track\" (a homage to his performance on the Beach Boys' \"Vegetables\"). SFA unleashed their experimental side on tracks such as \"Sidewalk Serfer Girl\" (which switches between light techno-pop and hardcore punk), \"[A] Touch Sensitive\" (gloomy trip-hop) and \"No Sympathy\" (which descends into chaotic drum'n'bass), but also apparent was an angrier edge to the lyrics: \"Run!", "SFA unleashed their experimental side on tracks such as \"Sidewalk Serfer Girl\" (which switches between light techno-pop and hardcore punk), \"[A] Touch Sensitive\" (gloomy trip-hop) and \"No Sympathy\" (which descends into chaotic drum'n'bass), but also apparent was an angrier edge to the lyrics: \"Run! Christian, Run!\"", "Christian, Run!\" Christian, Run!\" seemed to be an attack on the complacency of organised religion. Rings Around the World is also remarkable for being the world's first simultaneous release of an audio and DVD album. It was nominated for the Mercury Music Prize in 2001.", "It was nominated for the Mercury Music Prize in 2001. The ceremony took place on the day after the terror attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, and SFA's performance of the album track \"It's Not the End of the World?\" took on a somewhat bitter edge.", "took on a somewhat bitter edge. It was released as a single in January 2002 (chart No. 30), following \"(Drawing) Rings Around the World\" (chart No. 28): neither had that much impact but still received some airplay, notably on BBC Radio 2.", "28): neither had that much impact but still received some airplay, notably on BBC Radio 2. The next album, Phantom Power, relied less on sound experimentation and proved to be a more stripped-down, back-to-basics recording in contrast to the orchestral Rings Around the World.", "The next album, Phantom Power, relied less on sound experimentation and proved to be a more stripped-down, back-to-basics recording in contrast to the orchestral Rings Around the World. It was also released as both a CD and DVD album in July 2003, preceded by a single, \"Golden Retriever\", in June (chart No.", "It was also released as both a CD and DVD album in July 2003, preceded by a single, \"Golden Retriever\", in June (chart No. 13). Although the reviews for the album were generally good and it sold well initially, charting at No.", "Although the reviews for the album were generally good and it sold well initially, charting at No. 4, the album broke little new ground by SFA's standards and the band had fallen out of fashion, receiving little coverage in the music press. Another single, \"Hello Sunshine\", hit No.", "Another single, \"Hello Sunshine\", hit No. 31 in October 2003 and was eventually featured on the soundtrack of The O.C.. 2004–2005: Phantom Phorce to Love Kraft Perhaps recognising that their approach to Phantom Power had been a little too straightforward, the group followed it up in 2004 with a remix version, Phantom Phorce, with tracks reworked by the likes of Killa Kela, Four Tet and Brave Captain.", "31 in October 2003 and was eventually featured on the soundtrack of The O.C.. 2004–2005: Phantom Phorce to Love Kraft Perhaps recognising that their approach to Phantom Power had been a little too straightforward, the group followed it up in 2004 with a remix version, Phantom Phorce, with tracks reworked by the likes of Killa Kela, Four Tet and Brave Captain. They accompanied this with a download single, \"Slow Life\", which also included the track \"Motherfokker\", a collaboration with Goldie Lookin Chain, both tracks are now available as a free download via the Placid Casual website.", "They accompanied this with a download single, \"Slow Life\", which also included the track \"Motherfokker\", a collaboration with Goldie Lookin Chain, both tracks are now available as a free download via the Placid Casual website. In October 2004 the band released a best of album, Songbook: The Singles, Vol.", "In October 2004 the band released a best of album, Songbook: The Singles, Vol. 1, accompanied by a single – a live version of \"The Man Don't Give a Fuck\" (chart No. 16).", "16). 16). In early 2005, Gruff Rhys released a solo album Yr Atal Genhedlaeth, (\"The Stuttering Generation\", and also a play on words as \"Atal Genhedlu\" means contraception), sung all in Welsh.", "In early 2005, Gruff Rhys released a solo album Yr Atal Genhedlaeth, (\"The Stuttering Generation\", and also a play on words as \"Atal Genhedlu\" means contraception), sung all in Welsh. Gruff played most of the instruments himself, mainly using guitars, drums and his own multi-tracked voice.", "Gruff played most of the instruments himself, mainly using guitars, drums and his own multi-tracked voice. The band also selected tracks for a volume in the Under the Influence series of compilations, in which artists present the songs that they feel have most contributed to their sound.", "The band also selected tracks for a volume in the Under the Influence series of compilations, in which artists present the songs that they feel have most contributed to their sound. In 2005 Super Furry Animals were asked to put together the sixth release from the 'Under The Influence' series - Under the Influence: Super Furry Animals.", "In 2005 Super Furry Animals were asked to put together the sixth release from the 'Under The Influence' series - Under the Influence: Super Furry Animals. Each member chose 3 track each - Pryce's selections were Dawn Penn \"You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)\", Dennis Wilson and Rumbo \"Lady\" and MC5 \"Kick Out the Jams\".", "Each member chose 3 track each - Pryce's selections were Dawn Penn \"You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)\", Dennis Wilson and Rumbo \"Lady\" and MC5 \"Kick Out the Jams\". Also in 2005 it was reported that the band turned down a US$1.8m advertising deal with Coca-Cola after visiting a Coca-Cola plantation in Colombia with charity War on Want, where they heard of management-directed killings of trade-union members.", "Also in 2005 it was reported that the band turned down a US$1.8m advertising deal with Coca-Cola after visiting a Coca-Cola plantation in Colombia with charity War on Want, where they heard of management-directed killings of trade-union members. The company were asking for use of \"Hello Sunshine\" as part of their campaign.", "The company were asking for use of \"Hello Sunshine\" as part of their campaign. In a statement to British magazine Q, Coca-Cola denied the allegations, stating they had been \"an exemplary member of the business community\" in Colombia.", "In a statement to British magazine Q, Coca-Cola denied the allegations, stating they had been \"an exemplary member of the business community\" in Colombia. In August 2005, Super Furry Animals released their seventh studio effort, Love Kraft, recorded in Spain.", "In August 2005, Super Furry Animals released their seventh studio effort, Love Kraft, recorded in Spain. This represented a departure from their previous working methods: although all five members had always contributed to the development of the songs, Rhys had been the main songwriter.", "This represented a departure from their previous working methods: although all five members had always contributed to the development of the songs, Rhys had been the main songwriter. On Love Kraft this was no longer the case, as Rhys, Bunford, Ieuan and Ciaran all contributed songs and lead vocals.", "On Love Kraft this was no longer the case, as Rhys, Bunford, Ieuan and Ciaran all contributed songs and lead vocals. There was only one single from the album, \"Lazer Beam\", released on 15 August (chart No. 28).", "28). 28). The laid-back ambience recalls early-1970s Beach Boys albums such as Surf's Up (which SFA have referred to as one of their favourite albums), whilst the heavy use of strings suggested the likes of Scott Walker and Curtis Mayfield. The album's cool commercial reception (it charted at just No.", "The album's cool commercial reception (it charted at just No. 19) suggested that they had returned to their familiar status of critically acclaimed cult favourites. Love Kraft was also the last album released under Epic Records, as their contract expired in early 2006. 2006–2008: Rough Trade and Hey Venus!", "2006–2008: Rough Trade and Hey Venus! Ciaran's side project Acid Casuals released their debut album Omni in January 2006 on the Placid Casual label.", "Ciaran's side project Acid Casuals released their debut album Omni in January 2006 on the Placid Casual label. Drummer Ieuan formed a band known as The Peth which has been described by Rhys in various magazine articles as \"Satanic Abba\": the band also reunites Rhys Ifans with the SFA family, as he takes lead vocal duties.", "Drummer Ieuan formed a band known as The Peth which has been described by Rhys in various magazine articles as \"Satanic Abba\": the band also reunites Rhys Ifans with the SFA family, as he takes lead vocal duties. The band signed to Rough Trade Records during 2006 and are reportedly working on three projects for the label.", "The band signed to Rough Trade Records during 2006 and are reportedly working on three projects for the label. Gruff Rhys has also signed for Rough Trade Records as a solo artist in his own right and released a single on 7\" vinyl and download entitled \"Candylion\" in late 2006 which preceded an album of the same name that was released during the second week of 2007.", "Gruff Rhys has also signed for Rough Trade Records as a solo artist in his own right and released a single on 7\" vinyl and download entitled \"Candylion\" in late 2006 which preceded an album of the same name that was released during the second week of 2007. Unlike his debut Yr Atal Genhedlaeth, Candylion is primarily sung in English but has two Welsh tracks and one in \"bad Spanish\": it is primarily an acoustic album, and came about because Rhys has written several acoustic pop songs that didn't fit with the direction of the new SFA record.", "Unlike his debut Yr Atal Genhedlaeth, Candylion is primarily sung in English but has two Welsh tracks and one in \"bad Spanish\": it is primarily an acoustic album, and came about because Rhys has written several acoustic pop songs that didn't fit with the direction of the new SFA record. During this time some of the bands' music was used prominently in The Rock-afire Explosion documentary movie, namely Hello Sunshine and Some things Come From Nothing.", "During this time some of the bands' music was used prominently in The Rock-afire Explosion documentary movie, namely Hello Sunshine and Some things Come From Nothing. Recording sessions took place in a chateau in the south of France in 2007 for the band's first release for Rough Trade, Hey Venus!, which was released on 27 August that year.", "Recording sessions took place in a chateau in the south of France in 2007 for the band's first release for Rough Trade, Hey Venus!, which was released on 27 August that year. Gruff himself described the record as \"speaker blowing\".", "Gruff himself described the record as \"speaker blowing\". The album's first single, \"Show Your Hand\", failed to enter the top 40, their first to do so since 1996's \"Hometown Unicorn\", despite modest airplay. The album itself fared much better, peaking at No.", "The album itself fared much better, peaking at No. 11 and was a slight improvement from the sales of Love Kraft. The album became their first to enter the iTunes Music Store top 10 album charts, peaking at No. 9.", "9. 9. Over the 2007 Christmas period SFA released a single, \"The Gift That Keeps Giving\", free from their website. 2009–2014: Dark Days/Light Years and hiatus On 16 March 2009, Super Furry Animals released their ninth and final studio album, Dark Days/Light Years, digitally via their website.", "2009–2014: Dark Days/Light Years and hiatus On 16 March 2009, Super Furry Animals released their ninth and final studio album, Dark Days/Light Years, digitally via their website. The album's progress was recorded in a series of short films that were shown on the band's website in the build-up to the release.", "The album's progress was recorded in a series of short films that were shown on the band's website in the build-up to the release. Later in March, they performed the record in its entirety through an exclusive stream on their website.", "Later in March, they performed the record in its entirety through an exclusive stream on their website. A physical release on Rough Trade Records followed on 21 April, resulting in a number 23 UK Chart placement. Dark Days/Light Years notably featured a guest appearance from Nick McCarthy of Franz Ferdinand on \"Inaugural Trams.\"", "Dark Days/Light Years notably featured a guest appearance from Nick McCarthy of Franz Ferdinand on \"Inaugural Trams.\" Dark Days/Light Years received strong critical feedback, with The Guardian writing that \"it has more spark and invention than most teen bands manage on their debuts.\"", "Dark Days/Light Years received strong critical feedback, with The Guardian writing that \"it has more spark and invention than most teen bands manage on their debuts.\" In 2010, Super Furry Animals went on what became a five-year hiatus, as bassist Guto Pryce revealed in an interview with Wales Online.", "In 2010, Super Furry Animals went on what became a five-year hiatus, as bassist Guto Pryce revealed in an interview with Wales Online. Pryce noted that the band expected to reconvene as soon as the members finished with the various projects they were working on.", "Pryce noted that the band expected to reconvene as soon as the members finished with the various projects they were working on. Super Furry Animals reconvened for one performance on 29 February 2012 at Cardiff City Stadium before a Wales v Costa Rica Gary Speed Memorial Match, in tribute to the late Welsh footballer and team manager.", "Super Furry Animals reconvened for one performance on 29 February 2012 at Cardiff City Stadium before a Wales v Costa Rica Gary Speed Memorial Match, in tribute to the late Welsh footballer and team manager. In 2014, craft brewer The Celt Experience created a tribute \"Fuzzy Beer\" in collaboration with the band.", "In 2014, craft brewer The Celt Experience created a tribute \"Fuzzy Beer\" in collaboration with the band. 2015–2016: Reunion In May 2015, the band played several gigs from early May to September to accompany a major reissue of their 15-year-old album Mwng, which had been out of print.", "2015–2016: Reunion In May 2015, the band played several gigs from early May to September to accompany a major reissue of their 15-year-old album Mwng, which had been out of print. The same month a biography, Rise of the Super Furry Animals, was published by HarperCollins.", "The same month a biography, Rise of the Super Furry Animals, was published by HarperCollins. In January 2016, the band announced their first North American tour in six years. In May 2016, the band released \"Bing Bong\", their first single in seven years.", "In May 2016, the band released \"Bing Bong\", their first single in seven years. The song was released to celebrate the Wales national football team's qualification for UEFA Euro 2016. They headlined the Caught by the River Festival in August 2016, and announced the re-release of Fuzzy Logic. A compilation album, Zoom!", "A compilation album, Zoom! A compilation album, Zoom! The Best of 1995–2016, was released on 4 November 2016. The final tour of their reunion, in which they played both Fuzzy Logic and Radiator in full across the UK and Ireland, took place in December 2016.", "The final tour of their reunion, in which they played both Fuzzy Logic and Radiator in full across the UK and Ireland, took place in December 2016. 2017–present: Second hiatus and Das Koolies In September 2018, the official Super Furry Animals Twitter feed posted an announcement of a multi-disc set of recordings made at the BBC to be released on 23 November 2018.", "2017–present: Second hiatus and Das Koolies In September 2018, the official Super Furry Animals Twitter feed posted an announcement of a multi-disc set of recordings made at the BBC to be released on 23 November 2018. In 2019 Bunford, Ciaran, Pryce, and Ieuan reformed without Rhys under the name Das Koolies, an alter ego SFA used around 2000 for an experimental electronic album that was never officially released.", "In 2019 Bunford, Ciaran, Pryce, and Ieuan reformed without Rhys under the name Das Koolies, an alter ego SFA used around 2000 for an experimental electronic album that was never officially released. Das Koolies released their debut single \"It's All About The Dolphins\" on 29 January 2020.", "Das Koolies released their debut single \"It's All About The Dolphins\" on 29 January 2020. According to Ciaran, Das Koolies is now their main focus; they are no longer focusing on anything from Super Furry Animals.", "According to Ciaran, Das Koolies is now their main focus; they are no longer focusing on anything from Super Furry Animals. Discography Fuzzy Logic (1996) Radiator (1997) Guerrilla (1999) Mwng (2000) Rings Around the World (2001) Phantom Power (2003) Love Kraft (2005) Hey Venus!", "Discography Fuzzy Logic (1996) Radiator (1997) Guerrilla (1999) Mwng (2000) Rings Around the World (2001) Phantom Power (2003) Love Kraft (2005) Hey Venus! (2007) Dark Days/Light Years (2009) References External links Super Furry Animals biography from BBC Wales Musical groups established in 1993 1993 establishments in Wales Neo-psychedelia groups Cool Cymru Welsh alternative rock groups British psychedelic rock music groups Britpop groups Creation Records artists Welsh-language bands Musical quintets Musical groups from Cardiff Bertelsmann Music Group artists Epic Records artists Rough Trade Records artists" ]

[ "Super Furry Animals", "1999-2000: Guerrilla and Mwng", "What is Guerrilla?", "the new album, Guerrilla.", "When was this released?", "1960s", "What is Mwng?", "Welsh language songs entitled Mwng." ]

[ "The Derzky or Bespokoiny-class destroyers was a class of destroyers built for the Imperial Russian Navy just before World War I. Nine ships were built for the Black Sea Fleet. These ships were a derivative of the , but were slightly smaller. These ships were popular with the Russians and effective particularly in the Black Sea, where the Ottoman Navy had no similar ships.\n\nShips\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n\nDestroyer classes\nD\nWrangel's fleet\nDestroyers of the Soviet Navy", "Lira popular (Popular Lire), also called string literature, refers to the style of poetry written and printed in Chile in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Poets created a series of loose prints that circulated in urban areas. It was advertised and spread by hanging it from string hung in common areas between poles or from trees. Many of the people who wrote the poems were either peasants, or poets who used the voices and opinions of the people to comment on news or social events.\n\nThemes \nMany of the poems in Lira popular are centered on themes such as misery, love, violence, murder, life, death, crime and religion. Poets chose these subjects to excite curiosity in readers where the accompanying illustrations depict the conditions and circumstances of their lives.\n\nPrinting \nLira popular were printed in varying forms over time. The first popular pages measured 26 x 35cm in Chile. Over time, they grew to 54 x 38. Liras today are of similar size. Each sheet of a Lira consists of 5 to 8 poems with pictures and drawings usually created by the poets. The purpose of these drawings is to illustrate the work's theme. The accompanying pictures illustrate the poem's story. The two types of images seen in Lira popular are xylography, where rough artwork was sent to poets to be described in verse. The signature of the engraver was often omitted. However, Adolfo Reyes was responsible for many of the illustrations. He illustrated his verses using a penknife and raulí board. The second type of image is known as cliché. These old images weren’t always necessarily relevant to the content but were used simply as decoration. Titles of Lira popular are similar to titles in newspapers today, in a large font, to catch attention.\n\nHistory \nIn many Latin American countries, news traveled slowly, especially between Spain and Central and South America. Lira, aided by the printing press, allowed information to spread faster than just by word of mouth. In the beginning, Lira popular was used to allude to events in Spain and other countries. Still, over time it became more of a cultural trend, eventually used as a representation of a country’s experiences and events. To have their poetry published in Lira popular, poets were responsible for registering their names. They were in charge of making sure that their works were published and had to go out in public and work hard to sell those original works. In addition to signing his name (or a pseudonym), the poet often distributed copies in the streets where workers, peasants, and artisans could have access. As it was a largely illiterate group at the time, the images and public readings helped to attract people to hear the reading of the tenths out loud.\n\nTimeline \n1541\n\nWritten poetic forms and other works are introduced in Chile, such as romances and counterpoint articles, through missionaries and writers, as well as imported books and documents.\n\n1866\n\nThe War against Spain caused the appearance of the first poetic documents that talked about the news.\n\n1879\n\nThe War of the Pacific is talked about by famous poets through the Popular Lira\n\n1880\n\nBernardino Guajardo, considered the most essential famous Chilean poet of the nineteenth century, published poems in five volumes in the same form as Lira popular.\n\n1891\n\nDevelopment and boom of the Lira popular.\n\n1920\n\nThe printing of popular liras falls due to the expansion of the publishing and journalism industry. The first study on the Lira Popular, by the German ethnologist and linguist Rodolfo Lenz, is published in Chile.\n\n1952 \n\nDiego Muñoz and Inés Valenzuela begin publishing “Lira Popular” in newspapers with the contributions of many poets or “payadores.”\n\nCollections \nCurrently, there are three entire collections of Lira being displayed and held for public use. Of the three, two are shown at The Archive of Oral Literature and Popular Traditions at the National Library of Chile. The third is in the Andrés Bello Central Archive of the University of Chile. Over 850 sheets of Lira are preserved.\n\nSee also \n Cordel literature\n\nReferences \n\nChilean literature" ]

[ "Super Furry Animals are a Welsh rock band formed in Cardiff in 1993. Since their formation, the band had consisted of Gruff Rhys (lead vocals, guitar), Huw Bunford (lead guitar, vocals), Guto Pryce (bass guitar), Cian Ciaran (keyboards, synthesisers, various electronics, occasional guitar, vocals), Dafydd Ieuan (drums, vocals) and actor Rhys Ifans.", "Since their formation, the band had consisted of Gruff Rhys (lead vocals, guitar), Huw Bunford (lead guitar, vocals), Guto Pryce (bass guitar), Cian Ciaran (keyboards, synthesisers, various electronics, occasional guitar, vocals), Dafydd Ieuan (drums, vocals) and actor Rhys Ifans. Super Furry Animals has recorded nine UK Albums Chart Top 25 studio albums (one BPI certified Gold and four certified Silver), plus numerous singles, EPs, compilations and collaborations.", "Super Furry Animals has recorded nine UK Albums Chart Top 25 studio albums (one BPI certified Gold and four certified Silver), plus numerous singles, EPs, compilations and collaborations. The band were known as central to the Cool Cymru era during which they were dominant, and are the act with the most top 75 hits without reaching the UK Singles Chart Top 10.", "The band were known as central to the Cool Cymru era during which they were dominant, and are the act with the most top 75 hits without reaching the UK Singles Chart Top 10. Over the course of nine albums, Super Furry Animals has been described as \"one of the most imaginative bands of our time\" by Billboard, while according to a 2005 article in NME, \"There's a case to be argued that [Super Furry Animals] were the most important band of the past 15 years\".", "Over the course of nine albums, Super Furry Animals has been described as \"one of the most imaginative bands of our time\" by Billboard, while according to a 2005 article in NME, \"There's a case to be argued that [Super Furry Animals] were the most important band of the past 15 years\". History 1990–1993: Formation Super Furry Animals formed in Cardiff after being in various other Welsh bands and techno outfits in the area.", "History 1990–1993: Formation Super Furry Animals formed in Cardiff after being in various other Welsh bands and techno outfits in the area. Rhys, Ieuan and Pryce had been together since the early 1990s and had toured France as a techno group.", "Rhys, Ieuan and Pryce had been together since the early 1990s and had toured France as a techno group. After Bunford and Ciaran (Ieuan's younger brother) joined, they wrote some songs, and in 1995 signed to Ankst, a Welsh indie label.", "After Bunford and Ciaran (Ieuan's younger brother) joined, they wrote some songs, and in 1995 signed to Ankst, a Welsh indie label. The band are considered to be part of the renaissance of Welsh music (and art, and literature) in the 1990s: other Welsh bands of the time include the Manic Street Preachers, Stereophonics, Catatonia and Gorky's Zygotic Mynci.", "The band are considered to be part of the renaissance of Welsh music (and art, and literature) in the 1990s: other Welsh bands of the time include the Manic Street Preachers, Stereophonics, Catatonia and Gorky's Zygotic Mynci. The name of the band came from T-shirts being printed by Rhys' sister.", "The name of the band came from T-shirts being printed by Rhys' sister. She was making Super Furry Animals T-shirts for the fashion and music collective Acid Casuals (variants of whose name have appeared throughout Super Furry Animals' career – for example, in their song \"The Placid Casual\", their record label Placid Casual).", "She was making Super Furry Animals T-shirts for the fashion and music collective Acid Casuals (variants of whose name have appeared throughout Super Furry Animals' career – for example, in their song \"The Placid Casual\", their record label Placid Casual). The band has also made reference to Blur, Elvis Costello, and Wynton Marsalis as major influences in their work.", "The band has also made reference to Blur, Elvis Costello, and Wynton Marsalis as major influences in their work. 1994–1995: Early recordings The earliest Super Furry Animals track commercially available is \"Dim Brys: Dim Chwys\", recorded in 1994 for Radio Cymru: an ambient piece, the track shows the band's techno roots.", "1994–1995: Early recordings The earliest Super Furry Animals track commercially available is \"Dim Brys: Dim Chwys\", recorded in 1994 for Radio Cymru: an ambient piece, the track shows the band's techno roots. However, by the time it was released (on the \"Triskedekaphilia\" compilation album in August 1995), the band had already put out their debut EP on the Ankst label.", "However, by the time it was released (on the \"Triskedekaphilia\" compilation album in August 1995), the band had already put out their debut EP on the Ankst label. The Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyndrobwllantysiliogogogochynygofod (In Space) EP appeared in June 1995 and has been listed in the Guinness Book of Records as having the longest-ever title for an EP.", "The Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyndrobwllantysiliogogogochynygofod (In Space) EP appeared in June 1995 and has been listed in the Guinness Book of Records as having the longest-ever title for an EP. The Moog Droog EP followed in October 1995, named after the synthesiser manufacturer Robert Moog and the Nadsat term for \"friend\" in A Clockwork Orange.", "The Moog Droog EP followed in October 1995, named after the synthesiser manufacturer Robert Moog and the Nadsat term for \"friend\" in A Clockwork Orange. The EP's title is also a pun on the Welsh \"mwg drwg\", meaning \"wacky baccy\" (slang for cannabis, more literally \"bad (or naughty) smoke\").", "The EP's title is also a pun on the Welsh \"mwg drwg\", meaning \"wacky baccy\" (slang for cannabis, more literally \"bad (or naughty) smoke\"). The lyrics on all the tracks on both EPs were in Welsh, except for \"God!", "The lyrics on all the tracks on both EPs were in Welsh, except for \"God! Show Me Magic\" from \"Moog Droog\". After gigging in London in late 1995, they were noticed by Creation Records boss Alan McGee at the Camden Monarch club, who signed them to his label.", "After gigging in London in late 1995, they were noticed by Creation Records boss Alan McGee at the Camden Monarch club, who signed them to his label. Creation was also home to Primal Scream, My Bloody Valentine and Teenage Fanclub, and had recently found massive commercial success with Oasis.", "Creation was also home to Primal Scream, My Bloody Valentine and Teenage Fanclub, and had recently found massive commercial success with Oasis. The band have said that having watched their gig, McGee asked them if they could sing in English rather than Welsh in future shows.", "The band have said that having watched their gig, McGee asked them if they could sing in English rather than Welsh in future shows. In fact, by this stage they were singing in English, but McGee didn't realise because their Welsh accents were so strong.", "In fact, by this stage they were singing in English, but McGee didn't realise because their Welsh accents were so strong. The Super Furry Animals received some criticism in the Welsh media for singing in English, something which the band felt \"completely pissed\" about.", "The Super Furry Animals received some criticism in the Welsh media for singing in English, something which the band felt \"completely pissed\" about. According to drummer Dafydd Ieuan: \"It all started when we played this festival in West Wales, and for some reason the Welsh media started foaming at the mouth because we were singing songs in Welsh and English.", "According to drummer Dafydd Ieuan: \"It all started when we played this festival in West Wales, and for some reason the Welsh media started foaming at the mouth because we were singing songs in Welsh and English. But they get The Dubliners playing and they don't sing in Irish. It's ridiculous.\"", "It's ridiculous.\" It's ridiculous.\" The band have claimed that the decision to sing in English was taken in order to broaden their fanbase.", "The band have claimed that the decision to sing in English was taken in order to broaden their fanbase. 1996–1998: Fuzzy Logic to Out Spaced In February 1996, the band's debut on Creation, \"Hometown Unicorn\", became New Musical Express's Single of the Week, chosen by guest reviewers Pulp, and the first Super Furry Animals single to chart in the UK Top 50, peaking at No.", "1996–1998: Fuzzy Logic to Out Spaced In February 1996, the band's debut on Creation, \"Hometown Unicorn\", became New Musical Express's Single of the Week, chosen by guest reviewers Pulp, and the first Super Furry Animals single to chart in the UK Top 50, peaking at No. 47.", "47. 47. The follow-up, a re-recording of \"God! Show Me Magic\", charted at No. 33 upon release in April 1996 and also became NME single of the week. Rawer than the \"Moog Droog\" version, it clocks in at 1 min 50 secs.", "Rawer than the \"Moog Droog\" version, it clocks in at 1 min 50 secs. In May, their debut album Fuzzy Logic was released, to wide critical acclaim. Sales were slow, with the album peaking at No.", "Sales were slow, with the album peaking at No. 23 in the charts, but it garnered a little more interest when next single \"Something 4 the Weekend\" (a reworked, more mellow version of the album track) was given considerable radio airplay and charted at No. 18 in July 1996.", "18 in July 1996. 18 in July 1996. The final single from the album, \"If You Don't Want Me to Destroy You\", was to have been backed by a track called \"The Man Don't Give a Fuck\".", "The final single from the album, \"If You Don't Want Me to Destroy You\", was to have been backed by a track called \"The Man Don't Give a Fuck\". However, there were problems in clearing a sample from \"Showbiz Kids\" by Steely Dan which formed the basis of the chorus, and it was switched for a different track.", "However, there were problems in clearing a sample from \"Showbiz Kids\" by Steely Dan which formed the basis of the chorus, and it was switched for a different track. The single charted at No. 18.", "The single charted at No. 18. 18. However, Super Furry Animals regarded \"The Man Don't Give a Fuck\" as one of their best songs and continued their efforts to clear the sample.", "However, Super Furry Animals regarded \"The Man Don't Give a Fuck\" as one of their best songs and continued their efforts to clear the sample. When they managed this, there was no upcoming release to attach it to – so it came out as a limited edition single in its own right, in December 1996.", "When they managed this, there was no upcoming release to attach it to – so it came out as a limited edition single in its own right, in December 1996. This ultimately cemented its legendary status and did much to establish Super Furry Animals as cult heroes, as the song contained the word \"fuck\" over 50 times and therefore received practically no airplay.", "This ultimately cemented its legendary status and did much to establish Super Furry Animals as cult heroes, as the song contained the word \"fuck\" over 50 times and therefore received practically no airplay. However, it hit No. 22 in the charts and became Super Furry Animals' standard closing number when they played live.", "22 in the charts and became Super Furry Animals' standard closing number when they played live. In early 1997, Super Furry Animals embarked on the NME Brats Tour and completed work on a speedy follow-up to Fuzzy Logic.", "In early 1997, Super Furry Animals embarked on the NME Brats Tour and completed work on a speedy follow-up to Fuzzy Logic. Two singles preceded the new album, \"Hermann ♥'s Pauline\" in May and \"The International Language of Screaming\" in July, hitting No. 26 and No.", "26 and No. 26 and No. 24 respectively: these releases were the first to feature cover art from Pete Fowler, who went on to design the sleeves of all their releases up until 2007's Hey Venus. The album, Radiator, hit shelves in August.", "The album, Radiator, hit shelves in August. The reviews were, if anything, better than those for Fuzzy Logic, and it sold more quickly than its predecessor, reaching a peak of No.", "The reviews were, if anything, better than those for Fuzzy Logic, and it sold more quickly than its predecessor, reaching a peak of No. 8: however, Creation did not serve the album particularly well by releasing it just four days after the long-awaited new effort from Oasis, Be Here Now.", "8: however, Creation did not serve the album particularly well by releasing it just four days after the long-awaited new effort from Oasis, Be Here Now. Two further singles, \"Play It Cool\" (released September 1997) and \"Demons\" (November 1997) both hit No.", "Two further singles, \"Play It Cool\" (released September 1997) and \"Demons\" (November 1997) both hit No. 27 in the charts, suggesting that Super Furry Animals had hit a commercial ceiling though which they were struggling to break.", "27 in the charts, suggesting that Super Furry Animals had hit a commercial ceiling though which they were struggling to break. However, they had established themselves as favourites in the music press, a cut above the majority of their Britpop peers.", "However, they had established themselves as favourites in the music press, a cut above the majority of their Britpop peers. After a chance to think about their music and their direction, Super Furry Animals decided to record a new EP in early 1998 at Gorwel Owen's house and released it in May.", "After a chance to think about their music and their direction, Super Furry Animals decided to record a new EP in early 1998 at Gorwel Owen's house and released it in May. This was the Ice Hockey Hair EP, widely held as one of their finest moments.", "This was the Ice Hockey Hair EP, widely held as one of their finest moments. (\"Ice hockey hair\" is a slang term for a mullet.) Featuring four tracks, the EP sampled from Black Uhuru. The title track, a melodic and very moving epic, gained airplay while \"Smokin'\".", "The title track, a melodic and very moving epic, gained airplay while \"Smokin'\". In a Melody Maker interview, Super Furry Animals said the \"Smokin'\" referred to smoking haddock, or to truck drivers' tyres when they're 'burnin' the roads'.", "In a Melody Maker interview, Super Furry Animals said the \"Smokin'\" referred to smoking haddock, or to truck drivers' tyres when they're 'burnin' the roads'. It became their most successful single up to this point, hitting No.", "It became their most successful single up to this point, hitting No. 12 in the charts and leading to a memorable appearance on \"Top of the Pops\". In November 1998, the album Out Spaced was released.", "In November 1998, the album Out Spaced was released. This was a collection of songs from the 1995 Ankst releases (including \"Dim Brys: Dim Chwys\"), the band's favourite B-sides, plus \"The Man Don't Give a Fuck\" and \"Smokin'\".", "This was a collection of songs from the 1995 Ankst releases (including \"Dim Brys: Dim Chwys\"), the band's favourite B-sides, plus \"The Man Don't Give a Fuck\" and \"Smokin'\". A limited edition appeared in a comedy rubber sleeve, shaped like a nipple.", "A limited edition appeared in a comedy rubber sleeve, shaped like a nipple. 1999–2000: Guerrilla and Mwng In 1999, NME readers named them 'best new band' in January (this despite the fact it was now three years since they released their debut album).", "1999–2000: Guerrilla and Mwng In 1999, NME readers named them 'best new band' in January (this despite the fact it was now three years since they released their debut album). In May, the single \"Northern Lites\" was released and made No. 11 in the charts.", "11 in the charts. 11 in the charts. A dense production, with steel drums clattering out a calypso rhythm whilst Rhys sang an irreverent lyric about the El Niño-Southern Oscillation weather phenomenon, it was an apt taster for the new album, Guerrilla.", "A dense production, with steel drums clattering out a calypso rhythm whilst Rhys sang an irreverent lyric about the El Niño-Southern Oscillation weather phenomenon, it was an apt taster for the new album, Guerrilla. Recorded at the Real World Studios, the album retained SFA's pop melodies but took a less guitar-centric approach to their execution and was their most experimental work to date.", "Recorded at the Real World Studios, the album retained SFA's pop melodies but took a less guitar-centric approach to their execution and was their most experimental work to date. Layers of samples over brass, percussion and Gruff's melodic singing produced an album which took the freewheeling approach of 1960s groups such as The Beatles, The Beach Boys and The Velvet Underground and updated it to the late 1990s.", "Layers of samples over brass, percussion and Gruff's melodic singing produced an album which took the freewheeling approach of 1960s groups such as The Beatles, The Beach Boys and The Velvet Underground and updated it to the late 1990s. The album swung from glam and garage rock numbers (\"Night Vision\", \"The Teacher\") to novelty techno (\"Wherever I Lay My Phone (That's My Home)\"), ambient indietronica (\"Some Things Come From Nothing\") and upbeat drum and bass (\"The Door To This House Remains Open\").", "The album swung from glam and garage rock numbers (\"Night Vision\", \"The Teacher\") to novelty techno (\"Wherever I Lay My Phone (That's My Home)\"), ambient indietronica (\"Some Things Come From Nothing\") and upbeat drum and bass (\"The Door To This House Remains Open\"). For the cover art, Pete Fowler created the band's first three-dimensional models, rather than the paintings he had supplied for the Radiator album and singles.", "For the cover art, Pete Fowler created the band's first three-dimensional models, rather than the paintings he had supplied for the Radiator album and singles. After playing several of the summer festivals, SFA released \"Fire in My Heart\", the most soulful track from Guerrilla, in August and saw it chart at No. 25.", "25. 25. They then embarked on a US and UK tour. SFA finished their UK tour at the Cardiff International Arena in Cardiff, where they showcased the first ever concert in surround sound and broadcast it on the World Wide Web. January 2000 involved a series of changes for SFA.", "January 2000 involved a series of changes for SFA. The last single from Guerrilla, \"Do or Die\", was released and made No. 20. It was also the last single SFA released on Creation Records, as founder Alan McGee set off to pursue other interests.", "It was also the last single SFA released on Creation Records, as founder Alan McGee set off to pursue other interests. It had always been SFA's plan to release their next album on their own label, Placid Casual, as it would be a deliberate sidestep from their recent work: a largely acoustic album of Welsh language songs entitled Mwng.", "It had always been SFA's plan to release their next album on their own label, Placid Casual, as it would be a deliberate sidestep from their recent work: a largely acoustic album of Welsh language songs entitled Mwng. Meaning \"mane\", its lilting melodies established that SFA's songwriting did not have to fall back on head-spinning production tricks.", "Meaning \"mane\", its lilting melodies established that SFA's songwriting did not have to fall back on head-spinning production tricks. A limited edition (of 3000) 7 inch record, \"Ysbeidiau Heulog\" (meaning \"Sunny Intervals\") preceded Mwng in May 2000.", "A limited edition (of 3000) 7 inch record, \"Ysbeidiau Heulog\" (meaning \"Sunny Intervals\") preceded Mwng in May 2000. It came backed with \"Charge\", a hard-rock jam recorded as a Peel Session for the BBC.", "It came backed with \"Charge\", a hard-rock jam recorded as a Peel Session for the BBC. The album, released the same month, sold remarkably well for a non-English LP – it made No.", "The album, released the same month, sold remarkably well for a non-English LP – it made No. 11 in the charts – and received a rare distinction for a pop record, being commended in Parliament for its efforts in keeping the Welsh language alive.", "11 in the charts – and received a rare distinction for a pop record, being commended in Parliament for its efforts in keeping the Welsh language alive. 2000 also saw the Furries contribute two tracks, Free Now and Peter Blake 2000, for the Liverpool Sound Collage project, which was nominated for a Grammy.", "2000 also saw the Furries contribute two tracks, Free Now and Peter Blake 2000, for the Liverpool Sound Collage project, which was nominated for a Grammy. They undertook this remixing of unreleased Beatles recordings at the invitation of Paul McCartney, whom they had met at the NME Awards, where they had won Best Live Act.", "They undertook this remixing of unreleased Beatles recordings at the invitation of Paul McCartney, whom they had met at the NME Awards, where they had won Best Live Act. 2001–2003: Rings Around the World and Phantom Power With the demise of Creation, SFA needed to find a new label for their next album.", "2001–2003: Rings Around the World and Phantom Power With the demise of Creation, SFA needed to find a new label for their next album. Sony had long held a substantial stake in Creation and offered deals to many ex-Creation artists, including SFA, who signed with one of Sony's subsidiaries, Epic.", "Sony had long held a substantial stake in Creation and offered deals to many ex-Creation artists, including SFA, who signed with one of Sony's subsidiaries, Epic. The band pushed for a deal which allowed them to take a new album elsewhere if the label wasn't interested in releasing it – thereby allowing them to find a home for any esoteric project they might want to undertake in the future.", "The band pushed for a deal which allowed them to take a new album elsewhere if the label wasn't interested in releasing it – thereby allowing them to find a home for any esoteric project they might want to undertake in the future. The greater resources afforded them by Epic were apparent in their first album for the label, Rings Around the World, an album that recaptured the cohesive, experimental feel of Guerrilla but more song-driven and sonically expansive.", "The greater resources afforded them by Epic were apparent in their first album for the label, Rings Around the World, an album that recaptured the cohesive, experimental feel of Guerrilla but more song-driven and sonically expansive. It is cited by many critics and fans alike as their most polished and accessible work.", "It is cited by many critics and fans alike as their most polished and accessible work. Again the first single was a good indication of what was to come: \"Juxtapozed with U\", released in July 2001, was a lush soul record which made No. 14 in the charts.", "14 in the charts. 14 in the charts. The album followed in the same month and major label marketing muscle made it their biggest-seller to date, reaching No. 3 in the album charts.", "3 in the album charts. 3 in the album charts. One of the tracks from the album, \"Receptacle For the Respectable\" featured Paul McCartney on \"carrot and celery rhythm track\" (a homage to his performance on the Beach Boys' \"Vegetables\").", "One of the tracks from the album, \"Receptacle For the Respectable\" featured Paul McCartney on \"carrot and celery rhythm track\" (a homage to his performance on the Beach Boys' \"Vegetables\"). SFA unleashed their experimental side on tracks such as \"Sidewalk Serfer Girl\" (which switches between light techno-pop and hardcore punk), \"[A] Touch Sensitive\" (gloomy trip-hop) and \"No Sympathy\" (which descends into chaotic drum'n'bass), but also apparent was an angrier edge to the lyrics: \"Run!", "SFA unleashed their experimental side on tracks such as \"Sidewalk Serfer Girl\" (which switches between light techno-pop and hardcore punk), \"[A] Touch Sensitive\" (gloomy trip-hop) and \"No Sympathy\" (which descends into chaotic drum'n'bass), but also apparent was an angrier edge to the lyrics: \"Run! Christian, Run!\"", "Christian, Run!\" Christian, Run!\" seemed to be an attack on the complacency of organised religion. Rings Around the World is also remarkable for being the world's first simultaneous release of an audio and DVD album. It was nominated for the Mercury Music Prize in 2001.", "It was nominated for the Mercury Music Prize in 2001. The ceremony took place on the day after the terror attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, and SFA's performance of the album track \"It's Not the End of the World?\" took on a somewhat bitter edge.", "took on a somewhat bitter edge. It was released as a single in January 2002 (chart No. 30), following \"(Drawing) Rings Around the World\" (chart No. 28): neither had that much impact but still received some airplay, notably on BBC Radio 2.", "28): neither had that much impact but still received some airplay, notably on BBC Radio 2. The next album, Phantom Power, relied less on sound experimentation and proved to be a more stripped-down, back-to-basics recording in contrast to the orchestral Rings Around the World.", "The next album, Phantom Power, relied less on sound experimentation and proved to be a more stripped-down, back-to-basics recording in contrast to the orchestral Rings Around the World. It was also released as both a CD and DVD album in July 2003, preceded by a single, \"Golden Retriever\", in June (chart No.", "It was also released as both a CD and DVD album in July 2003, preceded by a single, \"Golden Retriever\", in June (chart No. 13). Although the reviews for the album were generally good and it sold well initially, charting at No.", "Although the reviews for the album were generally good and it sold well initially, charting at No. 4, the album broke little new ground by SFA's standards and the band had fallen out of fashion, receiving little coverage in the music press. Another single, \"Hello Sunshine\", hit No.", "Another single, \"Hello Sunshine\", hit No. 31 in October 2003 and was eventually featured on the soundtrack of The O.C.. 2004–2005: Phantom Phorce to Love Kraft Perhaps recognising that their approach to Phantom Power had been a little too straightforward, the group followed it up in 2004 with a remix version, Phantom Phorce, with tracks reworked by the likes of Killa Kela, Four Tet and Brave Captain.", "31 in October 2003 and was eventually featured on the soundtrack of The O.C.. 2004–2005: Phantom Phorce to Love Kraft Perhaps recognising that their approach to Phantom Power had been a little too straightforward, the group followed it up in 2004 with a remix version, Phantom Phorce, with tracks reworked by the likes of Killa Kela, Four Tet and Brave Captain. They accompanied this with a download single, \"Slow Life\", which also included the track \"Motherfokker\", a collaboration with Goldie Lookin Chain, both tracks are now available as a free download via the Placid Casual website.", "They accompanied this with a download single, \"Slow Life\", which also included the track \"Motherfokker\", a collaboration with Goldie Lookin Chain, both tracks are now available as a free download via the Placid Casual website. In October 2004 the band released a best of album, Songbook: The Singles, Vol.", "In October 2004 the band released a best of album, Songbook: The Singles, Vol. 1, accompanied by a single – a live version of \"The Man Don't Give a Fuck\" (chart No. 16).", "16). 16). In early 2005, Gruff Rhys released a solo album Yr Atal Genhedlaeth, (\"The Stuttering Generation\", and also a play on words as \"Atal Genhedlu\" means contraception), sung all in Welsh.", "In early 2005, Gruff Rhys released a solo album Yr Atal Genhedlaeth, (\"The Stuttering Generation\", and also a play on words as \"Atal Genhedlu\" means contraception), sung all in Welsh. Gruff played most of the instruments himself, mainly using guitars, drums and his own multi-tracked voice.", "Gruff played most of the instruments himself, mainly using guitars, drums and his own multi-tracked voice. The band also selected tracks for a volume in the Under the Influence series of compilations, in which artists present the songs that they feel have most contributed to their sound.", "The band also selected tracks for a volume in the Under the Influence series of compilations, in which artists present the songs that they feel have most contributed to their sound. In 2005 Super Furry Animals were asked to put together the sixth release from the 'Under The Influence' series - Under the Influence: Super Furry Animals.", "In 2005 Super Furry Animals were asked to put together the sixth release from the 'Under The Influence' series - Under the Influence: Super Furry Animals. Each member chose 3 track each - Pryce's selections were Dawn Penn \"You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)\", Dennis Wilson and Rumbo \"Lady\" and MC5 \"Kick Out the Jams\".", "Each member chose 3 track each - Pryce's selections were Dawn Penn \"You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)\", Dennis Wilson and Rumbo \"Lady\" and MC5 \"Kick Out the Jams\". Also in 2005 it was reported that the band turned down a US$1.8m advertising deal with Coca-Cola after visiting a Coca-Cola plantation in Colombia with charity War on Want, where they heard of management-directed killings of trade-union members.", "Also in 2005 it was reported that the band turned down a US$1.8m advertising deal with Coca-Cola after visiting a Coca-Cola plantation in Colombia with charity War on Want, where they heard of management-directed killings of trade-union members. The company were asking for use of \"Hello Sunshine\" as part of their campaign.", "The company were asking for use of \"Hello Sunshine\" as part of their campaign. In a statement to British magazine Q, Coca-Cola denied the allegations, stating they had been \"an exemplary member of the business community\" in Colombia.", "In a statement to British magazine Q, Coca-Cola denied the allegations, stating they had been \"an exemplary member of the business community\" in Colombia. In August 2005, Super Furry Animals released their seventh studio effort, Love Kraft, recorded in Spain.", "In August 2005, Super Furry Animals released their seventh studio effort, Love Kraft, recorded in Spain. This represented a departure from their previous working methods: although all five members had always contributed to the development of the songs, Rhys had been the main songwriter.", "This represented a departure from their previous working methods: although all five members had always contributed to the development of the songs, Rhys had been the main songwriter. On Love Kraft this was no longer the case, as Rhys, Bunford, Ieuan and Ciaran all contributed songs and lead vocals.", "On Love Kraft this was no longer the case, as Rhys, Bunford, Ieuan and Ciaran all contributed songs and lead vocals. There was only one single from the album, \"Lazer Beam\", released on 15 August (chart No. 28).", "28). 28). The laid-back ambience recalls early-1970s Beach Boys albums such as Surf's Up (which SFA have referred to as one of their favourite albums), whilst the heavy use of strings suggested the likes of Scott Walker and Curtis Mayfield. The album's cool commercial reception (it charted at just No.", "The album's cool commercial reception (it charted at just No. 19) suggested that they had returned to their familiar status of critically acclaimed cult favourites. Love Kraft was also the last album released under Epic Records, as their contract expired in early 2006. 2006–2008: Rough Trade and Hey Venus!", "2006–2008: Rough Trade and Hey Venus! Ciaran's side project Acid Casuals released their debut album Omni in January 2006 on the Placid Casual label.", "Ciaran's side project Acid Casuals released their debut album Omni in January 2006 on the Placid Casual label. Drummer Ieuan formed a band known as The Peth which has been described by Rhys in various magazine articles as \"Satanic Abba\": the band also reunites Rhys Ifans with the SFA family, as he takes lead vocal duties.", "Drummer Ieuan formed a band known as The Peth which has been described by Rhys in various magazine articles as \"Satanic Abba\": the band also reunites Rhys Ifans with the SFA family, as he takes lead vocal duties. The band signed to Rough Trade Records during 2006 and are reportedly working on three projects for the label.", "The band signed to Rough Trade Records during 2006 and are reportedly working on three projects for the label. Gruff Rhys has also signed for Rough Trade Records as a solo artist in his own right and released a single on 7\" vinyl and download entitled \"Candylion\" in late 2006 which preceded an album of the same name that was released during the second week of 2007.", "Gruff Rhys has also signed for Rough Trade Records as a solo artist in his own right and released a single on 7\" vinyl and download entitled \"Candylion\" in late 2006 which preceded an album of the same name that was released during the second week of 2007. Unlike his debut Yr Atal Genhedlaeth, Candylion is primarily sung in English but has two Welsh tracks and one in \"bad Spanish\": it is primarily an acoustic album, and came about because Rhys has written several acoustic pop songs that didn't fit with the direction of the new SFA record.", "Unlike his debut Yr Atal Genhedlaeth, Candylion is primarily sung in English but has two Welsh tracks and one in \"bad Spanish\": it is primarily an acoustic album, and came about because Rhys has written several acoustic pop songs that didn't fit with the direction of the new SFA record. During this time some of the bands' music was used prominently in The Rock-afire Explosion documentary movie, namely Hello Sunshine and Some things Come From Nothing.", "During this time some of the bands' music was used prominently in The Rock-afire Explosion documentary movie, namely Hello Sunshine and Some things Come From Nothing. Recording sessions took place in a chateau in the south of France in 2007 for the band's first release for Rough Trade, Hey Venus!, which was released on 27 August that year.", "Recording sessions took place in a chateau in the south of France in 2007 for the band's first release for Rough Trade, Hey Venus!, which was released on 27 August that year. Gruff himself described the record as \"speaker blowing\".", "Gruff himself described the record as \"speaker blowing\". The album's first single, \"Show Your Hand\", failed to enter the top 40, their first to do so since 1996's \"Hometown Unicorn\", despite modest airplay. The album itself fared much better, peaking at No.", "The album itself fared much better, peaking at No. 11 and was a slight improvement from the sales of Love Kraft. The album became their first to enter the iTunes Music Store top 10 album charts, peaking at No. 9.", "9. 9. Over the 2007 Christmas period SFA released a single, \"The Gift That Keeps Giving\", free from their website. 2009–2014: Dark Days/Light Years and hiatus On 16 March 2009, Super Furry Animals released their ninth and final studio album, Dark Days/Light Years, digitally via their website.", "2009–2014: Dark Days/Light Years and hiatus On 16 March 2009, Super Furry Animals released their ninth and final studio album, Dark Days/Light Years, digitally via their website. The album's progress was recorded in a series of short films that were shown on the band's website in the build-up to the release.", "The album's progress was recorded in a series of short films that were shown on the band's website in the build-up to the release. Later in March, they performed the record in its entirety through an exclusive stream on their website.", "Later in March, they performed the record in its entirety through an exclusive stream on their website. A physical release on Rough Trade Records followed on 21 April, resulting in a number 23 UK Chart placement. Dark Days/Light Years notably featured a guest appearance from Nick McCarthy of Franz Ferdinand on \"Inaugural Trams.\"", "Dark Days/Light Years notably featured a guest appearance from Nick McCarthy of Franz Ferdinand on \"Inaugural Trams.\" Dark Days/Light Years received strong critical feedback, with The Guardian writing that \"it has more spark and invention than most teen bands manage on their debuts.\"", "Dark Days/Light Years received strong critical feedback, with The Guardian writing that \"it has more spark and invention than most teen bands manage on their debuts.\" In 2010, Super Furry Animals went on what became a five-year hiatus, as bassist Guto Pryce revealed in an interview with Wales Online.", "In 2010, Super Furry Animals went on what became a five-year hiatus, as bassist Guto Pryce revealed in an interview with Wales Online. Pryce noted that the band expected to reconvene as soon as the members finished with the various projects they were working on.", "Pryce noted that the band expected to reconvene as soon as the members finished with the various projects they were working on. Super Furry Animals reconvened for one performance on 29 February 2012 at Cardiff City Stadium before a Wales v Costa Rica Gary Speed Memorial Match, in tribute to the late Welsh footballer and team manager.", "Super Furry Animals reconvened for one performance on 29 February 2012 at Cardiff City Stadium before a Wales v Costa Rica Gary Speed Memorial Match, in tribute to the late Welsh footballer and team manager. In 2014, craft brewer The Celt Experience created a tribute \"Fuzzy Beer\" in collaboration with the band.", "In 2014, craft brewer The Celt Experience created a tribute \"Fuzzy Beer\" in collaboration with the band. 2015–2016: Reunion In May 2015, the band played several gigs from early May to September to accompany a major reissue of their 15-year-old album Mwng, which had been out of print.", "2015–2016: Reunion In May 2015, the band played several gigs from early May to September to accompany a major reissue of their 15-year-old album Mwng, which had been out of print. The same month a biography, Rise of the Super Furry Animals, was published by HarperCollins.", "The same month a biography, Rise of the Super Furry Animals, was published by HarperCollins. In January 2016, the band announced their first North American tour in six years. In May 2016, the band released \"Bing Bong\", their first single in seven years.", "In May 2016, the band released \"Bing Bong\", their first single in seven years. The song was released to celebrate the Wales national football team's qualification for UEFA Euro 2016. They headlined the Caught by the River Festival in August 2016, and announced the re-release of Fuzzy Logic. A compilation album, Zoom!", "A compilation album, Zoom! A compilation album, Zoom! The Best of 1995–2016, was released on 4 November 2016. The final tour of their reunion, in which they played both Fuzzy Logic and Radiator in full across the UK and Ireland, took place in December 2016.", "The final tour of their reunion, in which they played both Fuzzy Logic and Radiator in full across the UK and Ireland, took place in December 2016. 2017–present: Second hiatus and Das Koolies In September 2018, the official Super Furry Animals Twitter feed posted an announcement of a multi-disc set of recordings made at the BBC to be released on 23 November 2018.", "2017–present: Second hiatus and Das Koolies In September 2018, the official Super Furry Animals Twitter feed posted an announcement of a multi-disc set of recordings made at the BBC to be released on 23 November 2018. In 2019 Bunford, Ciaran, Pryce, and Ieuan reformed without Rhys under the name Das Koolies, an alter ego SFA used around 2000 for an experimental electronic album that was never officially released.", "In 2019 Bunford, Ciaran, Pryce, and Ieuan reformed without Rhys under the name Das Koolies, an alter ego SFA used around 2000 for an experimental electronic album that was never officially released. Das Koolies released their debut single \"It's All About The Dolphins\" on 29 January 2020.", "Das Koolies released their debut single \"It's All About The Dolphins\" on 29 January 2020. According to Ciaran, Das Koolies is now their main focus; they are no longer focusing on anything from Super Furry Animals.", "According to Ciaran, Das Koolies is now their main focus; they are no longer focusing on anything from Super Furry Animals. Discography Fuzzy Logic (1996) Radiator (1997) Guerrilla (1999) Mwng (2000) Rings Around the World (2001) Phantom Power (2003) Love Kraft (2005) Hey Venus!", "Discography Fuzzy Logic (1996) Radiator (1997) Guerrilla (1999) Mwng (2000) Rings Around the World (2001) Phantom Power (2003) Love Kraft (2005) Hey Venus! (2007) Dark Days/Light Years (2009) References External links Super Furry Animals biography from BBC Wales Musical groups established in 1993 1993 establishments in Wales Neo-psychedelia groups Cool Cymru Welsh alternative rock groups British psychedelic rock music groups Britpop groups Creation Records artists Welsh-language bands Musical quintets Musical groups from Cardiff Bertelsmann Music Group artists Epic Records artists Rough Trade Records artists" ]

[ "Simon Poidevin", "Rugby Sevens", "what is rugby sevens?", "I don't know.", "What is something interesting during this time?", "The final was the first time that Poidevin would oppose Wayne \"Buck\" Shelford," ]

[ "The Utah State–Wyoming football rivalry is an American college football rivalry between the Utah State Aggies and the Wyoming Cowboys. The rivalry is one of the oldest for both schools; it is Utah State's fourth-oldest rivalry and Wyoming's fifth. The schools played for the first time in 1903, a Aggie victory and Utah State leads the series \n\nOn November 25, 2013, “Bridger’s Battle” was announced as the name for the rivalry, after American frontiersman who spent much of his career in the region. A .50 caliber Rocky Mountain Hawken rifle was announced as the trophy for the rivalry, widely considered to be what Bridger carried.\n\nMeetings\nUtah State and Wyoming have a storied history dating back to the early 1900s as both schools were members of the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference (RMAC) from 1916–37 and later members of the Mountain States Conference from 1938–61. Following the dissolution of the Mountain States Conference in 1962, Utah State and Wyoming continued to play almost every year until 1978, then did not play again until 2001. They would meet only four additional times from 2003 to 2011.\n\nUtah State joined the Mountain West Conference in 2013 and was placed in the same division as Wyoming; the rivalry was renewed and is again played an annual basis. The 2020 matchup, scheduled to be played in Laramie, was cancelled due to a spike in cases of COVID-19 within the Utah State program amid the ongoing pandemic.\n\nGame results\n\nSee also \n List of NCAA college football rivalry games\n\nReferences\n\nCollege football rivalries in the United States\nUtah State Aggies football\nWyoming Cowboys football", "In hurling, the term \"Big Three\" () refers to the hurling county teams of Cork, Kilkenny and Tipperary.\n\nHistorically, these three counties have dominated the sport. Together, they have won 94 out of 133 of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championships (71%) and 52/90 (58%) of the National Hurling Leagues.\n\nResults\nAccurate to 23 August 2021.\n\nSee also\nCork–Kilkenny hurling rivalry\nCork–Tipperary hurling rivalry\nKilkenny–Tipperary hurling rivalry\n\nReferences" ]

[ "Simon Paul Poidevin (born 31 October 1958) is a former Australian rugby union player. Poidevin is married to Robin Fahlstrom ( 1995-present) and has three sons, Jean-Luc(born 21.07.96), Christian ( born 09.09.98) & Gabriel ( born 02.05.2003) Poidevin made his Test debut for Australia against Fiji during the 1980 tour of Fiji.", "Poidevin is married to Robin Fahlstrom ( 1995-present) and has three sons, Jean-Luc(born 21.07.96), Christian ( born 09.09.98) & Gabriel ( born 02.05.2003) Poidevin made his Test debut for Australia against Fiji during the 1980 tour of Fiji. He was a member of the Wallabies side that defeated New Zealand 2–1 in the 1980 Bledisloe Cup series.", "He was a member of the Wallabies side that defeated New Zealand 2–1 in the 1980 Bledisloe Cup series. He toured with the Eighth Wallabies for the 1984 Australia rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland that won rugby union's \"grand slam\", the first Australian side to defeat all four home nations, England, Ireland, Wales and Scotland, on a tour.", "He toured with the Eighth Wallabies for the 1984 Australia rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland that won rugby union's \"grand slam\", the first Australian side to defeat all four home nations, England, Ireland, Wales and Scotland, on a tour. He made his debut as captain of the Wallabies in a two-Test series against Argentina in 1986, substituting for the absent Andrew Slack.", "He made his debut as captain of the Wallabies in a two-Test series against Argentina in 1986, substituting for the absent Andrew Slack. He was a member of the Wallabies on the 1986 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand that beat the New Zealand 2–1, one of five international teams and second Australian team to win a Test series in New Zealand.", "He was a member of the Wallabies on the 1986 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand that beat the New Zealand 2–1, one of five international teams and second Australian team to win a Test series in New Zealand. During the 1987 Rugby World Cup, he overtook Peter Johnson as Australia's most capped Test player against Japan, captaining the Wallabies for the third time in his 43rd cap.", "During the 1987 Rugby World Cup, he overtook Peter Johnson as Australia's most capped Test player against Japan, captaining the Wallabies for the third time in his 43rd cap. He captained the Wallabies on a fourth and final occasion on the 1987 Australia rugby union tour of Argentina before injury ended his tour prematurely.", "He captained the Wallabies on a fourth and final occasion on the 1987 Australia rugby union tour of Argentina before injury ended his tour prematurely. In 1988, he briefly retired from international rugby, reversing his decision 42 days later ahead of the 1988 Bledisloe Cup series.", "In 1988, he briefly retired from international rugby, reversing his decision 42 days later ahead of the 1988 Bledisloe Cup series. Following this series, Poidevin continued to make sporadic appearances for the Wallabies, which included a return to the Australian side for the single 1989 Bledisloe Cup Test.", "Following this series, Poidevin continued to make sporadic appearances for the Wallabies, which included a return to the Australian side for the single 1989 Bledisloe Cup Test. After making himself unavailable for the 1990 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand, he returned to the Australian national squad for the 1991 season.", "After making himself unavailable for the 1990 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand, he returned to the Australian national squad for the 1991 season. Poidevin was a member of the Wallabies that won the 1991 Rugby World Cup, after which he retired from international rugby union.", "Poidevin was a member of the Wallabies that won the 1991 Rugby World Cup, after which he retired from international rugby union. Poidevin is one of only four Australian rugby union players, along with David Campese, Michael Lynagh and Nick Farr-Jones, to have won rugby union's Grand Slam, achieved a series victory in New Zealand, and won a Rugby World Cup.", "Poidevin is one of only four Australian rugby union players, along with David Campese, Michael Lynagh and Nick Farr-Jones, to have won rugby union's Grand Slam, achieved a series victory in New Zealand, and won a Rugby World Cup. Early life Poidevin was born on 31 October 1958 to Ann (née Hannan) and Paul Poidevin at Goulburn Base Hospital in Goulburn, New South Wales.", "Early life Poidevin was born on 31 October 1958 to Ann (née Hannan) and Paul Poidevin at Goulburn Base Hospital in Goulburn, New South Wales. He is the third of five children. He has two older siblings, Andrew and Jane, and two younger siblings, Joanne and Lucy.", "He has two older siblings, Andrew and Jane, and two younger siblings, Joanne and Lucy. Poidevin's surname comes from Pierre Le Poidevin, a French sailor who had been imprisoned by the English in the 1820s, eventually settled in Australia and took an Irish wife.", "Poidevin's surname comes from Pierre Le Poidevin, a French sailor who had been imprisoned by the English in the 1820s, eventually settled in Australia and took an Irish wife. Poidevin grew up on a farm called 'Braemar' on Mummell Road, a 360-hectare property outside of Goulburn, where his family raised fat lambs and some cattle.", "Poidevin grew up on a farm called 'Braemar' on Mummell Road, a 360-hectare property outside of Goulburn, where his family raised fat lambs and some cattle. Poidevin comes from a family with a history of sporting achievements.", "Poidevin comes from a family with a history of sporting achievements. His grandfather on his mother's side of his family, Les Hannan, was a rugby union player who was selected for the 1908–09 Australia rugby union tour of Britain. However, he broke his leg before the team departed from Australia and missed the tour.", "However, he broke his leg before the team departed from Australia and missed the tour. Hannan later fought in World War I in the 1st Light Horse Brigade, where he served as a stretcher bearer.", "Hannan later fought in World War I in the 1st Light Horse Brigade, where he served as a stretcher bearer. Poidevin's father's cousin, Dr Leslie Oswald Poidevin, was an accomplished cricketer, hitting 151 for New South Wales against McLaren's MCC side, and during the 1918–19 season he became the first Australian to score a century at all levels of cricket.", "Poidevin's father's cousin, Dr Leslie Oswald Poidevin, was an accomplished cricketer, hitting 151 for New South Wales against McLaren's MCC side, and during the 1918–19 season he became the first Australian to score a century at all levels of cricket. He later became co-founder of the inter-club cricket competition in Sydney known as the Poidevin-Gray Shield.", "He later became co-founder of the inter-club cricket competition in Sydney known as the Poidevin-Gray Shield. Dr Lesile Oswald Poidevin was also an accomplished tennis player. While studying medicine in Great Britain, he won the Swiss tennis championship and also played in the Davis Cup.", "While studying medicine in Great Britain, he won the Swiss tennis championship and also played in the Davis Cup. In 1906, he represented Australasia with New Zealander, Anthony Wilding, when they were beaten by the United States at Newport, Wales.", "In 1906, he represented Australasia with New Zealander, Anthony Wilding, when they were beaten by the United States at Newport, Wales. After this loss, Poidevin traveled to Lancashire to play cricket, where he made a century for his county the following day.", "After this loss, Poidevin traveled to Lancashire to play cricket, where he made a century for his county the following day. Dr Leslie Oswald Poidevin's son, Dr Leslie Poidevin, was also an accomplished tennis player who won the singles tennis championship at Sydney University six years in a row between 1932 and 1937.", "Dr Leslie Oswald Poidevin's son, Dr Leslie Poidevin, was also an accomplished tennis player who won the singles tennis championship at Sydney University six years in a row between 1932 and 1937. Poidevin's eldest sibling, Andrew, obtained a scholarship to study at Chevalier College at Bowral, where he represented NSW schoolboys playing rugby union.", "Poidevin's eldest sibling, Andrew, obtained a scholarship to study at Chevalier College at Bowral, where he represented NSW schoolboys playing rugby union. He went on to play rugby union for the Australian National University, ACT U-23s at breakaway, and later played with Simon for the University of New South Wales.", "He went on to play rugby union for the Australian National University, ACT U-23s at breakaway, and later played with Simon for the University of New South Wales. Poidevin's first school was the Our Lady of Mercy preparatory school in Goulburn where he was introduced to rugby league.", "Poidevin's first school was the Our Lady of Mercy preparatory school in Goulburn where he was introduced to rugby league. He played for an under-6 team that was coached by Jeff Feeney, the father of the well-known motorbike rider, Paul Feeney.", "He played for an under-6 team that was coached by Jeff Feeney, the father of the well-known motorbike rider, Paul Feeney. For his primary education, Poidevin attended St Patrick's College (now Trinity Catholic College), where rugby league was the only football code. His first team at St Patrick's College was the under-10s.", "His first team at St Patrick's College was the under-10s. During his childhood, Poidevin played rugby league with Gavin Miller, who would go on to play rugby league for the Australia national rugby league team, New South Wales rugby league team and Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks.", "During his childhood, Poidevin played rugby league with Gavin Miller, who would go on to play rugby league for the Australia national rugby league team, New South Wales rugby league team and Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks. Poidevin changed football codes and played rugby union when he moved into senior school at St Patrick's College, where rugby union was the only form of rugby played.", "Poidevin changed football codes and played rugby union when he moved into senior school at St Patrick's College, where rugby union was the only form of rugby played. Poidevin made the school's 1st XV in his penultimate year at school and the team remained undefeated throughout the season.", "Poidevin made the school's 1st XV in his penultimate year at school and the team remained undefeated throughout the season. Following this, Poidevin made the ACT schools representative team for the Australian schools championship in Melbourne. The ACT schools representative team defeated New South Wales, but lost the final the Queensland.", "The ACT schools representative team defeated New South Wales, but lost the final the Queensland. Upon finishing school he played a season with the Goulburn Rugby Union Football Club and then, in 1978, he moved to Sydney to study at the University of New South Wales, from which he graduated in 1983 with a Bachelor of Science (Hons).", "Upon finishing school he played a season with the Goulburn Rugby Union Football Club and then, in 1978, he moved to Sydney to study at the University of New South Wales, from which he graduated in 1983 with a Bachelor of Science (Hons). He made his first grade debut with the university's rugby union team in 1978.", "He made his first grade debut with the university's rugby union team in 1978. In 1982 he moved clubs to Randwick, the famous Galloping Greens, home of the Ella brothers and many other Wallabies.", "In 1982 he moved clubs to Randwick, the famous Galloping Greens, home of the Ella brothers and many other Wallabies. Rugby Union career 1979 New South Wales In 1979 Poidevin made his state debut for New South Wales, replacing an injured Greg Craig for New South Wales’ return match against Queensland at T.G. Milner Field.", "Milner Field. Milner Field. Queensland defeated New South Wales 24–3. 1980 In 1980 Poidevin went on his first overseas rugby tour with the University of NSW to the west coast of North America. The tour included games against the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Stanford, UCLA, Long Beach State and Berkeley.", "The tour included games against the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Stanford, UCLA, Long Beach State and Berkeley. Sydney Following the 1980 University of NSW tour to the west coast of America, Poidevin achieved selection for the Sydney rugby team coached by former Wallaby Peter Crittle.", "Sydney Following the 1980 University of NSW tour to the west coast of America, Poidevin achieved selection for the Sydney rugby team coached by former Wallaby Peter Crittle. Shortly following this selection, the Sydney rugby side completed a brief tour to New Zealand, that included matches against Waikato, Thames Valley and Auckland.", "Shortly following this selection, the Sydney rugby side completed a brief tour to New Zealand, that included matches against Waikato, Thames Valley and Auckland. Sydney won all three games, including a 17–9 victory over Auckland.", "Sydney won all three games, including a 17–9 victory over Auckland. After returning to Australia from New Zealand, Poidevin participated in three preparatory matches Sydney played against Victoria, the ACT and the President's XV – all won convincingly by Sydney.", "After returning to Australia from New Zealand, Poidevin participated in three preparatory matches Sydney played against Victoria, the ACT and the President's XV – all won convincingly by Sydney. Poidevin then played in Sydney's seventh game of their 1980 season against NSW Country, won 66–3.", "Poidevin then played in Sydney's seventh game of their 1980 season against NSW Country, won 66–3. Poidevin popped the AC joint in his shoulder in the match against NSW Country when Country forward Ross Reynolds fell on top of him while he was at the bottom of a ruck.", "Poidevin popped the AC joint in his shoulder in the match against NSW Country when Country forward Ross Reynolds fell on top of him while he was at the bottom of a ruck. Due to this injury, Poidevin missed the interstate match between New South Wales and Queensland in 1980, which New South Wales won 36–20 – their first victory over Queensland since 1975.", "Due to this injury, Poidevin missed the interstate match between New South Wales and Queensland in 1980, which New South Wales won 36–20 – their first victory over Queensland since 1975. Australia rugby union tour of Fiji Shortly following Sydney's win against NSW Country, Poidevin achieved national selection for the 1980 Australia rugby union tour of Fiji.", "Australia rugby union tour of Fiji Shortly following Sydney's win against NSW Country, Poidevin achieved national selection for the 1980 Australia rugby union tour of Fiji. Poidevin concealed his shoulder injury, sustained in the Sydney match against NSW Country, from the Australian team management, so he could play for Australia.", "Poidevin concealed his shoulder injury, sustained in the Sydney match against NSW Country, from the Australian team management, so he could play for Australia. Poidevin made his Australian debut in the Wallabies' first provincial match of the tour against Western Unions on 17 May 1980, which Australia won 25–11.", "Poidevin made his Australian debut in the Wallabies' first provincial match of the tour against Western Unions on 17 May 1980, which Australia won 25–11. Poidevin played in Australia's second game against Eastern Unions, won 46–14.", "Poidevin played in Australia's second game against Eastern Unions, won 46–14. Poidevin made his Test debut for Australia following these two provincial matches against Fiji on 24 May 1980, won by Australia 22–9.", "Poidevin made his Test debut for Australia following these two provincial matches against Fiji on 24 May 1980, won by Australia 22–9. 1980 Bledisloe Cup Test Series Following the 1980 Australia rugby union tour of Fiji, Poidevin played in six consecutive matches against New Zealand – for Australian Universities, Sydney, NSW and in three Tests for the Wallabies.", "1980 Bledisloe Cup Test Series Following the 1980 Australia rugby union tour of Fiji, Poidevin played in six consecutive matches against New Zealand – for Australian Universities, Sydney, NSW and in three Tests for the Wallabies. Poidevin played in the first match of the 1980 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia and Fiji for Sydney against New Zealand, which was drawn 13–13.", "Poidevin played in the first match of the 1980 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia and Fiji for Sydney against New Zealand, which was drawn 13–13. Shortly thereafter he played for New South Wales against New Zealand in the All Blacks' fifth match of the tour. New Zealand won the game 12–4.", "New Zealand won the game 12–4. Poidevin played in Australia's first Test of the 1980 Bledisloe Cup against New Zealand, won 13–9 by the Wallabies. Australia lost the second Test 12–9, in which Poidevin sustained a cut on his face after being rucked across the head by All Black Gary Knight.", "Australia lost the second Test 12–9, in which Poidevin sustained a cut on his face after being rucked across the head by All Black Gary Knight. Poidevin played for Australian Universities in New Zealand's 10th match of the tour, which was lost 33–3.", "Poidevin played for Australian Universities in New Zealand's 10th match of the tour, which was lost 33–3. However, Poidevin played in the third and deciding Test of the 1980 Bledisloe Cup – his sixth consecutive match played against New Zealand in 1980 – won 26–10.", "However, Poidevin played in the third and deciding Test of the 1980 Bledisloe Cup – his sixth consecutive match played against New Zealand in 1980 – won 26–10. The series victory over New Zealand in 1980 was the first time Australia had ever retained the Bledisloe Cup, which they had won in 1979 in a one-off Test.", "The series victory over New Zealand in 1980 was the first time Australia had ever retained the Bledisloe Cup, which they had won in 1979 in a one-off Test. It was the first three-Test series victory Australia had ever achieved over New Zealand since 1949, and the first three-Test series they had won against New Zealand on Australian soil since 1934.", "It was the first three-Test series victory Australia had ever achieved over New Zealand since 1949, and the first three-Test series they had won against New Zealand on Australian soil since 1934. 1981 In 1981 Poidevin toured Japan with the Australian Universities rugby union team.", "1981 In 1981 Poidevin toured Japan with the Australian Universities rugby union team. Australian Universities won four games against Japan's university teams, but lost the final game against All Japan by one point.", "Australian Universities won four games against Japan's university teams, but lost the final game against All Japan by one point. Sydney Following his brief tour of Japan, Poidevin was selected for the Sydney team to play against a World XV that included players such as New Zealand's Bruce Robertson, Hika Reid and Andy Haden, Wales’ Graham Price, Argentina's Alejandro Iachetti and Hugo Porta and Australia's Mark Loane.", "Sydney Following his brief tour of Japan, Poidevin was selected for the Sydney team to play against a World XV that included players such as New Zealand's Bruce Robertson, Hika Reid and Andy Haden, Wales’ Graham Price, Argentina's Alejandro Iachetti and Hugo Porta and Australia's Mark Loane. The game ended in a 16–16 draw.", "The game ended in a 16–16 draw. Following this match Sydney undertook a procession of representative games that included playing Queensland at Ballymore. Sydney's unbeaten streak of 14 games was broken by Queensland after they defeated Sydney 30–4, scoring four tries.", "Sydney's unbeaten streak of 14 games was broken by Queensland after they defeated Sydney 30–4, scoring four tries. Sydney then lost to New Zealand side Canterbury before responding by defeating Auckland and NSW Country – both games were played at Redfern Oval.", "Sydney then lost to New Zealand side Canterbury before responding by defeating Auckland and NSW Country – both games were played at Redfern Oval. New South Wales Poidevin was then selected to play for New South Wales in a succession of the matches in 1981. The first match against Manawatu was won 58–3, with NSW scoring 10 tries.", "The first match against Manawatu was won 58–3, with NSW scoring 10 tries. Victories over Waikato and Counties followed, before New South Wales were defeated by Queensland 26–15 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. New South Wales played Queensland in a return match a week later in Brisbane that was won 7–6.", "New South Wales played Queensland in a return match a week later in Brisbane that was won 7–6. 1981 France rugby union tour of Australia Poidevin played for Sydney against France in the third game France played for their 1981 France rugby union tour of Australia, won by Sydney 16–14.", "1981 France rugby union tour of Australia Poidevin played for Sydney against France in the third game France played for their 1981 France rugby union tour of Australia, won by Sydney 16–14. Poidevin then played for New South Wales against France for the fifth match of France's Australia tour, lost 21–12.", "Poidevin then played for New South Wales against France for the fifth match of France's Australia tour, lost 21–12. Poidevin achieved national selection for the two-Test series against France, despite competition for back row positions in the Australian team.", "Poidevin achieved national selection for the two-Test series against France, despite competition for back row positions in the Australian team. The first Test against France marked the first time Poidevin played with Australian eightman Mark Loane and contained the first try Poidevin scored at international Test level.", "The first Test against France marked the first time Poidevin played with Australian eightman Mark Loane and contained the first try Poidevin scored at international Test level. In his biography, For Love Not Money, written with Jim Webster, Poidevin recalls that: The first France Test at Ballymore held special significance for me because I was playing alongside Loaney for the first time.", "In his biography, For Love Not Money, written with Jim Webster, Poidevin recalls that: The first France Test at Ballymore held special significance for me because I was playing alongside Loaney for the first time. In my eyes he was something of a god... Loaney was a huge inspiration, and I tailed him around the field hoping to feed off him whenever he made one of those titanic bursts where he’d split the defence wide open with his unbelievable strength and speed.", "In my eyes he was something of a god... Loaney was a huge inspiration, and I tailed him around the field hoping to feed off him whenever he made one of those titanic bursts where he’d split the defence wide open with his unbelievable strength and speed. Sticking to him in that Test paid off handsomely, because Loaney splintered the Frenchmen in one charge, gave to me and I went for the line for all I was worth.", "Sticking to him in that Test paid off handsomely, because Loaney splintered the Frenchmen in one charge, gave to me and I went for the line for all I was worth. I saw Blanco coming at me out of the corner of my eye, but was just fast enough to make the corner for my first Test try.", "I saw Blanco coming at me out of the corner of my eye, but was just fast enough to make the corner for my first Test try. I walked back with the whole of the grandstand yelling and cheering. God and Loaney had been good to me.\"", "God and Loaney had been good to me.\" Poidevin played in Australia's second Test against France in Sydney, won by Australia 24–14, giving Australia a 2–0 series victory.", "Poidevin played in Australia's second Test against France in Sydney, won by Australia 24–14, giving Australia a 2–0 series victory. 1981–82 Australia rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland In mid-August 1981 the ARFU held trials to choose a team for the 1981–82 Australia rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland.", "1981–82 Australia rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland In mid-August 1981 the ARFU held trials to choose a team for the 1981–82 Australia rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland. However, Poidevin was unavailable for these trials after breaking his thumb in a second division club game for the University of New South Wales against Drummoyne.", "However, Poidevin was unavailable for these trials after breaking his thumb in a second division club game for the University of New South Wales against Drummoyne. Despite missing the trials, Poidevin still obtained selection for the Seventh Wallabies to tour the Home Nations.", "Despite missing the trials, Poidevin still obtained selection for the Seventh Wallabies to tour the Home Nations. Poidevin played in 13 matches of the 24-game tour, which included all four Tests and provincial matches against Munster (lost 15–6) and North and Midlands (won 36–6).", "Poidevin played in 13 matches of the 24-game tour, which included all four Tests and provincial matches against Munster (lost 15–6) and North and Midlands (won 36–6). Poidevin played in Australia's Test victory over Ireland, won 16–12 (Australia's only victory on tour).", "Poidevin played in Australia's Test victory over Ireland, won 16–12 (Australia's only victory on tour). Australia lost the second Test on tour against Wales 18–13 in what Poidevin later described as \"one of the greatest disappointments I’ve experienced in Rugby.\" The Wallabies then lost their third Test on tour against Scotland 24–15.", "The Wallabies then lost their third Test on tour against Scotland 24–15. The final Test against England was lost 15–11. 1982 Randwick Poidevin commenced 1982 by switching Sydney club teams, leaving the University of New South Wales for Randwick.", "1982 Randwick Poidevin commenced 1982 by switching Sydney club teams, leaving the University of New South Wales for Randwick. In For Love Not Money, Poidevin explained that, \"University of NSW had spent the previous two seasons in second division and I very much wanted to play my future club football each week at an ultra-competitive level, so that there wasn’t that huge jump I used to experience going from club to representative ranks.\"", "In For Love Not Money, Poidevin explained that, \"University of NSW had spent the previous two seasons in second division and I very much wanted to play my future club football each week at an ultra-competitive level, so that there wasn’t that huge jump I used to experience going from club to representative ranks.\" Shortly thereafter Poidevin played in the first Australian club championship between Randwick and Brothers, opposing his former Australian captain Tony Shaw.", "Shortly thereafter Poidevin played in the first Australian club championship between Randwick and Brothers, opposing his former Australian captain Tony Shaw. Randwick won the game 22–13. Later in the year, Poidevin won his first Sydney premiership with Randwick in their 21–12 victory over Warringah, in which Poidevin scored two tries.", "Later in the year, Poidevin won his first Sydney premiership with Randwick in their 21–12 victory over Warringah, in which Poidevin scored two tries. Sydney In 1982 Poidevin played rugby union for Sydney under new coach Peter Fenton after Peter Crittle was elevated to coach of New South Wales.", "Sydney In 1982 Poidevin played rugby union for Sydney under new coach Peter Fenton after Peter Crittle was elevated to coach of New South Wales. Poidevin commenced Sydney's 1982 rugby season with warm-up watches against Victoria and the ACT, before travelling to Fiji, where New South Wales defeated Fiji 21–18. A week later, Sydney defeated Queensland 25–9.", "A week later, Sydney defeated Queensland 25–9. The Queensland side featured many players who had played (or would play) for the Wallabies – Stan Pilecki, Duncan Hall, Mark Loane, Tony Shaw, Michael Lynagh, Michael O'Connor, Brendan Moon, Andrew Slack, and Paul McLean.", "The Queensland side featured many players who had played (or would play) for the Wallabies – Stan Pilecki, Duncan Hall, Mark Loane, Tony Shaw, Michael Lynagh, Michael O'Connor, Brendan Moon, Andrew Slack, and Paul McLean. Poidevin was then named captain of Sydney for their next game against NSW Country (won 43–3), after Sydney captain Michael Hawker withdrew with an injury.", "Poidevin was then named captain of Sydney for their next game against NSW Country (won 43–3), after Sydney captain Michael Hawker withdrew with an injury. In 1982, Scotland toured Australia and lost their third provincial game to Sydney 22–13. However, Poidevin's autobiography does not state whether he played in that game.", "However, Poidevin's autobiography does not state whether he played in that game. New South Wales Poidevin continued to play for New South Wales in 1982, and travelled to New Zealand for a three-match tour with the team now coached by former Wallaby Peter Crittle and containing a new manager – future Australian coach Alan Jones.", "New South Wales Poidevin continued to play for New South Wales in 1982, and travelled to New Zealand for a three-match tour with the team now coached by former Wallaby Peter Crittle and containing a new manager – future Australian coach Alan Jones. New South Wales won their first match against Waikato 43–21, their second match against Taranaki 14–9, and their third and final match against Manawatu 40–13.", "New South Wales won their first match against Waikato 43–21, their second match against Taranaki 14–9, and their third and final match against Manawatu 40–13. Following the tour to New Zealand, Sydney played in a match against a World XV.", "Following the tour to New Zealand, Sydney played in a match against a World XV. However, because several European players withdrew, the World XV's forward pack was composed mainly of New Zealand forwards, including Graham Mourie, Andy Haden, Billy Bush and Hika Reid.", "However, because several European players withdrew, the World XV's forward pack was composed mainly of New Zealand forwards, including Graham Mourie, Andy Haden, Billy Bush and Hika Reid. Sydney won the game 31–13 with several of its players sustaining injuries.", "Sydney won the game 31–13 with several of its players sustaining injuries. Poidevin was severely rucked across the forehead in the game and required several stitches to conceal the wound he sustained. All Black Andy Haden was later confronted by Poidevin at the post-match reception, where he denied culpability.", "All Black Andy Haden was later confronted by Poidevin at the post-match reception, where he denied culpability. Poidevin would later write that, \"All evidence then seemed to point to [Billy] Bush, who was the other prime suspect.", "Poidevin would later write that, \"All evidence then seemed to point to [Billy] Bush, who was the other prime suspect. But years later Mourie told me that he had been shocked at the incident and, being captain, he spoken to Haden about it at the time. Haden's response?", "Haden's response? Haden's response? He accused the captain of getting soft.\" Public calls were made for an injury into the incident, with NSW manager Alan Jones a prominent advocate for Poidevin. However, no action was taken.", "However, no action was taken. Poidevin would later write that with examination of videos and judiciary committees \"the culprit(s) concerned would have spent a very long time out of the game.\"", "Poidevin would later write that with examination of videos and judiciary committees \"the culprit(s) concerned would have spent a very long time out of the game.\" Following NSW's game against the World XV, the team was set to play two interstate games against Queensland – both scheduled to be played in Queensland to celebrate the Queensland Rugby Union's centenary year.", "Following NSW's game against the World XV, the team was set to play two interstate games against Queensland – both scheduled to be played in Queensland to celebrate the Queensland Rugby Union's centenary year. Queensland won the first game 23–16.", "Queensland won the first game 23–16. Following an injury to New South Wales captain Mark Ella in the first game, Poidevin was made captain of the team for the first time in his career for the second game, lost 41–7 to Queensland. Following the interstate series against Queensland, Scotland toured Australia, playing two Tests.", "Following the interstate series against Queensland, Scotland toured Australia, playing two Tests. With eightman Mark Loane likely to be selected for the Australian team, Poidevin was faced with strong competition for the remaining two back row positions at breakaway, with Tony Shaw, Gary Pearse, Peter Lucas and Chris Roche, all vying for national selection.", "With eightman Mark Loane likely to be selected for the Australian team, Poidevin was faced with strong competition for the remaining two back row positions at breakaway, with Tony Shaw, Gary Pearse, Peter Lucas and Chris Roche, all vying for national selection. Prior to New South Wales' provincial game against Scotland, a newspaper headline read \"Poidevin Needs a Blinder\".", "Prior to New South Wales' provincial game against Scotland, a newspaper headline read \"Poidevin Needs a Blinder\". Scotland defeated New South Wales 31–7, and Poidevin missed out on national selection, with newly appointed Australian coach Bob Dwyer selecting Queenslanders Chris Roche and Tony Shaw for the remaining back row positions.", "Scotland defeated New South Wales 31–7, and Poidevin missed out on national selection, with newly appointed Australian coach Bob Dwyer selecting Queenslanders Chris Roche and Tony Shaw for the remaining back row positions. This was the first time Poidevin was dropped from the Australia team.", "This was the first time Poidevin was dropped from the Australia team. 1982 Bledisloe Cup Series After missing out on national selection for the two-Test series against Scotland, Poidevin regained his spot in the Australian side for the 1982 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand, after 10 Australian players (nine of them from Queensland) announced that for professional and personal reasons they were withdrawing from the tour.", "1982 Bledisloe Cup Series After missing out on national selection for the two-Test series against Scotland, Poidevin regained his spot in the Australian side for the 1982 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand, after 10 Australian players (nine of them from Queensland) announced that for professional and personal reasons they were withdrawing from the tour. The Australian side surprised rugby pundits with their early success, winning all five provincial games in the lead-up to the first Test.", "The Australian side surprised rugby pundits with their early success, winning all five provincial games in the lead-up to the first Test. However, Australia lost the first Test to New Zealand 23–16 in Christchurch.", "However, Australia lost the first Test to New Zealand 23–16 in Christchurch. Poidevin would later remark that: \"Out on the field it felt like a real flogging, and personally I'd been well outplayed by their skipper Graham Mourie, a player of great intelligence and an inspiring leader.\"", "Poidevin would later remark that: \"Out on the field it felt like a real flogging, and personally I'd been well outplayed by their skipper Graham Mourie, a player of great intelligence and an inspiring leader.\" Australia won the second Test 19–16 in what Poidevin would later call \"one of the most courageous victories by any of the Australian sides with which I've been associated.\"", "Australia won the second Test 19–16 in what Poidevin would later call \"one of the most courageous victories by any of the Australian sides with which I've been associated.\" Australia held a 19–3 halftime lead. From there, Poidevin recalled that: Then we hung on against a massive All Black finishing effort.", "From there, Poidevin recalled that: Then we hung on against a massive All Black finishing effort. The harder they came at us, the more determinedly we cut them down in their tracks. We were desperate and we fought desperately.", "We were desperate and we fought desperately. In the last 30 seconds of the game, I dived onto a loose ball and the All Blacks swarmed over me and Peter Lucas and we knew that if the ball went back out way we'd win the Test, and when Luco and I saw it heading back out side we actually started laughing with joy.", "In the last 30 seconds of the game, I dived onto a loose ball and the All Blacks swarmed over me and Peter Lucas and we knew that if the ball went back out way we'd win the Test, and when Luco and I saw it heading back out side we actually started laughing with joy. We all began embracing and congratulating each other in highly emotional scenes.", "We all began embracing and congratulating each other in highly emotional scenes. Against all odds, we'd beaten the All Blacks and suddenly had a chance to retain the Bledisloe Cup. However, Australia would go on to lose the third and series-deciding Test to the All Blacks 33–18.", "However, Australia would go on to lose the third and series-deciding Test to the All Blacks 33–18. Despite this, the tour was deemed a success for Australia, with the team scoring 316 points, including 47 tries on tour. Following the tour, Poidevin played in another Queensland Rugby Union centenary game between the Barbarians and Queensland.", "Following the tour, Poidevin played in another Queensland Rugby Union centenary game between the Barbarians and Queensland. 1983 1983 Australia rugby union tour of Italy and France Poidevin was a member of the Wallabies for the 1983 Australia rugby union tour of Italy and France.", "1983 1983 Australia rugby union tour of Italy and France Poidevin was a member of the Wallabies for the 1983 Australia rugby union tour of Italy and France. Australia won their opening tour game against Italy B in L'Aquila 26–0, before travelling to Padova for the first Test on tour against Italy, won 29–7.", "Australia won their opening tour game against Italy B in L'Aquila 26–0, before travelling to Padova for the first Test on tour against Italy, won 29–7. Australia won its first provincial game on the French leg of a tour, a 19–16 victory over a French selection XV in Strasbourg.", "Australia won its first provincial game on the French leg of a tour, a 19–16 victory over a French selection XV in Strasbourg. However, Poidevin would later describe it as 'the most vicious game I've ever been part of.'", "However, Poidevin would later describe it as 'the most vicious game I've ever been part of.' The Wallabies drew the next game against French Police at Le Creusot, and then defeated another French selection side 27–7 at Grenoble.", "The Wallabies drew the next game against French Police at Le Creusot, and then defeated another French selection side 27–7 at Grenoble. However, after remaining undefeated up until this point of the tour, Australia then lost two matches – a 15–9 defeat to a French Selection XV at Perpignan and a 36–6 loss to a French Selection XV at Agen.", "However, after remaining undefeated up until this point of the tour, Australia then lost two matches – a 15–9 defeat to a French Selection XV at Perpignan and a 36–6 loss to a French Selection XV at Agen. Australia drew its first Test against France at Clermont-Ferrand 15–15.", "Australia drew its first Test against France at Clermont-Ferrand 15–15. In For Love Not Money, Poidevin remembered that: The first Test at Clermont-Ferrand produced a tremendously gutsy performance by Australia. We were literally so short on lineout jumpers that it was decided I should jump at number two in the lineouts against Lorieux.", "We were literally so short on lineout jumpers that it was decided I should jump at number two in the lineouts against Lorieux. Well at the first lineout he had one look across at me and simply laughed. I had no hope of matching him, so I just tried knocking him sideways out of every lineout.", "I had no hope of matching him, so I just tried knocking him sideways out of every lineout. The team put up a determined effort in a Test which never rose to any heights. It was tight, unattractive and closely fought, and at the finish we managed a very satisfying 15-all draw.", "It was tight, unattractive and closely fought, and at the finish we managed a very satisfying 15-all draw. Australia's back row of Poidevin, Chris Roche and Steve Tuynman received positive reviews for its performance in the first Test against the French back row, which included Jean-Pierre Rives.", "Australia's back row of Poidevin, Chris Roche and Steve Tuynman received positive reviews for its performance in the first Test against the French back row, which included Jean-Pierre Rives. Australia then won its next provincial match against French Army 16–10. France defeated Australia in the second Test 15–6, giving them a 1–0–1 series victory over the Wallabies.", "France defeated Australia in the second Test 15–6, giving them a 1–0–1 series victory over the Wallabies. In For Love Not Money, Poidevin documented that: That Test was an excellent defensive effort by the Australian team. The French won so much possession it wasn't funny, and they came at us in wave after wave.", "The French won so much possession it wasn't funny, and they came at us in wave after wave. But we cut them down time and again. How we held them out as much as we did I'll never know. It was another vicious game.", "It was another vicious game. It was another vicious game. I was kicked in the head early on and walked around in a daze for a while... We had the chance to win the game.", "I was kicked in the head early on and walked around in a daze for a while... We had the chance to win the game. We were down only 9–6 when our hooker Tom Lawton was penalised in a scrum five metres from the French line for an early strike and the Frogs were out of trouble.", "We were down only 9–6 when our hooker Tom Lawton was penalised in a scrum five metres from the French line for an early strike and the Frogs were out of trouble. Mark Ella also had a drop goal attempt charged down by Rives late in the game.", "Mark Ella also had a drop goal attempt charged down by Rives late in the game. Finally the French pulled off a blindside move, scored a remarkable try, and won 15–6.", "Finally the French pulled off a blindside move, scored a remarkable try, and won 15–6. Poidevin concluded the 1983 Australia rugby union tour of Italy and France in the Wallabies' 23–21 victory against the French Barbarians, in what he described as 'the most exciting game on tour.'", "Poidevin concluded the 1983 Australia rugby union tour of Italy and France in the Wallabies' 23–21 victory against the French Barbarians, in what he described as 'the most exciting game on tour.' 1984 In 1984, Australia coach Bob Dwyer was challenged by Manly coach Alan Jones for the position of national coach.", "1984 In 1984, Australia coach Bob Dwyer was challenged by Manly coach Alan Jones for the position of national coach. Poidevin publicly supported Dwyer's reelection as national coach. However, on 24 February 1984, Jones replaced Dwyer as head of the Australia national team.", "However, on 24 February 1984, Jones replaced Dwyer as head of the Australia national team. Despite this, Poidevin would go on to become one of Jones' greatest supporters and loyal players.", "Despite this, Poidevin would go on to become one of Jones' greatest supporters and loyal players. In For Love Not Money, Poidevin wrote of Jones that: While Tempo [Bob Templeton] and Dwyer were leaders in their field in specific areas, Jonesy was undoubtedly the master coach and the best I've ever played under.", "In For Love Not Money, Poidevin wrote of Jones that: While Tempo [Bob Templeton] and Dwyer were leaders in their field in specific areas, Jonesy was undoubtedly the master coach and the best I've ever played under. He was a freak.", "He was a freak. He was a freak. Australian Rugby was very fortunate to have had a person with his extraordinary ability to coach our national team. New Zealand's Fred Allen and the British Lions' Carwyn James are probably the other most remarkable coaches of modern times.", "New Zealand's Fred Allen and the British Lions' Carwyn James are probably the other most remarkable coaches of modern times. But given Alan Jones' skills in so many areas, and his record, probably no other rugby nation in the world has had anyone quite like him, and perhaps none ever will.", "But given Alan Jones' skills in so many areas, and his record, probably no other rugby nation in the world has had anyone quite like him, and perhaps none ever will. Sydney Poidevin commenced his 1984 season in March by captaining a 23-man Sydney team for a six-match tour of Italy, France, England, Wales and Ireland.", "Sydney Poidevin commenced his 1984 season in March by captaining a 23-man Sydney team for a six-match tour of Italy, France, England, Wales and Ireland. This was the second time the Sydney rugby team had undertaken a major tour, the first since 1977.", "This was the second time the Sydney rugby team had undertaken a major tour, the first since 1977. Poidevin played throughout the tour with a broken finger, which he had sustained before departing from Australia.", "Poidevin played throughout the tour with a broken finger, which he had sustained before departing from Australia. Sydney won the first game against the Zebre Invitation XV at Livorno in Italy, then won the second match against Toulon 25–18 at Toulon, and narrowly lost to Brive.", "Sydney won the first game against the Zebre Invitation XV at Livorno in Italy, then won the second match against Toulon 25–18 at Toulon, and narrowly lost to Brive. In Great Britain, Sydney defeated a Brixham XV at Brixham, lost to Swansea by eight points in Swansea, and lost to Ulster 19–16 after leading them 16–0 at halftime.", "In Great Britain, Sydney defeated a Brixham XV at Brixham, lost to Swansea by eight points in Swansea, and lost to Ulster 19–16 after leading them 16–0 at halftime. In For Love Not Money, lamented his debut performances captaining a representative rugby team: ...if I were able to relive that time over again, then I feel I might have become captain of Australia a lot sooner and remained in the role a lot longer.", "In For Love Not Money, lamented his debut performances captaining a representative rugby team: ...if I were able to relive that time over again, then I feel I might have become captain of Australia a lot sooner and remained in the role a lot longer. It was a terrific opportunity for to show just that I had to offer as the captain of representative teams, but I blew it.", "It was a terrific opportunity for to show just that I had to offer as the captain of representative teams, but I blew it. How? Andy Conway was a terrific manager because of his efficiency and high standards, but he was a born worrier.", "Andy Conway was a terrific manager because of his efficiency and high standards, but he was a born worrier. Our coach Peter (Fab) Fenton was another fantastic bloke and very knowledgeable about rugby, but hardly the most organised or toughest coach you'd ever meet.", "Our coach Peter (Fab) Fenton was another fantastic bloke and very knowledgeable about rugby, but hardly the most organised or toughest coach you'd ever meet. It meant that I felt in the unfortunate position of having to both set and impose the discipline on the players on what was going to be a fairly demanding tour.", "It meant that I felt in the unfortunate position of having to both set and impose the discipline on the players on what was going to be a fairly demanding tour. And that task became very onerous to me.", "And that task became very onerous to me. We also had several new young players in the team, and they needed help to fit into the way of a touring team.", "We also had several new young players in the team, and they needed help to fit into the way of a touring team. I had the added problem of having broken a finger before leaving and spent the whole of the tour in a fair bit of pain, which wasn't helped by the extremely cold weather we encountered.", "I had the added problem of having broken a finger before leaving and spent the whole of the tour in a fair bit of pain, which wasn't helped by the extremely cold weather we encountered. Personal problems at home also added to this dangerous cocktail.", "Personal problems at home also added to this dangerous cocktail. All these factors added up to my not be able to give the captaincy role the complete attention it required. I wasn't nearly as good as I should have been and I daresay that some of the players returned from the tour with fairly mixed feelings about my leadership qualities.", "I wasn't nearly as good as I should have been and I daresay that some of the players returned from the tour with fairly mixed feelings about my leadership qualities. And I've no doubt that the Manly players in the team who had Jones's ear would have told him so too.", "And I've no doubt that the Manly players in the team who had Jones's ear would have told him so too. Later in the year, during the 1984 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia, and after Australia's first Test victory over New Zealand, controversy arose when eight Sydney players were withdrawn from New Zealand's tour match against Sydney – Poidevin, Philip Cox, Mark Ella, Michael Hawker, Ross Reynolds, Steve Williams, Steve Cutler and Topo Rodriguez.", "Later in the year, during the 1984 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia, and after Australia's first Test victory over New Zealand, controversy arose when eight Sydney players were withdrawn from New Zealand's tour match against Sydney – Poidevin, Philip Cox, Mark Ella, Michael Hawker, Ross Reynolds, Steve Williams, Steve Cutler and Topo Rodriguez. This decision drew criticism from the Sydney Rugby Union and its coach Peter Fenton.", "This decision drew criticism from the Sydney Rugby Union and its coach Peter Fenton. However, Poidevin was not allowed to play in Sydney's game against the All Blacks, lost 28–3.", "However, Poidevin was not allowed to play in Sydney's game against the All Blacks, lost 28–3. Randwick After playing through the Sydney rugby club's 1984 European tour with a broken finger, Poidevin had surgery on his broken finger before returning to his first game for Randwick in 1984 on 19 May, playing against Sydney University in a match where he scored two tries.", "Randwick After playing through the Sydney rugby club's 1984 European tour with a broken finger, Poidevin had surgery on his broken finger before returning to his first game for Randwick in 1984 on 19 May, playing against Sydney University in a match where he scored two tries. 1984 Australia rugby union tour of Fiji Poidevin's national representative season for the Wallabies commenced on the 1984 Australia rugby union tour of Fiji.", "1984 Australia rugby union tour of Fiji Poidevin's national representative season for the Wallabies commenced on the 1984 Australia rugby union tour of Fiji. He played in the Wallabies' first tour game – a 19–3 victory against Western XV at Churchill Park.", "He played in the Wallabies' first tour game – a 19–3 victory against Western XV at Churchill Park. He was then rested for the second match against the Eastern Selection XV at National Stadium, which Australia won 15–4. He then played in Australia's single Test on tour, a 16–3 victory over Fiji.", "He then played in Australia's single Test on tour, a 16–3 victory over Fiji. In For Love Not Money, Poidevin recalled that: Australia won the Test in pretty foul conditions by 16–3.", "In For Love Not Money, Poidevin recalled that: Australia won the Test in pretty foul conditions by 16–3. Heavy rain had made it hard going under foot, but we played very controlled rugby against the Fijians, who really find the tight XV-a-side game too much for them.", "Heavy rain had made it hard going under foot, but we played very controlled rugby against the Fijians, who really find the tight XV-a-side game too much for them. They much prefer loose, broken play when their natural exuberance takes over and then they can play brilliantly.", "They much prefer loose, broken play when their natural exuberance takes over and then they can play brilliantly. Afterwards, the Fijian media singled out the full-back and one of the wingers and blatantly accused them of having lost the Test – a type of reporting you don't normally see elsewhere in the world.", "Afterwards, the Fijian media singled out the full-back and one of the wingers and blatantly accused them of having lost the Test – a type of reporting you don't normally see elsewhere in the world. But it wasn't the fault of any of the Fijian players.", "But it wasn't the fault of any of the Fijian players. In fact, our forward effort that afternoon in difficult conditions was outstanding, and Mark Ella also had a terrific game.", "In fact, our forward effort that afternoon in difficult conditions was outstanding, and Mark Ella also had a terrific game. He kicked a field goal that many of the Fijian players disputed, but the referee Graham Harrison thought it was okay and that's all that mattered.", "He kicked a field goal that many of the Fijian players disputed, but the referee Graham Harrison thought it was okay and that's all that mattered. Mark also set up a brilliant try, involving Lynagh and Moon and eventually scored by Campese, who was playing full-back.", "Mark also set up a brilliant try, involving Lynagh and Moon and eventually scored by Campese, who was playing full-back. New South Wales Following the 1984 Australia rugby union tour of Fiji, Poidevin was among several New South Wales players who declined to go on the Waratahs 1984 three-match tour to New Zealand.", "New South Wales Following the 1984 Australia rugby union tour of Fiji, Poidevin was among several New South Wales players who declined to go on the Waratahs 1984 three-match tour to New Zealand. However, following this tour he played for New South Wales against Queensland at Ballymore in a game the Waratahs lost 13–3.", "However, following this tour he played for New South Wales against Queensland at Ballymore in a game the Waratahs lost 13–3. Poidevin then played for New South Wales against the All Blacks in New Zealand's second game of the 1984 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia, which the Waratahs lost 37–10.", "Poidevin then played for New South Wales against the All Blacks in New Zealand's second game of the 1984 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia, which the Waratahs lost 37–10. 1984 Bledisloe Cup Poidevin played in all three Tests of the 1984 Bledisloe Cup Test Series against New Zealand, which the Wallabies lost 2–1.", "1984 Bledisloe Cup Poidevin played in all three Tests of the 1984 Bledisloe Cup Test Series against New Zealand, which the Wallabies lost 2–1. Australia defeated New Zealand 16–9 in the first Test on 21 July 1984 at the Sydney Cricket Ground.", "Australia defeated New Zealand 16–9 in the first Test on 21 July 1984 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. Poidevin would later write that: 'We won 16–9, scoring two tries to nil before 40,797 spectators... Cuts absolutely dominated the game, and I tremendously enjoyed my role of minder behind him in the lineouts, which we won 25–16.", "Poidevin would later write that: 'We won 16–9, scoring two tries to nil before 40,797 spectators... Cuts absolutely dominated the game, and I tremendously enjoyed my role of minder behind him in the lineouts, which we won 25–16. With all that ball, everything else fell into place and Andrew Slack later described the way Australia played as the most disciplined performance he'd ever been involved in.'", "With all that ball, everything else fell into place and Andrew Slack later described the way Australia played as the most disciplined performance he'd ever been involved in.' However, New Zealand would rebound from their first Test loss to win the second Test 19–15.", "However, New Zealand would rebound from their first Test loss to win the second Test 19–15. Poidevin documented that: The All Blacks won 19–15 after we'd been ahead 12–0. At the end of the day we'd lost the lineouts 25–12. The reason for that was Cuts being wiped out early by an All Black boot.", "The reason for that was Cuts being wiped out early by an All Black boot. Take away all the possession that he always provided and we weren't the same outfit.", "Take away all the possession that he always provided and we weren't the same outfit. Despite our planning, Robbie Deans also did the job for the All Blacks in goalkicking, because while we scored a try apiece he potted five penalty goals to provide the difference.", "Despite our planning, Robbie Deans also did the job for the All Blacks in goalkicking, because while we scored a try apiece he potted five penalty goals to provide the difference. There were plenty of post-mortems, but basically it was a highly motivated New Zealand team that really pulled itself back from Death Row.", "There were plenty of post-mortems, but basically it was a highly motivated New Zealand team that really pulled itself back from Death Row. Australia would go on to lose the third and series-deciding Test to New Zealand, 25–24.", "Australia would go on to lose the third and series-deciding Test to New Zealand, 25–24. In For Love Not Money, Poidevin remembered that: As has happened so many times in our nations' Test clashes, there was only one point in the result. It was 25–24... their way.", "It was 25–24... their way. Before a massive crowd of almost 50,000, the All Blacks scored two tries to one, including a very easy one conceded by us. There were 26 penalties in the Test, nineteen to Australia, a remarkable statistic.", "There were 26 penalties in the Test, nineteen to Australia, a remarkable statistic. Yet again Deans kicked six goals from seven attempts, which gave them the narrowest of winning margins and also the Cup.", "Yet again Deans kicked six goals from seven attempts, which gave them the narrowest of winning margins and also the Cup. We had problems that day in the back line, with Mark Ella calling the shots at five-eighth and Hawker and Slack in the centres.", "We had problems that day in the back line, with Mark Ella calling the shots at five-eighth and Hawker and Slack in the centres. All were senior players, and there was an unbelievable amount of talk between them during the game – far too much. Each seemed to have different ideas...", "Each seemed to have different ideas... The Australian forwards did extremely well, but our backs, with all their talent, simply got themselves into a horrible mess.", "The Australian forwards did extremely well, but our backs, with all their talent, simply got themselves into a horrible mess. However, Poidevin later concluded that: 'We were all deeply distressed at losing a series to New Zealand by a single point in the decider, but it certainly strengthened our resolve to succeed on the forthcoming tour of the British Isles.", "However, Poidevin later concluded that: 'We were all deeply distressed at losing a series to New Zealand by a single point in the decider, but it certainly strengthened our resolve to succeed on the forthcoming tour of the British Isles. We were really going to make amends over there.'", "We were really going to make amends over there.' 1984 Grand Slam Poidevin toured with the Eighth Wallabies for the 1984 Australia rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland that won rugby union's \"grand slam\", the first Australian side to defeat all four home nations, England, Ireland, Wales and Scotland, on a tour.", "1984 Grand Slam Poidevin toured with the Eighth Wallabies for the 1984 Australia rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland that won rugby union's \"grand slam\", the first Australian side to defeat all four home nations, England, Ireland, Wales and Scotland, on a tour. Poidevin scored four tries from 10 tour games, which included all four Test matches and the tour-closing match against the Barbarians, for a total of 16 points on tour.", "Poidevin scored four tries from 10 tour games, which included all four Test matches and the tour-closing match against the Barbarians, for a total of 16 points on tour. Poidevin played in Australia's first match on tour against London Counties at Twickenham, which the Wallabies won 22–3.", "Poidevin played in Australia's first match on tour against London Counties at Twickenham, which the Wallabies won 22–3. He was then rested for the second tour match against South and South West, drawn 12–12. He played in the third tour match against Cardiff.", "He played in the third tour match against Cardiff. In For Love Not Money he wrote that: ‘Cardiff are one of the great rugby clubs of the world and to draw them so early in the tour presented us with a huge hurdle.", "In For Love Not Money he wrote that: ‘Cardiff are one of the great rugby clubs of the world and to draw them so early in the tour presented us with a huge hurdle. It was all deadly serious stuff during the build-up to that game...’ Terry Cooper reported that: ‘Cardiff went clear at 16–0 after 61 minutes when Davies swept home a 20-metre penalty.", "It was all deadly serious stuff during the build-up to that game...’ Terry Cooper reported that: ‘Cardiff went clear at 16–0 after 61 minutes when Davies swept home a 20-metre penalty. By then, solid rain had begun to sweep the ground and Cardiff were forced to replace flanker Gareth Roberts with Robert Lakin.", "By then, solid rain had begun to sweep the ground and Cardiff were forced to replace flanker Gareth Roberts with Robert Lakin. Davies’ penalty was correctly awarded following a late tackle by Simon Poidevin. Davies stood up, shook himself down and landed the goal.’ The Wallabies went on to lose to Cardiff 16–12.", "Davies stood up, shook himself down and landed the goal.’ The Wallabies went on to lose to Cardiff 16–12. Poidevin played in the fourth match on tour against Combined Services, won 55–9.", "Poidevin played in the fourth match on tour against Combined Services, won 55–9. He was then rested for the fifth match on tour against Swansea, which the Wallabies won 17–7 after the match had to be prematurely abandoned due to a blackout with 12 minutes remaining in the game.", "He was then rested for the fifth match on tour against Swansea, which the Wallabies won 17–7 after the match had to be prematurely abandoned due to a blackout with 12 minutes remaining in the game. Poidevin played in the first Test of the Grand Slam tour against England, beating Chris Roche for the remaining back row position.", "Poidevin played in the first Test of the Grand Slam tour against England, beating Chris Roche for the remaining back row position. Australia defeated England 19–3. The Wallabies were level with England at 3–3 at halftime. However, Australia scored three second half tries – the last scored by Poidevin.", "However, Australia scored three second half tries – the last scored by Poidevin. In For Love Not Money Poidevin remembered that: ‘For the last of our three tries I was tailing Campese down the touchline like a faithful sheepdog when he tossed me an overhead pass and over I went to score the Twickenham try every kid dreams of.’ Terry Cooper reported Poidevin's try in Victorious Wallabies: Australia sealed their victory with three minutes remaining.", "In For Love Not Money Poidevin remembered that: ‘For the last of our three tries I was tailing Campese down the touchline like a faithful sheepdog when he tossed me an overhead pass and over I went to score the Twickenham try every kid dreams of.’ Terry Cooper reported Poidevin's try in Victorious Wallabies: Australia sealed their victory with three minutes remaining. An England move broke down.", "An England move broke down. An England move broke down. Gould grabbed the ball and a long, long infield pass fell at Ella's toes. Ella stooped forward, plucked the ball off the turf without breaking stride and sent Campese on a characteristic diagonal run.", "Ella stooped forward, plucked the ball off the turf without breaking stride and sent Campese on a characteristic diagonal run. Campese sprinted 40 metres and seemed set to score, but Underwood did well to block him out. It did not matter.", "It did not matter. It did not matter. Campese merely fed the ball inside to Simon Poidevin – backing up perfectly, and not for the last time on tour – who nonchalantly strolled over the English line.", "Campese merely fed the ball inside to Simon Poidevin – backing up perfectly, and not for the last time on tour – who nonchalantly strolled over the English line. In Path to Victory Terry Smith further gave a depiction of the play that led to Poidevin's try: The best try was the last, by Simon Poidevin.", "In Path to Victory Terry Smith further gave a depiction of the play that led to Poidevin's try: The best try was the last, by Simon Poidevin. Picking up a loose pass under pressure, Gould fired a long, long pass to Ella, who somehow managed to pick it up at toenail height.", "Picking up a loose pass under pressure, Gould fired a long, long pass to Ella, who somehow managed to pick it up at toenail height. In the same movement he sent David Campese away down the left wing.", "In the same movement he sent David Campese away down the left wing. When challenged by the cover, Campese flicked an overhead pass to Poidevin, who was tailing faithfully on the inside. Poidevin strolled nonchalantly over the line to touch down on the hallowed Twickenham turf. Lynagh converted to make the final score 19–3.", "Lynagh converted to make the final score 19–3. Poidevin was rested for Australia's seven-match on tour against Midlands Division, which Australia won 21–18. Poidevin played in Australia's second Test on tour against Ireland, won 16–9.", "Poidevin played in Australia's second Test on tour against Ireland, won 16–9. In For Love Not Money Poidevin documented a mistake that he made which nearly cost the Wallabies the match: Again we won against the very committed Irish, this time by 16–9, although it would have been more had muggings not thrown the most hopeless forward pass to Matthew Burke, with the unattended goal-line screaming for a try.", "In For Love Not Money Poidevin documented a mistake that he made which nearly cost the Wallabies the match: Again we won against the very committed Irish, this time by 16–9, although it would have been more had muggings not thrown the most hopeless forward pass to Matthew Burke, with the unattended goal-line screaming for a try. It was a blunder of classic proportions.", "It was a blunder of classic proportions. Campo made a sensational midfield break, gave to me and Burke loomed up alongside me with their fullback Hugo MacNeill the only guy to beat. Burke was on my right, my bad passing side, and as I drew MacNeill I somehow threw the ball forward to him.", "Burke was on my right, my bad passing side, and as I drew MacNeill I somehow threw the ball forward to him. I could only bury my head in my hands with despair.", "I could only bury my head in my hands with despair. Didn’t I feel bad about it, especially as Ireland went on to lead 9–6 for a while, and I imagined my blunder costing us the Test. But when it was all over, we had two wins from two Tests: halfway to the Grand Slam.", "But when it was all over, we had two wins from two Tests: halfway to the Grand Slam. In Running Rugby Mark Ella described this movement which ended in Poidevin's forward pass: Mark Ella receives the ball from a lineout against Ireland in 1984 and prepares to pass to Michael Lynagh.", "In Running Rugby Mark Ella described this movement which ended in Poidevin's forward pass: Mark Ella receives the ball from a lineout against Ireland in 1984 and prepares to pass to Michael Lynagh. Lynagh shapes to pass it to the outside-centre Andrew Slack... but instead slips it to David Campese in a switch play...", "Lynagh shapes to pass it to the outside-centre Andrew Slack... but instead slips it to David Campese in a switch play... Note that Lynagh has run at the slanting angle across the field which a switch play requires... Campese accelerates through a gap which the Irish number 8 has allowed to open by not moving across quickly enough.", "Note that Lynagh has run at the slanting angle across the field which a switch play requires... Campese accelerates through a gap which the Irish number 8 has allowed to open by not moving across quickly enough. This Australian move had an unhappy ending.", "This Australian move had an unhappy ending. Campese passed to Simon Poidevin, who, with only the Irish fullback to beat, threw a forward pass to Matt Burke running in support, aborting a certain try.", "Campese passed to Simon Poidevin, who, with only the Irish fullback to beat, threw a forward pass to Matt Burke running in support, aborting a certain try. In The Top 100 Wallabies (2004) Poidevin told rugby writer Peter Jenkins that: 'I remember blowing a try against Ireland when I threw a forward pass to Matt Burke.", "In The Top 100 Wallabies (2004) Poidevin told rugby writer Peter Jenkins that: 'I remember blowing a try against Ireland when I threw a forward pass to Matt Burke. I still worry about that. Poidevin was rested for Australia's ninth match on tour against Ulster, lost 16–9.", "Poidevin was rested for Australia's ninth match on tour against Ulster, lost 16–9. Poidevin returned to the Australian team for its 10th match on tour, a 31–19 victory over Munster in which he scored his second try on tour.", "Poidevin returned to the Australian team for its 10th match on tour, a 31–19 victory over Munster in which he scored his second try on tour. Terry Cooper documented that: 'Ward kicked two late penalties, but in between Simon Poidevin, on hand as always, scored Australia's third try, which had been made possible by Ella's sinuous running.'", "Terry Cooper documented that: 'Ward kicked two late penalties, but in between Simon Poidevin, on hand as always, scored Australia's third try, which had been made possible by Ella's sinuous running.' Poidevin would later remark that, 'Our forwards display was probably our best in a non-Test match.'", "Poidevin would later remark that, 'Our forwards display was probably our best in a non-Test match.' He was then rested, along with most of the starting Test side, for the Wallabies' 12th game of tour, a 19–16 loss to Llanelli.", "He was then rested, along with most of the starting Test side, for the Wallabies' 12th game of tour, a 19–16 loss to Llanelli. Poidevin played in the Wallabies' third Test on tour, defeating Wales, won 28–9, during which he delivered the final pass for a Michael Lynagh try by linking with David Campese and was involved in a famous pushover try.", "Poidevin played in the Wallabies' third Test on tour, defeating Wales, won 28–9, during which he delivered the final pass for a Michael Lynagh try by linking with David Campese and was involved in a famous pushover try. In The Top 100 Wallabies Poidevin recalled that: \"But in the next Test against Wales I threw probably my best pass ever for Michael Lynagh to score.\"", "In The Top 100 Wallabies Poidevin recalled that: \"But in the next Test against Wales I threw probably my best pass ever for Michael Lynagh to score.\" Peter Jenkins in Wallaby Gold: The History of Australian Test Rugby documented that: \"Farr-Jones helped create another try by using the short side.", "Peter Jenkins in Wallaby Gold: The History of Australian Test Rugby documented that: \"Farr-Jones helped create another try by using the short side. Campese made a superb run, Poidevin backed up and Lynagh touched down.\"", "Campese made a superb run, Poidevin backed up and Lynagh touched down.\" Terry Smith in Path to Victory wrote that: \"Lynagh's second try came after Farr-Jones again escaped up the blind side from a scrum to set up a dazzling break by David Campese. Simon Poidevin's backing up didn't happen by accident either.", "Simon Poidevin's backing up didn't happen by accident either. He always tries to trail Campese on the inside. Terry Cooper also depicted Poidevin's role in Lynagh's try in Victorious Wallabies: Australia's second try also came from a blind-side break. Farr-Jones again escaped after a scrum and he gave Campese room to move.", "Farr-Jones again escaped after a scrum and he gave Campese room to move. The winger took off on a spectacular diagonal run towards the Welsh goal. His speed and unexpected direction created a massive overlap. The Welsh suddenly looked as though they had only ten players in action and all Australia had to do was to transfer the ball carefully.", "The Welsh suddenly looked as though they had only ten players in action and all Australia had to do was to transfer the ball carefully. They did so. Campese to Poidevin and then on to Lynagh, who scored between the posts.\"", "Campese to Poidevin and then on to Lynagh, who scored between the posts.\" In For Love Not Money Poidevin recalled the Wallabies's performance, and documented the famous pushover try: After only five minutes I knew we were going to beat Wales and beat them well: they just didn't have any answer to the way we were playing.", "In For Love Not Money Poidevin recalled the Wallabies's performance, and documented the famous pushover try: After only five minutes I knew we were going to beat Wales and beat them well: they just didn't have any answer to the way we were playing. The Welsh players told us afterwards that when they tried to shove the first scrum of the game and were pushed back two metres they immediately knew the writing was on the wall.", "The Welsh players told us afterwards that when they tried to shove the first scrum of the game and were pushed back two metres they immediately knew the writing was on the wall. Yet all the media had focused on in the lead-up to the Test was how the power of the Welsh scrum would prove the Wallabies' downfall.", "Yet all the media had focused on in the lead-up to the Test was how the power of the Welsh scrum would prove the Wallabies' downfall. As Alan Jones said later, for the first 23 minutes of the Test we didn't make a single mistake in our match plan.", "As Alan Jones said later, for the first 23 minutes of the Test we didn't make a single mistake in our match plan. Everything was flowing our way and the Test was ours long before it was over. The real highlight came 22 minutes into the second half. Australia were leading 13–3.", "Australia were leading 13–3. Australia were leading 13–3. The call of 'Samson' went out from our hooker Tommy Lawton as the two packs went down within the shadow of the Welsh line. It was the call for an eight-man shove. All feet back. Spines ramrod straight. Every muscle tense and ready.", "Every muscle tense and ready. Every muscle tense and ready. The ball came in, we all sank and heaved with everything we had and then like a mountainside disintegrating under gelignite the Welsh scrum began yielding unwillingly.", "The ball came in, we all sank and heaved with everything we had and then like a mountainside disintegrating under gelignite the Welsh scrum began yielding unwillingly. As we slowly drove them back over their own goal-line I watched under my left arm as Steve (Bird) Tuynman released his grasp on the second-rowers and dropped into the tangle.", "As we slowly drove them back over their own goal-line I watched under my left arm as Steve (Bird) Tuynman released his grasp on the second-rowers and dropped into the tangle. The Bird knew what he was doing, and the referee Mr E E Doyle was perfectly positioned to award what has since been legendary, our pushover try.", "The Bird knew what he was doing, and the referee Mr E E Doyle was perfectly positioned to award what has since been legendary, our pushover try. The stands went into shock. The Arms Park had never seen such humiliation. We went on to a fantastic 28–9 win and had an equally fabulous happy hour afterwards.", "We went on to a fantastic 28–9 win and had an equally fabulous happy hour afterwards. Following the Test against Wales, Poidevin was rested for the Wallabies' next match against Northern Division, which they won 19–12.", "Following the Test against Wales, Poidevin was rested for the Wallabies' next match against Northern Division, which they won 19–12. Poidevin would later write that, \"This was one of the better teams we'd seen on tour, and included Rob Andrew at five-eighth.\"", "Poidevin would later write that, \"This was one of the better teams we'd seen on tour, and included Rob Andrew at five-eighth.\" However, Jones selected Poidevin for the next match, the Wallabies' 14th game on tour, a 9–6 loss to South of Scotland.", "However, Jones selected Poidevin for the next match, the Wallabies' 14th game on tour, a 9–6 loss to South of Scotland. However, Poidevin and the entire starting Test team was then rested for the 15th match on tour, a 26–12 victory over Glasgow.", "However, Poidevin and the entire starting Test team was then rested for the 15th match on tour, a 26–12 victory over Glasgow. Poidevin played in Australia's fourth and final Test on tour, a 37–12 victory over Scotland, giving the Wallabies their first ever Grand Slam.", "Poidevin played in Australia's fourth and final Test on tour, a 37–12 victory over Scotland, giving the Wallabies their first ever Grand Slam. He was then rested for the Wallabies's 17th match on tour against Pontypool, before playing in the tour-closing game against the Barbarians. He scored two tries in the game against the Barbarians.", "He scored two tries in the game against the Barbarians. Terry Cooper reported that: \"Lynagh converted and added the points to a try by Simon Poidevin, who was put in following a loop between Ella and Slack and hard running by Lynagh.\"", "Terry Cooper reported that: \"Lynagh converted and added the points to a try by Simon Poidevin, who was put in following a loop between Ella and Slack and hard running by Lynagh.\" Poidevin also scored a second try in the last 10 minutes of the game, which was won 37–30.", "Poidevin also scored a second try in the last 10 minutes of the game, which was won 37–30. In For Love Not Money, Poidevin paid tribute to the 1984 Grand Slam Wallabies by writing that: It was easily the best rugby team I'd ever been associated with.", "In For Love Not Money, Poidevin paid tribute to the 1984 Grand Slam Wallabies by writing that: It was easily the best rugby team I'd ever been associated with. Four years beforehand when we won the Bledisloe Cup we had some fantastic backs, but for a complete team from front to back this outfit was almost faultless.", "Four years beforehand when we won the Bledisloe Cup we had some fantastic backs, but for a complete team from front to back this outfit was almost faultless. There was nothing they couldn't do.", "There was nothing they couldn't do. We would play open attacking rugby, as shown by the record number of tries we scored, or else percentage stuff when we needed to. And our defence throughout the tour was almost impregnable. It was the complete side.", "It was the complete side. It was the complete side. 1985 Australia Poidevin commenced the 1985 international season with the Wallabies with a two-Test series against Canada. Australia defeated Canada 59–3 in the first Test and 43–15 in the second Test.", "Australia defeated Canada 59–3 in the first Test and 43–15 in the second Test. In For Love Not Money Poidevin recollected that, \"Australia copped a fair amount of criticism for their play, but this really was unnecessary because you couldn't have asked for a more disciplined performance than our first Test win.\"", "In For Love Not Money Poidevin recollected that, \"Australia copped a fair amount of criticism for their play, but this really was unnecessary because you couldn't have asked for a more disciplined performance than our first Test win.\" Poidevin then played with the Wallabies for the one-off Bledisloe Cup Test against the All Blacks.", "Poidevin then played with the Wallabies for the one-off Bledisloe Cup Test against the All Blacks. Australia was without several players from their 1984 Grand Slam Tour. Mark Ella and Andrew Slack had retired (Slack would come out of retirement in 1986) and David Campese was injured. The Wallabies lost to the All Blacks 10–9.", "The Wallabies lost to the All Blacks 10–9. In For Love Not Money Poidevin recounted that: Unfortunately, the All Blacks again won by a point, 10–9. The referee David Burnett awarded 25 penalties, which meant the Test never flowed. You felt paralysed, you just couldn't do anything.", "You felt paralysed, you just couldn't do anything. It was also a game where there was so much at stake that neither team was prepared to take any risks. Again the Australian forwards played extremely well.", "Again the Australian forwards played extremely well. The All Black captain Andy Dalton later paid us the compliment of saying it was the hardest pack he'd ever played against. That's a very big rap. The scoring was low because the kickers were both off-target. Crowley missed six from eight attempts and Lynagh five from seven.", "Crowley missed six from eight attempts and Lynagh five from seven. The move which finally sank us was one they called the Bombay Duck. It really caught us napping.", "It really caught us napping. It really caught us napping. We were leading at the time, when they took a tap-kick 70 metres from our line, halfback David Kirk went the blindside and linked up with a few more before left-winger Craig Green dashed 35 metres for the match-winning try.", "We were leading at the time, when they took a tap-kick 70 metres from our line, halfback David Kirk went the blindside and linked up with a few more before left-winger Craig Green dashed 35 metres for the match-winning try. Our cover defence wasn't in the right position and we never had any hope of stopping them.", "Our cover defence wasn't in the right position and we never had any hope of stopping them. We did remarkably well up front but missed several golden opportunities to pull the Test out of the fire. Tommy Lawton and Andy McIntyre both dropped balls close to the line.", "Tommy Lawton and Andy McIntyre both dropped balls close to the line. The one-point difference at the end was the second successive Test they'd won by the narrowest of margins, as the third Test in 1984 went New Zealand's way 25–24.", "The one-point difference at the end was the second successive Test they'd won by the narrowest of margins, as the third Test in 1984 went New Zealand's way 25–24. More than a month following the Bledisloe Cup Test loss, Poidevin played in Australia's two-Test series against Fiji, which Australia won 2–0.", "More than a month following the Bledisloe Cup Test loss, Poidevin played in Australia's two-Test series against Fiji, which Australia won 2–0. The first Test was won 52–28 and the second Test was won 31–9.", "The first Test was won 52–28 and the second Test was won 31–9. In For Love Not Money Poidevin criticised the Australian Rugby Union for not capitalising upon the marketing opportunities opened up by the success of the 1984 Grand Slam Wallabies.", "In For Love Not Money Poidevin criticised the Australian Rugby Union for not capitalising upon the marketing opportunities opened up by the success of the 1984 Grand Slam Wallabies. But when all was said and done, the Australian public hadn't received much value for money that season.", "But when all was said and done, the Australian public hadn't received much value for money that season. They'd not had the chance at first-hand to see the Grand Slam Wallabies at full throttle, and in this regard the Australian Rugby Football Union had done a woeful marketing job of the team.", "They'd not had the chance at first-hand to see the Grand Slam Wallabies at full throttle, and in this regard the Australian Rugby Football Union had done a woeful marketing job of the team. They could have made a fortune ditching us in against better opposition than that.", "They could have made a fortune ditching us in against better opposition than that. Instead, the ARFU faced a six-figure loss on these nothing tours by Canada and the extremely disappointing Fijian team. 1986 At the commencement of the Wallabies' 1986 season, Poidevin came into contention for the Australian captaincy.", "1986 At the commencement of the Wallabies' 1986 season, Poidevin came into contention for the Australian captaincy. The Wallabies captain for 1985, Steve Williams, had decided to retire from international rugby to concentrate on his stock-broking career.", "The Wallabies captain for 1985, Steve Williams, had decided to retire from international rugby to concentrate on his stock-broking career. However, Andrew Slack, the captain of the 1984 Grand Slam Wallabies, had decided to come out of retirement and play international rugby, causing a dilemma within the Australian side.", "However, Andrew Slack, the captain of the 1984 Grand Slam Wallabies, had decided to come out of retirement and play international rugby, causing a dilemma within the Australian side. Alan Jones approached Poidevin for his thoughts on the situation.", "Alan Jones approached Poidevin for his thoughts on the situation. In For Love Not Money Poidevin wrote that: 'I certainly didn't lack ambition to captain Australia, but Slacky had been such a tremendous captain that my initial feelings were that if he wanted the job again then he should have it although this effectively put a hold on my own captaincy aspirations for another season.'", "In For Love Not Money Poidevin wrote that: 'I certainly didn't lack ambition to captain Australia, but Slacky had been such a tremendous captain that my initial feelings were that if he wanted the job again then he should have it although this effectively put a hold on my own captaincy aspirations for another season.' Rugby sevens In March, Poidevin played in the World Sevens at Concord Oval.", "Rugby sevens In March, Poidevin played in the World Sevens at Concord Oval. Australia was defeated by New Zealand 32–0 in the final. The final was the first time that Poidevin would oppose Wayne Shelford, in what would be the beginning of a fierce rivalry between the two men.", "The final was the first time that Poidevin would oppose Wayne Shelford, in what would be the beginning of a fierce rivalry between the two men. In For Love Not Money Poidevin remembered that: It was a tremendously physical game and was marred by Glen Ella being elbowed in the head by Wayne Shelford.", "In For Love Not Money Poidevin remembered that: It was a tremendously physical game and was marred by Glen Ella being elbowed in the head by Wayne Shelford. It was the first time I’d come up against this character and to say I didn’t like his approach was putting it mildly.", "It was the first time I’d come up against this character and to say I didn’t like his approach was putting it mildly. I was sickened by what he did to my Randwick clubmate and simply couldn’t contain myself.", "I was sickened by what he did to my Randwick clubmate and simply couldn’t contain myself. Within a minute of his clobbering Glen I got into a stouch with him and we finished up rolling around on the ground in front of the packed main grandstand, not only in front of Premier Neville Wran but in front of a far more important person – my mother.", "Within a minute of his clobbering Glen I got into a stouch with him and we finished up rolling around on the ground in front of the packed main grandstand, not only in front of Premier Neville Wran but in front of a far more important person – my mother. While we were grappling I thought to myself ‘we really shouldn’t be doing this’, but my blood was boiling after the Ella incident.", "While we were grappling I thought to myself ‘we really shouldn’t be doing this’, but my blood was boiling after the Ella incident. Poidevin then participated in the Hong Kong Sevens where Australia were knocked out in the semi-final by the French Barbarians. He would later reflect: \"I thought my own play was diabolical.", "He would later reflect: \"I thought my own play was diabolical. They scored a couple of easy tries early on through what I felt was my lax defence.\"", "They scored a couple of easy tries early on through what I felt was my lax defence.\" He further added: \"I was pretty chopped up after that loss, particularly as I'd been very keen to make the final so that I could have another crack at the New Zealanders.\"", "He further added: \"I was pretty chopped up after that loss, particularly as I'd been very keen to make the final so that I could have another crack at the New Zealanders.\" 1986 IRB-sanctioned team In 1986, Poidevin travelled to the United Kingdom for two matches commemorating the centenary of the International Rugby Board (IRB) featuring players from around the world.", "1986 IRB-sanctioned team In 1986, Poidevin travelled to the United Kingdom for two matches commemorating the centenary of the International Rugby Board (IRB) featuring players from around the world. Poidevin was selected along with fellow Wallabies Andrew Slack, Steve Cutler, Nick Farr-Jones, Tom Lawton, Roger Gould, Steve Tuynman, Michael Lynagh and Topo Rodriguez for the two-match celebration.", "Poidevin was selected along with fellow Wallabies Andrew Slack, Steve Cutler, Nick Farr-Jones, Tom Lawton, Roger Gould, Steve Tuynman, Michael Lynagh and Topo Rodriguez for the two-match celebration. The first match Poidevin participated in was playing for a World XV (dubbed \"The Rest\") containing players from Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and France to be coached by Brian Lochore, that played against the British Lions, after the Lions 1986 tour to South Africa had been cancelled.", "The first match Poidevin participated in was playing for a World XV (dubbed \"The Rest\") containing players from Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and France to be coached by Brian Lochore, that played against the British Lions, after the Lions 1986 tour to South Africa had been cancelled. The World XV contained: 15.", "The World XV contained: 15. Serge Blanco (France), 14. John Kirwan (New Zealand), 13. Andrew Slack (Australia), 12. Michael Lynagh (Australia), 11. Patrick Estève (France), 10. Wayne Smith (New Zealand), 9.", "Wayne Smith (New Zealand), 9. Nick Farr-Jones (Australia), 8. Murray Mexted (New Zealand), 7. Simon Poidevin (Australia), 6. Mark Shaw (New Zealand), 5. Burger Geldenhuys (South Africa), 4. Steve Cutler (Australia), 3.", "Steve Cutler (Australia), 3. Gary Knight (New Zealand), 2. Tom Lawton (Australia), 1. Enrique Rodríguez (Australia). The World XV won the match 15–7, in which Poidevin scored a try after taking an inside pass from Serge Blanco.", "The World XV won the match 15–7, in which Poidevin scored a try after taking an inside pass from Serge Blanco. In For Love Not Money, Poidevin remembered that: The day before the game we had team photographs taken and I was joking around with Blanco about how I could picture us combining for this really spectacular try.", "In For Love Not Money, Poidevin remembered that: The day before the game we had team photographs taken and I was joking around with Blanco about how I could picture us combining for this really spectacular try. ‘Serge, tomorrow this try will happen.", "‘Serge, tomorrow this try will happen. It will be Blanco to Poidevin, Poidevin to Blanco, Blanco to Poidevin and he scores in the corner.’ Blow me down if we didn’t win the game 15–7 and I scored virtually a repeat of this imaginary try.", "It will be Blanco to Poidevin, Poidevin to Blanco, Blanco to Poidevin and he scores in the corner.’ Blow me down if we didn’t win the game 15–7 and I scored virtually a repeat of this imaginary try. The French full-back hit the line going like an express train, tossed the ball to Patrick Estève, then it came back to Blanco and he tossed it inside for me to score.", "The French full-back hit the line going like an express train, tossed the ball to Patrick Estève, then it came back to Blanco and he tossed it inside for me to score. The pair of us could hardly stop laughing walking back to the halfway line for the restart of play.", "The pair of us could hardly stop laughing walking back to the halfway line for the restart of play. The second match was the Five Nations XV v Overseas Unions XV. The Overseas Unions XV was a team composed of players from the three major Southern Hemisphere rugby-playing nations – Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.", "The Overseas Unions XV was a team composed of players from the three major Southern Hemisphere rugby-playing nations – Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The Overseas Unions XV team contained: 15. Roger Gould (Australia), 14. John Kirwan (New Zealand), 13. Danie Gerber (South Africa), 12.", "Danie Gerber (South Africa), 12. Warwick Taylor (New Zealand), 11. Carel du Plessis (South Africa), 10. Naas Botha (South Africa), 9. Dave Loveridge (New Zealand), 8. Steve Tuynman (Australia), 7. Simon Poidevin (Australia), 6.", "Simon Poidevin (Australia), 6. Mark Shaw (New Zealand), 5. Andy Haden (New Zealand), 4. Steve Cutler (Australia), 3. Gary Knight (New Zealand), 2. Andy Dalton (New Zealand), 1.", "Andy Dalton (New Zealand), 1. Enrique Rodríguez (Australia) The Overseas Unions XV defeated the Five Nations XV 32–13.", "Enrique Rodríguez (Australia) The Overseas Unions XV defeated the Five Nations XV 32–13. John Mason, of The Daily Telegraph in London, reported: \"Here was a forthright exercise of deeply-rooted skills of an uncanny mix of athleticism and aggression which permitted the overseas unions of the southern hemisphere to thrash the Five Nations of the northern hemisphere in a manner as stylish as it was merciless.\"", "John Mason, of The Daily Telegraph in London, reported: \"Here was a forthright exercise of deeply-rooted skills of an uncanny mix of athleticism and aggression which permitted the overseas unions of the southern hemisphere to thrash the Five Nations of the northern hemisphere in a manner as stylish as it was merciless.\" During the IRB centenary celebration matches, Poidevin discovered from his New Zealand teammates that they were planning to travel from London to South Africa for a rebel tour against South Africa following the Five Nations XV v Overseas Unions XV match.", "During the IRB centenary celebration matches, Poidevin discovered from his New Zealand teammates that they were planning to travel from London to South Africa for a rebel tour against South Africa following the Five Nations XV v Overseas Unions XV match. After it was revealed that All Blacks breakaway Jock Hobbs may not be able to join the tour after suffering a concussion, All Blacks Andy Haden and Murray Mexted approached Poidevin and asked him if he would be willing to join them in South Africa as a member of the New Zealand Cavaliers if Hobbs had to withdraw.", "After it was revealed that All Blacks breakaway Jock Hobbs may not be able to join the tour after suffering a concussion, All Blacks Andy Haden and Murray Mexted approached Poidevin and asked him if he would be willing to join them in South Africa as a member of the New Zealand Cavaliers if Hobbs had to withdraw. Poidevin gave the All Blacks players his contact details, but Hobbs ultimately played on the tour and Poidevin was never contacted.", "Poidevin gave the All Blacks players his contact details, but Hobbs ultimately played on the tour and Poidevin was never contacted. In For Love Not Money Poidevin reflected that: \"What an experience it would have been!", "In For Love Not Money Poidevin reflected that: \"What an experience it would have been! I chuckled a few times imagining myself not just playing alongside four or five All Blacks but being one-out in the whole All Black team.", "I chuckled a few times imagining myself not just playing alongside four or five All Blacks but being one-out in the whole All Black team. Alas, the invitation never came… Randwick Following New South Wales’ loss in the return interstate match against Queensland, Poidevin was asked to stand-by as a reserve for a game Randwick played against Parramatta at Granville Park.", "Alas, the invitation never came… Randwick Following New South Wales’ loss in the return interstate match against Queensland, Poidevin was asked to stand-by as a reserve for a game Randwick played against Parramatta at Granville Park. Poidevin came on to replace Randwick flanker John Maxwell during the match, but had to leave the field less than a minute after he entered the game after a head-on collision with Randwick teammate Brett Dooley and left him bleeding profusely.", "Poidevin came on to replace Randwick flanker John Maxwell during the match, but had to leave the field less than a minute after he entered the game after a head-on collision with Randwick teammate Brett Dooley and left him bleeding profusely. He would later say, \"as far as rugby injuries go, it was easily the worst I've had\".", "He would later say, \"as far as rugby injuries go, it was easily the worst I've had\". New South Wales Poidevin was appointed captain of the New South Wales Waratahs in 1986 for the inaugural South Pacific Championship. He captained the side to victories over Fiji (50–10) and Queensland 18–12 at Concord Oval.", "He captained the side to victories over Fiji (50–10) and Queensland 18–12 at Concord Oval. However, Queensland defeated New South Wales in the return game at Ballymore following the Wallabies' first Test of 1986 against Italy.", "However, Queensland defeated New South Wales in the return game at Ballymore following the Wallabies' first Test of 1986 against Italy. Australia Poidevin played in the Wallabies' first Test of the 1986 season against Italy (won 39–18) under the captaincy of Andrew Slack.", "Australia Poidevin played in the Wallabies' first Test of the 1986 season against Italy (won 39–18) under the captaincy of Andrew Slack. In For Love Not Money Poidevin reflected upon having missed a chance to captain the Wallabies: At that stage I was very much regretting having scuttled my own captaincy chances in my conversation with Jones earlier in the season.", "In For Love Not Money Poidevin reflected upon having missed a chance to captain the Wallabies: At that stage I was very much regretting having scuttled my own captaincy chances in my conversation with Jones earlier in the season. Had I been more ambitious and shown more eagerness when Jonesy had first asked me then perhaps it would have been me at the helm.", "Had I been more ambitious and shown more eagerness when Jonesy had first asked me then perhaps it would have been me at the helm. What made it worse was that I had really enjoyed the leadership of both Sydney and NSW in the previous weeks.", "What made it worse was that I had really enjoyed the leadership of both Sydney and NSW in the previous weeks. Slacky had even made the observation in a newspaper article that I'd come on 'in leaps and bounds' as far as leadership was concerned and that he wouldn’t be surprised if I was made Australian captain.", "Slacky had even made the observation in a newspaper article that I'd come on 'in leaps and bounds' as far as leadership was concerned and that he wouldn’t be surprised if I was made Australian captain. Still, it was not to be, and under Slacky we beat the very determined Italians 39–18.", "Still, it was not to be, and under Slacky we beat the very determined Italians 39–18. Poidevin played in the Wallabies' second Test of the 1986 season against France, who toured Australia as joint Five Nations champions. Australia defeated France 27–14, despite France scoring three tries to Australia's one.", "Australia defeated France 27–14, despite France scoring three tries to Australia's one. Poidevin would later call it \"one of the most devastating performances by an Australian forward pack\", adding that \"our domination of territory and possession kept them right out of the Test.\"", "Poidevin would later call it \"one of the most devastating performances by an Australian forward pack\", adding that \"our domination of territory and possession kept them right out of the Test.\" The Wallabies were later criticised by the Australian press for playing non-expansive rugby.", "The Wallabies were later criticised by the Australian press for playing non-expansive rugby. Poidevin responded to these criticisms in For Love Not Money, writing that: Test matches are all about winning for your team and your country and absolutely nothing else. Over the years we'd learned that the hard way.", "Over the years we'd learned that the hard way. You can play great Test matches, be very entertaining and, at the end of the day, lose. And you'll be remembered as losers. We wanted to be remembered as winners.", "We wanted to be remembered as winners. This Test was a classic example: we knew that the razzle-dazzle Frenchmen had the ability to run in tries against any team in the world, but all that shows for them in the history books that day is a big fat L for loss, with nothing about how attractively they played.", "This Test was a classic example: we knew that the razzle-dazzle Frenchmen had the ability to run in tries against any team in the world, but all that shows for them in the history books that day is a big fat L for loss, with nothing about how attractively they played. Sure, at times we played percentage football against them, but it was far more important for us to win than to throw the ball about like they were doing and lose.", "Sure, at times we played percentage football against them, but it was far more important for us to win than to throw the ball about like they were doing and lose. And Jacques Fouroux would be the first to support this sentiment.", "And Jacques Fouroux would be the first to support this sentiment. After the Test against France, with Andrew Slack making himself absent for Australia's 1986 two-Test series against Argentina, Poidevin was awarded the Australian captaincy for the first time in his career.", "After the Test against France, with Andrew Slack making himself absent for Australia's 1986 two-Test series against Argentina, Poidevin was awarded the Australian captaincy for the first time in his career. With Slacky missing from the series, words can't describe how happy I was when I was made Australian captain for the opening Test.", "With Slacky missing from the series, words can't describe how happy I was when I was made Australian captain for the opening Test. I was absolutely overjoyed. It's a responsibility that deep down I'd always wanted; I felt that I'd served my apprenticeship for it and that my time had come.", "It's a responsibility that deep down I'd always wanted; I felt that I'd served my apprenticeship for it and that my time had come. I’d have liked to earn the honour against more formidable opposition than the Pumas, but to lead Australia in any Test match had always been my big dream, so there was no prouder person in the world than me on 6 July 1986 when I led the boys onto Ballymore.", "I’d have liked to earn the honour against more formidable opposition than the Pumas, but to lead Australia in any Test match had always been my big dream, so there was no prouder person in the world than me on 6 July 1986 when I led the boys onto Ballymore. Australia won the two-Test series, winning the first Test 39–18 and the second Test 26–0, under Poidevin's captaincy.", "Australia won the two-Test series, winning the first Test 39–18 and the second Test 26–0, under Poidevin's captaincy. 1986 Bledisloe Cup Series Following Australia's domestic Tests in 1986 against Italy, France and Argentina, Poidevin toured with the Wallabies for the 1986 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand.", "1986 Bledisloe Cup Series Following Australia's domestic Tests in 1986 against Italy, France and Argentina, Poidevin toured with the Wallabies for the 1986 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand. The 1986 Australia Wallabies became the second Australian rugby team to beat the All Blacks in New Zealand in a rugby union Test series.", "The 1986 Australia Wallabies became the second Australian rugby team to beat the All Blacks in New Zealand in a rugby union Test series. They are one of five rugby union sides to win a rugby Test series in New Zealand, along with the 1937 South African Springboks, the 1949 Australian Wallabies, the 1971 British Lions, and the 1994 French touring side.", "They are one of five rugby union sides to win a rugby Test series in New Zealand, along with the 1937 South African Springboks, the 1949 Australian Wallabies, the 1971 British Lions, and the 1994 French touring side. Poidevin played in Australia's first Test against an All Blacks side dubbed the 'Baby Blacks', because several New Zealand players had been banned from playing in the first Test for participating in the rebel Cavaliers tour.", "Poidevin played in Australia's first Test against an All Blacks side dubbed the 'Baby Blacks', because several New Zealand players had been banned from playing in the first Test for participating in the rebel Cavaliers tour. The Wallabies defeated the All Blacks 13–12. He participated in the Wallabies' second Test against the All Blacks at Carisbrook Park.", "He participated in the Wallabies' second Test against the All Blacks at Carisbrook Park. New Zealand was bolstered by the return of nine Cavaliers players to their side who didn't play in the first Test – Gary Knight, Hika Reid, Steve McDowell, Murray Pierce, Gary Whetton, Jock Hobbs, Allan Whetton, Warwick Taylor and Craig Green.", "New Zealand was bolstered by the return of nine Cavaliers players to their side who didn't play in the first Test – Gary Knight, Hika Reid, Steve McDowell, Murray Pierce, Gary Whetton, Jock Hobbs, Allan Whetton, Warwick Taylor and Craig Green. The Wallabies lost the match 13–12 – the fourth consecutive Bledisloe Cup Test decided by a one-point margin.", "The Wallabies lost the match 13–12 – the fourth consecutive Bledisloe Cup Test decided by a one-point margin. However, Australia rebounded to win the third Test 22–9 against New Zealand, winning the series 2–1. In For Love Not Money, Poidevin described the third Test, writing that: The Eden Park Test was stunning.", "In For Love Not Money, Poidevin described the third Test, writing that: The Eden Park Test was stunning. From the word go the All Blacks threw the ball around in madcap fashion. I couldn't believe their totally uncharacteristic tactics. I'd never seen them playing the game so openly.", "I'd never seen them playing the game so openly. As we chased and tackled from one side of the field to the other it crossed my mind how grateful I was for all the grueling training Jonesy had put into us early in the tour.", "As we chased and tackled from one side of the field to the other it crossed my mind how grateful I was for all the grueling training Jonesy had put into us early in the tour. But the All Blacks had an epidemic of dropped passes in their abnormal approach, often when our defences were stretching paper-thin, and we took every advantage of that.", "But the All Blacks had an epidemic of dropped passes in their abnormal approach, often when our defences were stretching paper-thin, and we took every advantage of that. When it was all over we had achieved a 22–9 victory, which to me was more satisfying and even greater than the Grand Slam success in Britain.", "When it was all over we had achieved a 22–9 victory, which to me was more satisfying and even greater than the Grand Slam success in Britain. In For Love Not Money, first published before the 1991 Rugby World Cup, Poidevin called the 1986 Bledisloe Cup series victory the high point of his rugby career: Year in and year out the All Blacks have been our most difficult opponents.", "In For Love Not Money, first published before the 1991 Rugby World Cup, Poidevin called the 1986 Bledisloe Cup series victory the high point of his rugby career: Year in and year out the All Blacks have been our most difficult opponents. I’ve been trampled by the best of them.", "I’ve been trampled by the best of them. New Zealanders are parochial about their teams and have every right to be proud of them. The French in France are extremely difficult to beat, but the All Blacks are totally uncompromising and the whole nation lives the game religiously.", "The French in France are extremely difficult to beat, but the All Blacks are totally uncompromising and the whole nation lives the game religiously. The game itself over there is not dirty, just extremely hard.", "The game itself over there is not dirty, just extremely hard. They’re mostly big strapping country boys who won’t take any nonsense from anyone, and week after week they play some of the hardest provincial rugby in the world. Rucking is the lifeblood of their play.", "Rucking is the lifeblood of their play. If you wind up on the wrong side of a ruck, you’ll finish the game bloodied or with your shorts, jerseys or socks peeled from your limbs by a hundred studs. Maybe I’m a masochist, but I somehow enjoy playing them.", "Maybe I’m a masochist, but I somehow enjoy playing them. They are the greatest rugby team in the world, and to beat the All Blacks in New Zealand in a series as we did in 1986 is the ultimate in rugby.", "They are the greatest rugby team in the world, and to beat the All Blacks in New Zealand in a series as we did in 1986 is the ultimate in rugby. Following Australia's Bledisloe Cup series victory over New Zealand, Greg Growden from The Sydney Morning Herald asked Poidevin what winning the series meant to him.", "Following Australia's Bledisloe Cup series victory over New Zealand, Greg Growden from The Sydney Morning Herald asked Poidevin what winning the series meant to him. He responded, ‘Now I can live life in peace.’ 1987 Sevens Poidevin commenced his 1987 rugby season by participating in the annual Hong Kong Sevens tournament in April.", "He responded, ‘Now I can live life in peace.’ 1987 Sevens Poidevin commenced his 1987 rugby season by participating in the annual Hong Kong Sevens tournament in April. With Alan Jones as coach and David Campese as captain, Australia were defeated by Fiji in the semi-final, after trailing 14–0 after five minutes of play, before going on to lose 14–8.", "With Alan Jones as coach and David Campese as captain, Australia were defeated by Fiji in the semi-final, after trailing 14–0 after five minutes of play, before going on to lose 14–8. Following the Hong Kong Sevens, Poidevin participated in the NSW Sevens at Concord Oval.", "Following the Hong Kong Sevens, Poidevin participated in the NSW Sevens at Concord Oval. Australia defeated Western Samoa, Korea and the Netherlands on the first day, before beating Tonga in the quarter-final and Korea in the semi-final.", "Australia defeated Western Samoa, Korea and the Netherlands on the first day, before beating Tonga in the quarter-final and Korea in the semi-final. Australia then defeated New Zealand in the final 22–12, in what Poidevin later described as \"one of the most satisfying and gutsy [victories] that I’ve been associated with in an Australian team.\"", "Australia then defeated New Zealand in the final 22–12, in what Poidevin later described as \"one of the most satisfying and gutsy [victories] that I’ve been associated with in an Australian team.\" New South Wales During the 1987 Hong Kong Sevens Poidevin was informed via telex message that he had been removed as captain of the New South Wales team and replaced by Nick Farr-Jones by new coach Paul Dalton.", "New South Wales During the 1987 Hong Kong Sevens Poidevin was informed via telex message that he had been removed as captain of the New South Wales team and replaced by Nick Farr-Jones by new coach Paul Dalton. Following his removal as captain of New South Wales, Poidevin played in the 1987 South Pacific Championship.", "Following his removal as captain of New South Wales, Poidevin played in the 1987 South Pacific Championship. New South Wales won three of the tournament's five matches – a victory of Canterbury (25–24), an 19–18 loss to Auckland, a 23–20 victory of Fiji, a 40–15 win over Wellington, and a 17–6 loss to Queensland.", "New South Wales won three of the tournament's five matches – a victory of Canterbury (25–24), an 19–18 loss to Auckland, a 23–20 victory of Fiji, a 40–15 win over Wellington, and a 17–6 loss to Queensland. Following the 1987 Rugby World Cup, Poidevin played in one more match for New South Wales against Queensland at Concord Oval in Sydney, winning 21–19.", "Following the 1987 Rugby World Cup, Poidevin played in one more match for New South Wales against Queensland at Concord Oval in Sydney, winning 21–19. 1987 Rugby World Cup Prior to the commencement of the 1987 Rugby World Cup, Poidevin played for the Wallabies in a preparatory match against Korea, won 65–18.", "1987 Rugby World Cup Prior to the commencement of the 1987 Rugby World Cup, Poidevin played for the Wallabies in a preparatory match against Korea, won 65–18. Shortly thereafter, he played in Australia's opening match of the 1987 Rugby World Cup against England, won 19–6.", "Shortly thereafter, he played in Australia's opening match of the 1987 Rugby World Cup against England, won 19–6. Afterwards, he was rested for Australia's second World Cup pool game against the United States.", "Afterwards, he was rested for Australia's second World Cup pool game against the United States. He returned for Australia's next pool match against Japan, his 43rd Test cap for Australia, giving him the record for most international Tests played for the Wallabies, surpassing the record previously held by Australia hooker Peter Johnson (1959–1971).", "He returned for Australia's next pool match against Japan, his 43rd Test cap for Australia, giving him the record for most international Tests played for the Wallabies, surpassing the record previously held by Australia hooker Peter Johnson (1959–1971). Australia defeated Japan 42–23.", "Australia defeated Japan 42–23. Australia defeated Japan 42–23. To commemorate Poidevin breaking the record for most Test appearances for Australia, Wallabies captain Andrew Slack gave the captaincy to Poidevin for this Test. This was the third of four occasions that Poidevin captained Australia in his Test career.", "This was the third of four occasions that Poidevin captained Australia in his Test career. Poidevin then played in Australia's quarter-final Test against Ireland in what rugby journalist Greg Campbell, writing for The Australian, called \"one of Australia's best, well-controlled and most dominant opening 25 minutes of rugby ever seen.\"", "Poidevin then played in Australia's quarter-final Test against Ireland in what rugby journalist Greg Campbell, writing for The Australian, called \"one of Australia's best, well-controlled and most dominant opening 25 minutes of rugby ever seen.\" Following a half-time lead of 24–0, Australia went on to defeat Ireland 33–15.", "Following a half-time lead of 24–0, Australia went on to defeat Ireland 33–15. He then played in Australia's semi-final match against France, lost 30–24. In For Love Not Money he described the semi-final as one of the greatest games of rugby he ever played in.", "In For Love Not Money he described the semi-final as one of the greatest games of rugby he ever played in. \"That semi-final has been described as one of the finest games in the history of rugby football\", he wrote. \"It had everything.", "\"It had everything. \"It had everything. Power, aggression, skills, finesse, speed, atmosphere and reams of excitement.\" He concluded his 1987 Rugby World Cup campaign in the Wallabies' 22–21 third-place playoff loss to Wales.", "He concluded his 1987 Rugby World Cup campaign in the Wallabies' 22–21 third-place playoff loss to Wales. Following the 1987 Rugby World Cup, Poidevin was dropped from the Australian team for the single Bledisloe Cup Test of 1987, lost 30–16. This was the second time in his international career that he was dropped from the Australian team.", "This was the second time in his international career that he was dropped from the Australian team. 1989 Poidevin commenced his 1989 rugby season by making himself unavailable to play for New South Wales. However, he continued to make himself available for Australian selection.", "However, he continued to make himself available for Australian selection. In For Love Not Money Poidevin wrote that, \"I’d spent most of my years with the club [Randwick] in an absentee role while tied up with representative teams, and before I retired I wanted to have at least one full season wearing the myrtle green jersey.\"", "In For Love Not Money Poidevin wrote that, \"I’d spent most of my years with the club [Randwick] in an absentee role while tied up with representative teams, and before I retired I wanted to have at least one full season wearing the myrtle green jersey.\" Poidevin finished the year winning The Sydney Morning Herald best-and-fairest competition for the Sydney Club Competition with his teammate Brad Burke.", "Poidevin finished the year winning The Sydney Morning Herald best-and-fairest competition for the Sydney Club Competition with his teammate Brad Burke. He also won the Rothmans Medal for the best and fairest in the Sydney Rugby Competition.", "He also won the Rothmans Medal for the best and fairest in the Sydney Rugby Competition. Despite losing the major semi-final (a non-elimination game) to Eastwood, Randwick made it to the 1989 grand final where they played Eastwood again.", "Despite losing the major semi-final (a non-elimination game) to Eastwood, Randwick made it to the 1989 grand final where they played Eastwood again. Poidevin finished his 1989 season with Randwick with a 19–6 victory over Eastwood in the grand final at Concord Oval.", "Poidevin finished his 1989 season with Randwick with a 19–6 victory over Eastwood in the grand final at Concord Oval. The premiership win was Randwick's third consecutive grand final victory, their ninth in twelve years, and their 13th straight grand final. Rugby Sevens Poidevin played at the International Sevens at Concord Oval in March 1989.", "Rugby Sevens Poidevin played at the International Sevens at Concord Oval in March 1989. However, Australia made an early exit from the tournament. Later he toured with Australia for the Hong Kong Sevens, where Australia made it to the final, only to lose to New Zealand 22–10.", "Later he toured with Australia for the Hong Kong Sevens, where Australia made it to the final, only to lose to New Zealand 22–10. Sydney Despite making himself unavailable for city and state selection in 1989, Poidevin was pressed by his Randwick coach Jeffrey Sayle to play for Sydney in a game against Country, which he did in a game Sydney comprehensively won.", "Sydney Despite making himself unavailable for city and state selection in 1989, Poidevin was pressed by his Randwick coach Jeffrey Sayle to play for Sydney in a game against Country, which he did in a game Sydney comprehensively won. New South Wales Despite Poidevin making himself unavailable in 1989 for New South Wales, following an unexpected run of injuries, the New South Wales management asked Poidevin to play for them in a game against the touring 1989 British Lions.", "New South Wales Despite Poidevin making himself unavailable in 1989 for New South Wales, following an unexpected run of injuries, the New South Wales management asked Poidevin to play for them in a game against the touring 1989 British Lions. Poidevin agreed and played in a 23–21 loss to the Lions.", "Poidevin agreed and played in a 23–21 loss to the Lions. Australia Despite making himself unavailable for the 1988 Australia rugby union tour of England, Scotland and Italy, and further announcing his unavailability for state selection, Poidevin had hoped to achieve national selection for the Australian Test series against the British Lions.", "Australia Despite making himself unavailable for the 1988 Australia rugby union tour of England, Scotland and Italy, and further announcing his unavailability for state selection, Poidevin had hoped to achieve national selection for the Australian Test series against the British Lions. However, Scott Gourley was selected as Australia's blindside flanker, following a good tour to the UK in 1988.", "However, Scott Gourley was selected as Australia's blindside flanker, following a good tour to the UK in 1988. Instead, Poidevin played in the curtain raiser to the first Test, playing for Randwick in a game against Eastern Suburbs.", "Instead, Poidevin played in the curtain raiser to the first Test, playing for Randwick in a game against Eastern Suburbs. After Australia won the first Test against the British Lions, Poidevin did not achieve national selection for the second Test.", "After Australia won the first Test against the British Lions, Poidevin did not achieve national selection for the second Test. However, after the Lions defeated Australia in a violent second Test, public calls were made for Poidevin to be included in the third and series-deciding Test to harden the Australian forward pack.", "However, after the Lions defeated Australia in a violent second Test, public calls were made for Poidevin to be included in the third and series-deciding Test to harden the Australian forward pack. These calls were ignored, Poidevin missed selection for the third Test, and Australia lost to the Lions in the third Test 19–18.", "These calls were ignored, Poidevin missed selection for the third Test, and Australia lost to the Lions in the third Test 19–18. Following the 1989 British Lions series, Poidevin achieved national selection for the only time in 1989 for the one-off Bledisloe Cup Test against New Zealand to be played in Auckland.", "Following the 1989 British Lions series, Poidevin achieved national selection for the only time in 1989 for the one-off Bledisloe Cup Test against New Zealand to be played in Auckland. Peter Jenkins in Wallaby Gold: The History of Australian Test Rugby documented that: But the King was also to return from exile.", "Peter Jenkins in Wallaby Gold: The History of Australian Test Rugby documented that: But the King was also to return from exile. Simon Poidevin, one of Australia's most competitive forwards of any era, was invited back into the fray.", "Simon Poidevin, one of Australia's most competitive forwards of any era, was invited back into the fray. He had been retired, but calls for his comeback had been issued in the press during the Lions series, long before the official call was placed by selectors. Poidevin had a lust for combat with the All Blacks.", "Poidevin had a lust for combat with the All Blacks. He relished the opportunity, and happily accepted. There was an aura about the flanker, a respect for how he approached the game, the passion he injected and the pride with which he wore the jumper.", "There was an aura about the flanker, a respect for how he approached the game, the passion he injected and the pride with which he wore the jumper. Dwyer roomed him with the rookie Kearns in the lead-up to the Test. The veteran and the new boy.", "The veteran and the new boy. A common tactic by coaches but one Kearns recalled as significant in his preparation. Australia fielded a relatively inexperienced side, and with Phil Kearns, Tim Horan and Tony Daly making their debut for the Wallabies, Poidevin assumed a senior role within the side.", "Australia fielded a relatively inexperienced side, and with Phil Kearns, Tim Horan and Tony Daly making their debut for the Wallabies, Poidevin assumed a senior role within the side. Poidevin would later describe the Test as \"one of the best Test matches I’d experienced.\"", "Poidevin would later describe the Test as \"one of the best Test matches I’d experienced.\" Against an All Blacks side that had been undefeated since 1987, Australia trailed 6–3 at half-time, but went on to lose 24–12.", "Against an All Blacks side that had been undefeated since 1987, Australia trailed 6–3 at half-time, but went on to lose 24–12. Following Australia's one-off Bledisloe Cup Test of 1989, Poidevin then made himself unavailable for the 1989 Australia rugby union tour of France. 1990 Australia Poidevin did not play international rugby in 1990.", "1990 Australia Poidevin did not play international rugby in 1990. He missed the three-Test home series played between Australia and France, the following match against the United States, before making himself unavailable for the 1990 Australia rugby union tour to New Zealand.", "He missed the three-Test home series played between Australia and France, the following match against the United States, before making himself unavailable for the 1990 Australia rugby union tour to New Zealand. In For Love Not Money Poidevin wrote that, \"I'd made this journey on long tours in 1982 and 1986 and had no desire to undertake 'one of the life's great pleasures once again.'\"", "In For Love Not Money Poidevin wrote that, \"I'd made this journey on long tours in 1982 and 1986 and had no desire to undertake 'one of the life's great pleasures once again.'\" Poidevin was one of Australia's three premier flankers to make himself unavailable for the tour, along with Jeff Miller and David Wilson.", "Poidevin was one of Australia's three premier flankers to make himself unavailable for the tour, along with Jeff Miller and David Wilson. Randwick In the Sydney club premiership, Poidevin played in Randwick's grand final victory over Eastern Suburbs, won 32–9 – Randwick's fourth consecutive premiership in a row and their tenth since 1978.", "Randwick In the Sydney club premiership, Poidevin played in Randwick's grand final victory over Eastern Suburbs, won 32–9 – Randwick's fourth consecutive premiership in a row and their tenth since 1978. He also played in Mark Ella's final game for Randwick against the English club Bath, winning 20–3.", "He also played in Mark Ella's final game for Randwick against the English club Bath, winning 20–3. 1991 Rugby sevens Poidevin commenced his 1991 rugby season by participating in a three-day sevens tournament held in Punta del Este in Uruguay, as part of an ANZAC side composed of both Australian and New Zealand players (and one Uruguayan).", "1991 Rugby sevens Poidevin commenced his 1991 rugby season by participating in a three-day sevens tournament held in Punta del Este in Uruguay, as part of an ANZAC side composed of both Australian and New Zealand players (and one Uruguayan). Poidevin played alongside players such as Australia's Darren Junee and All Blacks Zinzan Brooke, Walter Little, Craig Innes and John Timu.", "Poidevin played alongside players such as Australia's Darren Junee and All Blacks Zinzan Brooke, Walter Little, Craig Innes and John Timu. On the first night of the tournament the ANZAC side won all its games, giving them a day's break before the knock-out stage.", "On the first night of the tournament the ANZAC side won all its games, giving them a day's break before the knock-out stage. The ANZAC side won their quarter-final and semi-final in extra time, before defeating an Argentinean club side in the final.", "The ANZAC side won their quarter-final and semi-final in extra time, before defeating an Argentinean club side in the final. New South Wales In February Poidevin travelled back to South America with the New South Wales rugby union team for a three-match tour, before one extra game to be played in New Zealand against North Harbour.", "New South Wales In February Poidevin travelled back to South America with the New South Wales rugby union team for a three-match tour, before one extra game to be played in New Zealand against North Harbour. New South Wales defeated Rosario 36–12, before drawing against Tucumán 15–15 in the second match of the tour, after which New South Wales finished their tour with a 13–10 victory over Mendoza.", "New South Wales defeated Rosario 36–12, before drawing against Tucumán 15–15 in the second match of the tour, after which New South Wales finished their tour with a 13–10 victory over Mendoza. New South Wales finished their overseas tour with one match in New Zealand against Wayne Shelford's North Harbour team.", "New South Wales finished their overseas tour with one match in New Zealand against Wayne Shelford's North Harbour team. Much media interest surrounded the battle that Poidevin would have with Shelford. New South Wales defeated North Harbour 19–12. Following his overseas tour with New South Wales, Poidevin was part of New South Wales’ domestic season for 1991.", "Following his overseas tour with New South Wales, Poidevin was part of New South Wales’ domestic season for 1991. New South Wales won their first two matches against New Zealand domestic teams, defeating Waikato 20–12 and then Otago 28–17. New South Wales then commenced their interstate games against Queensland.", "New South Wales then commenced their interstate games against Queensland. New South Wales defeated Queensland 24–18 at Ballymore in the first interstate game, before defeating Queensland 21–12 at Concord Oval in Sydney.", "New South Wales defeated Queensland 24–18 at Ballymore in the first interstate game, before defeating Queensland 21–12 at Concord Oval in Sydney. The double-defeat of Queensland marked only the second time in the previous 16 years that New South Wales had defeated Queensland in two games in the same domestic season.", "The double-defeat of Queensland marked only the second time in the previous 16 years that New South Wales had defeated Queensland in two games in the same domestic season. New South Wales then faced the touring 1991 Five Nation champion English side that had also won the Grand Slam that year. New South Wales defeated England 21–19.", "New South Wales defeated England 21–19. New South Wales then faced the touring Welsh side, defeating them 71–8. New South Wales’ three wins and a draw in Argentina, plus six wins in their domestic season, meant that they finished their 1991 season with nine wins, one draw, and no losses.", "New South Wales’ three wins and a draw in Argentina, plus six wins in their domestic season, meant that they finished their 1991 season with nine wins, one draw, and no losses. Australia Poidevin missed national selection for Australia's first Test of the 1991 season against Wales, with Australian selectors choosing Jeff Miller as Australia's openside flanker for their first Test against Wales, thus breaking apart the New South Wales back row of Poidevin, Willie Ofahengaue, and Tim Gavin.", "Australia Poidevin missed national selection for Australia's first Test of the 1991 season against Wales, with Australian selectors choosing Jeff Miller as Australia's openside flanker for their first Test against Wales, thus breaking apart the New South Wales back row of Poidevin, Willie Ofahengaue, and Tim Gavin. Australia defeated Wales 63–6 and Miller was acclaimed Australia's man of the match.", "Australia defeated Wales 63–6 and Miller was acclaimed Australia's man of the match. Following Australia's victory over Wales, Miller was controversially dropped from the Australian rugby union side in favour of Poidevin for Australia's one-off Test against 1991 Five Nations Champions England.", "Following Australia's victory over Wales, Miller was controversially dropped from the Australian rugby union side in favour of Poidevin for Australia's one-off Test against 1991 Five Nations Champions England. Miller's dropping caused controversy following his man of the match performance, and many Queenslanders expressed their disapproval of Australia coach Bob Dwyer's selection.", "Miller's dropping caused controversy following his man of the match performance, and many Queenslanders expressed their disapproval of Australia coach Bob Dwyer's selection. Queensland captain Michael Lynagh went public criticising Dwyer for dropping Miller. Dwyer explained his selection by stating that, ‘England pose a great threat close to the scrum and we need to combat that.", "Dwyer explained his selection by stating that, ‘England pose a great threat close to the scrum and we need to combat that. For that reason, we need Poidevin ahead of Miller, just for his strength.’ Poidevin's return to the Australian side marked the first time he played for the national team since the one-off 1989 Bledisloe Cup Test.", "For that reason, we need Poidevin ahead of Miller, just for his strength.’ Poidevin's return to the Australian side marked the first time he played for the national team since the one-off 1989 Bledisloe Cup Test. It also marked a rare time when Poidevin was selected in the openside flanker position for Australia (Poidevin generally played on the blindside).", "It also marked a rare time when Poidevin was selected in the openside flanker position for Australia (Poidevin generally played on the blindside). Australia defeated England 40–15 at the Sydney Football Stadium in which Poidevin suffered a pinched nerve in his shoulder during the 60th minute of the Test.", "Australia defeated England 40–15 at the Sydney Football Stadium in which Poidevin suffered a pinched nerve in his shoulder during the 60th minute of the Test. Gordon Bray said on commentary during the match: 'Simon Poidevin – maybe not 100 per cent – but I'll tell you, they'll need a crowbar to get Poido off the field.'", "Gordon Bray said on commentary during the match: 'Simon Poidevin – maybe not 100 per cent – but I'll tell you, they'll need a crowbar to get Poido off the field.' Poidevin then played in the first Bledisloe Cup Test of 1991 at the Sydney Football Stadium, with Australia victorious over New Zealand 21–12.", "Poidevin then played in the first Bledisloe Cup Test of 1991 at the Sydney Football Stadium, with Australia victorious over New Zealand 21–12. Poidevin opposed All Black Michael Jones, then widely regarded the best flanker in the world. Poidevin played in the second Bledisloe Cup Test played in Auckland, which New Zealand won 6–3.", "Poidevin played in the second Bledisloe Cup Test played in Auckland, which New Zealand won 6–3. In For Love Not Money, Poidevin criticised the performance of Scottish referee Ken McCarthy \"for effectively destroying the Test as a spectacle.\" Poidevin wrote that: If it was dreadful watching it, then rest assured it was even worse playing!", "Poidevin wrote that: If it was dreadful watching it, then rest assured it was even worse playing! He almost blew the pea out of his whistle. There were no fewer than 33 penalties and too few (none, in fact, that come to mind) advantages played. In short, McCartney was a disgrace.", "In short, McCartney was a disgrace. He tried to referee as though he had charge of a third-grade game on the Scottish Borders, instead of two international teams wanting to play to the death. He was much too inexperienced, outdated in his interpretations of the Laws and probably intimidated by the intense atmosphere out in the middle.", "He was much too inexperienced, outdated in his interpretations of the Laws and probably intimidated by the intense atmosphere out in the middle. Randwick Following Australia's international season prior to the 1991 Rugby World Cup Poidevin played in Randwick's playoff matches in the Sydney Rugby Competition.", "Randwick Following Australia's international season prior to the 1991 Rugby World Cup Poidevin played in Randwick's playoff matches in the Sydney Rugby Competition. Randwick lost to Eastern Suburbs 25–12 in the major semi-final (a non-elimination match), before rebounding by defeating Parramatta in the final, and then beating Eastern Suburbs in a return match in the Grand Final 28–9.", "Randwick lost to Eastern Suburbs 25–12 in the major semi-final (a non-elimination match), before rebounding by defeating Parramatta in the final, and then beating Eastern Suburbs in a return match in the Grand Final 28–9. Randwick's Grand Final victory in the 1991 Sydney Club Competition was their fifth-straight premiership and their 11th in their previous 14 years.", "Randwick's Grand Final victory in the 1991 Sydney Club Competition was their fifth-straight premiership and their 11th in their previous 14 years. 1991 Rugby Union World Cup Poidevin was a member of the victorious Australia team at the 1991 Rugby World Cup, playing in five of their six Tests in the tournament (he was rested for the Test against Western Samoa).", "1991 Rugby Union World Cup Poidevin was a member of the victorious Australia team at the 1991 Rugby World Cup, playing in five of their six Tests in the tournament (he was rested for the Test against Western Samoa). Poidevin played in Australia's first group-stage match of the tournament against Argentina, in a back row composed of himself, Willie Ofahengaue and John Eales at number eight.", "Poidevin played in Australia's first group-stage match of the tournament against Argentina, in a back row composed of himself, Willie Ofahengaue and John Eales at number eight. Australia won the first match 32–19.", "Australia won the first match 32–19. Australia coach Bob Dwyer was critical of the Australian forwards following the Test, indicating that he was dissatisfied with the Australian second and back row. Poidevin's was rested for Australia Test against Western Samoa. Australia won the Test 9–3 with Australian fly-half Michael Lynagh kicking three successful penalty goals.", "Australia won the Test 9–3 with Australian fly-half Michael Lynagh kicking three successful penalty goals. Lynagh's on-field captaincy, due to the absence of an injured Nick Farr-Jones, received praise from Poidevin following the Test. The Australian team was heavily criticised following their narrow win against Western Samoa.", "The Australian team was heavily criticised following their narrow win against Western Samoa. Poidevin played in Australia's third and final group match against Wales, in a back row now composed of himself, Jeff Miller at openside, and Willie Ofahengaue at number eight.", "Poidevin played in Australia's third and final group match against Wales, in a back row now composed of himself, Jeff Miller at openside, and Willie Ofahengaue at number eight. Australia won the Test 38–3 in what was Wales' then largest defeat on home soil. The Australian forwards received praise from Dwyer.", "The Australian forwards received praise from Dwyer. Poidevin played in Australia's quarter-final against Ireland. In the 74th minute of the Test Irish flanker Gordon Hamilton scored a run-away try that gave Ireland the lead. Following Ralph Keyes' successful conversion in the 76th minute for Ireland, Australia had four minutes to win the Test.", "Following Ralph Keyes' successful conversion in the 76th minute for Ireland, Australia had four minutes to win the Test. In the final stages of the quarter-final, on-field Australian captain Michael Lynagh called a play that brought David Campese toward that Australian forwards on a scissors’ movement.", "In the final stages of the quarter-final, on-field Australian captain Michael Lynagh called a play that brought David Campese toward that Australian forwards on a scissors’ movement. As a maul formed around David Campese, the Irish hooker Steve Smith came close to ripping the ball from Campese before Poidevin grabbed hold of the ball and drove Australia forward, allowing Australia to be given the scrum feed.", "As a maul formed around David Campese, the Irish hooker Steve Smith came close to ripping the ball from Campese before Poidevin grabbed hold of the ball and drove Australia forward, allowing Australia to be given the scrum feed. Australia scored the game-winning try in the following phase of play, defeating Ireland 19–18.", "Australia scored the game-winning try in the following phase of play, defeating Ireland 19–18. Following Australia's narrow quarter-final victory over Ireland, Poidevin's place in the Australian side came under scrutiny.", "Following Australia's narrow quarter-final victory over Ireland, Poidevin's place in the Australian side came under scrutiny. In The Winning Way, Dwyer relates that, \"We decided that we needed changes, believing that we could not beat the All Blacks with the team which scraped through against Ireland. One selector was definite on this point.", "One selector was definite on this point. ‘If we choose that same forward pack,’ he said, ‘we will be presenting the match to New Zealand.’ In particular, we knew that we could not allow New Zealand to dominate us at the back of the line-out.", "‘If we choose that same forward pack,’ he said, ‘we will be presenting the match to New Zealand.’ In particular, we knew that we could not allow New Zealand to dominate us at the back of the line-out. Reluctantly, we left Jeff Miller out of the team and replaced him with Troy Coker.\"", "Reluctantly, we left Jeff Miller out of the team and replaced him with Troy Coker.\" In Dwyer's second autobiography Full Time: A Coach's Memoir the selector noted in Dwyer's first autobiography is revealed to be former Australian coach John Connolly.", "In Dwyer's second autobiography Full Time: A Coach's Memoir the selector noted in Dwyer's first autobiography is revealed to be former Australian coach John Connolly. Dwyer wrote that, \"We had edged through the pool games without Tim [Gavin], never quite managing to get the forward mix quite right to compensate for his absence.", "Dwyer wrote that, \"We had edged through the pool games without Tim [Gavin], never quite managing to get the forward mix quite right to compensate for his absence. I can remember the hard-headed Queensland coach and Wallabies selector John Connolly remarking before the semi that if we selected the same back row we might as well give the game to the All Blacks.\"", "I can remember the hard-headed Queensland coach and Wallabies selector John Connolly remarking before the semi that if we selected the same back row we might as well give the game to the All Blacks.\" However, in Perfect Union, the autobiography of Australian centres Tim Horan and Jason Little, a conflicting account to Dwyer's is given of Miller's dropping.", "However, in Perfect Union, the autobiography of Australian centres Tim Horan and Jason Little, a conflicting account to Dwyer's is given of Miller's dropping. Biographer Michael Blucher documented that: The selectors had tinkered early with the back row, but Connolly was convinced they had fielded the optimum combination against Ireland, with Miller and Poidevin as flankers, and Willie Ofahengaue at No.", "Biographer Michael Blucher documented that: The selectors had tinkered early with the back row, but Connolly was convinced they had fielded the optimum combination against Ireland, with Miller and Poidevin as flankers, and Willie Ofahengaue at No. 8.", "8. 8. Dwyer was not convinced, nor to a lesser extent was [Barry] Want… Connolly in part accepted Dwyer's supposition about the need for height at the back of the lineout against the All Blacks, but at whose expense? If anyone was to go, he believed it should be Poidevin.", "If anyone was to go, he believed it should be Poidevin. Miller was faster and, in his opinion, had better hands and was more constructive at the breakdown. But Dwyer insisted Poidevin should stay. Want supported him, so Connolly was clearly outnumbered.", "Want supported him, so Connolly was clearly outnumbered. In Full Time: A Coach's Memoir Dwyer explained his decision to drop Miller and keep Poidevin was due to Poidevin's strength.", "In Full Time: A Coach's Memoir Dwyer explained his decision to drop Miller and keep Poidevin was due to Poidevin's strength. He wrote that, \"Leading up to that match our flanker Jeff Miller had been absolutely brilliant but we made the extremely unpopular decision to drop him in favour of the more physically-imposing Simon Poidevin.\"", "He wrote that, \"Leading up to that match our flanker Jeff Miller had been absolutely brilliant but we made the extremely unpopular decision to drop him in favour of the more physically-imposing Simon Poidevin.\" Poidevin played in Australia's semi-final against New Zealand, in which the Wallabies defeated the All Blacks 16–6.", "Poidevin played in Australia's semi-final against New Zealand, in which the Wallabies defeated the All Blacks 16–6. Poidevin played in Australia's 12–6 victory over England to win the 1991 Rugby World Cup. Among the highlights of the final was a tackle that English flanker Mickey Skinner made on Poidevin in the 20th minute.", "Among the highlights of the final was a tackle that English flanker Mickey Skinner made on Poidevin in the 20th minute. In For Love Not Money Poidevin recollects that, \"Among the many moments I remember from the final was the hit on me early in the game by rival flanker Mickey Skinner, without doubt the best English player on the day.", "In For Love Not Money Poidevin recollects that, \"Among the many moments I remember from the final was the hit on me early in the game by rival flanker Mickey Skinner, without doubt the best English player on the day. I spotted him only a fraction of a second before he collected me with his shoulder and he caught me a beauty.", "I spotted him only a fraction of a second before he collected me with his shoulder and he caught me a beauty. He waited for a reaction and got it. 'Do your bloody best, pal!' and I laughed at him.", "and I laughed at him. and I laughed at him. I wasn't about to let him know that it was a great hit and my head was still spinning.\"", "I wasn't about to let him know that it was a great hit and my head was still spinning.\" Dwyer recounts the devastating tackle Skinner made on Poidevin in The Winning Way, writing that, \"One of my memories of the first half is Simon Poidevin retaining possession after he was brought down in a heavy tackle by Micky Skinner.", "Dwyer recounts the devastating tackle Skinner made on Poidevin in The Winning Way, writing that, \"One of my memories of the first half is Simon Poidevin retaining possession after he was brought down in a heavy tackle by Micky Skinner. The tackle shook the bones of the people watching from the grandstand, so I can imagine its effect on Poidevin.", "The tackle shook the bones of the people watching from the grandstand, so I can imagine its effect on Poidevin. After the match, I asked Poidevin in a light-hearted way how he enjoyed the tackle. He replied, 'I didn't lose possession, did I?' That was the important thing.\"", "That was the important thing.\" Following the 1991 Rugby World Cup, Poidevin retired from international rugby. He played 59 times for the Wallabies, becoming the first Australian to play 50 Tests. He captained the team on four occasions.", "He captained the team on four occasions. Life after rugby After retiring from the Wallabies in 1991, Poidevin became a stockbroker, although he maintained his links to rugby by working as a television commentator for the Seven Network and Network Ten. He was Managing Director of Equity Sales at Citigroup in Australia.", "He was Managing Director of Equity Sales at Citigroup in Australia. Poidevin joined Pegana Capital in March 2009 as executive director. From March, 2011 to November 2013 he was a non-executive director at Dart Energy. From October 2011 to November 2012, Poidevin was a board member of ASX listed Diversa Limited.", "From October 2011 to November 2012, Poidevin was a board member of ASX listed Diversa Limited. In September 2011 he became executive director at Bizzell Capital Partners. In March 2013 he joined Bell Potter Financial Group as Managing Director Corporate Stockbroking. He is also a non-executive director of Snapsil Corporation.", "He is also a non-executive director of Snapsil Corporation. In November 2017 he was banned from providing financial services for 5 years following ASIC investigation. Honours 26 January 1988: Medal of the Order of Australia for service to rugby union football. 1991: Inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame.", "1991: Inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame. 29 September 2000: Australian Sports Medal 1 January 2001: Awarded the Centenary Medal \"For service to Australian society through the sport of rugby union\" 24 October 2014: Inducted into Australia Rugby's Hall of Fame.", "29 September 2000: Australian Sports Medal 1 January 2001: Awarded the Centenary Medal \"For service to Australian society through the sport of rugby union\" 24 October 2014: Inducted into Australia Rugby's Hall of Fame. 26 January 2018: Member of the Order of Australia \"For significant service to education through fundraising and student scholarship support, to the community through the not-for-profit sector, and to rugby union.\"", "26 January 2018: Member of the Order of Australia \"For significant service to education through fundraising and student scholarship support, to the community through the not-for-profit sector, and to rugby union.\" References Printed Internet 10 great Simon Poidevin moments Frank O'Keeffe, The Roar, 16 September 2016 From Frank's Vault: Australia vs England (1991) Frank O'Keeffe, The Roar, 6 January 2018 Who played in 1986 Celebration Matches?", "References Printed Internet 10 great Simon Poidevin moments Frank O'Keeffe, The Roar, 16 September 2016 From Frank's Vault: Australia vs England (1991) Frank O'Keeffe, The Roar, 6 January 2018 Who played in 1986 Celebration Matches? Bruce Sheekey, The Roar, 5 January 2010 1958 births Living people Australian people of French descent Australian rugby union captains Australian rugby union players Australia international rugby union players Rugby union flankers University of New South Wales alumni Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees People from Goulburn, New South Wales Members of the Order of Australia" ]

[ "Simon Poidevin", "Rugby Sevens", "what is rugby sevens?", "I don't know.", "What is something interesting during this time?", "The final was the first time that Poidevin would oppose Wayne \"Buck\" Shelford,", "did they have a rivalry?", "a fierce rivalry between the two men.", "what other matches did he play in during this time?", "Poidevin then participated in the Hong Kong Sevens where Australia were knocked-out in the semi-final" ]

[ "Christy Gunn (born 26 November 1985) is a Hong Kong rugby union player. She represented Hong Kong at their first World Cup in 2017.\n\nBiography \nGunn captained Hong Kong at the 2015 Asia Rugby Women's Championship. She was selected for the Hong Kong sevens team as they sought to secure a core team spot for the 2015–2016 Sevens Series. In November, she was called up for the sevens team in the 2015 Women's Sevens Championships which was a qualification series for the Rio Olympics.\n\nGunn was named in Hong Kong's training squad and then featured at the 2017 World Cup repechage tournament against Fiji and Japan. She and her husband, Stuart, got married in 2017.\n\nIn January 2018 Gunn was named as co-captain of the sevens team when they competed at the Fiji Coral Coast 7s. She captained the sevens team as they competed at the 2018 Borneo Sevens in March as preparation for the Sevens Series Qualifier in April. Gunn was named again as captain at the 2018 Hong Kong Women's Sevens which was a qualifier for the 2018–19 sevens series.\n\nReferences \n\n1985 births\nLiving people\nHong Kong female rugby union players\nHong Kong female rugby sevens players", "The Chinese Taipei national rugby sevens team is a minor national sevens side. They have competed in the Hong Kong Sevens since the 1980s. In 1989, veteran rugby commentator Bill McLaren mentions them in an article on the Hong Kong Sevens, saying that their team had two Chi-Mings, a Yen-Ching, and a Chijen-Shuen, and that he was grateful that he did not have to broadcast all the names, as he had trouble remembering them.\n\nRecord\n\nSummer Olympics\n\nRugby World Cup Sevens\n\nHong Kong Sevens\n\nSri Lanka Rugby 7s\n\nAsian Games\n\nReferences\n McLaren, Bill A Visit to Hong Kong in Starmer-Smith, Nigel & Robertson, Ian (eds) The Whitbread Rugby World '90 (Lennard Books, 1989)\n\nRugby union in Taiwan\nChinese Taipei national rugby union team\nNational rugby sevens teams" ]

[ "Simon Paul Poidevin (born 31 October 1958) is a former Australian rugby union player. Poidevin is married to Robin Fahlstrom ( 1995-present) and has three sons, Jean-Luc(born 21.07.96), Christian ( born 09.09.98) & Gabriel ( born 02.05.2003) Poidevin made his Test debut for Australia against Fiji during the 1980 tour of Fiji.", "Poidevin is married to Robin Fahlstrom ( 1995-present) and has three sons, Jean-Luc(born 21.07.96), Christian ( born 09.09.98) & Gabriel ( born 02.05.2003) Poidevin made his Test debut for Australia against Fiji during the 1980 tour of Fiji. He was a member of the Wallabies side that defeated New Zealand 2–1 in the 1980 Bledisloe Cup series.", "He was a member of the Wallabies side that defeated New Zealand 2–1 in the 1980 Bledisloe Cup series. He toured with the Eighth Wallabies for the 1984 Australia rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland that won rugby union's \"grand slam\", the first Australian side to defeat all four home nations, England, Ireland, Wales and Scotland, on a tour.", "He toured with the Eighth Wallabies for the 1984 Australia rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland that won rugby union's \"grand slam\", the first Australian side to defeat all four home nations, England, Ireland, Wales and Scotland, on a tour. He made his debut as captain of the Wallabies in a two-Test series against Argentina in 1986, substituting for the absent Andrew Slack.", "He made his debut as captain of the Wallabies in a two-Test series against Argentina in 1986, substituting for the absent Andrew Slack. He was a member of the Wallabies on the 1986 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand that beat the New Zealand 2–1, one of five international teams and second Australian team to win a Test series in New Zealand.", "He was a member of the Wallabies on the 1986 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand that beat the New Zealand 2–1, one of five international teams and second Australian team to win a Test series in New Zealand. During the 1987 Rugby World Cup, he overtook Peter Johnson as Australia's most capped Test player against Japan, captaining the Wallabies for the third time in his 43rd cap.", "During the 1987 Rugby World Cup, he overtook Peter Johnson as Australia's most capped Test player against Japan, captaining the Wallabies for the third time in his 43rd cap. He captained the Wallabies on a fourth and final occasion on the 1987 Australia rugby union tour of Argentina before injury ended his tour prematurely.", "He captained the Wallabies on a fourth and final occasion on the 1987 Australia rugby union tour of Argentina before injury ended his tour prematurely. In 1988, he briefly retired from international rugby, reversing his decision 42 days later ahead of the 1988 Bledisloe Cup series.", "In 1988, he briefly retired from international rugby, reversing his decision 42 days later ahead of the 1988 Bledisloe Cup series. Following this series, Poidevin continued to make sporadic appearances for the Wallabies, which included a return to the Australian side for the single 1989 Bledisloe Cup Test.", "Following this series, Poidevin continued to make sporadic appearances for the Wallabies, which included a return to the Australian side for the single 1989 Bledisloe Cup Test. After making himself unavailable for the 1990 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand, he returned to the Australian national squad for the 1991 season.", "After making himself unavailable for the 1990 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand, he returned to the Australian national squad for the 1991 season. Poidevin was a member of the Wallabies that won the 1991 Rugby World Cup, after which he retired from international rugby union.", "Poidevin was a member of the Wallabies that won the 1991 Rugby World Cup, after which he retired from international rugby union. Poidevin is one of only four Australian rugby union players, along with David Campese, Michael Lynagh and Nick Farr-Jones, to have won rugby union's Grand Slam, achieved a series victory in New Zealand, and won a Rugby World Cup.", "Poidevin is one of only four Australian rugby union players, along with David Campese, Michael Lynagh and Nick Farr-Jones, to have won rugby union's Grand Slam, achieved a series victory in New Zealand, and won a Rugby World Cup. Early life Poidevin was born on 31 October 1958 to Ann (née Hannan) and Paul Poidevin at Goulburn Base Hospital in Goulburn, New South Wales.", "Early life Poidevin was born on 31 October 1958 to Ann (née Hannan) and Paul Poidevin at Goulburn Base Hospital in Goulburn, New South Wales. He is the third of five children. He has two older siblings, Andrew and Jane, and two younger siblings, Joanne and Lucy.", "He has two older siblings, Andrew and Jane, and two younger siblings, Joanne and Lucy. Poidevin's surname comes from Pierre Le Poidevin, a French sailor who had been imprisoned by the English in the 1820s, eventually settled in Australia and took an Irish wife.", "Poidevin's surname comes from Pierre Le Poidevin, a French sailor who had been imprisoned by the English in the 1820s, eventually settled in Australia and took an Irish wife. Poidevin grew up on a farm called 'Braemar' on Mummell Road, a 360-hectare property outside of Goulburn, where his family raised fat lambs and some cattle.", "Poidevin grew up on a farm called 'Braemar' on Mummell Road, a 360-hectare property outside of Goulburn, where his family raised fat lambs and some cattle. Poidevin comes from a family with a history of sporting achievements.", "Poidevin comes from a family with a history of sporting achievements. His grandfather on his mother's side of his family, Les Hannan, was a rugby union player who was selected for the 1908–09 Australia rugby union tour of Britain. However, he broke his leg before the team departed from Australia and missed the tour.", "However, he broke his leg before the team departed from Australia and missed the tour. Hannan later fought in World War I in the 1st Light Horse Brigade, where he served as a stretcher bearer.", "Hannan later fought in World War I in the 1st Light Horse Brigade, where he served as a stretcher bearer. Poidevin's father's cousin, Dr Leslie Oswald Poidevin, was an accomplished cricketer, hitting 151 for New South Wales against McLaren's MCC side, and during the 1918–19 season he became the first Australian to score a century at all levels of cricket.", "Poidevin's father's cousin, Dr Leslie Oswald Poidevin, was an accomplished cricketer, hitting 151 for New South Wales against McLaren's MCC side, and during the 1918–19 season he became the first Australian to score a century at all levels of cricket. He later became co-founder of the inter-club cricket competition in Sydney known as the Poidevin-Gray Shield.", "He later became co-founder of the inter-club cricket competition in Sydney known as the Poidevin-Gray Shield. Dr Lesile Oswald Poidevin was also an accomplished tennis player. While studying medicine in Great Britain, he won the Swiss tennis championship and also played in the Davis Cup.", "While studying medicine in Great Britain, he won the Swiss tennis championship and also played in the Davis Cup. In 1906, he represented Australasia with New Zealander, Anthony Wilding, when they were beaten by the United States at Newport, Wales.", "In 1906, he represented Australasia with New Zealander, Anthony Wilding, when they were beaten by the United States at Newport, Wales. After this loss, Poidevin traveled to Lancashire to play cricket, where he made a century for his county the following day.", "After this loss, Poidevin traveled to Lancashire to play cricket, where he made a century for his county the following day. Dr Leslie Oswald Poidevin's son, Dr Leslie Poidevin, was also an accomplished tennis player who won the singles tennis championship at Sydney University six years in a row between 1932 and 1937.", "Dr Leslie Oswald Poidevin's son, Dr Leslie Poidevin, was also an accomplished tennis player who won the singles tennis championship at Sydney University six years in a row between 1932 and 1937. Poidevin's eldest sibling, Andrew, obtained a scholarship to study at Chevalier College at Bowral, where he represented NSW schoolboys playing rugby union.", "Poidevin's eldest sibling, Andrew, obtained a scholarship to study at Chevalier College at Bowral, where he represented NSW schoolboys playing rugby union. He went on to play rugby union for the Australian National University, ACT U-23s at breakaway, and later played with Simon for the University of New South Wales.", "He went on to play rugby union for the Australian National University, ACT U-23s at breakaway, and later played with Simon for the University of New South Wales. Poidevin's first school was the Our Lady of Mercy preparatory school in Goulburn where he was introduced to rugby league.", "Poidevin's first school was the Our Lady of Mercy preparatory school in Goulburn where he was introduced to rugby league. He played for an under-6 team that was coached by Jeff Feeney, the father of the well-known motorbike rider, Paul Feeney.", "He played for an under-6 team that was coached by Jeff Feeney, the father of the well-known motorbike rider, Paul Feeney. For his primary education, Poidevin attended St Patrick's College (now Trinity Catholic College), where rugby league was the only football code. His first team at St Patrick's College was the under-10s.", "His first team at St Patrick's College was the under-10s. During his childhood, Poidevin played rugby league with Gavin Miller, who would go on to play rugby league for the Australia national rugby league team, New South Wales rugby league team and Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks.", "During his childhood, Poidevin played rugby league with Gavin Miller, who would go on to play rugby league for the Australia national rugby league team, New South Wales rugby league team and Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks. Poidevin changed football codes and played rugby union when he moved into senior school at St Patrick's College, where rugby union was the only form of rugby played.", "Poidevin changed football codes and played rugby union when he moved into senior school at St Patrick's College, where rugby union was the only form of rugby played. Poidevin made the school's 1st XV in his penultimate year at school and the team remained undefeated throughout the season.", "Poidevin made the school's 1st XV in his penultimate year at school and the team remained undefeated throughout the season. Following this, Poidevin made the ACT schools representative team for the Australian schools championship in Melbourne. The ACT schools representative team defeated New South Wales, but lost the final the Queensland.", "The ACT schools representative team defeated New South Wales, but lost the final the Queensland. Upon finishing school he played a season with the Goulburn Rugby Union Football Club and then, in 1978, he moved to Sydney to study at the University of New South Wales, from which he graduated in 1983 with a Bachelor of Science (Hons).", "Upon finishing school he played a season with the Goulburn Rugby Union Football Club and then, in 1978, he moved to Sydney to study at the University of New South Wales, from which he graduated in 1983 with a Bachelor of Science (Hons). He made his first grade debut with the university's rugby union team in 1978.", "He made his first grade debut with the university's rugby union team in 1978. In 1982 he moved clubs to Randwick, the famous Galloping Greens, home of the Ella brothers and many other Wallabies.", "In 1982 he moved clubs to Randwick, the famous Galloping Greens, home of the Ella brothers and many other Wallabies. Rugby Union career 1979 New South Wales In 1979 Poidevin made his state debut for New South Wales, replacing an injured Greg Craig for New South Wales’ return match against Queensland at T.G. Milner Field.", "Milner Field. Milner Field. Queensland defeated New South Wales 24–3. 1980 In 1980 Poidevin went on his first overseas rugby tour with the University of NSW to the west coast of North America. The tour included games against the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Stanford, UCLA, Long Beach State and Berkeley.", "The tour included games against the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Stanford, UCLA, Long Beach State and Berkeley. Sydney Following the 1980 University of NSW tour to the west coast of America, Poidevin achieved selection for the Sydney rugby team coached by former Wallaby Peter Crittle.", "Sydney Following the 1980 University of NSW tour to the west coast of America, Poidevin achieved selection for the Sydney rugby team coached by former Wallaby Peter Crittle. Shortly following this selection, the Sydney rugby side completed a brief tour to New Zealand, that included matches against Waikato, Thames Valley and Auckland.", "Shortly following this selection, the Sydney rugby side completed a brief tour to New Zealand, that included matches against Waikato, Thames Valley and Auckland. Sydney won all three games, including a 17–9 victory over Auckland.", "Sydney won all three games, including a 17–9 victory over Auckland. After returning to Australia from New Zealand, Poidevin participated in three preparatory matches Sydney played against Victoria, the ACT and the President's XV – all won convincingly by Sydney.", "After returning to Australia from New Zealand, Poidevin participated in three preparatory matches Sydney played against Victoria, the ACT and the President's XV – all won convincingly by Sydney. Poidevin then played in Sydney's seventh game of their 1980 season against NSW Country, won 66–3.", "Poidevin then played in Sydney's seventh game of their 1980 season against NSW Country, won 66–3. Poidevin popped the AC joint in his shoulder in the match against NSW Country when Country forward Ross Reynolds fell on top of him while he was at the bottom of a ruck.", "Poidevin popped the AC joint in his shoulder in the match against NSW Country when Country forward Ross Reynolds fell on top of him while he was at the bottom of a ruck. Due to this injury, Poidevin missed the interstate match between New South Wales and Queensland in 1980, which New South Wales won 36–20 – their first victory over Queensland since 1975.", "Due to this injury, Poidevin missed the interstate match between New South Wales and Queensland in 1980, which New South Wales won 36–20 – their first victory over Queensland since 1975. Australia rugby union tour of Fiji Shortly following Sydney's win against NSW Country, Poidevin achieved national selection for the 1980 Australia rugby union tour of Fiji.", "Australia rugby union tour of Fiji Shortly following Sydney's win against NSW Country, Poidevin achieved national selection for the 1980 Australia rugby union tour of Fiji. Poidevin concealed his shoulder injury, sustained in the Sydney match against NSW Country, from the Australian team management, so he could play for Australia.", "Poidevin concealed his shoulder injury, sustained in the Sydney match against NSW Country, from the Australian team management, so he could play for Australia. Poidevin made his Australian debut in the Wallabies' first provincial match of the tour against Western Unions on 17 May 1980, which Australia won 25–11.", "Poidevin made his Australian debut in the Wallabies' first provincial match of the tour against Western Unions on 17 May 1980, which Australia won 25–11. Poidevin played in Australia's second game against Eastern Unions, won 46–14.", "Poidevin played in Australia's second game against Eastern Unions, won 46–14. Poidevin made his Test debut for Australia following these two provincial matches against Fiji on 24 May 1980, won by Australia 22–9.", "Poidevin made his Test debut for Australia following these two provincial matches against Fiji on 24 May 1980, won by Australia 22–9. 1980 Bledisloe Cup Test Series Following the 1980 Australia rugby union tour of Fiji, Poidevin played in six consecutive matches against New Zealand – for Australian Universities, Sydney, NSW and in three Tests for the Wallabies.", "1980 Bledisloe Cup Test Series Following the 1980 Australia rugby union tour of Fiji, Poidevin played in six consecutive matches against New Zealand – for Australian Universities, Sydney, NSW and in three Tests for the Wallabies. Poidevin played in the first match of the 1980 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia and Fiji for Sydney against New Zealand, which was drawn 13–13.", "Poidevin played in the first match of the 1980 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia and Fiji for Sydney against New Zealand, which was drawn 13–13. Shortly thereafter he played for New South Wales against New Zealand in the All Blacks' fifth match of the tour. New Zealand won the game 12–4.", "New Zealand won the game 12–4. Poidevin played in Australia's first Test of the 1980 Bledisloe Cup against New Zealand, won 13–9 by the Wallabies. Australia lost the second Test 12–9, in which Poidevin sustained a cut on his face after being rucked across the head by All Black Gary Knight.", "Australia lost the second Test 12–9, in which Poidevin sustained a cut on his face after being rucked across the head by All Black Gary Knight. Poidevin played for Australian Universities in New Zealand's 10th match of the tour, which was lost 33–3.", "Poidevin played for Australian Universities in New Zealand's 10th match of the tour, which was lost 33–3. However, Poidevin played in the third and deciding Test of the 1980 Bledisloe Cup – his sixth consecutive match played against New Zealand in 1980 – won 26–10.", "However, Poidevin played in the third and deciding Test of the 1980 Bledisloe Cup – his sixth consecutive match played against New Zealand in 1980 – won 26–10. The series victory over New Zealand in 1980 was the first time Australia had ever retained the Bledisloe Cup, which they had won in 1979 in a one-off Test.", "The series victory over New Zealand in 1980 was the first time Australia had ever retained the Bledisloe Cup, which they had won in 1979 in a one-off Test. It was the first three-Test series victory Australia had ever achieved over New Zealand since 1949, and the first three-Test series they had won against New Zealand on Australian soil since 1934.", "It was the first three-Test series victory Australia had ever achieved over New Zealand since 1949, and the first three-Test series they had won against New Zealand on Australian soil since 1934. 1981 In 1981 Poidevin toured Japan with the Australian Universities rugby union team.", "1981 In 1981 Poidevin toured Japan with the Australian Universities rugby union team. Australian Universities won four games against Japan's university teams, but lost the final game against All Japan by one point.", "Australian Universities won four games against Japan's university teams, but lost the final game against All Japan by one point. Sydney Following his brief tour of Japan, Poidevin was selected for the Sydney team to play against a World XV that included players such as New Zealand's Bruce Robertson, Hika Reid and Andy Haden, Wales’ Graham Price, Argentina's Alejandro Iachetti and Hugo Porta and Australia's Mark Loane.", "Sydney Following his brief tour of Japan, Poidevin was selected for the Sydney team to play against a World XV that included players such as New Zealand's Bruce Robertson, Hika Reid and Andy Haden, Wales’ Graham Price, Argentina's Alejandro Iachetti and Hugo Porta and Australia's Mark Loane. The game ended in a 16–16 draw.", "The game ended in a 16–16 draw. Following this match Sydney undertook a procession of representative games that included playing Queensland at Ballymore. Sydney's unbeaten streak of 14 games was broken by Queensland after they defeated Sydney 30–4, scoring four tries.", "Sydney's unbeaten streak of 14 games was broken by Queensland after they defeated Sydney 30–4, scoring four tries. Sydney then lost to New Zealand side Canterbury before responding by defeating Auckland and NSW Country – both games were played at Redfern Oval.", "Sydney then lost to New Zealand side Canterbury before responding by defeating Auckland and NSW Country – both games were played at Redfern Oval. New South Wales Poidevin was then selected to play for New South Wales in a succession of the matches in 1981. The first match against Manawatu was won 58–3, with NSW scoring 10 tries.", "The first match against Manawatu was won 58–3, with NSW scoring 10 tries. Victories over Waikato and Counties followed, before New South Wales were defeated by Queensland 26–15 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. New South Wales played Queensland in a return match a week later in Brisbane that was won 7–6.", "New South Wales played Queensland in a return match a week later in Brisbane that was won 7–6. 1981 France rugby union tour of Australia Poidevin played for Sydney against France in the third game France played for their 1981 France rugby union tour of Australia, won by Sydney 16–14.", "1981 France rugby union tour of Australia Poidevin played for Sydney against France in the third game France played for their 1981 France rugby union tour of Australia, won by Sydney 16–14. Poidevin then played for New South Wales against France for the fifth match of France's Australia tour, lost 21–12.", "Poidevin then played for New South Wales against France for the fifth match of France's Australia tour, lost 21–12. Poidevin achieved national selection for the two-Test series against France, despite competition for back row positions in the Australian team.", "Poidevin achieved national selection for the two-Test series against France, despite competition for back row positions in the Australian team. The first Test against France marked the first time Poidevin played with Australian eightman Mark Loane and contained the first try Poidevin scored at international Test level.", "The first Test against France marked the first time Poidevin played with Australian eightman Mark Loane and contained the first try Poidevin scored at international Test level. In his biography, For Love Not Money, written with Jim Webster, Poidevin recalls that: The first France Test at Ballymore held special significance for me because I was playing alongside Loaney for the first time.", "In his biography, For Love Not Money, written with Jim Webster, Poidevin recalls that: The first France Test at Ballymore held special significance for me because I was playing alongside Loaney for the first time. In my eyes he was something of a god... Loaney was a huge inspiration, and I tailed him around the field hoping to feed off him whenever he made one of those titanic bursts where he’d split the defence wide open with his unbelievable strength and speed.", "In my eyes he was something of a god... Loaney was a huge inspiration, and I tailed him around the field hoping to feed off him whenever he made one of those titanic bursts where he’d split the defence wide open with his unbelievable strength and speed. Sticking to him in that Test paid off handsomely, because Loaney splintered the Frenchmen in one charge, gave to me and I went for the line for all I was worth.", "Sticking to him in that Test paid off handsomely, because Loaney splintered the Frenchmen in one charge, gave to me and I went for the line for all I was worth. I saw Blanco coming at me out of the corner of my eye, but was just fast enough to make the corner for my first Test try.", "I saw Blanco coming at me out of the corner of my eye, but was just fast enough to make the corner for my first Test try. I walked back with the whole of the grandstand yelling and cheering. God and Loaney had been good to me.\"", "God and Loaney had been good to me.\" Poidevin played in Australia's second Test against France in Sydney, won by Australia 24–14, giving Australia a 2–0 series victory.", "Poidevin played in Australia's second Test against France in Sydney, won by Australia 24–14, giving Australia a 2–0 series victory. 1981–82 Australia rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland In mid-August 1981 the ARFU held trials to choose a team for the 1981–82 Australia rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland.", "1981–82 Australia rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland In mid-August 1981 the ARFU held trials to choose a team for the 1981–82 Australia rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland. However, Poidevin was unavailable for these trials after breaking his thumb in a second division club game for the University of New South Wales against Drummoyne.", "However, Poidevin was unavailable for these trials after breaking his thumb in a second division club game for the University of New South Wales against Drummoyne. Despite missing the trials, Poidevin still obtained selection for the Seventh Wallabies to tour the Home Nations.", "Despite missing the trials, Poidevin still obtained selection for the Seventh Wallabies to tour the Home Nations. Poidevin played in 13 matches of the 24-game tour, which included all four Tests and provincial matches against Munster (lost 15–6) and North and Midlands (won 36–6).", "Poidevin played in 13 matches of the 24-game tour, which included all four Tests and provincial matches against Munster (lost 15–6) and North and Midlands (won 36–6). Poidevin played in Australia's Test victory over Ireland, won 16–12 (Australia's only victory on tour).", "Poidevin played in Australia's Test victory over Ireland, won 16–12 (Australia's only victory on tour). Australia lost the second Test on tour against Wales 18–13 in what Poidevin later described as \"one of the greatest disappointments I’ve experienced in Rugby.\" The Wallabies then lost their third Test on tour against Scotland 24–15.", "The Wallabies then lost their third Test on tour against Scotland 24–15. The final Test against England was lost 15–11. 1982 Randwick Poidevin commenced 1982 by switching Sydney club teams, leaving the University of New South Wales for Randwick.", "1982 Randwick Poidevin commenced 1982 by switching Sydney club teams, leaving the University of New South Wales for Randwick. In For Love Not Money, Poidevin explained that, \"University of NSW had spent the previous two seasons in second division and I very much wanted to play my future club football each week at an ultra-competitive level, so that there wasn’t that huge jump I used to experience going from club to representative ranks.\"", "In For Love Not Money, Poidevin explained that, \"University of NSW had spent the previous two seasons in second division and I very much wanted to play my future club football each week at an ultra-competitive level, so that there wasn’t that huge jump I used to experience going from club to representative ranks.\" Shortly thereafter Poidevin played in the first Australian club championship between Randwick and Brothers, opposing his former Australian captain Tony Shaw.", "Shortly thereafter Poidevin played in the first Australian club championship between Randwick and Brothers, opposing his former Australian captain Tony Shaw. Randwick won the game 22–13. Later in the year, Poidevin won his first Sydney premiership with Randwick in their 21–12 victory over Warringah, in which Poidevin scored two tries.", "Later in the year, Poidevin won his first Sydney premiership with Randwick in their 21–12 victory over Warringah, in which Poidevin scored two tries. Sydney In 1982 Poidevin played rugby union for Sydney under new coach Peter Fenton after Peter Crittle was elevated to coach of New South Wales.", "Sydney In 1982 Poidevin played rugby union for Sydney under new coach Peter Fenton after Peter Crittle was elevated to coach of New South Wales. Poidevin commenced Sydney's 1982 rugby season with warm-up watches against Victoria and the ACT, before travelling to Fiji, where New South Wales defeated Fiji 21–18. A week later, Sydney defeated Queensland 25–9.", "A week later, Sydney defeated Queensland 25–9. The Queensland side featured many players who had played (or would play) for the Wallabies – Stan Pilecki, Duncan Hall, Mark Loane, Tony Shaw, Michael Lynagh, Michael O'Connor, Brendan Moon, Andrew Slack, and Paul McLean.", "The Queensland side featured many players who had played (or would play) for the Wallabies – Stan Pilecki, Duncan Hall, Mark Loane, Tony Shaw, Michael Lynagh, Michael O'Connor, Brendan Moon, Andrew Slack, and Paul McLean. Poidevin was then named captain of Sydney for their next game against NSW Country (won 43–3), after Sydney captain Michael Hawker withdrew with an injury.", "Poidevin was then named captain of Sydney for their next game against NSW Country (won 43–3), after Sydney captain Michael Hawker withdrew with an injury. In 1982, Scotland toured Australia and lost their third provincial game to Sydney 22–13. However, Poidevin's autobiography does not state whether he played in that game.", "However, Poidevin's autobiography does not state whether he played in that game. New South Wales Poidevin continued to play for New South Wales in 1982, and travelled to New Zealand for a three-match tour with the team now coached by former Wallaby Peter Crittle and containing a new manager – future Australian coach Alan Jones.", "New South Wales Poidevin continued to play for New South Wales in 1982, and travelled to New Zealand for a three-match tour with the team now coached by former Wallaby Peter Crittle and containing a new manager – future Australian coach Alan Jones. New South Wales won their first match against Waikato 43–21, their second match against Taranaki 14–9, and their third and final match against Manawatu 40–13.", "New South Wales won their first match against Waikato 43–21, their second match against Taranaki 14–9, and their third and final match against Manawatu 40–13. Following the tour to New Zealand, Sydney played in a match against a World XV.", "Following the tour to New Zealand, Sydney played in a match against a World XV. However, because several European players withdrew, the World XV's forward pack was composed mainly of New Zealand forwards, including Graham Mourie, Andy Haden, Billy Bush and Hika Reid.", "However, because several European players withdrew, the World XV's forward pack was composed mainly of New Zealand forwards, including Graham Mourie, Andy Haden, Billy Bush and Hika Reid. Sydney won the game 31–13 with several of its players sustaining injuries.", "Sydney won the game 31–13 with several of its players sustaining injuries. Poidevin was severely rucked across the forehead in the game and required several stitches to conceal the wound he sustained. All Black Andy Haden was later confronted by Poidevin at the post-match reception, where he denied culpability.", "All Black Andy Haden was later confronted by Poidevin at the post-match reception, where he denied culpability. Poidevin would later write that, \"All evidence then seemed to point to [Billy] Bush, who was the other prime suspect.", "Poidevin would later write that, \"All evidence then seemed to point to [Billy] Bush, who was the other prime suspect. But years later Mourie told me that he had been shocked at the incident and, being captain, he spoken to Haden about it at the time. Haden's response?", "Haden's response? Haden's response? He accused the captain of getting soft.\" Public calls were made for an injury into the incident, with NSW manager Alan Jones a prominent advocate for Poidevin. However, no action was taken.", "However, no action was taken. Poidevin would later write that with examination of videos and judiciary committees \"the culprit(s) concerned would have spent a very long time out of the game.\"", "Poidevin would later write that with examination of videos and judiciary committees \"the culprit(s) concerned would have spent a very long time out of the game.\" Following NSW's game against the World XV, the team was set to play two interstate games against Queensland – both scheduled to be played in Queensland to celebrate the Queensland Rugby Union's centenary year.", "Following NSW's game against the World XV, the team was set to play two interstate games against Queensland – both scheduled to be played in Queensland to celebrate the Queensland Rugby Union's centenary year. Queensland won the first game 23–16.", "Queensland won the first game 23–16. Following an injury to New South Wales captain Mark Ella in the first game, Poidevin was made captain of the team for the first time in his career for the second game, lost 41–7 to Queensland. Following the interstate series against Queensland, Scotland toured Australia, playing two Tests.", "Following the interstate series against Queensland, Scotland toured Australia, playing two Tests. With eightman Mark Loane likely to be selected for the Australian team, Poidevin was faced with strong competition for the remaining two back row positions at breakaway, with Tony Shaw, Gary Pearse, Peter Lucas and Chris Roche, all vying for national selection.", "With eightman Mark Loane likely to be selected for the Australian team, Poidevin was faced with strong competition for the remaining two back row positions at breakaway, with Tony Shaw, Gary Pearse, Peter Lucas and Chris Roche, all vying for national selection. Prior to New South Wales' provincial game against Scotland, a newspaper headline read \"Poidevin Needs a Blinder\".", "Prior to New South Wales' provincial game against Scotland, a newspaper headline read \"Poidevin Needs a Blinder\". Scotland defeated New South Wales 31–7, and Poidevin missed out on national selection, with newly appointed Australian coach Bob Dwyer selecting Queenslanders Chris Roche and Tony Shaw for the remaining back row positions.", "Scotland defeated New South Wales 31–7, and Poidevin missed out on national selection, with newly appointed Australian coach Bob Dwyer selecting Queenslanders Chris Roche and Tony Shaw for the remaining back row positions. This was the first time Poidevin was dropped from the Australia team.", "This was the first time Poidevin was dropped from the Australia team. 1982 Bledisloe Cup Series After missing out on national selection for the two-Test series against Scotland, Poidevin regained his spot in the Australian side for the 1982 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand, after 10 Australian players (nine of them from Queensland) announced that for professional and personal reasons they were withdrawing from the tour.", "1982 Bledisloe Cup Series After missing out on national selection for the two-Test series against Scotland, Poidevin regained his spot in the Australian side for the 1982 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand, after 10 Australian players (nine of them from Queensland) announced that for professional and personal reasons they were withdrawing from the tour. The Australian side surprised rugby pundits with their early success, winning all five provincial games in the lead-up to the first Test.", "The Australian side surprised rugby pundits with their early success, winning all five provincial games in the lead-up to the first Test. However, Australia lost the first Test to New Zealand 23–16 in Christchurch.", "However, Australia lost the first Test to New Zealand 23–16 in Christchurch. Poidevin would later remark that: \"Out on the field it felt like a real flogging, and personally I'd been well outplayed by their skipper Graham Mourie, a player of great intelligence and an inspiring leader.\"", "Poidevin would later remark that: \"Out on the field it felt like a real flogging, and personally I'd been well outplayed by their skipper Graham Mourie, a player of great intelligence and an inspiring leader.\" Australia won the second Test 19–16 in what Poidevin would later call \"one of the most courageous victories by any of the Australian sides with which I've been associated.\"", "Australia won the second Test 19–16 in what Poidevin would later call \"one of the most courageous victories by any of the Australian sides with which I've been associated.\" Australia held a 19–3 halftime lead. From there, Poidevin recalled that: Then we hung on against a massive All Black finishing effort.", "From there, Poidevin recalled that: Then we hung on against a massive All Black finishing effort. The harder they came at us, the more determinedly we cut them down in their tracks. We were desperate and we fought desperately.", "We were desperate and we fought desperately. In the last 30 seconds of the game, I dived onto a loose ball and the All Blacks swarmed over me and Peter Lucas and we knew that if the ball went back out way we'd win the Test, and when Luco and I saw it heading back out side we actually started laughing with joy.", "In the last 30 seconds of the game, I dived onto a loose ball and the All Blacks swarmed over me and Peter Lucas and we knew that if the ball went back out way we'd win the Test, and when Luco and I saw it heading back out side we actually started laughing with joy. We all began embracing and congratulating each other in highly emotional scenes.", "We all began embracing and congratulating each other in highly emotional scenes. Against all odds, we'd beaten the All Blacks and suddenly had a chance to retain the Bledisloe Cup. However, Australia would go on to lose the third and series-deciding Test to the All Blacks 33–18.", "However, Australia would go on to lose the third and series-deciding Test to the All Blacks 33–18. Despite this, the tour was deemed a success for Australia, with the team scoring 316 points, including 47 tries on tour. Following the tour, Poidevin played in another Queensland Rugby Union centenary game between the Barbarians and Queensland.", "Following the tour, Poidevin played in another Queensland Rugby Union centenary game between the Barbarians and Queensland. 1983 1983 Australia rugby union tour of Italy and France Poidevin was a member of the Wallabies for the 1983 Australia rugby union tour of Italy and France.", "1983 1983 Australia rugby union tour of Italy and France Poidevin was a member of the Wallabies for the 1983 Australia rugby union tour of Italy and France. Australia won their opening tour game against Italy B in L'Aquila 26–0, before travelling to Padova for the first Test on tour against Italy, won 29–7.", "Australia won their opening tour game against Italy B in L'Aquila 26–0, before travelling to Padova for the first Test on tour against Italy, won 29–7. Australia won its first provincial game on the French leg of a tour, a 19–16 victory over a French selection XV in Strasbourg.", "Australia won its first provincial game on the French leg of a tour, a 19–16 victory over a French selection XV in Strasbourg. However, Poidevin would later describe it as 'the most vicious game I've ever been part of.'", "However, Poidevin would later describe it as 'the most vicious game I've ever been part of.' The Wallabies drew the next game against French Police at Le Creusot, and then defeated another French selection side 27–7 at Grenoble.", "The Wallabies drew the next game against French Police at Le Creusot, and then defeated another French selection side 27–7 at Grenoble. However, after remaining undefeated up until this point of the tour, Australia then lost two matches – a 15–9 defeat to a French Selection XV at Perpignan and a 36–6 loss to a French Selection XV at Agen.", "However, after remaining undefeated up until this point of the tour, Australia then lost two matches – a 15–9 defeat to a French Selection XV at Perpignan and a 36–6 loss to a French Selection XV at Agen. Australia drew its first Test against France at Clermont-Ferrand 15–15.", "Australia drew its first Test against France at Clermont-Ferrand 15–15. In For Love Not Money, Poidevin remembered that: The first Test at Clermont-Ferrand produced a tremendously gutsy performance by Australia. We were literally so short on lineout jumpers that it was decided I should jump at number two in the lineouts against Lorieux.", "We were literally so short on lineout jumpers that it was decided I should jump at number two in the lineouts against Lorieux. Well at the first lineout he had one look across at me and simply laughed. I had no hope of matching him, so I just tried knocking him sideways out of every lineout.", "I had no hope of matching him, so I just tried knocking him sideways out of every lineout. The team put up a determined effort in a Test which never rose to any heights. It was tight, unattractive and closely fought, and at the finish we managed a very satisfying 15-all draw.", "It was tight, unattractive and closely fought, and at the finish we managed a very satisfying 15-all draw. Australia's back row of Poidevin, Chris Roche and Steve Tuynman received positive reviews for its performance in the first Test against the French back row, which included Jean-Pierre Rives.", "Australia's back row of Poidevin, Chris Roche and Steve Tuynman received positive reviews for its performance in the first Test against the French back row, which included Jean-Pierre Rives. Australia then won its next provincial match against French Army 16–10. France defeated Australia in the second Test 15–6, giving them a 1–0–1 series victory over the Wallabies.", "France defeated Australia in the second Test 15–6, giving them a 1–0–1 series victory over the Wallabies. In For Love Not Money, Poidevin documented that: That Test was an excellent defensive effort by the Australian team. The French won so much possession it wasn't funny, and they came at us in wave after wave.", "The French won so much possession it wasn't funny, and they came at us in wave after wave. But we cut them down time and again. How we held them out as much as we did I'll never know. It was another vicious game.", "It was another vicious game. It was another vicious game. I was kicked in the head early on and walked around in a daze for a while... We had the chance to win the game.", "I was kicked in the head early on and walked around in a daze for a while... We had the chance to win the game. We were down only 9–6 when our hooker Tom Lawton was penalised in a scrum five metres from the French line for an early strike and the Frogs were out of trouble.", "We were down only 9–6 when our hooker Tom Lawton was penalised in a scrum five metres from the French line for an early strike and the Frogs were out of trouble. Mark Ella also had a drop goal attempt charged down by Rives late in the game.", "Mark Ella also had a drop goal attempt charged down by Rives late in the game. Finally the French pulled off a blindside move, scored a remarkable try, and won 15–6.", "Finally the French pulled off a blindside move, scored a remarkable try, and won 15–6. Poidevin concluded the 1983 Australia rugby union tour of Italy and France in the Wallabies' 23–21 victory against the French Barbarians, in what he described as 'the most exciting game on tour.'", "Poidevin concluded the 1983 Australia rugby union tour of Italy and France in the Wallabies' 23–21 victory against the French Barbarians, in what he described as 'the most exciting game on tour.' 1984 In 1984, Australia coach Bob Dwyer was challenged by Manly coach Alan Jones for the position of national coach.", "1984 In 1984, Australia coach Bob Dwyer was challenged by Manly coach Alan Jones for the position of national coach. Poidevin publicly supported Dwyer's reelection as national coach. However, on 24 February 1984, Jones replaced Dwyer as head of the Australia national team.", "However, on 24 February 1984, Jones replaced Dwyer as head of the Australia national team. Despite this, Poidevin would go on to become one of Jones' greatest supporters and loyal players.", "Despite this, Poidevin would go on to become one of Jones' greatest supporters and loyal players. In For Love Not Money, Poidevin wrote of Jones that: While Tempo [Bob Templeton] and Dwyer were leaders in their field in specific areas, Jonesy was undoubtedly the master coach and the best I've ever played under.", "In For Love Not Money, Poidevin wrote of Jones that: While Tempo [Bob Templeton] and Dwyer were leaders in their field in specific areas, Jonesy was undoubtedly the master coach and the best I've ever played under. He was a freak.", "He was a freak. He was a freak. Australian Rugby was very fortunate to have had a person with his extraordinary ability to coach our national team. New Zealand's Fred Allen and the British Lions' Carwyn James are probably the other most remarkable coaches of modern times.", "New Zealand's Fred Allen and the British Lions' Carwyn James are probably the other most remarkable coaches of modern times. But given Alan Jones' skills in so many areas, and his record, probably no other rugby nation in the world has had anyone quite like him, and perhaps none ever will.", "But given Alan Jones' skills in so many areas, and his record, probably no other rugby nation in the world has had anyone quite like him, and perhaps none ever will. Sydney Poidevin commenced his 1984 season in March by captaining a 23-man Sydney team for a six-match tour of Italy, France, England, Wales and Ireland.", "Sydney Poidevin commenced his 1984 season in March by captaining a 23-man Sydney team for a six-match tour of Italy, France, England, Wales and Ireland. This was the second time the Sydney rugby team had undertaken a major tour, the first since 1977.", "This was the second time the Sydney rugby team had undertaken a major tour, the first since 1977. Poidevin played throughout the tour with a broken finger, which he had sustained before departing from Australia.", "Poidevin played throughout the tour with a broken finger, which he had sustained before departing from Australia. Sydney won the first game against the Zebre Invitation XV at Livorno in Italy, then won the second match against Toulon 25–18 at Toulon, and narrowly lost to Brive.", "Sydney won the first game against the Zebre Invitation XV at Livorno in Italy, then won the second match against Toulon 25–18 at Toulon, and narrowly lost to Brive. In Great Britain, Sydney defeated a Brixham XV at Brixham, lost to Swansea by eight points in Swansea, and lost to Ulster 19–16 after leading them 16–0 at halftime.", "In Great Britain, Sydney defeated a Brixham XV at Brixham, lost to Swansea by eight points in Swansea, and lost to Ulster 19–16 after leading them 16–0 at halftime. In For Love Not Money, lamented his debut performances captaining a representative rugby team: ...if I were able to relive that time over again, then I feel I might have become captain of Australia a lot sooner and remained in the role a lot longer.", "In For Love Not Money, lamented his debut performances captaining a representative rugby team: ...if I were able to relive that time over again, then I feel I might have become captain of Australia a lot sooner and remained in the role a lot longer. It was a terrific opportunity for to show just that I had to offer as the captain of representative teams, but I blew it.", "It was a terrific opportunity for to show just that I had to offer as the captain of representative teams, but I blew it. How? Andy Conway was a terrific manager because of his efficiency and high standards, but he was a born worrier.", "Andy Conway was a terrific manager because of his efficiency and high standards, but he was a born worrier. Our coach Peter (Fab) Fenton was another fantastic bloke and very knowledgeable about rugby, but hardly the most organised or toughest coach you'd ever meet.", "Our coach Peter (Fab) Fenton was another fantastic bloke and very knowledgeable about rugby, but hardly the most organised or toughest coach you'd ever meet. It meant that I felt in the unfortunate position of having to both set and impose the discipline on the players on what was going to be a fairly demanding tour.", "It meant that I felt in the unfortunate position of having to both set and impose the discipline on the players on what was going to be a fairly demanding tour. And that task became very onerous to me.", "And that task became very onerous to me. We also had several new young players in the team, and they needed help to fit into the way of a touring team.", "We also had several new young players in the team, and they needed help to fit into the way of a touring team. I had the added problem of having broken a finger before leaving and spent the whole of the tour in a fair bit of pain, which wasn't helped by the extremely cold weather we encountered.", "I had the added problem of having broken a finger before leaving and spent the whole of the tour in a fair bit of pain, which wasn't helped by the extremely cold weather we encountered. Personal problems at home also added to this dangerous cocktail.", "Personal problems at home also added to this dangerous cocktail. All these factors added up to my not be able to give the captaincy role the complete attention it required. I wasn't nearly as good as I should have been and I daresay that some of the players returned from the tour with fairly mixed feelings about my leadership qualities.", "I wasn't nearly as good as I should have been and I daresay that some of the players returned from the tour with fairly mixed feelings about my leadership qualities. And I've no doubt that the Manly players in the team who had Jones's ear would have told him so too.", "And I've no doubt that the Manly players in the team who had Jones's ear would have told him so too. Later in the year, during the 1984 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia, and after Australia's first Test victory over New Zealand, controversy arose when eight Sydney players were withdrawn from New Zealand's tour match against Sydney – Poidevin, Philip Cox, Mark Ella, Michael Hawker, Ross Reynolds, Steve Williams, Steve Cutler and Topo Rodriguez.", "Later in the year, during the 1984 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia, and after Australia's first Test victory over New Zealand, controversy arose when eight Sydney players were withdrawn from New Zealand's tour match against Sydney – Poidevin, Philip Cox, Mark Ella, Michael Hawker, Ross Reynolds, Steve Williams, Steve Cutler and Topo Rodriguez. This decision drew criticism from the Sydney Rugby Union and its coach Peter Fenton.", "This decision drew criticism from the Sydney Rugby Union and its coach Peter Fenton. However, Poidevin was not allowed to play in Sydney's game against the All Blacks, lost 28–3.", "However, Poidevin was not allowed to play in Sydney's game against the All Blacks, lost 28–3. Randwick After playing through the Sydney rugby club's 1984 European tour with a broken finger, Poidevin had surgery on his broken finger before returning to his first game for Randwick in 1984 on 19 May, playing against Sydney University in a match where he scored two tries.", "Randwick After playing through the Sydney rugby club's 1984 European tour with a broken finger, Poidevin had surgery on his broken finger before returning to his first game for Randwick in 1984 on 19 May, playing against Sydney University in a match where he scored two tries. 1984 Australia rugby union tour of Fiji Poidevin's national representative season for the Wallabies commenced on the 1984 Australia rugby union tour of Fiji.", "1984 Australia rugby union tour of Fiji Poidevin's national representative season for the Wallabies commenced on the 1984 Australia rugby union tour of Fiji. He played in the Wallabies' first tour game – a 19–3 victory against Western XV at Churchill Park.", "He played in the Wallabies' first tour game – a 19–3 victory against Western XV at Churchill Park. He was then rested for the second match against the Eastern Selection XV at National Stadium, which Australia won 15–4. He then played in Australia's single Test on tour, a 16–3 victory over Fiji.", "He then played in Australia's single Test on tour, a 16–3 victory over Fiji. In For Love Not Money, Poidevin recalled that: Australia won the Test in pretty foul conditions by 16–3.", "In For Love Not Money, Poidevin recalled that: Australia won the Test in pretty foul conditions by 16–3. Heavy rain had made it hard going under foot, but we played very controlled rugby against the Fijians, who really find the tight XV-a-side game too much for them.", "Heavy rain had made it hard going under foot, but we played very controlled rugby against the Fijians, who really find the tight XV-a-side game too much for them. They much prefer loose, broken play when their natural exuberance takes over and then they can play brilliantly.", "They much prefer loose, broken play when their natural exuberance takes over and then they can play brilliantly. Afterwards, the Fijian media singled out the full-back and one of the wingers and blatantly accused them of having lost the Test – a type of reporting you don't normally see elsewhere in the world.", "Afterwards, the Fijian media singled out the full-back and one of the wingers and blatantly accused them of having lost the Test – a type of reporting you don't normally see elsewhere in the world. But it wasn't the fault of any of the Fijian players.", "But it wasn't the fault of any of the Fijian players. In fact, our forward effort that afternoon in difficult conditions was outstanding, and Mark Ella also had a terrific game.", "In fact, our forward effort that afternoon in difficult conditions was outstanding, and Mark Ella also had a terrific game. He kicked a field goal that many of the Fijian players disputed, but the referee Graham Harrison thought it was okay and that's all that mattered.", "He kicked a field goal that many of the Fijian players disputed, but the referee Graham Harrison thought it was okay and that's all that mattered. Mark also set up a brilliant try, involving Lynagh and Moon and eventually scored by Campese, who was playing full-back.", "Mark also set up a brilliant try, involving Lynagh and Moon and eventually scored by Campese, who was playing full-back. New South Wales Following the 1984 Australia rugby union tour of Fiji, Poidevin was among several New South Wales players who declined to go on the Waratahs 1984 three-match tour to New Zealand.", "New South Wales Following the 1984 Australia rugby union tour of Fiji, Poidevin was among several New South Wales players who declined to go on the Waratahs 1984 three-match tour to New Zealand. However, following this tour he played for New South Wales against Queensland at Ballymore in a game the Waratahs lost 13–3.", "However, following this tour he played for New South Wales against Queensland at Ballymore in a game the Waratahs lost 13–3. Poidevin then played for New South Wales against the All Blacks in New Zealand's second game of the 1984 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia, which the Waratahs lost 37–10.", "Poidevin then played for New South Wales against the All Blacks in New Zealand's second game of the 1984 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia, which the Waratahs lost 37–10. 1984 Bledisloe Cup Poidevin played in all three Tests of the 1984 Bledisloe Cup Test Series against New Zealand, which the Wallabies lost 2–1.", "1984 Bledisloe Cup Poidevin played in all three Tests of the 1984 Bledisloe Cup Test Series against New Zealand, which the Wallabies lost 2–1. Australia defeated New Zealand 16–9 in the first Test on 21 July 1984 at the Sydney Cricket Ground.", "Australia defeated New Zealand 16–9 in the first Test on 21 July 1984 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. Poidevin would later write that: 'We won 16–9, scoring two tries to nil before 40,797 spectators... Cuts absolutely dominated the game, and I tremendously enjoyed my role of minder behind him in the lineouts, which we won 25–16.", "Poidevin would later write that: 'We won 16–9, scoring two tries to nil before 40,797 spectators... Cuts absolutely dominated the game, and I tremendously enjoyed my role of minder behind him in the lineouts, which we won 25–16. With all that ball, everything else fell into place and Andrew Slack later described the way Australia played as the most disciplined performance he'd ever been involved in.'", "With all that ball, everything else fell into place and Andrew Slack later described the way Australia played as the most disciplined performance he'd ever been involved in.' However, New Zealand would rebound from their first Test loss to win the second Test 19–15.", "However, New Zealand would rebound from their first Test loss to win the second Test 19–15. Poidevin documented that: The All Blacks won 19–15 after we'd been ahead 12–0. At the end of the day we'd lost the lineouts 25–12. The reason for that was Cuts being wiped out early by an All Black boot.", "The reason for that was Cuts being wiped out early by an All Black boot. Take away all the possession that he always provided and we weren't the same outfit.", "Take away all the possession that he always provided and we weren't the same outfit. Despite our planning, Robbie Deans also did the job for the All Blacks in goalkicking, because while we scored a try apiece he potted five penalty goals to provide the difference.", "Despite our planning, Robbie Deans also did the job for the All Blacks in goalkicking, because while we scored a try apiece he potted five penalty goals to provide the difference. There were plenty of post-mortems, but basically it was a highly motivated New Zealand team that really pulled itself back from Death Row.", "There were plenty of post-mortems, but basically it was a highly motivated New Zealand team that really pulled itself back from Death Row. Australia would go on to lose the third and series-deciding Test to New Zealand, 25–24.", "Australia would go on to lose the third and series-deciding Test to New Zealand, 25–24. In For Love Not Money, Poidevin remembered that: As has happened so many times in our nations' Test clashes, there was only one point in the result. It was 25–24... their way.", "It was 25–24... their way. Before a massive crowd of almost 50,000, the All Blacks scored two tries to one, including a very easy one conceded by us. There were 26 penalties in the Test, nineteen to Australia, a remarkable statistic.", "There were 26 penalties in the Test, nineteen to Australia, a remarkable statistic. Yet again Deans kicked six goals from seven attempts, which gave them the narrowest of winning margins and also the Cup.", "Yet again Deans kicked six goals from seven attempts, which gave them the narrowest of winning margins and also the Cup. We had problems that day in the back line, with Mark Ella calling the shots at five-eighth and Hawker and Slack in the centres.", "We had problems that day in the back line, with Mark Ella calling the shots at five-eighth and Hawker and Slack in the centres. All were senior players, and there was an unbelievable amount of talk between them during the game – far too much. Each seemed to have different ideas...", "Each seemed to have different ideas... The Australian forwards did extremely well, but our backs, with all their talent, simply got themselves into a horrible mess.", "The Australian forwards did extremely well, but our backs, with all their talent, simply got themselves into a horrible mess. However, Poidevin later concluded that: 'We were all deeply distressed at losing a series to New Zealand by a single point in the decider, but it certainly strengthened our resolve to succeed on the forthcoming tour of the British Isles.", "However, Poidevin later concluded that: 'We were all deeply distressed at losing a series to New Zealand by a single point in the decider, but it certainly strengthened our resolve to succeed on the forthcoming tour of the British Isles. We were really going to make amends over there.'", "We were really going to make amends over there.' 1984 Grand Slam Poidevin toured with the Eighth Wallabies for the 1984 Australia rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland that won rugby union's \"grand slam\", the first Australian side to defeat all four home nations, England, Ireland, Wales and Scotland, on a tour.", "1984 Grand Slam Poidevin toured with the Eighth Wallabies for the 1984 Australia rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland that won rugby union's \"grand slam\", the first Australian side to defeat all four home nations, England, Ireland, Wales and Scotland, on a tour. Poidevin scored four tries from 10 tour games, which included all four Test matches and the tour-closing match against the Barbarians, for a total of 16 points on tour.", "Poidevin scored four tries from 10 tour games, which included all four Test matches and the tour-closing match against the Barbarians, for a total of 16 points on tour. Poidevin played in Australia's first match on tour against London Counties at Twickenham, which the Wallabies won 22–3.", "Poidevin played in Australia's first match on tour against London Counties at Twickenham, which the Wallabies won 22–3. He was then rested for the second tour match against South and South West, drawn 12–12. He played in the third tour match against Cardiff.", "He played in the third tour match against Cardiff. In For Love Not Money he wrote that: ‘Cardiff are one of the great rugby clubs of the world and to draw them so early in the tour presented us with a huge hurdle.", "In For Love Not Money he wrote that: ‘Cardiff are one of the great rugby clubs of the world and to draw them so early in the tour presented us with a huge hurdle. It was all deadly serious stuff during the build-up to that game...’ Terry Cooper reported that: ‘Cardiff went clear at 16–0 after 61 minutes when Davies swept home a 20-metre penalty.", "It was all deadly serious stuff during the build-up to that game...’ Terry Cooper reported that: ‘Cardiff went clear at 16–0 after 61 minutes when Davies swept home a 20-metre penalty. By then, solid rain had begun to sweep the ground and Cardiff were forced to replace flanker Gareth Roberts with Robert Lakin.", "By then, solid rain had begun to sweep the ground and Cardiff were forced to replace flanker Gareth Roberts with Robert Lakin. Davies’ penalty was correctly awarded following a late tackle by Simon Poidevin. Davies stood up, shook himself down and landed the goal.’ The Wallabies went on to lose to Cardiff 16–12.", "Davies stood up, shook himself down and landed the goal.’ The Wallabies went on to lose to Cardiff 16–12. Poidevin played in the fourth match on tour against Combined Services, won 55–9.", "Poidevin played in the fourth match on tour against Combined Services, won 55–9. He was then rested for the fifth match on tour against Swansea, which the Wallabies won 17–7 after the match had to be prematurely abandoned due to a blackout with 12 minutes remaining in the game.", "He was then rested for the fifth match on tour against Swansea, which the Wallabies won 17–7 after the match had to be prematurely abandoned due to a blackout with 12 minutes remaining in the game. Poidevin played in the first Test of the Grand Slam tour against England, beating Chris Roche for the remaining back row position.", "Poidevin played in the first Test of the Grand Slam tour against England, beating Chris Roche for the remaining back row position. Australia defeated England 19–3. The Wallabies were level with England at 3–3 at halftime. However, Australia scored three second half tries – the last scored by Poidevin.", "However, Australia scored three second half tries – the last scored by Poidevin. In For Love Not Money Poidevin remembered that: ‘For the last of our three tries I was tailing Campese down the touchline like a faithful sheepdog when he tossed me an overhead pass and over I went to score the Twickenham try every kid dreams of.’ Terry Cooper reported Poidevin's try in Victorious Wallabies: Australia sealed their victory with three minutes remaining.", "In For Love Not Money Poidevin remembered that: ‘For the last of our three tries I was tailing Campese down the touchline like a faithful sheepdog when he tossed me an overhead pass and over I went to score the Twickenham try every kid dreams of.’ Terry Cooper reported Poidevin's try in Victorious Wallabies: Australia sealed their victory with three minutes remaining. An England move broke down.", "An England move broke down. An England move broke down. Gould grabbed the ball and a long, long infield pass fell at Ella's toes. Ella stooped forward, plucked the ball off the turf without breaking stride and sent Campese on a characteristic diagonal run.", "Ella stooped forward, plucked the ball off the turf without breaking stride and sent Campese on a characteristic diagonal run. Campese sprinted 40 metres and seemed set to score, but Underwood did well to block him out. It did not matter.", "It did not matter. It did not matter. Campese merely fed the ball inside to Simon Poidevin – backing up perfectly, and not for the last time on tour – who nonchalantly strolled over the English line.", "Campese merely fed the ball inside to Simon Poidevin – backing up perfectly, and not for the last time on tour – who nonchalantly strolled over the English line. In Path to Victory Terry Smith further gave a depiction of the play that led to Poidevin's try: The best try was the last, by Simon Poidevin.", "In Path to Victory Terry Smith further gave a depiction of the play that led to Poidevin's try: The best try was the last, by Simon Poidevin. Picking up a loose pass under pressure, Gould fired a long, long pass to Ella, who somehow managed to pick it up at toenail height.", "Picking up a loose pass under pressure, Gould fired a long, long pass to Ella, who somehow managed to pick it up at toenail height. In the same movement he sent David Campese away down the left wing.", "In the same movement he sent David Campese away down the left wing. When challenged by the cover, Campese flicked an overhead pass to Poidevin, who was tailing faithfully on the inside. Poidevin strolled nonchalantly over the line to touch down on the hallowed Twickenham turf. Lynagh converted to make the final score 19–3.", "Lynagh converted to make the final score 19–3. Poidevin was rested for Australia's seven-match on tour against Midlands Division, which Australia won 21–18. Poidevin played in Australia's second Test on tour against Ireland, won 16–9.", "Poidevin played in Australia's second Test on tour against Ireland, won 16–9. In For Love Not Money Poidevin documented a mistake that he made which nearly cost the Wallabies the match: Again we won against the very committed Irish, this time by 16–9, although it would have been more had muggings not thrown the most hopeless forward pass to Matthew Burke, with the unattended goal-line screaming for a try.", "In For Love Not Money Poidevin documented a mistake that he made which nearly cost the Wallabies the match: Again we won against the very committed Irish, this time by 16–9, although it would have been more had muggings not thrown the most hopeless forward pass to Matthew Burke, with the unattended goal-line screaming for a try. It was a blunder of classic proportions.", "It was a blunder of classic proportions. Campo made a sensational midfield break, gave to me and Burke loomed up alongside me with their fullback Hugo MacNeill the only guy to beat. Burke was on my right, my bad passing side, and as I drew MacNeill I somehow threw the ball forward to him.", "Burke was on my right, my bad passing side, and as I drew MacNeill I somehow threw the ball forward to him. I could only bury my head in my hands with despair.", "I could only bury my head in my hands with despair. Didn’t I feel bad about it, especially as Ireland went on to lead 9–6 for a while, and I imagined my blunder costing us the Test. But when it was all over, we had two wins from two Tests: halfway to the Grand Slam.", "But when it was all over, we had two wins from two Tests: halfway to the Grand Slam. In Running Rugby Mark Ella described this movement which ended in Poidevin's forward pass: Mark Ella receives the ball from a lineout against Ireland in 1984 and prepares to pass to Michael Lynagh.", "In Running Rugby Mark Ella described this movement which ended in Poidevin's forward pass: Mark Ella receives the ball from a lineout against Ireland in 1984 and prepares to pass to Michael Lynagh. Lynagh shapes to pass it to the outside-centre Andrew Slack... but instead slips it to David Campese in a switch play...", "Lynagh shapes to pass it to the outside-centre Andrew Slack... but instead slips it to David Campese in a switch play... Note that Lynagh has run at the slanting angle across the field which a switch play requires... Campese accelerates through a gap which the Irish number 8 has allowed to open by not moving across quickly enough.", "Note that Lynagh has run at the slanting angle across the field which a switch play requires... Campese accelerates through a gap which the Irish number 8 has allowed to open by not moving across quickly enough. This Australian move had an unhappy ending.", "This Australian move had an unhappy ending. Campese passed to Simon Poidevin, who, with only the Irish fullback to beat, threw a forward pass to Matt Burke running in support, aborting a certain try.", "Campese passed to Simon Poidevin, who, with only the Irish fullback to beat, threw a forward pass to Matt Burke running in support, aborting a certain try. In The Top 100 Wallabies (2004) Poidevin told rugby writer Peter Jenkins that: 'I remember blowing a try against Ireland when I threw a forward pass to Matt Burke.", "In The Top 100 Wallabies (2004) Poidevin told rugby writer Peter Jenkins that: 'I remember blowing a try against Ireland when I threw a forward pass to Matt Burke. I still worry about that. Poidevin was rested for Australia's ninth match on tour against Ulster, lost 16–9.", "Poidevin was rested for Australia's ninth match on tour against Ulster, lost 16–9. Poidevin returned to the Australian team for its 10th match on tour, a 31–19 victory over Munster in which he scored his second try on tour.", "Poidevin returned to the Australian team for its 10th match on tour, a 31–19 victory over Munster in which he scored his second try on tour. Terry Cooper documented that: 'Ward kicked two late penalties, but in between Simon Poidevin, on hand as always, scored Australia's third try, which had been made possible by Ella's sinuous running.'", "Terry Cooper documented that: 'Ward kicked two late penalties, but in between Simon Poidevin, on hand as always, scored Australia's third try, which had been made possible by Ella's sinuous running.' Poidevin would later remark that, 'Our forwards display was probably our best in a non-Test match.'", "Poidevin would later remark that, 'Our forwards display was probably our best in a non-Test match.' He was then rested, along with most of the starting Test side, for the Wallabies' 12th game of tour, a 19–16 loss to Llanelli.", "He was then rested, along with most of the starting Test side, for the Wallabies' 12th game of tour, a 19–16 loss to Llanelli. Poidevin played in the Wallabies' third Test on tour, defeating Wales, won 28–9, during which he delivered the final pass for a Michael Lynagh try by linking with David Campese and was involved in a famous pushover try.", "Poidevin played in the Wallabies' third Test on tour, defeating Wales, won 28–9, during which he delivered the final pass for a Michael Lynagh try by linking with David Campese and was involved in a famous pushover try. In The Top 100 Wallabies Poidevin recalled that: \"But in the next Test against Wales I threw probably my best pass ever for Michael Lynagh to score.\"", "In The Top 100 Wallabies Poidevin recalled that: \"But in the next Test against Wales I threw probably my best pass ever for Michael Lynagh to score.\" Peter Jenkins in Wallaby Gold: The History of Australian Test Rugby documented that: \"Farr-Jones helped create another try by using the short side.", "Peter Jenkins in Wallaby Gold: The History of Australian Test Rugby documented that: \"Farr-Jones helped create another try by using the short side. Campese made a superb run, Poidevin backed up and Lynagh touched down.\"", "Campese made a superb run, Poidevin backed up and Lynagh touched down.\" Terry Smith in Path to Victory wrote that: \"Lynagh's second try came after Farr-Jones again escaped up the blind side from a scrum to set up a dazzling break by David Campese. Simon Poidevin's backing up didn't happen by accident either.", "Simon Poidevin's backing up didn't happen by accident either. He always tries to trail Campese on the inside. Terry Cooper also depicted Poidevin's role in Lynagh's try in Victorious Wallabies: Australia's second try also came from a blind-side break. Farr-Jones again escaped after a scrum and he gave Campese room to move.", "Farr-Jones again escaped after a scrum and he gave Campese room to move. The winger took off on a spectacular diagonal run towards the Welsh goal. His speed and unexpected direction created a massive overlap. The Welsh suddenly looked as though they had only ten players in action and all Australia had to do was to transfer the ball carefully.", "The Welsh suddenly looked as though they had only ten players in action and all Australia had to do was to transfer the ball carefully. They did so. Campese to Poidevin and then on to Lynagh, who scored between the posts.\"", "Campese to Poidevin and then on to Lynagh, who scored between the posts.\" In For Love Not Money Poidevin recalled the Wallabies's performance, and documented the famous pushover try: After only five minutes I knew we were going to beat Wales and beat them well: they just didn't have any answer to the way we were playing.", "In For Love Not Money Poidevin recalled the Wallabies's performance, and documented the famous pushover try: After only five minutes I knew we were going to beat Wales and beat them well: they just didn't have any answer to the way we were playing. The Welsh players told us afterwards that when they tried to shove the first scrum of the game and were pushed back two metres they immediately knew the writing was on the wall.", "The Welsh players told us afterwards that when they tried to shove the first scrum of the game and were pushed back two metres they immediately knew the writing was on the wall. Yet all the media had focused on in the lead-up to the Test was how the power of the Welsh scrum would prove the Wallabies' downfall.", "Yet all the media had focused on in the lead-up to the Test was how the power of the Welsh scrum would prove the Wallabies' downfall. As Alan Jones said later, for the first 23 minutes of the Test we didn't make a single mistake in our match plan.", "As Alan Jones said later, for the first 23 minutes of the Test we didn't make a single mistake in our match plan. Everything was flowing our way and the Test was ours long before it was over. The real highlight came 22 minutes into the second half. Australia were leading 13–3.", "Australia were leading 13–3. Australia were leading 13–3. The call of 'Samson' went out from our hooker Tommy Lawton as the two packs went down within the shadow of the Welsh line. It was the call for an eight-man shove. All feet back. Spines ramrod straight. Every muscle tense and ready.", "Every muscle tense and ready. Every muscle tense and ready. The ball came in, we all sank and heaved with everything we had and then like a mountainside disintegrating under gelignite the Welsh scrum began yielding unwillingly.", "The ball came in, we all sank and heaved with everything we had and then like a mountainside disintegrating under gelignite the Welsh scrum began yielding unwillingly. As we slowly drove them back over their own goal-line I watched under my left arm as Steve (Bird) Tuynman released his grasp on the second-rowers and dropped into the tangle.", "As we slowly drove them back over their own goal-line I watched under my left arm as Steve (Bird) Tuynman released his grasp on the second-rowers and dropped into the tangle. The Bird knew what he was doing, and the referee Mr E E Doyle was perfectly positioned to award what has since been legendary, our pushover try.", "The Bird knew what he was doing, and the referee Mr E E Doyle was perfectly positioned to award what has since been legendary, our pushover try. The stands went into shock. The Arms Park had never seen such humiliation. We went on to a fantastic 28–9 win and had an equally fabulous happy hour afterwards.", "We went on to a fantastic 28–9 win and had an equally fabulous happy hour afterwards. Following the Test against Wales, Poidevin was rested for the Wallabies' next match against Northern Division, which they won 19–12.", "Following the Test against Wales, Poidevin was rested for the Wallabies' next match against Northern Division, which they won 19–12. Poidevin would later write that, \"This was one of the better teams we'd seen on tour, and included Rob Andrew at five-eighth.\"", "Poidevin would later write that, \"This was one of the better teams we'd seen on tour, and included Rob Andrew at five-eighth.\" However, Jones selected Poidevin for the next match, the Wallabies' 14th game on tour, a 9–6 loss to South of Scotland.", "However, Jones selected Poidevin for the next match, the Wallabies' 14th game on tour, a 9–6 loss to South of Scotland. However, Poidevin and the entire starting Test team was then rested for the 15th match on tour, a 26–12 victory over Glasgow.", "However, Poidevin and the entire starting Test team was then rested for the 15th match on tour, a 26–12 victory over Glasgow. Poidevin played in Australia's fourth and final Test on tour, a 37–12 victory over Scotland, giving the Wallabies their first ever Grand Slam.", "Poidevin played in Australia's fourth and final Test on tour, a 37–12 victory over Scotland, giving the Wallabies their first ever Grand Slam. He was then rested for the Wallabies's 17th match on tour against Pontypool, before playing in the tour-closing game against the Barbarians. He scored two tries in the game against the Barbarians.", "He scored two tries in the game against the Barbarians. Terry Cooper reported that: \"Lynagh converted and added the points to a try by Simon Poidevin, who was put in following a loop between Ella and Slack and hard running by Lynagh.\"", "Terry Cooper reported that: \"Lynagh converted and added the points to a try by Simon Poidevin, who was put in following a loop between Ella and Slack and hard running by Lynagh.\" Poidevin also scored a second try in the last 10 minutes of the game, which was won 37–30.", "Poidevin also scored a second try in the last 10 minutes of the game, which was won 37–30. In For Love Not Money, Poidevin paid tribute to the 1984 Grand Slam Wallabies by writing that: It was easily the best rugby team I'd ever been associated with.", "In For Love Not Money, Poidevin paid tribute to the 1984 Grand Slam Wallabies by writing that: It was easily the best rugby team I'd ever been associated with. Four years beforehand when we won the Bledisloe Cup we had some fantastic backs, but for a complete team from front to back this outfit was almost faultless.", "Four years beforehand when we won the Bledisloe Cup we had some fantastic backs, but for a complete team from front to back this outfit was almost faultless. There was nothing they couldn't do.", "There was nothing they couldn't do. We would play open attacking rugby, as shown by the record number of tries we scored, or else percentage stuff when we needed to. And our defence throughout the tour was almost impregnable. It was the complete side.", "It was the complete side. It was the complete side. 1985 Australia Poidevin commenced the 1985 international season with the Wallabies with a two-Test series against Canada. Australia defeated Canada 59–3 in the first Test and 43–15 in the second Test.", "Australia defeated Canada 59–3 in the first Test and 43–15 in the second Test. In For Love Not Money Poidevin recollected that, \"Australia copped a fair amount of criticism for their play, but this really was unnecessary because you couldn't have asked for a more disciplined performance than our first Test win.\"", "In For Love Not Money Poidevin recollected that, \"Australia copped a fair amount of criticism for their play, but this really was unnecessary because you couldn't have asked for a more disciplined performance than our first Test win.\" Poidevin then played with the Wallabies for the one-off Bledisloe Cup Test against the All Blacks.", "Poidevin then played with the Wallabies for the one-off Bledisloe Cup Test against the All Blacks. Australia was without several players from their 1984 Grand Slam Tour. Mark Ella and Andrew Slack had retired (Slack would come out of retirement in 1986) and David Campese was injured. The Wallabies lost to the All Blacks 10–9.", "The Wallabies lost to the All Blacks 10–9. In For Love Not Money Poidevin recounted that: Unfortunately, the All Blacks again won by a point, 10–9. The referee David Burnett awarded 25 penalties, which meant the Test never flowed. You felt paralysed, you just couldn't do anything.", "You felt paralysed, you just couldn't do anything. It was also a game where there was so much at stake that neither team was prepared to take any risks. Again the Australian forwards played extremely well.", "Again the Australian forwards played extremely well. The All Black captain Andy Dalton later paid us the compliment of saying it was the hardest pack he'd ever played against. That's a very big rap. The scoring was low because the kickers were both off-target. Crowley missed six from eight attempts and Lynagh five from seven.", "Crowley missed six from eight attempts and Lynagh five from seven. The move which finally sank us was one they called the Bombay Duck. It really caught us napping.", "It really caught us napping. It really caught us napping. We were leading at the time, when they took a tap-kick 70 metres from our line, halfback David Kirk went the blindside and linked up with a few more before left-winger Craig Green dashed 35 metres for the match-winning try.", "We were leading at the time, when they took a tap-kick 70 metres from our line, halfback David Kirk went the blindside and linked up with a few more before left-winger Craig Green dashed 35 metres for the match-winning try. Our cover defence wasn't in the right position and we never had any hope of stopping them.", "Our cover defence wasn't in the right position and we never had any hope of stopping them. We did remarkably well up front but missed several golden opportunities to pull the Test out of the fire. Tommy Lawton and Andy McIntyre both dropped balls close to the line.", "Tommy Lawton and Andy McIntyre both dropped balls close to the line. The one-point difference at the end was the second successive Test they'd won by the narrowest of margins, as the third Test in 1984 went New Zealand's way 25–24.", "The one-point difference at the end was the second successive Test they'd won by the narrowest of margins, as the third Test in 1984 went New Zealand's way 25–24. More than a month following the Bledisloe Cup Test loss, Poidevin played in Australia's two-Test series against Fiji, which Australia won 2–0.", "More than a month following the Bledisloe Cup Test loss, Poidevin played in Australia's two-Test series against Fiji, which Australia won 2–0. The first Test was won 52–28 and the second Test was won 31–9.", "The first Test was won 52–28 and the second Test was won 31–9. In For Love Not Money Poidevin criticised the Australian Rugby Union for not capitalising upon the marketing opportunities opened up by the success of the 1984 Grand Slam Wallabies.", "In For Love Not Money Poidevin criticised the Australian Rugby Union for not capitalising upon the marketing opportunities opened up by the success of the 1984 Grand Slam Wallabies. But when all was said and done, the Australian public hadn't received much value for money that season.", "But when all was said and done, the Australian public hadn't received much value for money that season. They'd not had the chance at first-hand to see the Grand Slam Wallabies at full throttle, and in this regard the Australian Rugby Football Union had done a woeful marketing job of the team.", "They'd not had the chance at first-hand to see the Grand Slam Wallabies at full throttle, and in this regard the Australian Rugby Football Union had done a woeful marketing job of the team. They could have made a fortune ditching us in against better opposition than that.", "They could have made a fortune ditching us in against better opposition than that. Instead, the ARFU faced a six-figure loss on these nothing tours by Canada and the extremely disappointing Fijian team. 1986 At the commencement of the Wallabies' 1986 season, Poidevin came into contention for the Australian captaincy.", "1986 At the commencement of the Wallabies' 1986 season, Poidevin came into contention for the Australian captaincy. The Wallabies captain for 1985, Steve Williams, had decided to retire from international rugby to concentrate on his stock-broking career.", "The Wallabies captain for 1985, Steve Williams, had decided to retire from international rugby to concentrate on his stock-broking career. However, Andrew Slack, the captain of the 1984 Grand Slam Wallabies, had decided to come out of retirement and play international rugby, causing a dilemma within the Australian side.", "However, Andrew Slack, the captain of the 1984 Grand Slam Wallabies, had decided to come out of retirement and play international rugby, causing a dilemma within the Australian side. Alan Jones approached Poidevin for his thoughts on the situation.", "Alan Jones approached Poidevin for his thoughts on the situation. In For Love Not Money Poidevin wrote that: 'I certainly didn't lack ambition to captain Australia, but Slacky had been such a tremendous captain that my initial feelings were that if he wanted the job again then he should have it although this effectively put a hold on my own captaincy aspirations for another season.'", "In For Love Not Money Poidevin wrote that: 'I certainly didn't lack ambition to captain Australia, but Slacky had been such a tremendous captain that my initial feelings were that if he wanted the job again then he should have it although this effectively put a hold on my own captaincy aspirations for another season.' Rugby sevens In March, Poidevin played in the World Sevens at Concord Oval.", "Rugby sevens In March, Poidevin played in the World Sevens at Concord Oval. Australia was defeated by New Zealand 32–0 in the final. The final was the first time that Poidevin would oppose Wayne Shelford, in what would be the beginning of a fierce rivalry between the two men.", "The final was the first time that Poidevin would oppose Wayne Shelford, in what would be the beginning of a fierce rivalry between the two men. In For Love Not Money Poidevin remembered that: It was a tremendously physical game and was marred by Glen Ella being elbowed in the head by Wayne Shelford.", "In For Love Not Money Poidevin remembered that: It was a tremendously physical game and was marred by Glen Ella being elbowed in the head by Wayne Shelford. It was the first time I’d come up against this character and to say I didn’t like his approach was putting it mildly.", "It was the first time I’d come up against this character and to say I didn’t like his approach was putting it mildly. I was sickened by what he did to my Randwick clubmate and simply couldn’t contain myself.", "I was sickened by what he did to my Randwick clubmate and simply couldn’t contain myself. Within a minute of his clobbering Glen I got into a stouch with him and we finished up rolling around on the ground in front of the packed main grandstand, not only in front of Premier Neville Wran but in front of a far more important person – my mother.", "Within a minute of his clobbering Glen I got into a stouch with him and we finished up rolling around on the ground in front of the packed main grandstand, not only in front of Premier Neville Wran but in front of a far more important person – my mother. While we were grappling I thought to myself ‘we really shouldn’t be doing this’, but my blood was boiling after the Ella incident.", "While we were grappling I thought to myself ‘we really shouldn’t be doing this’, but my blood was boiling after the Ella incident. Poidevin then participated in the Hong Kong Sevens where Australia were knocked out in the semi-final by the French Barbarians. He would later reflect: \"I thought my own play was diabolical.", "He would later reflect: \"I thought my own play was diabolical. They scored a couple of easy tries early on through what I felt was my lax defence.\"", "They scored a couple of easy tries early on through what I felt was my lax defence.\" He further added: \"I was pretty chopped up after that loss, particularly as I'd been very keen to make the final so that I could have another crack at the New Zealanders.\"", "He further added: \"I was pretty chopped up after that loss, particularly as I'd been very keen to make the final so that I could have another crack at the New Zealanders.\" 1986 IRB-sanctioned team In 1986, Poidevin travelled to the United Kingdom for two matches commemorating the centenary of the International Rugby Board (IRB) featuring players from around the world.", "1986 IRB-sanctioned team In 1986, Poidevin travelled to the United Kingdom for two matches commemorating the centenary of the International Rugby Board (IRB) featuring players from around the world. Poidevin was selected along with fellow Wallabies Andrew Slack, Steve Cutler, Nick Farr-Jones, Tom Lawton, Roger Gould, Steve Tuynman, Michael Lynagh and Topo Rodriguez for the two-match celebration.", "Poidevin was selected along with fellow Wallabies Andrew Slack, Steve Cutler, Nick Farr-Jones, Tom Lawton, Roger Gould, Steve Tuynman, Michael Lynagh and Topo Rodriguez for the two-match celebration. The first match Poidevin participated in was playing for a World XV (dubbed \"The Rest\") containing players from Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and France to be coached by Brian Lochore, that played against the British Lions, after the Lions 1986 tour to South Africa had been cancelled.", "The first match Poidevin participated in was playing for a World XV (dubbed \"The Rest\") containing players from Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and France to be coached by Brian Lochore, that played against the British Lions, after the Lions 1986 tour to South Africa had been cancelled. The World XV contained: 15.", "The World XV contained: 15. Serge Blanco (France), 14. John Kirwan (New Zealand), 13. Andrew Slack (Australia), 12. Michael Lynagh (Australia), 11. Patrick Estève (France), 10. Wayne Smith (New Zealand), 9.", "Wayne Smith (New Zealand), 9. Nick Farr-Jones (Australia), 8. Murray Mexted (New Zealand), 7. Simon Poidevin (Australia), 6. Mark Shaw (New Zealand), 5. Burger Geldenhuys (South Africa), 4. Steve Cutler (Australia), 3.", "Steve Cutler (Australia), 3. Gary Knight (New Zealand), 2. Tom Lawton (Australia), 1. Enrique Rodríguez (Australia). The World XV won the match 15–7, in which Poidevin scored a try after taking an inside pass from Serge Blanco.", "The World XV won the match 15–7, in which Poidevin scored a try after taking an inside pass from Serge Blanco. In For Love Not Money, Poidevin remembered that: The day before the game we had team photographs taken and I was joking around with Blanco about how I could picture us combining for this really spectacular try.", "In For Love Not Money, Poidevin remembered that: The day before the game we had team photographs taken and I was joking around with Blanco about how I could picture us combining for this really spectacular try. ‘Serge, tomorrow this try will happen.", "‘Serge, tomorrow this try will happen. It will be Blanco to Poidevin, Poidevin to Blanco, Blanco to Poidevin and he scores in the corner.’ Blow me down if we didn’t win the game 15–7 and I scored virtually a repeat of this imaginary try.", "It will be Blanco to Poidevin, Poidevin to Blanco, Blanco to Poidevin and he scores in the corner.’ Blow me down if we didn’t win the game 15–7 and I scored virtually a repeat of this imaginary try. The French full-back hit the line going like an express train, tossed the ball to Patrick Estève, then it came back to Blanco and he tossed it inside for me to score.", "The French full-back hit the line going like an express train, tossed the ball to Patrick Estève, then it came back to Blanco and he tossed it inside for me to score. The pair of us could hardly stop laughing walking back to the halfway line for the restart of play.", "The pair of us could hardly stop laughing walking back to the halfway line for the restart of play. The second match was the Five Nations XV v Overseas Unions XV. The Overseas Unions XV was a team composed of players from the three major Southern Hemisphere rugby-playing nations – Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.", "The Overseas Unions XV was a team composed of players from the three major Southern Hemisphere rugby-playing nations – Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The Overseas Unions XV team contained: 15. Roger Gould (Australia), 14. John Kirwan (New Zealand), 13. Danie Gerber (South Africa), 12.", "Danie Gerber (South Africa), 12. Warwick Taylor (New Zealand), 11. Carel du Plessis (South Africa), 10. Naas Botha (South Africa), 9. Dave Loveridge (New Zealand), 8. Steve Tuynman (Australia), 7. Simon Poidevin (Australia), 6.", "Simon Poidevin (Australia), 6. Mark Shaw (New Zealand), 5. Andy Haden (New Zealand), 4. Steve Cutler (Australia), 3. Gary Knight (New Zealand), 2. Andy Dalton (New Zealand), 1.", "Andy Dalton (New Zealand), 1. Enrique Rodríguez (Australia) The Overseas Unions XV defeated the Five Nations XV 32–13.", "Enrique Rodríguez (Australia) The Overseas Unions XV defeated the Five Nations XV 32–13. John Mason, of The Daily Telegraph in London, reported: \"Here was a forthright exercise of deeply-rooted skills of an uncanny mix of athleticism and aggression which permitted the overseas unions of the southern hemisphere to thrash the Five Nations of the northern hemisphere in a manner as stylish as it was merciless.\"", "John Mason, of The Daily Telegraph in London, reported: \"Here was a forthright exercise of deeply-rooted skills of an uncanny mix of athleticism and aggression which permitted the overseas unions of the southern hemisphere to thrash the Five Nations of the northern hemisphere in a manner as stylish as it was merciless.\" During the IRB centenary celebration matches, Poidevin discovered from his New Zealand teammates that they were planning to travel from London to South Africa for a rebel tour against South Africa following the Five Nations XV v Overseas Unions XV match.", "During the IRB centenary celebration matches, Poidevin discovered from his New Zealand teammates that they were planning to travel from London to South Africa for a rebel tour against South Africa following the Five Nations XV v Overseas Unions XV match. After it was revealed that All Blacks breakaway Jock Hobbs may not be able to join the tour after suffering a concussion, All Blacks Andy Haden and Murray Mexted approached Poidevin and asked him if he would be willing to join them in South Africa as a member of the New Zealand Cavaliers if Hobbs had to withdraw.", "After it was revealed that All Blacks breakaway Jock Hobbs may not be able to join the tour after suffering a concussion, All Blacks Andy Haden and Murray Mexted approached Poidevin and asked him if he would be willing to join them in South Africa as a member of the New Zealand Cavaliers if Hobbs had to withdraw. Poidevin gave the All Blacks players his contact details, but Hobbs ultimately played on the tour and Poidevin was never contacted.", "Poidevin gave the All Blacks players his contact details, but Hobbs ultimately played on the tour and Poidevin was never contacted. In For Love Not Money Poidevin reflected that: \"What an experience it would have been!", "In For Love Not Money Poidevin reflected that: \"What an experience it would have been! I chuckled a few times imagining myself not just playing alongside four or five All Blacks but being one-out in the whole All Black team.", "I chuckled a few times imagining myself not just playing alongside four or five All Blacks but being one-out in the whole All Black team. Alas, the invitation never came… Randwick Following New South Wales’ loss in the return interstate match against Queensland, Poidevin was asked to stand-by as a reserve for a game Randwick played against Parramatta at Granville Park.", "Alas, the invitation never came… Randwick Following New South Wales’ loss in the return interstate match against Queensland, Poidevin was asked to stand-by as a reserve for a game Randwick played against Parramatta at Granville Park. Poidevin came on to replace Randwick flanker John Maxwell during the match, but had to leave the field less than a minute after he entered the game after a head-on collision with Randwick teammate Brett Dooley and left him bleeding profusely.", "Poidevin came on to replace Randwick flanker John Maxwell during the match, but had to leave the field less than a minute after he entered the game after a head-on collision with Randwick teammate Brett Dooley and left him bleeding profusely. He would later say, \"as far as rugby injuries go, it was easily the worst I've had\".", "He would later say, \"as far as rugby injuries go, it was easily the worst I've had\". New South Wales Poidevin was appointed captain of the New South Wales Waratahs in 1986 for the inaugural South Pacific Championship. He captained the side to victories over Fiji (50–10) and Queensland 18–12 at Concord Oval.", "He captained the side to victories over Fiji (50–10) and Queensland 18–12 at Concord Oval. However, Queensland defeated New South Wales in the return game at Ballymore following the Wallabies' first Test of 1986 against Italy.", "However, Queensland defeated New South Wales in the return game at Ballymore following the Wallabies' first Test of 1986 against Italy. Australia Poidevin played in the Wallabies' first Test of the 1986 season against Italy (won 39–18) under the captaincy of Andrew Slack.", "Australia Poidevin played in the Wallabies' first Test of the 1986 season against Italy (won 39–18) under the captaincy of Andrew Slack. In For Love Not Money Poidevin reflected upon having missed a chance to captain the Wallabies: At that stage I was very much regretting having scuttled my own captaincy chances in my conversation with Jones earlier in the season.", "In For Love Not Money Poidevin reflected upon having missed a chance to captain the Wallabies: At that stage I was very much regretting having scuttled my own captaincy chances in my conversation with Jones earlier in the season. Had I been more ambitious and shown more eagerness when Jonesy had first asked me then perhaps it would have been me at the helm.", "Had I been more ambitious and shown more eagerness when Jonesy had first asked me then perhaps it would have been me at the helm. What made it worse was that I had really enjoyed the leadership of both Sydney and NSW in the previous weeks.", "What made it worse was that I had really enjoyed the leadership of both Sydney and NSW in the previous weeks. Slacky had even made the observation in a newspaper article that I'd come on 'in leaps and bounds' as far as leadership was concerned and that he wouldn’t be surprised if I was made Australian captain.", "Slacky had even made the observation in a newspaper article that I'd come on 'in leaps and bounds' as far as leadership was concerned and that he wouldn’t be surprised if I was made Australian captain. Still, it was not to be, and under Slacky we beat the very determined Italians 39–18.", "Still, it was not to be, and under Slacky we beat the very determined Italians 39–18. Poidevin played in the Wallabies' second Test of the 1986 season against France, who toured Australia as joint Five Nations champions. Australia defeated France 27–14, despite France scoring three tries to Australia's one.", "Australia defeated France 27–14, despite France scoring three tries to Australia's one. Poidevin would later call it \"one of the most devastating performances by an Australian forward pack\", adding that \"our domination of territory and possession kept them right out of the Test.\"", "Poidevin would later call it \"one of the most devastating performances by an Australian forward pack\", adding that \"our domination of territory and possession kept them right out of the Test.\" The Wallabies were later criticised by the Australian press for playing non-expansive rugby.", "The Wallabies were later criticised by the Australian press for playing non-expansive rugby. Poidevin responded to these criticisms in For Love Not Money, writing that: Test matches are all about winning for your team and your country and absolutely nothing else. Over the years we'd learned that the hard way.", "Over the years we'd learned that the hard way. You can play great Test matches, be very entertaining and, at the end of the day, lose. And you'll be remembered as losers. We wanted to be remembered as winners.", "We wanted to be remembered as winners. This Test was a classic example: we knew that the razzle-dazzle Frenchmen had the ability to run in tries against any team in the world, but all that shows for them in the history books that day is a big fat L for loss, with nothing about how attractively they played.", "This Test was a classic example: we knew that the razzle-dazzle Frenchmen had the ability to run in tries against any team in the world, but all that shows for them in the history books that day is a big fat L for loss, with nothing about how attractively they played. Sure, at times we played percentage football against them, but it was far more important for us to win than to throw the ball about like they were doing and lose.", "Sure, at times we played percentage football against them, but it was far more important for us to win than to throw the ball about like they were doing and lose. And Jacques Fouroux would be the first to support this sentiment.", "And Jacques Fouroux would be the first to support this sentiment. After the Test against France, with Andrew Slack making himself absent for Australia's 1986 two-Test series against Argentina, Poidevin was awarded the Australian captaincy for the first time in his career.", "After the Test against France, with Andrew Slack making himself absent for Australia's 1986 two-Test series against Argentina, Poidevin was awarded the Australian captaincy for the first time in his career. With Slacky missing from the series, words can't describe how happy I was when I was made Australian captain for the opening Test.", "With Slacky missing from the series, words can't describe how happy I was when I was made Australian captain for the opening Test. I was absolutely overjoyed. It's a responsibility that deep down I'd always wanted; I felt that I'd served my apprenticeship for it and that my time had come.", "It's a responsibility that deep down I'd always wanted; I felt that I'd served my apprenticeship for it and that my time had come. I’d have liked to earn the honour against more formidable opposition than the Pumas, but to lead Australia in any Test match had always been my big dream, so there was no prouder person in the world than me on 6 July 1986 when I led the boys onto Ballymore.", "I’d have liked to earn the honour against more formidable opposition than the Pumas, but to lead Australia in any Test match had always been my big dream, so there was no prouder person in the world than me on 6 July 1986 when I led the boys onto Ballymore. Australia won the two-Test series, winning the first Test 39–18 and the second Test 26–0, under Poidevin's captaincy.", "Australia won the two-Test series, winning the first Test 39–18 and the second Test 26–0, under Poidevin's captaincy. 1986 Bledisloe Cup Series Following Australia's domestic Tests in 1986 against Italy, France and Argentina, Poidevin toured with the Wallabies for the 1986 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand.", "1986 Bledisloe Cup Series Following Australia's domestic Tests in 1986 against Italy, France and Argentina, Poidevin toured with the Wallabies for the 1986 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand. The 1986 Australia Wallabies became the second Australian rugby team to beat the All Blacks in New Zealand in a rugby union Test series.", "The 1986 Australia Wallabies became the second Australian rugby team to beat the All Blacks in New Zealand in a rugby union Test series. They are one of five rugby union sides to win a rugby Test series in New Zealand, along with the 1937 South African Springboks, the 1949 Australian Wallabies, the 1971 British Lions, and the 1994 French touring side.", "They are one of five rugby union sides to win a rugby Test series in New Zealand, along with the 1937 South African Springboks, the 1949 Australian Wallabies, the 1971 British Lions, and the 1994 French touring side. Poidevin played in Australia's first Test against an All Blacks side dubbed the 'Baby Blacks', because several New Zealand players had been banned from playing in the first Test for participating in the rebel Cavaliers tour.", "Poidevin played in Australia's first Test against an All Blacks side dubbed the 'Baby Blacks', because several New Zealand players had been banned from playing in the first Test for participating in the rebel Cavaliers tour. The Wallabies defeated the All Blacks 13–12. He participated in the Wallabies' second Test against the All Blacks at Carisbrook Park.", "He participated in the Wallabies' second Test against the All Blacks at Carisbrook Park. New Zealand was bolstered by the return of nine Cavaliers players to their side who didn't play in the first Test – Gary Knight, Hika Reid, Steve McDowell, Murray Pierce, Gary Whetton, Jock Hobbs, Allan Whetton, Warwick Taylor and Craig Green.", "New Zealand was bolstered by the return of nine Cavaliers players to their side who didn't play in the first Test – Gary Knight, Hika Reid, Steve McDowell, Murray Pierce, Gary Whetton, Jock Hobbs, Allan Whetton, Warwick Taylor and Craig Green. The Wallabies lost the match 13–12 – the fourth consecutive Bledisloe Cup Test decided by a one-point margin.", "The Wallabies lost the match 13–12 – the fourth consecutive Bledisloe Cup Test decided by a one-point margin. However, Australia rebounded to win the third Test 22–9 against New Zealand, winning the series 2–1. In For Love Not Money, Poidevin described the third Test, writing that: The Eden Park Test was stunning.", "In For Love Not Money, Poidevin described the third Test, writing that: The Eden Park Test was stunning. From the word go the All Blacks threw the ball around in madcap fashion. I couldn't believe their totally uncharacteristic tactics. I'd never seen them playing the game so openly.", "I'd never seen them playing the game so openly. As we chased and tackled from one side of the field to the other it crossed my mind how grateful I was for all the grueling training Jonesy had put into us early in the tour.", "As we chased and tackled from one side of the field to the other it crossed my mind how grateful I was for all the grueling training Jonesy had put into us early in the tour. But the All Blacks had an epidemic of dropped passes in their abnormal approach, often when our defences were stretching paper-thin, and we took every advantage of that.", "But the All Blacks had an epidemic of dropped passes in their abnormal approach, often when our defences were stretching paper-thin, and we took every advantage of that. When it was all over we had achieved a 22–9 victory, which to me was more satisfying and even greater than the Grand Slam success in Britain.", "When it was all over we had achieved a 22–9 victory, which to me was more satisfying and even greater than the Grand Slam success in Britain. In For Love Not Money, first published before the 1991 Rugby World Cup, Poidevin called the 1986 Bledisloe Cup series victory the high point of his rugby career: Year in and year out the All Blacks have been our most difficult opponents.", "In For Love Not Money, first published before the 1991 Rugby World Cup, Poidevin called the 1986 Bledisloe Cup series victory the high point of his rugby career: Year in and year out the All Blacks have been our most difficult opponents. I’ve been trampled by the best of them.", "I’ve been trampled by the best of them. New Zealanders are parochial about their teams and have every right to be proud of them. The French in France are extremely difficult to beat, but the All Blacks are totally uncompromising and the whole nation lives the game religiously.", "The French in France are extremely difficult to beat, but the All Blacks are totally uncompromising and the whole nation lives the game religiously. The game itself over there is not dirty, just extremely hard.", "The game itself over there is not dirty, just extremely hard. They’re mostly big strapping country boys who won’t take any nonsense from anyone, and week after week they play some of the hardest provincial rugby in the world. Rucking is the lifeblood of their play.", "Rucking is the lifeblood of their play. If you wind up on the wrong side of a ruck, you’ll finish the game bloodied or with your shorts, jerseys or socks peeled from your limbs by a hundred studs. Maybe I’m a masochist, but I somehow enjoy playing them.", "Maybe I’m a masochist, but I somehow enjoy playing them. They are the greatest rugby team in the world, and to beat the All Blacks in New Zealand in a series as we did in 1986 is the ultimate in rugby.", "They are the greatest rugby team in the world, and to beat the All Blacks in New Zealand in a series as we did in 1986 is the ultimate in rugby. Following Australia's Bledisloe Cup series victory over New Zealand, Greg Growden from The Sydney Morning Herald asked Poidevin what winning the series meant to him.", "Following Australia's Bledisloe Cup series victory over New Zealand, Greg Growden from The Sydney Morning Herald asked Poidevin what winning the series meant to him. He responded, ‘Now I can live life in peace.’ 1987 Sevens Poidevin commenced his 1987 rugby season by participating in the annual Hong Kong Sevens tournament in April.", "He responded, ‘Now I can live life in peace.’ 1987 Sevens Poidevin commenced his 1987 rugby season by participating in the annual Hong Kong Sevens tournament in April. With Alan Jones as coach and David Campese as captain, Australia were defeated by Fiji in the semi-final, after trailing 14–0 after five minutes of play, before going on to lose 14–8.", "With Alan Jones as coach and David Campese as captain, Australia were defeated by Fiji in the semi-final, after trailing 14–0 after five minutes of play, before going on to lose 14–8. Following the Hong Kong Sevens, Poidevin participated in the NSW Sevens at Concord Oval.", "Following the Hong Kong Sevens, Poidevin participated in the NSW Sevens at Concord Oval. Australia defeated Western Samoa, Korea and the Netherlands on the first day, before beating Tonga in the quarter-final and Korea in the semi-final.", "Australia defeated Western Samoa, Korea and the Netherlands on the first day, before beating Tonga in the quarter-final and Korea in the semi-final. Australia then defeated New Zealand in the final 22–12, in what Poidevin later described as \"one of the most satisfying and gutsy [victories] that I’ve been associated with in an Australian team.\"", "Australia then defeated New Zealand in the final 22–12, in what Poidevin later described as \"one of the most satisfying and gutsy [victories] that I’ve been associated with in an Australian team.\" New South Wales During the 1987 Hong Kong Sevens Poidevin was informed via telex message that he had been removed as captain of the New South Wales team and replaced by Nick Farr-Jones by new coach Paul Dalton.", "New South Wales During the 1987 Hong Kong Sevens Poidevin was informed via telex message that he had been removed as captain of the New South Wales team and replaced by Nick Farr-Jones by new coach Paul Dalton. Following his removal as captain of New South Wales, Poidevin played in the 1987 South Pacific Championship.", "Following his removal as captain of New South Wales, Poidevin played in the 1987 South Pacific Championship. New South Wales won three of the tournament's five matches – a victory of Canterbury (25–24), an 19–18 loss to Auckland, a 23–20 victory of Fiji, a 40–15 win over Wellington, and a 17–6 loss to Queensland.", "New South Wales won three of the tournament's five matches – a victory of Canterbury (25–24), an 19–18 loss to Auckland, a 23–20 victory of Fiji, a 40–15 win over Wellington, and a 17–6 loss to Queensland. Following the 1987 Rugby World Cup, Poidevin played in one more match for New South Wales against Queensland at Concord Oval in Sydney, winning 21–19.", "Following the 1987 Rugby World Cup, Poidevin played in one more match for New South Wales against Queensland at Concord Oval in Sydney, winning 21–19. 1987 Rugby World Cup Prior to the commencement of the 1987 Rugby World Cup, Poidevin played for the Wallabies in a preparatory match against Korea, won 65–18.", "1987 Rugby World Cup Prior to the commencement of the 1987 Rugby World Cup, Poidevin played for the Wallabies in a preparatory match against Korea, won 65–18. Shortly thereafter, he played in Australia's opening match of the 1987 Rugby World Cup against England, won 19–6.", "Shortly thereafter, he played in Australia's opening match of the 1987 Rugby World Cup against England, won 19–6. Afterwards, he was rested for Australia's second World Cup pool game against the United States.", "Afterwards, he was rested for Australia's second World Cup pool game against the United States. He returned for Australia's next pool match against Japan, his 43rd Test cap for Australia, giving him the record for most international Tests played for the Wallabies, surpassing the record previously held by Australia hooker Peter Johnson (1959–1971).", "He returned for Australia's next pool match against Japan, his 43rd Test cap for Australia, giving him the record for most international Tests played for the Wallabies, surpassing the record previously held by Australia hooker Peter Johnson (1959–1971). Australia defeated Japan 42–23.", "Australia defeated Japan 42–23. Australia defeated Japan 42–23. To commemorate Poidevin breaking the record for most Test appearances for Australia, Wallabies captain Andrew Slack gave the captaincy to Poidevin for this Test. This was the third of four occasions that Poidevin captained Australia in his Test career.", "This was the third of four occasions that Poidevin captained Australia in his Test career. Poidevin then played in Australia's quarter-final Test against Ireland in what rugby journalist Greg Campbell, writing for The Australian, called \"one of Australia's best, well-controlled and most dominant opening 25 minutes of rugby ever seen.\"", "Poidevin then played in Australia's quarter-final Test against Ireland in what rugby journalist Greg Campbell, writing for The Australian, called \"one of Australia's best, well-controlled and most dominant opening 25 minutes of rugby ever seen.\" Following a half-time lead of 24–0, Australia went on to defeat Ireland 33–15.", "Following a half-time lead of 24–0, Australia went on to defeat Ireland 33–15. He then played in Australia's semi-final match against France, lost 30–24. In For Love Not Money he described the semi-final as one of the greatest games of rugby he ever played in.", "In For Love Not Money he described the semi-final as one of the greatest games of rugby he ever played in. \"That semi-final has been described as one of the finest games in the history of rugby football\", he wrote. \"It had everything.", "\"It had everything. \"It had everything. Power, aggression, skills, finesse, speed, atmosphere and reams of excitement.\" He concluded his 1987 Rugby World Cup campaign in the Wallabies' 22–21 third-place playoff loss to Wales.", "He concluded his 1987 Rugby World Cup campaign in the Wallabies' 22–21 third-place playoff loss to Wales. Following the 1987 Rugby World Cup, Poidevin was dropped from the Australian team for the single Bledisloe Cup Test of 1987, lost 30–16. This was the second time in his international career that he was dropped from the Australian team.", "This was the second time in his international career that he was dropped from the Australian team. 1989 Poidevin commenced his 1989 rugby season by making himself unavailable to play for New South Wales. However, he continued to make himself available for Australian selection.", "However, he continued to make himself available for Australian selection. In For Love Not Money Poidevin wrote that, \"I’d spent most of my years with the club [Randwick] in an absentee role while tied up with representative teams, and before I retired I wanted to have at least one full season wearing the myrtle green jersey.\"", "In For Love Not Money Poidevin wrote that, \"I’d spent most of my years with the club [Randwick] in an absentee role while tied up with representative teams, and before I retired I wanted to have at least one full season wearing the myrtle green jersey.\" Poidevin finished the year winning The Sydney Morning Herald best-and-fairest competition for the Sydney Club Competition with his teammate Brad Burke.", "Poidevin finished the year winning The Sydney Morning Herald best-and-fairest competition for the Sydney Club Competition with his teammate Brad Burke. He also won the Rothmans Medal for the best and fairest in the Sydney Rugby Competition.", "He also won the Rothmans Medal for the best and fairest in the Sydney Rugby Competition. Despite losing the major semi-final (a non-elimination game) to Eastwood, Randwick made it to the 1989 grand final where they played Eastwood again.", "Despite losing the major semi-final (a non-elimination game) to Eastwood, Randwick made it to the 1989 grand final where they played Eastwood again. Poidevin finished his 1989 season with Randwick with a 19–6 victory over Eastwood in the grand final at Concord Oval.", "Poidevin finished his 1989 season with Randwick with a 19–6 victory over Eastwood in the grand final at Concord Oval. The premiership win was Randwick's third consecutive grand final victory, their ninth in twelve years, and their 13th straight grand final. Rugby Sevens Poidevin played at the International Sevens at Concord Oval in March 1989.", "Rugby Sevens Poidevin played at the International Sevens at Concord Oval in March 1989. However, Australia made an early exit from the tournament. Later he toured with Australia for the Hong Kong Sevens, where Australia made it to the final, only to lose to New Zealand 22–10.", "Later he toured with Australia for the Hong Kong Sevens, where Australia made it to the final, only to lose to New Zealand 22–10. Sydney Despite making himself unavailable for city and state selection in 1989, Poidevin was pressed by his Randwick coach Jeffrey Sayle to play for Sydney in a game against Country, which he did in a game Sydney comprehensively won.", "Sydney Despite making himself unavailable for city and state selection in 1989, Poidevin was pressed by his Randwick coach Jeffrey Sayle to play for Sydney in a game against Country, which he did in a game Sydney comprehensively won. New South Wales Despite Poidevin making himself unavailable in 1989 for New South Wales, following an unexpected run of injuries, the New South Wales management asked Poidevin to play for them in a game against the touring 1989 British Lions.", "New South Wales Despite Poidevin making himself unavailable in 1989 for New South Wales, following an unexpected run of injuries, the New South Wales management asked Poidevin to play for them in a game against the touring 1989 British Lions. Poidevin agreed and played in a 23–21 loss to the Lions.", "Poidevin agreed and played in a 23–21 loss to the Lions. Australia Despite making himself unavailable for the 1988 Australia rugby union tour of England, Scotland and Italy, and further announcing his unavailability for state selection, Poidevin had hoped to achieve national selection for the Australian Test series against the British Lions.", "Australia Despite making himself unavailable for the 1988 Australia rugby union tour of England, Scotland and Italy, and further announcing his unavailability for state selection, Poidevin had hoped to achieve national selection for the Australian Test series against the British Lions. However, Scott Gourley was selected as Australia's blindside flanker, following a good tour to the UK in 1988.", "However, Scott Gourley was selected as Australia's blindside flanker, following a good tour to the UK in 1988. Instead, Poidevin played in the curtain raiser to the first Test, playing for Randwick in a game against Eastern Suburbs.", "Instead, Poidevin played in the curtain raiser to the first Test, playing for Randwick in a game against Eastern Suburbs. After Australia won the first Test against the British Lions, Poidevin did not achieve national selection for the second Test.", "After Australia won the first Test against the British Lions, Poidevin did not achieve national selection for the second Test. However, after the Lions defeated Australia in a violent second Test, public calls were made for Poidevin to be included in the third and series-deciding Test to harden the Australian forward pack.", "However, after the Lions defeated Australia in a violent second Test, public calls were made for Poidevin to be included in the third and series-deciding Test to harden the Australian forward pack. These calls were ignored, Poidevin missed selection for the third Test, and Australia lost to the Lions in the third Test 19–18.", "These calls were ignored, Poidevin missed selection for the third Test, and Australia lost to the Lions in the third Test 19–18. Following the 1989 British Lions series, Poidevin achieved national selection for the only time in 1989 for the one-off Bledisloe Cup Test against New Zealand to be played in Auckland.", "Following the 1989 British Lions series, Poidevin achieved national selection for the only time in 1989 for the one-off Bledisloe Cup Test against New Zealand to be played in Auckland. Peter Jenkins in Wallaby Gold: The History of Australian Test Rugby documented that: But the King was also to return from exile.", "Peter Jenkins in Wallaby Gold: The History of Australian Test Rugby documented that: But the King was also to return from exile. Simon Poidevin, one of Australia's most competitive forwards of any era, was invited back into the fray.", "Simon Poidevin, one of Australia's most competitive forwards of any era, was invited back into the fray. He had been retired, but calls for his comeback had been issued in the press during the Lions series, long before the official call was placed by selectors. Poidevin had a lust for combat with the All Blacks.", "Poidevin had a lust for combat with the All Blacks. He relished the opportunity, and happily accepted. There was an aura about the flanker, a respect for how he approached the game, the passion he injected and the pride with which he wore the jumper.", "There was an aura about the flanker, a respect for how he approached the game, the passion he injected and the pride with which he wore the jumper. Dwyer roomed him with the rookie Kearns in the lead-up to the Test. The veteran and the new boy.", "The veteran and the new boy. A common tactic by coaches but one Kearns recalled as significant in his preparation. Australia fielded a relatively inexperienced side, and with Phil Kearns, Tim Horan and Tony Daly making their debut for the Wallabies, Poidevin assumed a senior role within the side.", "Australia fielded a relatively inexperienced side, and with Phil Kearns, Tim Horan and Tony Daly making their debut for the Wallabies, Poidevin assumed a senior role within the side. Poidevin would later describe the Test as \"one of the best Test matches I’d experienced.\"", "Poidevin would later describe the Test as \"one of the best Test matches I’d experienced.\" Against an All Blacks side that had been undefeated since 1987, Australia trailed 6–3 at half-time, but went on to lose 24–12.", "Against an All Blacks side that had been undefeated since 1987, Australia trailed 6–3 at half-time, but went on to lose 24–12. Following Australia's one-off Bledisloe Cup Test of 1989, Poidevin then made himself unavailable for the 1989 Australia rugby union tour of France. 1990 Australia Poidevin did not play international rugby in 1990.", "1990 Australia Poidevin did not play international rugby in 1990. He missed the three-Test home series played between Australia and France, the following match against the United States, before making himself unavailable for the 1990 Australia rugby union tour to New Zealand.", "He missed the three-Test home series played between Australia and France, the following match against the United States, before making himself unavailable for the 1990 Australia rugby union tour to New Zealand. In For Love Not Money Poidevin wrote that, \"I'd made this journey on long tours in 1982 and 1986 and had no desire to undertake 'one of the life's great pleasures once again.'\"", "In For Love Not Money Poidevin wrote that, \"I'd made this journey on long tours in 1982 and 1986 and had no desire to undertake 'one of the life's great pleasures once again.'\" Poidevin was one of Australia's three premier flankers to make himself unavailable for the tour, along with Jeff Miller and David Wilson.", "Poidevin was one of Australia's three premier flankers to make himself unavailable for the tour, along with Jeff Miller and David Wilson. Randwick In the Sydney club premiership, Poidevin played in Randwick's grand final victory over Eastern Suburbs, won 32–9 – Randwick's fourth consecutive premiership in a row and their tenth since 1978.", "Randwick In the Sydney club premiership, Poidevin played in Randwick's grand final victory over Eastern Suburbs, won 32–9 – Randwick's fourth consecutive premiership in a row and their tenth since 1978. He also played in Mark Ella's final game for Randwick against the English club Bath, winning 20–3.", "He also played in Mark Ella's final game for Randwick against the English club Bath, winning 20–3. 1991 Rugby sevens Poidevin commenced his 1991 rugby season by participating in a three-day sevens tournament held in Punta del Este in Uruguay, as part of an ANZAC side composed of both Australian and New Zealand players (and one Uruguayan).", "1991 Rugby sevens Poidevin commenced his 1991 rugby season by participating in a three-day sevens tournament held in Punta del Este in Uruguay, as part of an ANZAC side composed of both Australian and New Zealand players (and one Uruguayan). Poidevin played alongside players such as Australia's Darren Junee and All Blacks Zinzan Brooke, Walter Little, Craig Innes and John Timu.", "Poidevin played alongside players such as Australia's Darren Junee and All Blacks Zinzan Brooke, Walter Little, Craig Innes and John Timu. On the first night of the tournament the ANZAC side won all its games, giving them a day's break before the knock-out stage.", "On the first night of the tournament the ANZAC side won all its games, giving them a day's break before the knock-out stage. The ANZAC side won their quarter-final and semi-final in extra time, before defeating an Argentinean club side in the final.", "The ANZAC side won their quarter-final and semi-final in extra time, before defeating an Argentinean club side in the final. New South Wales In February Poidevin travelled back to South America with the New South Wales rugby union team for a three-match tour, before one extra game to be played in New Zealand against North Harbour.", "New South Wales In February Poidevin travelled back to South America with the New South Wales rugby union team for a three-match tour, before one extra game to be played in New Zealand against North Harbour. New South Wales defeated Rosario 36–12, before drawing against Tucumán 15–15 in the second match of the tour, after which New South Wales finished their tour with a 13–10 victory over Mendoza.", "New South Wales defeated Rosario 36–12, before drawing against Tucumán 15–15 in the second match of the tour, after which New South Wales finished their tour with a 13–10 victory over Mendoza. New South Wales finished their overseas tour with one match in New Zealand against Wayne Shelford's North Harbour team.", "New South Wales finished their overseas tour with one match in New Zealand against Wayne Shelford's North Harbour team. Much media interest surrounded the battle that Poidevin would have with Shelford. New South Wales defeated North Harbour 19–12. Following his overseas tour with New South Wales, Poidevin was part of New South Wales’ domestic season for 1991.", "Following his overseas tour with New South Wales, Poidevin was part of New South Wales’ domestic season for 1991. New South Wales won their first two matches against New Zealand domestic teams, defeating Waikato 20–12 and then Otago 28–17. New South Wales then commenced their interstate games against Queensland.", "New South Wales then commenced their interstate games against Queensland. New South Wales defeated Queensland 24–18 at Ballymore in the first interstate game, before defeating Queensland 21–12 at Concord Oval in Sydney.", "New South Wales defeated Queensland 24–18 at Ballymore in the first interstate game, before defeating Queensland 21–12 at Concord Oval in Sydney. The double-defeat of Queensland marked only the second time in the previous 16 years that New South Wales had defeated Queensland in two games in the same domestic season.", "The double-defeat of Queensland marked only the second time in the previous 16 years that New South Wales had defeated Queensland in two games in the same domestic season. New South Wales then faced the touring 1991 Five Nation champion English side that had also won the Grand Slam that year. New South Wales defeated England 21–19.", "New South Wales defeated England 21–19. New South Wales then faced the touring Welsh side, defeating them 71–8. New South Wales’ three wins and a draw in Argentina, plus six wins in their domestic season, meant that they finished their 1991 season with nine wins, one draw, and no losses.", "New South Wales’ three wins and a draw in Argentina, plus six wins in their domestic season, meant that they finished their 1991 season with nine wins, one draw, and no losses. Australia Poidevin missed national selection for Australia's first Test of the 1991 season against Wales, with Australian selectors choosing Jeff Miller as Australia's openside flanker for their first Test against Wales, thus breaking apart the New South Wales back row of Poidevin, Willie Ofahengaue, and Tim Gavin.", "Australia Poidevin missed national selection for Australia's first Test of the 1991 season against Wales, with Australian selectors choosing Jeff Miller as Australia's openside flanker for their first Test against Wales, thus breaking apart the New South Wales back row of Poidevin, Willie Ofahengaue, and Tim Gavin. Australia defeated Wales 63–6 and Miller was acclaimed Australia's man of the match.", "Australia defeated Wales 63–6 and Miller was acclaimed Australia's man of the match. Following Australia's victory over Wales, Miller was controversially dropped from the Australian rugby union side in favour of Poidevin for Australia's one-off Test against 1991 Five Nations Champions England.", "Following Australia's victory over Wales, Miller was controversially dropped from the Australian rugby union side in favour of Poidevin for Australia's one-off Test against 1991 Five Nations Champions England. Miller's dropping caused controversy following his man of the match performance, and many Queenslanders expressed their disapproval of Australia coach Bob Dwyer's selection.", "Miller's dropping caused controversy following his man of the match performance, and many Queenslanders expressed their disapproval of Australia coach Bob Dwyer's selection. Queensland captain Michael Lynagh went public criticising Dwyer for dropping Miller. Dwyer explained his selection by stating that, ‘England pose a great threat close to the scrum and we need to combat that.", "Dwyer explained his selection by stating that, ‘England pose a great threat close to the scrum and we need to combat that. For that reason, we need Poidevin ahead of Miller, just for his strength.’ Poidevin's return to the Australian side marked the first time he played for the national team since the one-off 1989 Bledisloe Cup Test.", "For that reason, we need Poidevin ahead of Miller, just for his strength.’ Poidevin's return to the Australian side marked the first time he played for the national team since the one-off 1989 Bledisloe Cup Test. It also marked a rare time when Poidevin was selected in the openside flanker position for Australia (Poidevin generally played on the blindside).", "It also marked a rare time when Poidevin was selected in the openside flanker position for Australia (Poidevin generally played on the blindside). Australia defeated England 40–15 at the Sydney Football Stadium in which Poidevin suffered a pinched nerve in his shoulder during the 60th minute of the Test.", "Australia defeated England 40–15 at the Sydney Football Stadium in which Poidevin suffered a pinched nerve in his shoulder during the 60th minute of the Test. Gordon Bray said on commentary during the match: 'Simon Poidevin – maybe not 100 per cent – but I'll tell you, they'll need a crowbar to get Poido off the field.'", "Gordon Bray said on commentary during the match: 'Simon Poidevin – maybe not 100 per cent – but I'll tell you, they'll need a crowbar to get Poido off the field.' Poidevin then played in the first Bledisloe Cup Test of 1991 at the Sydney Football Stadium, with Australia victorious over New Zealand 21–12.", "Poidevin then played in the first Bledisloe Cup Test of 1991 at the Sydney Football Stadium, with Australia victorious over New Zealand 21–12. Poidevin opposed All Black Michael Jones, then widely regarded the best flanker in the world. Poidevin played in the second Bledisloe Cup Test played in Auckland, which New Zealand won 6–3.", "Poidevin played in the second Bledisloe Cup Test played in Auckland, which New Zealand won 6–3. In For Love Not Money, Poidevin criticised the performance of Scottish referee Ken McCarthy \"for effectively destroying the Test as a spectacle.\" Poidevin wrote that: If it was dreadful watching it, then rest assured it was even worse playing!", "Poidevin wrote that: If it was dreadful watching it, then rest assured it was even worse playing! He almost blew the pea out of his whistle. There were no fewer than 33 penalties and too few (none, in fact, that come to mind) advantages played. In short, McCartney was a disgrace.", "In short, McCartney was a disgrace. He tried to referee as though he had charge of a third-grade game on the Scottish Borders, instead of two international teams wanting to play to the death. He was much too inexperienced, outdated in his interpretations of the Laws and probably intimidated by the intense atmosphere out in the middle.", "He was much too inexperienced, outdated in his interpretations of the Laws and probably intimidated by the intense atmosphere out in the middle. Randwick Following Australia's international season prior to the 1991 Rugby World Cup Poidevin played in Randwick's playoff matches in the Sydney Rugby Competition.", "Randwick Following Australia's international season prior to the 1991 Rugby World Cup Poidevin played in Randwick's playoff matches in the Sydney Rugby Competition. Randwick lost to Eastern Suburbs 25–12 in the major semi-final (a non-elimination match), before rebounding by defeating Parramatta in the final, and then beating Eastern Suburbs in a return match in the Grand Final 28–9.", "Randwick lost to Eastern Suburbs 25–12 in the major semi-final (a non-elimination match), before rebounding by defeating Parramatta in the final, and then beating Eastern Suburbs in a return match in the Grand Final 28–9. Randwick's Grand Final victory in the 1991 Sydney Club Competition was their fifth-straight premiership and their 11th in their previous 14 years.", "Randwick's Grand Final victory in the 1991 Sydney Club Competition was their fifth-straight premiership and their 11th in their previous 14 years. 1991 Rugby Union World Cup Poidevin was a member of the victorious Australia team at the 1991 Rugby World Cup, playing in five of their six Tests in the tournament (he was rested for the Test against Western Samoa).", "1991 Rugby Union World Cup Poidevin was a member of the victorious Australia team at the 1991 Rugby World Cup, playing in five of their six Tests in the tournament (he was rested for the Test against Western Samoa). Poidevin played in Australia's first group-stage match of the tournament against Argentina, in a back row composed of himself, Willie Ofahengaue and John Eales at number eight.", "Poidevin played in Australia's first group-stage match of the tournament against Argentina, in a back row composed of himself, Willie Ofahengaue and John Eales at number eight. Australia won the first match 32–19.", "Australia won the first match 32–19. Australia coach Bob Dwyer was critical of the Australian forwards following the Test, indicating that he was dissatisfied with the Australian second and back row. Poidevin's was rested for Australia Test against Western Samoa. Australia won the Test 9–3 with Australian fly-half Michael Lynagh kicking three successful penalty goals.", "Australia won the Test 9–3 with Australian fly-half Michael Lynagh kicking three successful penalty goals. Lynagh's on-field captaincy, due to the absence of an injured Nick Farr-Jones, received praise from Poidevin following the Test. The Australian team was heavily criticised following their narrow win against Western Samoa.", "The Australian team was heavily criticised following their narrow win against Western Samoa. Poidevin played in Australia's third and final group match against Wales, in a back row now composed of himself, Jeff Miller at openside, and Willie Ofahengaue at number eight.", "Poidevin played in Australia's third and final group match against Wales, in a back row now composed of himself, Jeff Miller at openside, and Willie Ofahengaue at number eight. Australia won the Test 38–3 in what was Wales' then largest defeat on home soil. The Australian forwards received praise from Dwyer.", "The Australian forwards received praise from Dwyer. Poidevin played in Australia's quarter-final against Ireland. In the 74th minute of the Test Irish flanker Gordon Hamilton scored a run-away try that gave Ireland the lead. Following Ralph Keyes' successful conversion in the 76th minute for Ireland, Australia had four minutes to win the Test.", "Following Ralph Keyes' successful conversion in the 76th minute for Ireland, Australia had four minutes to win the Test. In the final stages of the quarter-final, on-field Australian captain Michael Lynagh called a play that brought David Campese toward that Australian forwards on a scissors’ movement.", "In the final stages of the quarter-final, on-field Australian captain Michael Lynagh called a play that brought David Campese toward that Australian forwards on a scissors’ movement. As a maul formed around David Campese, the Irish hooker Steve Smith came close to ripping the ball from Campese before Poidevin grabbed hold of the ball and drove Australia forward, allowing Australia to be given the scrum feed.", "As a maul formed around David Campese, the Irish hooker Steve Smith came close to ripping the ball from Campese before Poidevin grabbed hold of the ball and drove Australia forward, allowing Australia to be given the scrum feed. Australia scored the game-winning try in the following phase of play, defeating Ireland 19–18.", "Australia scored the game-winning try in the following phase of play, defeating Ireland 19–18. Following Australia's narrow quarter-final victory over Ireland, Poidevin's place in the Australian side came under scrutiny.", "Following Australia's narrow quarter-final victory over Ireland, Poidevin's place in the Australian side came under scrutiny. In The Winning Way, Dwyer relates that, \"We decided that we needed changes, believing that we could not beat the All Blacks with the team which scraped through against Ireland. One selector was definite on this point.", "One selector was definite on this point. ‘If we choose that same forward pack,’ he said, ‘we will be presenting the match to New Zealand.’ In particular, we knew that we could not allow New Zealand to dominate us at the back of the line-out.", "‘If we choose that same forward pack,’ he said, ‘we will be presenting the match to New Zealand.’ In particular, we knew that we could not allow New Zealand to dominate us at the back of the line-out. Reluctantly, we left Jeff Miller out of the team and replaced him with Troy Coker.\"", "Reluctantly, we left Jeff Miller out of the team and replaced him with Troy Coker.\" In Dwyer's second autobiography Full Time: A Coach's Memoir the selector noted in Dwyer's first autobiography is revealed to be former Australian coach John Connolly.", "In Dwyer's second autobiography Full Time: A Coach's Memoir the selector noted in Dwyer's first autobiography is revealed to be former Australian coach John Connolly. Dwyer wrote that, \"We had edged through the pool games without Tim [Gavin], never quite managing to get the forward mix quite right to compensate for his absence.", "Dwyer wrote that, \"We had edged through the pool games without Tim [Gavin], never quite managing to get the forward mix quite right to compensate for his absence. I can remember the hard-headed Queensland coach and Wallabies selector John Connolly remarking before the semi that if we selected the same back row we might as well give the game to the All Blacks.\"", "I can remember the hard-headed Queensland coach and Wallabies selector John Connolly remarking before the semi that if we selected the same back row we might as well give the game to the All Blacks.\" However, in Perfect Union, the autobiography of Australian centres Tim Horan and Jason Little, a conflicting account to Dwyer's is given of Miller's dropping.", "However, in Perfect Union, the autobiography of Australian centres Tim Horan and Jason Little, a conflicting account to Dwyer's is given of Miller's dropping. Biographer Michael Blucher documented that: The selectors had tinkered early with the back row, but Connolly was convinced they had fielded the optimum combination against Ireland, with Miller and Poidevin as flankers, and Willie Ofahengaue at No.", "Biographer Michael Blucher documented that: The selectors had tinkered early with the back row, but Connolly was convinced they had fielded the optimum combination against Ireland, with Miller and Poidevin as flankers, and Willie Ofahengaue at No. 8.", "8. 8. Dwyer was not convinced, nor to a lesser extent was [Barry] Want… Connolly in part accepted Dwyer's supposition about the need for height at the back of the lineout against the All Blacks, but at whose expense? If anyone was to go, he believed it should be Poidevin.", "If anyone was to go, he believed it should be Poidevin. Miller was faster and, in his opinion, had better hands and was more constructive at the breakdown. But Dwyer insisted Poidevin should stay. Want supported him, so Connolly was clearly outnumbered.", "Want supported him, so Connolly was clearly outnumbered. In Full Time: A Coach's Memoir Dwyer explained his decision to drop Miller and keep Poidevin was due to Poidevin's strength.", "In Full Time: A Coach's Memoir Dwyer explained his decision to drop Miller and keep Poidevin was due to Poidevin's strength. He wrote that, \"Leading up to that match our flanker Jeff Miller had been absolutely brilliant but we made the extremely unpopular decision to drop him in favour of the more physically-imposing Simon Poidevin.\"", "He wrote that, \"Leading up to that match our flanker Jeff Miller had been absolutely brilliant but we made the extremely unpopular decision to drop him in favour of the more physically-imposing Simon Poidevin.\" Poidevin played in Australia's semi-final against New Zealand, in which the Wallabies defeated the All Blacks 16–6.", "Poidevin played in Australia's semi-final against New Zealand, in which the Wallabies defeated the All Blacks 16–6. Poidevin played in Australia's 12–6 victory over England to win the 1991 Rugby World Cup. Among the highlights of the final was a tackle that English flanker Mickey Skinner made on Poidevin in the 20th minute.", "Among the highlights of the final was a tackle that English flanker Mickey Skinner made on Poidevin in the 20th minute. In For Love Not Money Poidevin recollects that, \"Among the many moments I remember from the final was the hit on me early in the game by rival flanker Mickey Skinner, without doubt the best English player on the day.", "In For Love Not Money Poidevin recollects that, \"Among the many moments I remember from the final was the hit on me early in the game by rival flanker Mickey Skinner, without doubt the best English player on the day. I spotted him only a fraction of a second before he collected me with his shoulder and he caught me a beauty.", "I spotted him only a fraction of a second before he collected me with his shoulder and he caught me a beauty. He waited for a reaction and got it. 'Do your bloody best, pal!' and I laughed at him.", "and I laughed at him. and I laughed at him. I wasn't about to let him know that it was a great hit and my head was still spinning.\"", "I wasn't about to let him know that it was a great hit and my head was still spinning.\" Dwyer recounts the devastating tackle Skinner made on Poidevin in The Winning Way, writing that, \"One of my memories of the first half is Simon Poidevin retaining possession after he was brought down in a heavy tackle by Micky Skinner.", "Dwyer recounts the devastating tackle Skinner made on Poidevin in The Winning Way, writing that, \"One of my memories of the first half is Simon Poidevin retaining possession after he was brought down in a heavy tackle by Micky Skinner. The tackle shook the bones of the people watching from the grandstand, so I can imagine its effect on Poidevin.", "The tackle shook the bones of the people watching from the grandstand, so I can imagine its effect on Poidevin. After the match, I asked Poidevin in a light-hearted way how he enjoyed the tackle. He replied, 'I didn't lose possession, did I?' That was the important thing.\"", "That was the important thing.\" Following the 1991 Rugby World Cup, Poidevin retired from international rugby. He played 59 times for the Wallabies, becoming the first Australian to play 50 Tests. He captained the team on four occasions.", "He captained the team on four occasions. Life after rugby After retiring from the Wallabies in 1991, Poidevin became a stockbroker, although he maintained his links to rugby by working as a television commentator for the Seven Network and Network Ten. He was Managing Director of Equity Sales at Citigroup in Australia.", "He was Managing Director of Equity Sales at Citigroup in Australia. Poidevin joined Pegana Capital in March 2009 as executive director. From March, 2011 to November 2013 he was a non-executive director at Dart Energy. From October 2011 to November 2012, Poidevin was a board member of ASX listed Diversa Limited.", "From October 2011 to November 2012, Poidevin was a board member of ASX listed Diversa Limited. In September 2011 he became executive director at Bizzell Capital Partners. In March 2013 he joined Bell Potter Financial Group as Managing Director Corporate Stockbroking. He is also a non-executive director of Snapsil Corporation.", "He is also a non-executive director of Snapsil Corporation. In November 2017 he was banned from providing financial services for 5 years following ASIC investigation. Honours 26 January 1988: Medal of the Order of Australia for service to rugby union football. 1991: Inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame.", "1991: Inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame. 29 September 2000: Australian Sports Medal 1 January 2001: Awarded the Centenary Medal \"For service to Australian society through the sport of rugby union\" 24 October 2014: Inducted into Australia Rugby's Hall of Fame.", "29 September 2000: Australian Sports Medal 1 January 2001: Awarded the Centenary Medal \"For service to Australian society through the sport of rugby union\" 24 October 2014: Inducted into Australia Rugby's Hall of Fame. 26 January 2018: Member of the Order of Australia \"For significant service to education through fundraising and student scholarship support, to the community through the not-for-profit sector, and to rugby union.\"", "26 January 2018: Member of the Order of Australia \"For significant service to education through fundraising and student scholarship support, to the community through the not-for-profit sector, and to rugby union.\" References Printed Internet 10 great Simon Poidevin moments Frank O'Keeffe, The Roar, 16 September 2016 From Frank's Vault: Australia vs England (1991) Frank O'Keeffe, The Roar, 6 January 2018 Who played in 1986 Celebration Matches?", "References Printed Internet 10 great Simon Poidevin moments Frank O'Keeffe, The Roar, 16 September 2016 From Frank's Vault: Australia vs England (1991) Frank O'Keeffe, The Roar, 6 January 2018 Who played in 1986 Celebration Matches? Bruce Sheekey, The Roar, 5 January 2010 1958 births Living people Australian people of French descent Australian rugby union captains Australian rugby union players Australia international rugby union players Rugby union flankers University of New South Wales alumni Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees People from Goulburn, New South Wales Members of the Order of Australia" ]

[ "James Levine", "Metropolitan Opera", "When did he first perform at the Metropolitan Opera?", "Levine made his Metropolitan Opera (the \"Met\") debut at age 28 on June 5, 1971," ]

[ "The situation, task, action, result (STAR) format is a technique used by interviewers to gather all the relevant information about a specific capability that the job requires. \n\n Situation: The interviewer wants you to present a recent challenging situation in which you found yourself.\n Task: What were you required to achieve? The interviewer will be looking to see what you were trying to achieve from the situation. Some performance development methods use “Target” rather than “Task”. Job interview candidates who describe a “Target” they set themselves instead of an externally imposed “Task” emphasize their own intrinsic motivation to perform and to develop their performance.\n Action: What did you do? The interviewer will be looking for information on what you did, why you did it and what the alternatives were.\n Results: What was the outcome of your actions? What did you achieve through your actions? Did you meet your objectives? What did you learn from this experience? Have you used this learning since?\n\nThe STAR technique is similar to the SOARA technique.\n\nThe STAR technique is also often complemented with an additional R on the end STARR or STAR(R) with the last R resembling reflection. This R aims to gather insight and interviewee's ability to learn and iterate. Whereas the STAR reveals how and what kind of result on an objective was achieved, the STARR with the additional R helps the interviewer to understand what the interviewee learned from the experience and how they would assimilate experiences. The interviewee can define what they would do (differently, the same, or better) next time being posed with a situation.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nThe ‘STAR’ technique to answer behavioral interview questions\nThe STAR method explained\n\nJob interview", "In grammar, a correlative is a word that is paired with another word with which it functions to perform a single function but from which it is separated in the sentence. \n\nIn English, examples of correlative pairs are both–and, either–or, neither–nor, the–the (\"the more the better\"), so–that (\"it ate so much food that it burst\"), and if–then. \n\nIn the Romance languages, the demonstrative pro-forms function as correlatives with the relative pro-forms, as autant–que in French; in English, demonstratives are not used in such constructions, which depend on the relative only: \"I saw what you did\", rather than *\"I saw that, what you did\".\n\nSee also\nCorrelative conjunction\nPro-form (namely section Table of correlatives)\n\nParts of speech" ]

[ "James Lawrence Levine (; June 23, 1943 – March 9, 2021) was an American conductor and pianist. He was music director of the Metropolitan Opera (the \"Met\") from 1976 to 2016.", "He was music director of the Metropolitan Opera (the \"Met\") from 1976 to 2016. He was formally terminated from all his positions and affiliations with the Met on March 12, 2018, over sexual misconduct allegations, which he denied.", "He was formally terminated from all his positions and affiliations with the Met on March 12, 2018, over sexual misconduct allegations, which he denied. Levine held leadership positions with the Ravinia Festival, the Munich Philharmonic, and the Boston Symphony Orchestra.", "Levine held leadership positions with the Ravinia Festival, the Munich Philharmonic, and the Boston Symphony Orchestra. In 1980 he started the Lindemann Young Artists Development Program, and trained singers, conductors, and musicians for professional careers.", "In 1980 he started the Lindemann Young Artists Development Program, and trained singers, conductors, and musicians for professional careers. After taking an almost two-year health-related hiatus from conducting from 2011 to 2013, during which time he held artistic and administrative planning sessions at the Met, and led training of the Lindemann Young Artists, Levine retired as the Met's full-time Music Director following the 2015–16 season to become Music Director Emeritus.", "After taking an almost two-year health-related hiatus from conducting from 2011 to 2013, during which time he held artistic and administrative planning sessions at the Met, and led training of the Lindemann Young Artists, Levine retired as the Met's full-time Music Director following the 2015–16 season to become Music Director Emeritus. Early years and personal life Levine was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, to a Jewish, musical family.", "Early years and personal life Levine was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, to a Jewish, musical family. His maternal grandfather was a composer and a cantor in a synagogue; his father, Lawrence, was a violinist who led dance bands under the name \"Larry Lee\" before entering his father's clothing business; and his mother, Helen Goldstein Levine, was briefly an actress on Broadway, performing as \"Helen Golden\".", "His maternal grandfather was a composer and a cantor in a synagogue; his father, Lawrence, was a violinist who led dance bands under the name \"Larry Lee\" before entering his father's clothing business; and his mother, Helen Goldstein Levine, was briefly an actress on Broadway, performing as \"Helen Golden\". He had a brother, Tom, who was two years younger, who followed him to New York City from Cincinnati in 1974, and with whom he was very close.", "He had a brother, Tom, who was two years younger, who followed him to New York City from Cincinnati in 1974, and with whom he was very close. He employed Tom as his business assistant, looking after his affairs, arranging his rehearsal schedules, fielding queries, scouting out places to live, meeting with accountants, and accompanying Levine on trips to Europe.", "He employed Tom as his business assistant, looking after his affairs, arranging his rehearsal schedules, fielding queries, scouting out places to live, meeting with accountants, and accompanying Levine on trips to Europe. Tom was also a painter. He also had a younger sister, Janet, who is a marriage counselor.", "He also had a younger sister, Janet, who is a marriage counselor. He began to play the piano as a small child. On February 21, 1954, at age 10, Levine made his concert debut as soloist playing Felix Mendelssohn's Piano Concerto No. 2 at a youth concert of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra in Ohio.", "2 at a youth concert of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra in Ohio. Levine subsequently studied music with Walter Levin, first violinist in the LaSalle Quartet. In 1956 he took piano lessons with Rudolf Serkin at the Marlboro Music School in Vermont. The next year he began to study piano with Rosina Lhévinne at the Aspen Music School.", "The next year he began to study piano with Rosina Lhévinne at the Aspen Music School. He graduated from Walnut Hills High School, a magnet school in Cincinnati. He entered the Juilliard School of Music in New York City in 1961, and took courses in conducting with Jean Morel.", "He entered the Juilliard School of Music in New York City in 1961, and took courses in conducting with Jean Morel. He graduated from Juilliard in 1964, and joined the American Conductors project connected with the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra. Levine lived in The San Remo on Central Park West in New York City.", "Levine lived in The San Remo on Central Park West in New York City. Career Early career From 1964 to 1965, Levine served as an apprentice to George Szell with the Cleveland Orchestra. He then served as the Orchestra's assistant conductor until 1970.", "He then served as the Orchestra's assistant conductor until 1970. That year, he also made debuts as guest conductor with the Philadelphia Orchestra at its summer home at Robin Hood Dell, the Welsh National Opera, and the San Francisco Opera. From 1965 to 1972 he concurrently taught at the Cleveland Institute of Music.", "From 1965 to 1972 he concurrently taught at the Cleveland Institute of Music. In the summers, he worked at the Meadow Brook School of Music in Michigan and at the Ravinia Festival in Highland Park, Illinois, the summer home of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.", "In the summers, he worked at the Meadow Brook School of Music in Michigan and at the Ravinia Festival in Highland Park, Illinois, the summer home of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. During that time, the charismatic Levine developed a devoted following of young musicians and music lovers.", "During that time, the charismatic Levine developed a devoted following of young musicians and music lovers. In June 1971, Levine was called in at the last moment to substitute for István Kertész, to lead the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and Chorus in Mahler's Second Symphony for the Ravinia Festival's opening concert of their 36th season.", "In June 1971, Levine was called in at the last moment to substitute for István Kertész, to lead the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and Chorus in Mahler's Second Symphony for the Ravinia Festival's opening concert of their 36th season. This concert began a long association with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.", "This concert began a long association with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. From 1973 to 1993 he was music director of the Ravinia Festival, succeeding the late Kertész.", "From 1973 to 1993 he was music director of the Ravinia Festival, succeeding the late Kertész. He made numerous recordings with the orchestra, including the symphonies and German Requiem of Johannes Brahms, and major works of Gershwin, Holst, Berg, Beethoven, Mozart, and others.", "He made numerous recordings with the orchestra, including the symphonies and German Requiem of Johannes Brahms, and major works of Gershwin, Holst, Berg, Beethoven, Mozart, and others. In 1990, at the request of Roy E. Disney, he arranged the music and conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and Chorus in the soundtrack of Fantasia 2000, released by Walt Disney Pictures.", "In 1990, at the request of Roy E. Disney, he arranged the music and conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and Chorus in the soundtrack of Fantasia 2000, released by Walt Disney Pictures. From 1974 to 1978, Levine also served as music director of the Cincinnati May Festival.", "From 1974 to 1978, Levine also served as music director of the Cincinnati May Festival. Metropolitan Opera Levine made his Metropolitan Opera debut a few weeks before he turned 28, on June 5, 1971, leading a June Festival performance of Puccini's Tosca.", "Metropolitan Opera Levine made his Metropolitan Opera debut a few weeks before he turned 28, on June 5, 1971, leading a June Festival performance of Puccini's Tosca. After further appearances with the company, he was named its principal conductor in February 1972. He became its music director in 1975.", "He became its music director in 1975. In 1983, he served as conductor and musical director for the Franco Zeffirelli screen adaptation of Verdi's La Traviata, which featured the Met orchestra and chorus members. He became the company's first artistic director in 1986, and relinquished the title in 2004.", "He became the company's first artistic director in 1986, and relinquished the title in 2004. In 2005, Levine's combined salary from the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the Met made him the highest-paid conductor in the country, at $3.5 million.", "In 2005, Levine's combined salary from the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the Met made him the highest-paid conductor in the country, at $3.5 million. During Levine's tenure, the Metropolitan Opera orchestra expanded its activities into recording and concert series for the orchestra and chamber ensembles from the orchestra at Carnegie Hall.", "During Levine's tenure, the Metropolitan Opera orchestra expanded its activities into recording and concert series for the orchestra and chamber ensembles from the orchestra at Carnegie Hall. Levine led the Metropolitan Opera on many domestic and international tours.", "Levine led the Metropolitan Opera on many domestic and international tours. For the 25th anniversary of his Met debut, Levine conducted the world premiere of John Harbison's The Great Gatsby, commissioned for the occasion.", "For the 25th anniversary of his Met debut, Levine conducted the world premiere of John Harbison's The Great Gatsby, commissioned for the occasion. On his appointment as general manager of the Met, Peter Gelb emphasized that Levine was welcome to remain as long as he wanted to direct music there.", "On his appointment as general manager of the Met, Peter Gelb emphasized that Levine was welcome to remain as long as he wanted to direct music there. Levine was paid $2.1 million by the Met in 2010.", "Levine was paid $2.1 million by the Met in 2010. Following a series of injuries that began with a fall, Levine's health problems led to his withdrawal from many Metropolitan Opera engagements. After a May 2011 performance of Wagner's Die Walküre, Levine formally withdrew from all engagements at the Met.", "After a May 2011 performance of Wagner's Die Walküre, Levine formally withdrew from all engagements at the Met. After two years of physical therapy, he returned to conducting with a May 2013 concert with the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra at Carnegie Hall.", "After two years of physical therapy, he returned to conducting with a May 2013 concert with the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra at Carnegie Hall. On September 25, 2013, Levine conducted his first Met performance since May 2011, in a revival production of Mozart's Così fan tutte.", "On September 25, 2013, Levine conducted his first Met performance since May 2011, in a revival production of Mozart's Così fan tutte. He was scheduled to conduct three productions at the opera house and three at Carnegie Hall in the 2013–14 season.", "He was scheduled to conduct three productions at the opera house and three at Carnegie Hall in the 2013–14 season. On April 14, 2016, Met management announced that Levine would step down from his position as music director at the end of the 2015–16 season. Levine was paid $1.8 million by the Met for the 2015–16 season.", "Levine was paid $1.8 million by the Met for the 2015–16 season. He assumed the new title of Music Director Emeritus, which he held until December 2017, when in the wake of allegations that Levine had sexually abused four young men, the Met suspended its relationship with him and canceled all his scheduled performances with the company.", "He assumed the new title of Music Director Emeritus, which he held until December 2017, when in the wake of allegations that Levine had sexually abused four young men, the Met suspended its relationship with him and canceled all his scheduled performances with the company. Boston Symphony Orchestra Levine first conducted the Boston Symphony Orchestra (BSO) in April 1972.", "Boston Symphony Orchestra Levine first conducted the Boston Symphony Orchestra (BSO) in April 1972. In October 2001, he was named its music director effective with the 2004–05 season, with an initial contract of five years, becoming the first American-born conductor to head the BSO.", "In October 2001, he was named its music director effective with the 2004–05 season, with an initial contract of five years, becoming the first American-born conductor to head the BSO. One unique condition that Levine negotiated was increased flexibility of the time allotted for rehearsal, allowing the orchestra additional time to prepare more challenging works.", "One unique condition that Levine negotiated was increased flexibility of the time allotted for rehearsal, allowing the orchestra additional time to prepare more challenging works. After the start of his tenure, the orchestra also established an \"Artistic Initiative Fund\" of about $40 million to fund the more expensive of his projects.", "After the start of his tenure, the orchestra also established an \"Artistic Initiative Fund\" of about $40 million to fund the more expensive of his projects. One criticism of Levine during his BSO tenure is that he did not attend many orchestra auditions.", "One criticism of Levine during his BSO tenure is that he did not attend many orchestra auditions. A 2005 article reported that he had attended two out of 16 auditions during his tenure up to that time.", "A 2005 article reported that he had attended two out of 16 auditions during his tenure up to that time. Levine responded that he has the ability to provide input on musician tenure decisions after the initial probationary period, and that it is difficult to know how well a given player will fit the given position until that person has had a chance to work with the orchestra: \"My message is the audition isn't everything.\"", "Levine responded that he has the ability to provide input on musician tenure decisions after the initial probationary period, and that it is difficult to know how well a given player will fit the given position until that person has had a chance to work with the orchestra: \"My message is the audition isn't everything.\" Another 2005 report stated that during Levine's first season as music director, the greater workload from the demands of playing more unfamiliar and contemporary music had increased physical stress on some of the BSO musicians.", "Another 2005 report stated that during Levine's first season as music director, the greater workload from the demands of playing more unfamiliar and contemporary music had increased physical stress on some of the BSO musicians. Levine and the players met to discuss this, and he agreed to program changes to lessen these demands.", "Levine and the players met to discuss this, and he agreed to program changes to lessen these demands. He received general critical praise for revitalizing the orchestra's quality and repertoire since the beginning of his tenure.", "He received general critical praise for revitalizing the orchestra's quality and repertoire since the beginning of his tenure. Levine experienced ongoing health problems, starting with an onstage fall in 2006 that resulted in a torn rotator cuff and started discussion of how long Levine's tenure with the BSO would last.", "Levine experienced ongoing health problems, starting with an onstage fall in 2006 that resulted in a torn rotator cuff and started discussion of how long Levine's tenure with the BSO would last. In April 2010, in the wake of his continuing health problems, it emerged that Levine had not officially signed a contract extension, so that he was the BSO's music director without a signed contract.", "In April 2010, in the wake of his continuing health problems, it emerged that Levine had not officially signed a contract extension, so that he was the BSO's music director without a signed contract. On March 2, 2011, the BSO announced Levine's resignation as music director effective September 2011, after the Orchestra's Tanglewood season.", "On March 2, 2011, the BSO announced Levine's resignation as music director effective September 2011, after the Orchestra's Tanglewood season. Working on a commission from Levine and the BSO, the composer John Harbison dedicated his Symphony No.", "Working on a commission from Levine and the BSO, the composer John Harbison dedicated his Symphony No. 6 \"in friendship and gratitude\" to him, whose premature departure from the orchestra prevented him from conducting the premiere.", "6 \"in friendship and gratitude\" to him, whose premature departure from the orchestra prevented him from conducting the premiere. After allegations of his abusing a number of young men came out in December 2017 the BSO said Levine \"will never be employed or contracted by the BSO at any time in the future\".", "After allegations of his abusing a number of young men came out in December 2017 the BSO said Levine \"will never be employed or contracted by the BSO at any time in the future\". Conducting in Europe Levine's BSO contract limited his guest appearances with American orchestras, but he still conducted regularly in Europe, with the Vienna Philharmonic, Berlin Philharmonic, and at the Bayreuth Festival.", "Conducting in Europe Levine's BSO contract limited his guest appearances with American orchestras, but he still conducted regularly in Europe, with the Vienna Philharmonic, Berlin Philharmonic, and at the Bayreuth Festival. Levine was a regular guest with the Philharmonia of London and the Staatskapelle Dresden.", "Levine was a regular guest with the Philharmonia of London and the Staatskapelle Dresden. Beginning in 1975 he conducted regularly at the Salzburg Festival and the annual July Verbier Festival. From 1999 to 2004, he was chief conductor of the Munich Philharmonic, and was credited with improving the quality of instrumental ensemble during his tenure.", "From 1999 to 2004, he was chief conductor of the Munich Philharmonic, and was credited with improving the quality of instrumental ensemble during his tenure. Work with students Levine initiated the Lindemann Young Artists Development Program at the Metropolitan Opera in 1980, a professional training program for graduated singers with, today, many famous alumni.", "Work with students Levine initiated the Lindemann Young Artists Development Program at the Metropolitan Opera in 1980, a professional training program for graduated singers with, today, many famous alumni. Levine was conductor of the UBS Verbier Festival Orchestra, the student resident orchestra at the annual summer music festival in Verbier, Switzerland, from 1999 through 2006.", "Levine was conductor of the UBS Verbier Festival Orchestra, the student resident orchestra at the annual summer music festival in Verbier, Switzerland, from 1999 through 2006. It was Levine's first long-term commitment to a student orchestra since becoming music director at the Met.", "It was Levine's first long-term commitment to a student orchestra since becoming music director at the Met. After becoming music director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, Levine also served as music director of the Tanglewood Music Center, the BSO's acclaimed summer academy at Tanglewood for student instrumentalists, singers, composers, and conductors.", "After becoming music director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, Levine also served as music director of the Tanglewood Music Center, the BSO's acclaimed summer academy at Tanglewood for student instrumentalists, singers, composers, and conductors. There he conducted the Tanglewood Music Center Orchestra, directed fully staged opera performances with student singers, and gave master classes for singers and conductors.", "There he conducted the Tanglewood Music Center Orchestra, directed fully staged opera performances with student singers, and gave master classes for singers and conductors. Levine said in an interview: At my age, you are naturally inclined towards teaching.", "Levine said in an interview: At my age, you are naturally inclined towards teaching. You want to teach what you have learned to the next generation so that they don't have to spend time reinventing the wheel. I was lucky that I met the right mentors and teachers at the right moment.", "I was lucky that I met the right mentors and teachers at the right moment. I love working with young musicians and singers, and those at the Tanglewood Music Center are unequivocally some of the finest and most talented in the world. He continued to work with young students even when his health issues kept him from conducting.", "He continued to work with young students even when his health issues kept him from conducting. He was awarded the Lotus Award (\"for inspiration to young musicians\") from Young Concert Artists.", "He was awarded the Lotus Award (\"for inspiration to young musicians\") from Young Concert Artists. Anthony Tommasini wrote in The New York Times in 2016: \"The aspiring singers in the Met's young artist development program, one of many important ventures Mr. Levine started, must understand how lucky they are to have, as a teacher and mentor, a musician who even in his 20s worked at the Met with giants like Jon Vickers and Renata Tebaldi.\"", "Anthony Tommasini wrote in The New York Times in 2016: \"The aspiring singers in the Met's young artist development program, one of many important ventures Mr. Levine started, must understand how lucky they are to have, as a teacher and mentor, a musician who even in his 20s worked at the Met with giants like Jon Vickers and Renata Tebaldi.\" Health problems and death Levine experienced recurrent health issues beginning in 2006, including sciatica and what he called \"intermittent tremors\".", "Health problems and death Levine experienced recurrent health issues beginning in 2006, including sciatica and what he called \"intermittent tremors\". On March 1, 2006, he tripped and fell onstage during a standing ovation after a performance with the Boston Symphony Orchestra and tore the rotator cuff in his right shoulder, leaving the remaining subscription concerts in Boston to his assistant conductor at the time.", "On March 1, 2006, he tripped and fell onstage during a standing ovation after a performance with the Boston Symphony Orchestra and tore the rotator cuff in his right shoulder, leaving the remaining subscription concerts in Boston to his assistant conductor at the time. Later that month, Levine underwent surgery to repair the injury.", "Later that month, Levine underwent surgery to repair the injury. He returned to the podium on July 7, 2006. Levine withdrew from the majority of the Tanglewood 2008 summer season because of surgery required to remove a kidney with a malignant cyst. He returned to the podium in Boston on September 24, 2008, at Symphony Hall.", "He returned to the podium in Boston on September 24, 2008, at Symphony Hall. On September 29, 2009, it was announced that Levine would undergo emergency back surgery for a herniated disk. He missed three weeks of engagements.", "He missed three weeks of engagements. In March 2010, the BSO announced that Levine would miss the remainder of the Boston Symphony season because of back pain. The Met also announced, on April 4, 2010, that he was withdrawing from the remainder of his performances for the season.", "The Met also announced, on April 4, 2010, that he was withdrawing from the remainder of his performances for the season. According to the Met, Levine was required to have \"corrective surgery for an ongoing lower back problem\".", "According to the Met, Levine was required to have \"corrective surgery for an ongoing lower back problem\". He returned to conducting at the Met and the BSO at the beginning of the 2010–11 season, but in February 2011 canceled his Boston engagements for the rest of the season.", "He returned to conducting at the Met and the BSO at the beginning of the 2010–11 season, but in February 2011 canceled his Boston engagements for the rest of the season. In the summer of 2011, Levine underwent further surgery on his back.", "In the summer of 2011, Levine underwent further surgery on his back. In September 2011, after he fell down a flight of stairs, fractured his spine, and injured his back while on vacation in Vermont, the Met announced that he would not conduct at the Met at least for the rest of 2011.", "In September 2011, after he fell down a flight of stairs, fractured his spine, and injured his back while on vacation in Vermont, the Met announced that he would not conduct at the Met at least for the rest of 2011. After two years of surgery and physical therapy, Levine returned to conducting for the first time on May 19, 2013, in a concert with the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra at Carnegie Hall.", "After two years of surgery and physical therapy, Levine returned to conducting for the first time on May 19, 2013, in a concert with the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra at Carnegie Hall. Levine conducted from a motorized wheelchair, with a special platform designed to accommodate it, which could rise and descend like an elevator.", "Levine conducted from a motorized wheelchair, with a special platform designed to accommodate it, which could rise and descend like an elevator. He returned to the Met on September 24, 2013. The same type of platform was present in the Met orchestra pit for his September 2013 return performance.", "The same type of platform was present in the Met orchestra pit for his September 2013 return performance. For many years, both Levine and the Met denied as unfounded the rumors that Levine had Parkinson's disease.", "For many years, both Levine and the Met denied as unfounded the rumors that Levine had Parkinson's disease. As New York magazine reported: \"The conductor states flatly that the condition is not Parkinson's disease, as people had speculated in 'that silly Times piece.'\"", "As New York magazine reported: \"The conductor states flatly that the condition is not Parkinson's disease, as people had speculated in 'that silly Times piece.'\" But in 2016 both he and the Met finally admitted that the rumors were true, and that Levine had in fact had the disease since 1994.", "But in 2016 both he and the Met finally admitted that the rumors were true, and that Levine had in fact had the disease since 1994. The Washington Post noted: \"It wasn't just the illnesses, but the constant alternation between concealment and an excess of revelation that kept so much attention focused on them and away from the music.\"", "The Washington Post noted: \"It wasn't just the illnesses, but the constant alternation between concealment and an excess of revelation that kept so much attention focused on them and away from the music.\" Levine died in his Palm Springs home on March 9, 2021.", "Levine died in his Palm Springs home on March 9, 2021. Len Horovitz, his personal physician, announced Levine's death on March 17 and said that he had died of natural causes.", "Len Horovitz, his personal physician, announced Levine's death on March 17 and said that he had died of natural causes. Sexual assault allegations Four men accused Levine of sexually molesting them (starting when they were 16, 17, 17, and 20 years old), from the 1960s to the 1990s.", "Sexual assault allegations Four men accused Levine of sexually molesting them (starting when they were 16, 17, 17, and 20 years old), from the 1960s to the 1990s. On December 2, 2017, it was publicly revealed that an October 2016 police report detailed that Levine had allegedly sexually molested a male teenager for years.", "On December 2, 2017, it was publicly revealed that an October 2016 police report detailed that Levine had allegedly sexually molested a male teenager for years. The alleged sexual abuse began while Levine was guest conductor at the Ravinia Festival, outside Chicago, where Levine was music director for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra's summer residencies from 1973 to 1993.", "The alleged sexual abuse began while Levine was guest conductor at the Ravinia Festival, outside Chicago, where Levine was music director for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra's summer residencies from 1973 to 1993. One accuser said that in the summer of 1968, when he was a 17-year-old high school student attending Meadow Brook School of Music in Michigan, Levine (then a 25-year-old faculty member) had sexual contact with a student.", "One accuser said that in the summer of 1968, when he was a 17-year-old high school student attending Meadow Brook School of Music in Michigan, Levine (then a 25-year-old faculty member) had sexual contact with a student. When he next saw Levine, the accuser told him that he would not repeat the sexual behavior, but asked if they could continue to make music as they had before; Levine said no.", "When he next saw Levine, the accuser told him that he would not repeat the sexual behavior, but asked if they could continue to make music as they had before; Levine said no. The accuser later played bass in the St. Paul Chamber Orchestra for decades and became a professor.", "The accuser later played bass in the St. Paul Chamber Orchestra for decades and became a professor. A second accuser said that that same summer, Levine had sexual contact with a 17-year-old student and that Levine then initiated with the teenager a number of sexual encounters that have since haunted him.", "A second accuser said that that same summer, Levine had sexual contact with a 17-year-old student and that Levine then initiated with the teenager a number of sexual encounters that have since haunted him. He said (and another male corroborated, on the condition of anonymity) that the next year, in Cleveland, where Levine was an assistant conductor of the Cleveland Orchestra, Levine on several occasions had sexual contact with that student and other students.", "He said (and another male corroborated, on the condition of anonymity) that the next year, in Cleveland, where Levine was an assistant conductor of the Cleveland Orchestra, Levine on several occasions had sexual contact with that student and other students. A third accuser, a violinist and pianist who grew up in Illinois near the Ravinia Music Festival, a summer program for aspiring musicians of which Levine was music director from 1971 to 1993, said Levine sexually abused him beginning when the accuser was 16 years old (and Levine was in his 40s) in 1986.", "A third accuser, a violinist and pianist who grew up in Illinois near the Ravinia Music Festival, a summer program for aspiring musicians of which Levine was music director from 1971 to 1993, said Levine sexually abused him beginning when the accuser was 16 years old (and Levine was in his 40s) in 1986. He had previously detailed his accusation in 2016 in a report to the Lake Forest Police Department in Illinois.", "He had previously detailed his accusation in 2016 in a report to the Lake Forest Police Department in Illinois. On December 8, the department announced that Levine could not be charged criminally in Illinois because the accuser was 16 years old at the time, and while today a 16-year-old is not considered old enough to consent to such conduct in Illinois (he must be 17, or 18 in cases in which the suspect is in a position of trust, authority, or supervision in relation to the victim), at the time that was the statutory age of consent.", "On December 8, the department announced that Levine could not be charged criminally in Illinois because the accuser was 16 years old at the time, and while today a 16-year-old is not considered old enough to consent to such conduct in Illinois (he must be 17, or 18 in cases in which the suspect is in a position of trust, authority, or supervision in relation to the victim), at the time that was the statutory age of consent. The department noted: \"we are bound to apply the law that was in effect at the time the allegations occurred rather than the law as it currently exists.\"", "The department noted: \"we are bound to apply the law that was in effect at the time the allegations occurred rather than the law as it currently exists.\" On December 4, a fourth man, who later had a long career as a violinist in the New Jersey Symphony Orchestra, said he had been abused by Levine beginning in 1968, when he was 20 years old and attending the Meadow Brook School of Music.", "On December 4, a fourth man, who later had a long career as a violinist in the New Jersey Symphony Orchestra, said he had been abused by Levine beginning in 1968, when he was 20 years old and attending the Meadow Brook School of Music. Levine was a teacher in the summer program.", "Levine was a teacher in the summer program. Reactions The New York Times said that the Met had known of at least one sexual abuse allegation as early as 1979, but dismissed it as baseless.", "Reactions The New York Times said that the Met had known of at least one sexual abuse allegation as early as 1979, but dismissed it as baseless. Furthermore, the Met (including its General Manager Peter Gelb, who was contacted directly by a police detective about the allegations in October 2016) had been aware of both the third accuser's abuse allegations since they were made in the 2016 police report, and of the attendant police investigation.", "Furthermore, the Met (including its General Manager Peter Gelb, who was contacted directly by a police detective about the allegations in October 2016) had been aware of both the third accuser's abuse allegations since they were made in the 2016 police report, and of the attendant police investigation. But the Met did not suspend Levine or launch an investigation of its own until over a year later, in December 2017.", "But the Met did not suspend Levine or launch an investigation of its own until over a year later, in December 2017. In response to the December 2017 news article, the Met announced that it would investigate the sexual abuse allegations dating to the 1980s that were set forth in the 2016 police report.", "In response to the December 2017 news article, the Met announced that it would investigate the sexual abuse allegations dating to the 1980s that were set forth in the 2016 police report. On December 3, after two additional males came forward with allegations of abuse, the Met suspended its ties with Levine, and canceled all upcoming engagements with him.", "On December 3, after two additional males came forward with allegations of abuse, the Met suspended its ties with Levine, and canceled all upcoming engagements with him. A fourth accuser came forward the following day.", "A fourth accuser came forward the following day. For its part, the Ravinia Festival, in April 2017, six months after the criminal investigation of Levine began, created an honorific title for Levine—\"Conductor Laureate\"—and signed him to a five-year renewable contract to begin in 2018.", "For its part, the Ravinia Festival, in April 2017, six months after the criminal investigation of Levine began, created an honorific title for Levine—\"Conductor Laureate\"—and signed him to a five-year renewable contract to begin in 2018. On December 4, 2017, the Ravinia Festival severed all ties with Levine, and terminated his five-year contract to lead the Chicago Symphony there.", "On December 4, 2017, the Ravinia Festival severed all ties with Levine, and terminated his five-year contract to lead the Chicago Symphony there. The Boston Symphony Orchestra said Levine \"will never be employed or contracted by the BSO at any time in the future\".", "The Boston Symphony Orchestra said Levine \"will never be employed or contracted by the BSO at any time in the future\". The Juilliard School, where Levine had studied, replaced him in a February 2018 performance where he was scheduled to lead the Juilliard Orchestra and singers from the Met's Lindemann Young Artist Development Program.", "The Juilliard School, where Levine had studied, replaced him in a February 2018 performance where he was scheduled to lead the Juilliard Orchestra and singers from the Met's Lindemann Young Artist Development Program. On December 5, the Cincinnati May Festival canceled Levine's appearance in May.", "On December 5, the Cincinnati May Festival canceled Levine's appearance in May. On December 7, in New Plymouth, New Zealand, the cinema chain Event Cinemas abruptly cancelled the screening of a Met production of Levine conducting Mozart's Die Zauberflöte.", "On December 7, in New Plymouth, New Zealand, the cinema chain Event Cinemas abruptly cancelled the screening of a Met production of Levine conducting Mozart's Die Zauberflöte. On December 8, Fred Child, host of the classical music radio show Performance Today, wrote that Levine \"is accused of inflicting grievous harm to living members of our musical community.", "On December 8, Fred Child, host of the classical music radio show Performance Today, wrote that Levine \"is accused of inflicting grievous harm to living members of our musical community. Out of respect for these people and their wounds, I choose not to broadcast performances featuring Mr. Levine on the podium.\"", "Out of respect for these people and their wounds, I choose not to broadcast performances featuring Mr. Levine on the podium.\" Classical music blogger, former Village Voice music critic, and Juilliard School faculty member Greg Sandow said he had been contacted by three men over the years who said that Levine had abused them, and that reports of sexual abuse by Levine were \"widely talked about\" for 40 years.", "Classical music blogger, former Village Voice music critic, and Juilliard School faculty member Greg Sandow said he had been contacted by three men over the years who said that Levine had abused them, and that reports of sexual abuse by Levine were \"widely talked about\" for 40 years. Sandow said further: \"Everybody in the classical music business at least since the 1980s has talked about Levine as a sex abuser.", "Sandow said further: \"Everybody in the classical music business at least since the 1980s has talked about Levine as a sex abuser. The investigation should have been done decades ago.\"", "The investigation should have been done decades ago.\" Pulitzer Prize-winning music critic Justin Davidson mused on the culture website of New York magazine, \"James Levine's career has clearly ended\" and \"I'm not sure the Met can survive Levine's disgrace.\"", "Pulitzer Prize-winning music critic Justin Davidson mused on the culture website of New York magazine, \"James Levine's career has clearly ended\" and \"I'm not sure the Met can survive Levine's disgrace.\" Similarly, drama critic Terry Teachout of The Wall Street Journal wrote an article called \"The Levine Cataclysm; How allegations against James Levine of sexual misconduct with teenagers could topple the entire Metropolitan Opera\".", "Similarly, drama critic Terry Teachout of The Wall Street Journal wrote an article called \"The Levine Cataclysm; How allegations against James Levine of sexual misconduct with teenagers could topple the entire Metropolitan Opera\". The Washington Post music critic Anne Midgette noted: \"The Met has known about these allegations for at least a year, and are only investigating them now that they are public\", and opined on her Facebook page that the Met has \"quite probably spent years protecting its star conductor from just this kind of allegation\".", "The Washington Post music critic Anne Midgette noted: \"The Met has known about these allegations for at least a year, and are only investigating them now that they are public\", and opined on her Facebook page that the Met has \"quite probably spent years protecting its star conductor from just this kind of allegation\". Music critic Tim Pfaff of the LGBT Bay Area Reporter wrote that The New York Times chief classical music critic Anthony Tommasini had the \"weirdest\" reaction, \"lamenting the ugliness of it all under a...headline, 'Should I Put Away My James Levine Recordings?'", "Music critic Tim Pfaff of the LGBT Bay Area Reporter wrote that The New York Times chief classical music critic Anthony Tommasini had the \"weirdest\" reaction, \"lamenting the ugliness of it all under a...headline, 'Should I Put Away My James Levine Recordings?' His conclusion was that he and his husband...should move those recordings from their living room.\"", "His conclusion was that he and his husband...should move those recordings from their living room.\" The Met orchestra musicians applauded the courage of the four men who came forward with accusations that Levine had abused them.", "The Met orchestra musicians applauded the courage of the four men who came forward with accusations that Levine had abused them. Local 802 of the American Federation of Musicians, which represents the Met's orchestra and Levine, said, \"We are horrified and sickened by the recently reported allegations of sexual abuse by Mr. Levine.\"", "Levine.\" Levine.\" Five days after news of the accusations by the four men broke, Levine spoke about them for the first time, and called them \"unfounded\". The accusers stood by their claims, with one saying, \"I will take a lie-detector test. Will he?\"", "Will he?\" Will he?\" Six days later, music critic Arthur Kaptainis wrote in the Montreal Gazette that Levine's denial \"had little effect\". On March 12, 2018, the Met announced that it had fired Levine.", "On March 12, 2018, the Met announced that it had fired Levine. Its investigation found Levine had \"engaged in sexually abusive and harassing conduct towards vulnerable artists in the early stages of their careers\".", "Its investigation found Levine had \"engaged in sexually abusive and harassing conduct towards vulnerable artists in the early stages of their careers\". Levine sued the Metropolitan Opera in New York State Supreme Court for breach of contract and defamation on March 15, 2018, three days after the company fired him, seeking more than $5.8 million in damages.", "Levine sued the Metropolitan Opera in New York State Supreme Court for breach of contract and defamation on March 15, 2018, three days after the company fired him, seeking more than $5.8 million in damages. The Met denied Levine's allegations.", "The Met denied Levine's allegations. A year later, a New York State Supreme Court judge dismissed most of Levine's claims, but ruled that the Met and its attorney had made defamatory statements. The Metropolitan Opera and Levine announced a settlement on undisclosed terms in August 2019.", "The Metropolitan Opera and Levine announced a settlement on undisclosed terms in August 2019. In September 2020, the size of the payout was indirectly exposed by annual disclosure statements required for nonprofits; Levine had received $3.5 million in the settlement.", "In September 2020, the size of the payout was indirectly exposed by annual disclosure statements required for nonprofits; Levine had received $3.5 million in the settlement. It is speculated that he was able to negotiate such a large settlement due to the lack of a morals clause in his contract with the Met.", "It is speculated that he was able to negotiate such a large settlement due to the lack of a morals clause in his contract with the Met. Recordings and film Levine made many audio and video recordings. He recorded extensively with many orchestras, and especially often with the Metropolitan Opera.", "He recorded extensively with many orchestras, and especially often with the Metropolitan Opera. His performance of Aida with Leontyne Price, her last in opera, was preserved on video and may be seen at the Met's own online archive of performances. Of particular note are his performances of Wagner's complete Der Ring des Nibelungen.", "Of particular note are his performances of Wagner's complete Der Ring des Nibelungen. A studio recording made for Deutsche Grammophon from 1987 to 1989 is on compact disc, and a 1989 live performance of the Ring is available on DVD.", "A studio recording made for Deutsche Grammophon from 1987 to 1989 is on compact disc, and a 1989 live performance of the Ring is available on DVD. He also appears on several dozen albums as a pianist, collaborating with such singers as Jessye Norman, Kathleen Battle, Christa Ludwig, and Dawn Upshaw, as well as performing the chamber music of Franz Schubert and Francis Poulenc, among others.", "He also appears on several dozen albums as a pianist, collaborating with such singers as Jessye Norman, Kathleen Battle, Christa Ludwig, and Dawn Upshaw, as well as performing the chamber music of Franz Schubert and Francis Poulenc, among others. Levine was featured in the animated Disney film Fantasia 2000.", "Levine was featured in the animated Disney film Fantasia 2000. He conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in the soundtrack recordings of all the music in the film (with the exception of one segment from the original 1940 Fantasia).", "He conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in the soundtrack recordings of all the music in the film (with the exception of one segment from the original 1940 Fantasia). Levine is also seen in the film talking briefly with Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck, just as his predecessor Leopold Stokowski did in the original film.", "Levine is also seen in the film talking briefly with Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck, just as his predecessor Leopold Stokowski did in the original film. Discography Marilyn Horne: Divas in Song (1994), RCA Victor Red Seal CD, 09026-62547-2 Videography Mozart: Idomeneo (1982), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4234 The Metropolitan Opera Centennial Gala (1983), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4538 The Metropolitan Opera Gala 1991, Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4582 James Levine's 25th Anniversary Metropolitan Opera Gala (1996), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, B0004602-09 Honors Among the awards listed in his Met biography are: 1980 – Manhattan Cultural Award 1982 – first of eight Grammy Awards 1984 – Named \"Musician of the Year\" by Musical America 1986 – Smetana Medal (presented by the former Czechoslovakia) 1997 – National Medal of Arts 1999 – Wilhelm Furtwängler Prize from the Committee for Cultural Advancement of Baden-Baden, Germany 2003 – Kennedy Center Honors 2005 – Award for Distinguished Service to the Arts from the American Academy of Arts and Letters 2006 – Opera News Award 2009 – Award in the Vocal Arts from Bard College 2009 – Ditson Conductors Award from Columbia University 2010 – National Endowment for the Arts Opera Honoree 2010 – George Peabody Award from Peabody Conservatory at Johns Hopkins University 2010 – elected an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters In addition, his biography says Levine has received honorary doctorates from the University of Cincinnati, the New England Conservatory of Music, Northwestern University, the State University of New York, and the Juilliard School.", "Discography Marilyn Horne: Divas in Song (1994), RCA Victor Red Seal CD, 09026-62547-2 Videography Mozart: Idomeneo (1982), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4234 The Metropolitan Opera Centennial Gala (1983), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4538 The Metropolitan Opera Gala 1991, Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4582 James Levine's 25th Anniversary Metropolitan Opera Gala (1996), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, B0004602-09 Honors Among the awards listed in his Met biography are: 1980 – Manhattan Cultural Award 1982 – first of eight Grammy Awards 1984 – Named \"Musician of the Year\" by Musical America 1986 – Smetana Medal (presented by the former Czechoslovakia) 1997 – National Medal of Arts 1999 – Wilhelm Furtwängler Prize from the Committee for Cultural Advancement of Baden-Baden, Germany 2003 – Kennedy Center Honors 2005 – Award for Distinguished Service to the Arts from the American Academy of Arts and Letters 2006 – Opera News Award 2009 – Award in the Vocal Arts from Bard College 2009 – Ditson Conductors Award from Columbia University 2010 – National Endowment for the Arts Opera Honoree 2010 – George Peabody Award from Peabody Conservatory at Johns Hopkins University 2010 – elected an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters In addition, his biography says Levine has received honorary doctorates from the University of Cincinnati, the New England Conservatory of Music, Northwestern University, the State University of New York, and the Juilliard School. On May 3, 2018, SUNY revoked Levine's honorary doctorate in response to the sexual abuse allegations against him.", "On May 3, 2018, SUNY revoked Levine's honorary doctorate in response to the sexual abuse allegations against him. References External links 1943 births 2021 deaths 20th-century American conductors (music) 20th-century American pianists 20th-century American male musicians 20th-century classical pianists 21st-century American conductors (music) 21st-century American male musicians 21st-century American pianists 21st-century classical pianists American classical pianists American male conductors (music) American male pianists Aspen Music Festival and School alumni Conductors of the Metropolitan Opera Deutsche Grammophon artists Grammy Award winners Jewish American classical musicians Jewish classical pianists Juilliard School alumni Kennedy Center honorees Male classical pianists Metropolitan Opera people Music directors (opera) Musicians from Cincinnati Musicians from New York City Oehms Classics artists People stripped of honorary degrees People with Parkinson's disease United States National Medal of Arts recipients 21st-century American Jews" ]

[ "James Levine", "Metropolitan Opera", "When did he first perform at the Metropolitan Opera?", "Levine made his Metropolitan Opera (the \"Met\") debut at age 28 on June 5, 1971,", "What did he perform?", "conductor" ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "James Lawrence Levine (; June 23, 1943 – March 9, 2021) was an American conductor and pianist. He was music director of the Metropolitan Opera (the \"Met\") from 1976 to 2016.", "He was music director of the Metropolitan Opera (the \"Met\") from 1976 to 2016. He was formally terminated from all his positions and affiliations with the Met on March 12, 2018, over sexual misconduct allegations, which he denied.", "He was formally terminated from all his positions and affiliations with the Met on March 12, 2018, over sexual misconduct allegations, which he denied. Levine held leadership positions with the Ravinia Festival, the Munich Philharmonic, and the Boston Symphony Orchestra.", "Levine held leadership positions with the Ravinia Festival, the Munich Philharmonic, and the Boston Symphony Orchestra. In 1980 he started the Lindemann Young Artists Development Program, and trained singers, conductors, and musicians for professional careers.", "In 1980 he started the Lindemann Young Artists Development Program, and trained singers, conductors, and musicians for professional careers. After taking an almost two-year health-related hiatus from conducting from 2011 to 2013, during which time he held artistic and administrative planning sessions at the Met, and led training of the Lindemann Young Artists, Levine retired as the Met's full-time Music Director following the 2015–16 season to become Music Director Emeritus.", "After taking an almost two-year health-related hiatus from conducting from 2011 to 2013, during which time he held artistic and administrative planning sessions at the Met, and led training of the Lindemann Young Artists, Levine retired as the Met's full-time Music Director following the 2015–16 season to become Music Director Emeritus. Early years and personal life Levine was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, to a Jewish, musical family.", "Early years and personal life Levine was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, to a Jewish, musical family. His maternal grandfather was a composer and a cantor in a synagogue; his father, Lawrence, was a violinist who led dance bands under the name \"Larry Lee\" before entering his father's clothing business; and his mother, Helen Goldstein Levine, was briefly an actress on Broadway, performing as \"Helen Golden\".", "His maternal grandfather was a composer and a cantor in a synagogue; his father, Lawrence, was a violinist who led dance bands under the name \"Larry Lee\" before entering his father's clothing business; and his mother, Helen Goldstein Levine, was briefly an actress on Broadway, performing as \"Helen Golden\". He had a brother, Tom, who was two years younger, who followed him to New York City from Cincinnati in 1974, and with whom he was very close.", "He had a brother, Tom, who was two years younger, who followed him to New York City from Cincinnati in 1974, and with whom he was very close. He employed Tom as his business assistant, looking after his affairs, arranging his rehearsal schedules, fielding queries, scouting out places to live, meeting with accountants, and accompanying Levine on trips to Europe.", "He employed Tom as his business assistant, looking after his affairs, arranging his rehearsal schedules, fielding queries, scouting out places to live, meeting with accountants, and accompanying Levine on trips to Europe. Tom was also a painter. He also had a younger sister, Janet, who is a marriage counselor.", "He also had a younger sister, Janet, who is a marriage counselor. He began to play the piano as a small child. On February 21, 1954, at age 10, Levine made his concert debut as soloist playing Felix Mendelssohn's Piano Concerto No. 2 at a youth concert of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra in Ohio.", "2 at a youth concert of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra in Ohio. Levine subsequently studied music with Walter Levin, first violinist in the LaSalle Quartet. In 1956 he took piano lessons with Rudolf Serkin at the Marlboro Music School in Vermont. The next year he began to study piano with Rosina Lhévinne at the Aspen Music School.", "The next year he began to study piano with Rosina Lhévinne at the Aspen Music School. He graduated from Walnut Hills High School, a magnet school in Cincinnati. He entered the Juilliard School of Music in New York City in 1961, and took courses in conducting with Jean Morel.", "He entered the Juilliard School of Music in New York City in 1961, and took courses in conducting with Jean Morel. He graduated from Juilliard in 1964, and joined the American Conductors project connected with the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra. Levine lived in The San Remo on Central Park West in New York City.", "Levine lived in The San Remo on Central Park West in New York City. Career Early career From 1964 to 1965, Levine served as an apprentice to George Szell with the Cleveland Orchestra. He then served as the Orchestra's assistant conductor until 1970.", "He then served as the Orchestra's assistant conductor until 1970. That year, he also made debuts as guest conductor with the Philadelphia Orchestra at its summer home at Robin Hood Dell, the Welsh National Opera, and the San Francisco Opera. From 1965 to 1972 he concurrently taught at the Cleveland Institute of Music.", "From 1965 to 1972 he concurrently taught at the Cleveland Institute of Music. In the summers, he worked at the Meadow Brook School of Music in Michigan and at the Ravinia Festival in Highland Park, Illinois, the summer home of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.", "In the summers, he worked at the Meadow Brook School of Music in Michigan and at the Ravinia Festival in Highland Park, Illinois, the summer home of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. During that time, the charismatic Levine developed a devoted following of young musicians and music lovers.", "During that time, the charismatic Levine developed a devoted following of young musicians and music lovers. In June 1971, Levine was called in at the last moment to substitute for István Kertész, to lead the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and Chorus in Mahler's Second Symphony for the Ravinia Festival's opening concert of their 36th season.", "In June 1971, Levine was called in at the last moment to substitute for István Kertész, to lead the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and Chorus in Mahler's Second Symphony for the Ravinia Festival's opening concert of their 36th season. This concert began a long association with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.", "This concert began a long association with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. From 1973 to 1993 he was music director of the Ravinia Festival, succeeding the late Kertész.", "From 1973 to 1993 he was music director of the Ravinia Festival, succeeding the late Kertész. He made numerous recordings with the orchestra, including the symphonies and German Requiem of Johannes Brahms, and major works of Gershwin, Holst, Berg, Beethoven, Mozart, and others.", "He made numerous recordings with the orchestra, including the symphonies and German Requiem of Johannes Brahms, and major works of Gershwin, Holst, Berg, Beethoven, Mozart, and others. In 1990, at the request of Roy E. Disney, he arranged the music and conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and Chorus in the soundtrack of Fantasia 2000, released by Walt Disney Pictures.", "In 1990, at the request of Roy E. Disney, he arranged the music and conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and Chorus in the soundtrack of Fantasia 2000, released by Walt Disney Pictures. From 1974 to 1978, Levine also served as music director of the Cincinnati May Festival.", "From 1974 to 1978, Levine also served as music director of the Cincinnati May Festival. Metropolitan Opera Levine made his Metropolitan Opera debut a few weeks before he turned 28, on June 5, 1971, leading a June Festival performance of Puccini's Tosca.", "Metropolitan Opera Levine made his Metropolitan Opera debut a few weeks before he turned 28, on June 5, 1971, leading a June Festival performance of Puccini's Tosca. After further appearances with the company, he was named its principal conductor in February 1972. He became its music director in 1975.", "He became its music director in 1975. In 1983, he served as conductor and musical director for the Franco Zeffirelli screen adaptation of Verdi's La Traviata, which featured the Met orchestra and chorus members. He became the company's first artistic director in 1986, and relinquished the title in 2004.", "He became the company's first artistic director in 1986, and relinquished the title in 2004. In 2005, Levine's combined salary from the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the Met made him the highest-paid conductor in the country, at $3.5 million.", "In 2005, Levine's combined salary from the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the Met made him the highest-paid conductor in the country, at $3.5 million. During Levine's tenure, the Metropolitan Opera orchestra expanded its activities into recording and concert series for the orchestra and chamber ensembles from the orchestra at Carnegie Hall.", "During Levine's tenure, the Metropolitan Opera orchestra expanded its activities into recording and concert series for the orchestra and chamber ensembles from the orchestra at Carnegie Hall. Levine led the Metropolitan Opera on many domestic and international tours.", "Levine led the Metropolitan Opera on many domestic and international tours. For the 25th anniversary of his Met debut, Levine conducted the world premiere of John Harbison's The Great Gatsby, commissioned for the occasion.", "For the 25th anniversary of his Met debut, Levine conducted the world premiere of John Harbison's The Great Gatsby, commissioned for the occasion. On his appointment as general manager of the Met, Peter Gelb emphasized that Levine was welcome to remain as long as he wanted to direct music there.", "On his appointment as general manager of the Met, Peter Gelb emphasized that Levine was welcome to remain as long as he wanted to direct music there. Levine was paid $2.1 million by the Met in 2010.", "Levine was paid $2.1 million by the Met in 2010. Following a series of injuries that began with a fall, Levine's health problems led to his withdrawal from many Metropolitan Opera engagements. After a May 2011 performance of Wagner's Die Walküre, Levine formally withdrew from all engagements at the Met.", "After a May 2011 performance of Wagner's Die Walküre, Levine formally withdrew from all engagements at the Met. After two years of physical therapy, he returned to conducting with a May 2013 concert with the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra at Carnegie Hall.", "After two years of physical therapy, he returned to conducting with a May 2013 concert with the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra at Carnegie Hall. On September 25, 2013, Levine conducted his first Met performance since May 2011, in a revival production of Mozart's Così fan tutte.", "On September 25, 2013, Levine conducted his first Met performance since May 2011, in a revival production of Mozart's Così fan tutte. He was scheduled to conduct three productions at the opera house and three at Carnegie Hall in the 2013–14 season.", "He was scheduled to conduct three productions at the opera house and three at Carnegie Hall in the 2013–14 season. On April 14, 2016, Met management announced that Levine would step down from his position as music director at the end of the 2015–16 season. Levine was paid $1.8 million by the Met for the 2015–16 season.", "Levine was paid $1.8 million by the Met for the 2015–16 season. He assumed the new title of Music Director Emeritus, which he held until December 2017, when in the wake of allegations that Levine had sexually abused four young men, the Met suspended its relationship with him and canceled all his scheduled performances with the company.", "He assumed the new title of Music Director Emeritus, which he held until December 2017, when in the wake of allegations that Levine had sexually abused four young men, the Met suspended its relationship with him and canceled all his scheduled performances with the company. Boston Symphony Orchestra Levine first conducted the Boston Symphony Orchestra (BSO) in April 1972.", "Boston Symphony Orchestra Levine first conducted the Boston Symphony Orchestra (BSO) in April 1972. In October 2001, he was named its music director effective with the 2004–05 season, with an initial contract of five years, becoming the first American-born conductor to head the BSO.", "In October 2001, he was named its music director effective with the 2004–05 season, with an initial contract of five years, becoming the first American-born conductor to head the BSO. One unique condition that Levine negotiated was increased flexibility of the time allotted for rehearsal, allowing the orchestra additional time to prepare more challenging works.", "One unique condition that Levine negotiated was increased flexibility of the time allotted for rehearsal, allowing the orchestra additional time to prepare more challenging works. After the start of his tenure, the orchestra also established an \"Artistic Initiative Fund\" of about $40 million to fund the more expensive of his projects.", "After the start of his tenure, the orchestra also established an \"Artistic Initiative Fund\" of about $40 million to fund the more expensive of his projects. One criticism of Levine during his BSO tenure is that he did not attend many orchestra auditions.", "One criticism of Levine during his BSO tenure is that he did not attend many orchestra auditions. A 2005 article reported that he had attended two out of 16 auditions during his tenure up to that time.", "A 2005 article reported that he had attended two out of 16 auditions during his tenure up to that time. Levine responded that he has the ability to provide input on musician tenure decisions after the initial probationary period, and that it is difficult to know how well a given player will fit the given position until that person has had a chance to work with the orchestra: \"My message is the audition isn't everything.\"", "Levine responded that he has the ability to provide input on musician tenure decisions after the initial probationary period, and that it is difficult to know how well a given player will fit the given position until that person has had a chance to work with the orchestra: \"My message is the audition isn't everything.\" Another 2005 report stated that during Levine's first season as music director, the greater workload from the demands of playing more unfamiliar and contemporary music had increased physical stress on some of the BSO musicians.", "Another 2005 report stated that during Levine's first season as music director, the greater workload from the demands of playing more unfamiliar and contemporary music had increased physical stress on some of the BSO musicians. Levine and the players met to discuss this, and he agreed to program changes to lessen these demands.", "Levine and the players met to discuss this, and he agreed to program changes to lessen these demands. He received general critical praise for revitalizing the orchestra's quality and repertoire since the beginning of his tenure.", "He received general critical praise for revitalizing the orchestra's quality and repertoire since the beginning of his tenure. Levine experienced ongoing health problems, starting with an onstage fall in 2006 that resulted in a torn rotator cuff and started discussion of how long Levine's tenure with the BSO would last.", "Levine experienced ongoing health problems, starting with an onstage fall in 2006 that resulted in a torn rotator cuff and started discussion of how long Levine's tenure with the BSO would last. In April 2010, in the wake of his continuing health problems, it emerged that Levine had not officially signed a contract extension, so that he was the BSO's music director without a signed contract.", "In April 2010, in the wake of his continuing health problems, it emerged that Levine had not officially signed a contract extension, so that he was the BSO's music director without a signed contract. On March 2, 2011, the BSO announced Levine's resignation as music director effective September 2011, after the Orchestra's Tanglewood season.", "On March 2, 2011, the BSO announced Levine's resignation as music director effective September 2011, after the Orchestra's Tanglewood season. Working on a commission from Levine and the BSO, the composer John Harbison dedicated his Symphony No.", "Working on a commission from Levine and the BSO, the composer John Harbison dedicated his Symphony No. 6 \"in friendship and gratitude\" to him, whose premature departure from the orchestra prevented him from conducting the premiere.", "6 \"in friendship and gratitude\" to him, whose premature departure from the orchestra prevented him from conducting the premiere. After allegations of his abusing a number of young men came out in December 2017 the BSO said Levine \"will never be employed or contracted by the BSO at any time in the future\".", "After allegations of his abusing a number of young men came out in December 2017 the BSO said Levine \"will never be employed or contracted by the BSO at any time in the future\". Conducting in Europe Levine's BSO contract limited his guest appearances with American orchestras, but he still conducted regularly in Europe, with the Vienna Philharmonic, Berlin Philharmonic, and at the Bayreuth Festival.", "Conducting in Europe Levine's BSO contract limited his guest appearances with American orchestras, but he still conducted regularly in Europe, with the Vienna Philharmonic, Berlin Philharmonic, and at the Bayreuth Festival. Levine was a regular guest with the Philharmonia of London and the Staatskapelle Dresden.", "Levine was a regular guest with the Philharmonia of London and the Staatskapelle Dresden. Beginning in 1975 he conducted regularly at the Salzburg Festival and the annual July Verbier Festival. From 1999 to 2004, he was chief conductor of the Munich Philharmonic, and was credited with improving the quality of instrumental ensemble during his tenure.", "From 1999 to 2004, he was chief conductor of the Munich Philharmonic, and was credited with improving the quality of instrumental ensemble during his tenure. Work with students Levine initiated the Lindemann Young Artists Development Program at the Metropolitan Opera in 1980, a professional training program for graduated singers with, today, many famous alumni.", "Work with students Levine initiated the Lindemann Young Artists Development Program at the Metropolitan Opera in 1980, a professional training program for graduated singers with, today, many famous alumni. Levine was conductor of the UBS Verbier Festival Orchestra, the student resident orchestra at the annual summer music festival in Verbier, Switzerland, from 1999 through 2006.", "Levine was conductor of the UBS Verbier Festival Orchestra, the student resident orchestra at the annual summer music festival in Verbier, Switzerland, from 1999 through 2006. It was Levine's first long-term commitment to a student orchestra since becoming music director at the Met.", "It was Levine's first long-term commitment to a student orchestra since becoming music director at the Met. After becoming music director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, Levine also served as music director of the Tanglewood Music Center, the BSO's acclaimed summer academy at Tanglewood for student instrumentalists, singers, composers, and conductors.", "After becoming music director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, Levine also served as music director of the Tanglewood Music Center, the BSO's acclaimed summer academy at Tanglewood for student instrumentalists, singers, composers, and conductors. There he conducted the Tanglewood Music Center Orchestra, directed fully staged opera performances with student singers, and gave master classes for singers and conductors.", "There he conducted the Tanglewood Music Center Orchestra, directed fully staged opera performances with student singers, and gave master classes for singers and conductors. Levine said in an interview: At my age, you are naturally inclined towards teaching.", "Levine said in an interview: At my age, you are naturally inclined towards teaching. You want to teach what you have learned to the next generation so that they don't have to spend time reinventing the wheel. I was lucky that I met the right mentors and teachers at the right moment.", "I was lucky that I met the right mentors and teachers at the right moment. I love working with young musicians and singers, and those at the Tanglewood Music Center are unequivocally some of the finest and most talented in the world. He continued to work with young students even when his health issues kept him from conducting.", "He continued to work with young students even when his health issues kept him from conducting. He was awarded the Lotus Award (\"for inspiration to young musicians\") from Young Concert Artists.", "He was awarded the Lotus Award (\"for inspiration to young musicians\") from Young Concert Artists. Anthony Tommasini wrote in The New York Times in 2016: \"The aspiring singers in the Met's young artist development program, one of many important ventures Mr. Levine started, must understand how lucky they are to have, as a teacher and mentor, a musician who even in his 20s worked at the Met with giants like Jon Vickers and Renata Tebaldi.\"", "Anthony Tommasini wrote in The New York Times in 2016: \"The aspiring singers in the Met's young artist development program, one of many important ventures Mr. Levine started, must understand how lucky they are to have, as a teacher and mentor, a musician who even in his 20s worked at the Met with giants like Jon Vickers and Renata Tebaldi.\" Health problems and death Levine experienced recurrent health issues beginning in 2006, including sciatica and what he called \"intermittent tremors\".", "Health problems and death Levine experienced recurrent health issues beginning in 2006, including sciatica and what he called \"intermittent tremors\". On March 1, 2006, he tripped and fell onstage during a standing ovation after a performance with the Boston Symphony Orchestra and tore the rotator cuff in his right shoulder, leaving the remaining subscription concerts in Boston to his assistant conductor at the time.", "On March 1, 2006, he tripped and fell onstage during a standing ovation after a performance with the Boston Symphony Orchestra and tore the rotator cuff in his right shoulder, leaving the remaining subscription concerts in Boston to his assistant conductor at the time. Later that month, Levine underwent surgery to repair the injury.", "Later that month, Levine underwent surgery to repair the injury. He returned to the podium on July 7, 2006. Levine withdrew from the majority of the Tanglewood 2008 summer season because of surgery required to remove a kidney with a malignant cyst. He returned to the podium in Boston on September 24, 2008, at Symphony Hall.", "He returned to the podium in Boston on September 24, 2008, at Symphony Hall. On September 29, 2009, it was announced that Levine would undergo emergency back surgery for a herniated disk. He missed three weeks of engagements.", "He missed three weeks of engagements. In March 2010, the BSO announced that Levine would miss the remainder of the Boston Symphony season because of back pain. The Met also announced, on April 4, 2010, that he was withdrawing from the remainder of his performances for the season.", "The Met also announced, on April 4, 2010, that he was withdrawing from the remainder of his performances for the season. According to the Met, Levine was required to have \"corrective surgery for an ongoing lower back problem\".", "According to the Met, Levine was required to have \"corrective surgery for an ongoing lower back problem\". He returned to conducting at the Met and the BSO at the beginning of the 2010–11 season, but in February 2011 canceled his Boston engagements for the rest of the season.", "He returned to conducting at the Met and the BSO at the beginning of the 2010–11 season, but in February 2011 canceled his Boston engagements for the rest of the season. In the summer of 2011, Levine underwent further surgery on his back.", "In the summer of 2011, Levine underwent further surgery on his back. In September 2011, after he fell down a flight of stairs, fractured his spine, and injured his back while on vacation in Vermont, the Met announced that he would not conduct at the Met at least for the rest of 2011.", "In September 2011, after he fell down a flight of stairs, fractured his spine, and injured his back while on vacation in Vermont, the Met announced that he would not conduct at the Met at least for the rest of 2011. After two years of surgery and physical therapy, Levine returned to conducting for the first time on May 19, 2013, in a concert with the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra at Carnegie Hall.", "After two years of surgery and physical therapy, Levine returned to conducting for the first time on May 19, 2013, in a concert with the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra at Carnegie Hall. Levine conducted from a motorized wheelchair, with a special platform designed to accommodate it, which could rise and descend like an elevator.", "Levine conducted from a motorized wheelchair, with a special platform designed to accommodate it, which could rise and descend like an elevator. He returned to the Met on September 24, 2013. The same type of platform was present in the Met orchestra pit for his September 2013 return performance.", "The same type of platform was present in the Met orchestra pit for his September 2013 return performance. For many years, both Levine and the Met denied as unfounded the rumors that Levine had Parkinson's disease.", "For many years, both Levine and the Met denied as unfounded the rumors that Levine had Parkinson's disease. As New York magazine reported: \"The conductor states flatly that the condition is not Parkinson's disease, as people had speculated in 'that silly Times piece.'\"", "As New York magazine reported: \"The conductor states flatly that the condition is not Parkinson's disease, as people had speculated in 'that silly Times piece.'\" But in 2016 both he and the Met finally admitted that the rumors were true, and that Levine had in fact had the disease since 1994.", "But in 2016 both he and the Met finally admitted that the rumors were true, and that Levine had in fact had the disease since 1994. The Washington Post noted: \"It wasn't just the illnesses, but the constant alternation between concealment and an excess of revelation that kept so much attention focused on them and away from the music.\"", "The Washington Post noted: \"It wasn't just the illnesses, but the constant alternation between concealment and an excess of revelation that kept so much attention focused on them and away from the music.\" Levine died in his Palm Springs home on March 9, 2021.", "Levine died in his Palm Springs home on March 9, 2021. Len Horovitz, his personal physician, announced Levine's death on March 17 and said that he had died of natural causes.", "Len Horovitz, his personal physician, announced Levine's death on March 17 and said that he had died of natural causes. Sexual assault allegations Four men accused Levine of sexually molesting them (starting when they were 16, 17, 17, and 20 years old), from the 1960s to the 1990s.", "Sexual assault allegations Four men accused Levine of sexually molesting them (starting when they were 16, 17, 17, and 20 years old), from the 1960s to the 1990s. On December 2, 2017, it was publicly revealed that an October 2016 police report detailed that Levine had allegedly sexually molested a male teenager for years.", "On December 2, 2017, it was publicly revealed that an October 2016 police report detailed that Levine had allegedly sexually molested a male teenager for years. The alleged sexual abuse began while Levine was guest conductor at the Ravinia Festival, outside Chicago, where Levine was music director for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra's summer residencies from 1973 to 1993.", "The alleged sexual abuse began while Levine was guest conductor at the Ravinia Festival, outside Chicago, where Levine was music director for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra's summer residencies from 1973 to 1993. One accuser said that in the summer of 1968, when he was a 17-year-old high school student attending Meadow Brook School of Music in Michigan, Levine (then a 25-year-old faculty member) had sexual contact with a student.", "One accuser said that in the summer of 1968, when he was a 17-year-old high school student attending Meadow Brook School of Music in Michigan, Levine (then a 25-year-old faculty member) had sexual contact with a student. When he next saw Levine, the accuser told him that he would not repeat the sexual behavior, but asked if they could continue to make music as they had before; Levine said no.", "When he next saw Levine, the accuser told him that he would not repeat the sexual behavior, but asked if they could continue to make music as they had before; Levine said no. The accuser later played bass in the St. Paul Chamber Orchestra for decades and became a professor.", "The accuser later played bass in the St. Paul Chamber Orchestra for decades and became a professor. A second accuser said that that same summer, Levine had sexual contact with a 17-year-old student and that Levine then initiated with the teenager a number of sexual encounters that have since haunted him.", "A second accuser said that that same summer, Levine had sexual contact with a 17-year-old student and that Levine then initiated with the teenager a number of sexual encounters that have since haunted him. He said (and another male corroborated, on the condition of anonymity) that the next year, in Cleveland, where Levine was an assistant conductor of the Cleveland Orchestra, Levine on several occasions had sexual contact with that student and other students.", "He said (and another male corroborated, on the condition of anonymity) that the next year, in Cleveland, where Levine was an assistant conductor of the Cleveland Orchestra, Levine on several occasions had sexual contact with that student and other students. A third accuser, a violinist and pianist who grew up in Illinois near the Ravinia Music Festival, a summer program for aspiring musicians of which Levine was music director from 1971 to 1993, said Levine sexually abused him beginning when the accuser was 16 years old (and Levine was in his 40s) in 1986.", "A third accuser, a violinist and pianist who grew up in Illinois near the Ravinia Music Festival, a summer program for aspiring musicians of which Levine was music director from 1971 to 1993, said Levine sexually abused him beginning when the accuser was 16 years old (and Levine was in his 40s) in 1986. He had previously detailed his accusation in 2016 in a report to the Lake Forest Police Department in Illinois.", "He had previously detailed his accusation in 2016 in a report to the Lake Forest Police Department in Illinois. On December 8, the department announced that Levine could not be charged criminally in Illinois because the accuser was 16 years old at the time, and while today a 16-year-old is not considered old enough to consent to such conduct in Illinois (he must be 17, or 18 in cases in which the suspect is in a position of trust, authority, or supervision in relation to the victim), at the time that was the statutory age of consent.", "On December 8, the department announced that Levine could not be charged criminally in Illinois because the accuser was 16 years old at the time, and while today a 16-year-old is not considered old enough to consent to such conduct in Illinois (he must be 17, or 18 in cases in which the suspect is in a position of trust, authority, or supervision in relation to the victim), at the time that was the statutory age of consent. The department noted: \"we are bound to apply the law that was in effect at the time the allegations occurred rather than the law as it currently exists.\"", "The department noted: \"we are bound to apply the law that was in effect at the time the allegations occurred rather than the law as it currently exists.\" On December 4, a fourth man, who later had a long career as a violinist in the New Jersey Symphony Orchestra, said he had been abused by Levine beginning in 1968, when he was 20 years old and attending the Meadow Brook School of Music.", "On December 4, a fourth man, who later had a long career as a violinist in the New Jersey Symphony Orchestra, said he had been abused by Levine beginning in 1968, when he was 20 years old and attending the Meadow Brook School of Music. Levine was a teacher in the summer program.", "Levine was a teacher in the summer program. Reactions The New York Times said that the Met had known of at least one sexual abuse allegation as early as 1979, but dismissed it as baseless.", "Reactions The New York Times said that the Met had known of at least one sexual abuse allegation as early as 1979, but dismissed it as baseless. Furthermore, the Met (including its General Manager Peter Gelb, who was contacted directly by a police detective about the allegations in October 2016) had been aware of both the third accuser's abuse allegations since they were made in the 2016 police report, and of the attendant police investigation.", "Furthermore, the Met (including its General Manager Peter Gelb, who was contacted directly by a police detective about the allegations in October 2016) had been aware of both the third accuser's abuse allegations since they were made in the 2016 police report, and of the attendant police investigation. But the Met did not suspend Levine or launch an investigation of its own until over a year later, in December 2017.", "But the Met did not suspend Levine or launch an investigation of its own until over a year later, in December 2017. In response to the December 2017 news article, the Met announced that it would investigate the sexual abuse allegations dating to the 1980s that were set forth in the 2016 police report.", "In response to the December 2017 news article, the Met announced that it would investigate the sexual abuse allegations dating to the 1980s that were set forth in the 2016 police report. On December 3, after two additional males came forward with allegations of abuse, the Met suspended its ties with Levine, and canceled all upcoming engagements with him.", "On December 3, after two additional males came forward with allegations of abuse, the Met suspended its ties with Levine, and canceled all upcoming engagements with him. A fourth accuser came forward the following day.", "A fourth accuser came forward the following day. For its part, the Ravinia Festival, in April 2017, six months after the criminal investigation of Levine began, created an honorific title for Levine—\"Conductor Laureate\"—and signed him to a five-year renewable contract to begin in 2018.", "For its part, the Ravinia Festival, in April 2017, six months after the criminal investigation of Levine began, created an honorific title for Levine—\"Conductor Laureate\"—and signed him to a five-year renewable contract to begin in 2018. On December 4, 2017, the Ravinia Festival severed all ties with Levine, and terminated his five-year contract to lead the Chicago Symphony there.", "On December 4, 2017, the Ravinia Festival severed all ties with Levine, and terminated his five-year contract to lead the Chicago Symphony there. The Boston Symphony Orchestra said Levine \"will never be employed or contracted by the BSO at any time in the future\".", "The Boston Symphony Orchestra said Levine \"will never be employed or contracted by the BSO at any time in the future\". The Juilliard School, where Levine had studied, replaced him in a February 2018 performance where he was scheduled to lead the Juilliard Orchestra and singers from the Met's Lindemann Young Artist Development Program.", "The Juilliard School, where Levine had studied, replaced him in a February 2018 performance where he was scheduled to lead the Juilliard Orchestra and singers from the Met's Lindemann Young Artist Development Program. On December 5, the Cincinnati May Festival canceled Levine's appearance in May.", "On December 5, the Cincinnati May Festival canceled Levine's appearance in May. On December 7, in New Plymouth, New Zealand, the cinema chain Event Cinemas abruptly cancelled the screening of a Met production of Levine conducting Mozart's Die Zauberflöte.", "On December 7, in New Plymouth, New Zealand, the cinema chain Event Cinemas abruptly cancelled the screening of a Met production of Levine conducting Mozart's Die Zauberflöte. On December 8, Fred Child, host of the classical music radio show Performance Today, wrote that Levine \"is accused of inflicting grievous harm to living members of our musical community.", "On December 8, Fred Child, host of the classical music radio show Performance Today, wrote that Levine \"is accused of inflicting grievous harm to living members of our musical community. Out of respect for these people and their wounds, I choose not to broadcast performances featuring Mr. Levine on the podium.\"", "Out of respect for these people and their wounds, I choose not to broadcast performances featuring Mr. Levine on the podium.\" Classical music blogger, former Village Voice music critic, and Juilliard School faculty member Greg Sandow said he had been contacted by three men over the years who said that Levine had abused them, and that reports of sexual abuse by Levine were \"widely talked about\" for 40 years.", "Classical music blogger, former Village Voice music critic, and Juilliard School faculty member Greg Sandow said he had been contacted by three men over the years who said that Levine had abused them, and that reports of sexual abuse by Levine were \"widely talked about\" for 40 years. Sandow said further: \"Everybody in the classical music business at least since the 1980s has talked about Levine as a sex abuser.", "Sandow said further: \"Everybody in the classical music business at least since the 1980s has talked about Levine as a sex abuser. The investigation should have been done decades ago.\"", "The investigation should have been done decades ago.\" Pulitzer Prize-winning music critic Justin Davidson mused on the culture website of New York magazine, \"James Levine's career has clearly ended\" and \"I'm not sure the Met can survive Levine's disgrace.\"", "Pulitzer Prize-winning music critic Justin Davidson mused on the culture website of New York magazine, \"James Levine's career has clearly ended\" and \"I'm not sure the Met can survive Levine's disgrace.\" Similarly, drama critic Terry Teachout of The Wall Street Journal wrote an article called \"The Levine Cataclysm; How allegations against James Levine of sexual misconduct with teenagers could topple the entire Metropolitan Opera\".", "Similarly, drama critic Terry Teachout of The Wall Street Journal wrote an article called \"The Levine Cataclysm; How allegations against James Levine of sexual misconduct with teenagers could topple the entire Metropolitan Opera\". The Washington Post music critic Anne Midgette noted: \"The Met has known about these allegations for at least a year, and are only investigating them now that they are public\", and opined on her Facebook page that the Met has \"quite probably spent years protecting its star conductor from just this kind of allegation\".", "The Washington Post music critic Anne Midgette noted: \"The Met has known about these allegations for at least a year, and are only investigating them now that they are public\", and opined on her Facebook page that the Met has \"quite probably spent years protecting its star conductor from just this kind of allegation\". Music critic Tim Pfaff of the LGBT Bay Area Reporter wrote that The New York Times chief classical music critic Anthony Tommasini had the \"weirdest\" reaction, \"lamenting the ugliness of it all under a...headline, 'Should I Put Away My James Levine Recordings?'", "Music critic Tim Pfaff of the LGBT Bay Area Reporter wrote that The New York Times chief classical music critic Anthony Tommasini had the \"weirdest\" reaction, \"lamenting the ugliness of it all under a...headline, 'Should I Put Away My James Levine Recordings?' His conclusion was that he and his husband...should move those recordings from their living room.\"", "His conclusion was that he and his husband...should move those recordings from their living room.\" The Met orchestra musicians applauded the courage of the four men who came forward with accusations that Levine had abused them.", "The Met orchestra musicians applauded the courage of the four men who came forward with accusations that Levine had abused them. Local 802 of the American Federation of Musicians, which represents the Met's orchestra and Levine, said, \"We are horrified and sickened by the recently reported allegations of sexual abuse by Mr. Levine.\"", "Levine.\" Levine.\" Five days after news of the accusations by the four men broke, Levine spoke about them for the first time, and called them \"unfounded\". The accusers stood by their claims, with one saying, \"I will take a lie-detector test. Will he?\"", "Will he?\" Will he?\" Six days later, music critic Arthur Kaptainis wrote in the Montreal Gazette that Levine's denial \"had little effect\". On March 12, 2018, the Met announced that it had fired Levine.", "On March 12, 2018, the Met announced that it had fired Levine. Its investigation found Levine had \"engaged in sexually abusive and harassing conduct towards vulnerable artists in the early stages of their careers\".", "Its investigation found Levine had \"engaged in sexually abusive and harassing conduct towards vulnerable artists in the early stages of their careers\". Levine sued the Metropolitan Opera in New York State Supreme Court for breach of contract and defamation on March 15, 2018, three days after the company fired him, seeking more than $5.8 million in damages.", "Levine sued the Metropolitan Opera in New York State Supreme Court for breach of contract and defamation on March 15, 2018, three days after the company fired him, seeking more than $5.8 million in damages. The Met denied Levine's allegations.", "The Met denied Levine's allegations. A year later, a New York State Supreme Court judge dismissed most of Levine's claims, but ruled that the Met and its attorney had made defamatory statements. The Metropolitan Opera and Levine announced a settlement on undisclosed terms in August 2019.", "The Metropolitan Opera and Levine announced a settlement on undisclosed terms in August 2019. In September 2020, the size of the payout was indirectly exposed by annual disclosure statements required for nonprofits; Levine had received $3.5 million in the settlement.", "In September 2020, the size of the payout was indirectly exposed by annual disclosure statements required for nonprofits; Levine had received $3.5 million in the settlement. It is speculated that he was able to negotiate such a large settlement due to the lack of a morals clause in his contract with the Met.", "It is speculated that he was able to negotiate such a large settlement due to the lack of a morals clause in his contract with the Met. Recordings and film Levine made many audio and video recordings. He recorded extensively with many orchestras, and especially often with the Metropolitan Opera.", "He recorded extensively with many orchestras, and especially often with the Metropolitan Opera. His performance of Aida with Leontyne Price, her last in opera, was preserved on video and may be seen at the Met's own online archive of performances. Of particular note are his performances of Wagner's complete Der Ring des Nibelungen.", "Of particular note are his performances of Wagner's complete Der Ring des Nibelungen. A studio recording made for Deutsche Grammophon from 1987 to 1989 is on compact disc, and a 1989 live performance of the Ring is available on DVD.", "A studio recording made for Deutsche Grammophon from 1987 to 1989 is on compact disc, and a 1989 live performance of the Ring is available on DVD. He also appears on several dozen albums as a pianist, collaborating with such singers as Jessye Norman, Kathleen Battle, Christa Ludwig, and Dawn Upshaw, as well as performing the chamber music of Franz Schubert and Francis Poulenc, among others.", "He also appears on several dozen albums as a pianist, collaborating with such singers as Jessye Norman, Kathleen Battle, Christa Ludwig, and Dawn Upshaw, as well as performing the chamber music of Franz Schubert and Francis Poulenc, among others. Levine was featured in the animated Disney film Fantasia 2000.", "Levine was featured in the animated Disney film Fantasia 2000. He conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in the soundtrack recordings of all the music in the film (with the exception of one segment from the original 1940 Fantasia).", "He conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in the soundtrack recordings of all the music in the film (with the exception of one segment from the original 1940 Fantasia). Levine is also seen in the film talking briefly with Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck, just as his predecessor Leopold Stokowski did in the original film.", "Levine is also seen in the film talking briefly with Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck, just as his predecessor Leopold Stokowski did in the original film. Discography Marilyn Horne: Divas in Song (1994), RCA Victor Red Seal CD, 09026-62547-2 Videography Mozart: Idomeneo (1982), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4234 The Metropolitan Opera Centennial Gala (1983), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4538 The Metropolitan Opera Gala 1991, Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4582 James Levine's 25th Anniversary Metropolitan Opera Gala (1996), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, B0004602-09 Honors Among the awards listed in his Met biography are: 1980 – Manhattan Cultural Award 1982 – first of eight Grammy Awards 1984 – Named \"Musician of the Year\" by Musical America 1986 – Smetana Medal (presented by the former Czechoslovakia) 1997 – National Medal of Arts 1999 – Wilhelm Furtwängler Prize from the Committee for Cultural Advancement of Baden-Baden, Germany 2003 – Kennedy Center Honors 2005 – Award for Distinguished Service to the Arts from the American Academy of Arts and Letters 2006 – Opera News Award 2009 – Award in the Vocal Arts from Bard College 2009 – Ditson Conductors Award from Columbia University 2010 – National Endowment for the Arts Opera Honoree 2010 – George Peabody Award from Peabody Conservatory at Johns Hopkins University 2010 – elected an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters In addition, his biography says Levine has received honorary doctorates from the University of Cincinnati, the New England Conservatory of Music, Northwestern University, the State University of New York, and the Juilliard School.", "Discography Marilyn Horne: Divas in Song (1994), RCA Victor Red Seal CD, 09026-62547-2 Videography Mozart: Idomeneo (1982), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4234 The Metropolitan Opera Centennial Gala (1983), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4538 The Metropolitan Opera Gala 1991, Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4582 James Levine's 25th Anniversary Metropolitan Opera Gala (1996), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, B0004602-09 Honors Among the awards listed in his Met biography are: 1980 – Manhattan Cultural Award 1982 – first of eight Grammy Awards 1984 – Named \"Musician of the Year\" by Musical America 1986 – Smetana Medal (presented by the former Czechoslovakia) 1997 – National Medal of Arts 1999 – Wilhelm Furtwängler Prize from the Committee for Cultural Advancement of Baden-Baden, Germany 2003 – Kennedy Center Honors 2005 – Award for Distinguished Service to the Arts from the American Academy of Arts and Letters 2006 – Opera News Award 2009 – Award in the Vocal Arts from Bard College 2009 – Ditson Conductors Award from Columbia University 2010 – National Endowment for the Arts Opera Honoree 2010 – George Peabody Award from Peabody Conservatory at Johns Hopkins University 2010 – elected an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters In addition, his biography says Levine has received honorary doctorates from the University of Cincinnati, the New England Conservatory of Music, Northwestern University, the State University of New York, and the Juilliard School. On May 3, 2018, SUNY revoked Levine's honorary doctorate in response to the sexual abuse allegations against him.", "On May 3, 2018, SUNY revoked Levine's honorary doctorate in response to the sexual abuse allegations against him. References External links 1943 births 2021 deaths 20th-century American conductors (music) 20th-century American pianists 20th-century American male musicians 20th-century classical pianists 21st-century American conductors (music) 21st-century American male musicians 21st-century American pianists 21st-century classical pianists American classical pianists American male conductors (music) American male pianists Aspen Music Festival and School alumni Conductors of the Metropolitan Opera Deutsche Grammophon artists Grammy Award winners Jewish American classical musicians Jewish classical pianists Juilliard School alumni Kennedy Center honorees Male classical pianists Metropolitan Opera people Music directors (opera) Musicians from Cincinnati Musicians from New York City Oehms Classics artists People stripped of honorary degrees People with Parkinson's disease United States National Medal of Arts recipients 21st-century American Jews" ]

[ "James Levine", "Metropolitan Opera", "When did he first perform at the Metropolitan Opera?", "Levine made his Metropolitan Opera (the \"Met\") debut at age 28 on June 5, 1971,", "What did he perform?", "conductor", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "allegations that Levine had sexually abused four young men, the Met suspended its relationship with him", "Were charges ever brought to these allegations?", "I don't know.", "What was his role at the Metropolitan Opera?", "he was named principal conductor of the Metropolitan Opera in February 1972. He became the Met's principal conductor in 1973, and its Music Director in 1975." ]

[ "Remember When: The Anthology is a DVD featuring a collection of live performances by Harry Chapin. It features commentary by his children Joshua and Jennifer, as well as his widow Sandy in between some performances. There are eleven performances by Harry, and one by his daughter, Jennifer (I Wonder What Would Happen to This World).\n\nTrack listing\n \"Taxi\"\n \"Mr. Tanner\"\n \"I Wanna Learn a Love Song\"\n \"Remember When the Music\"\n \"W.O.L.D.\"\n \"Story of a Life\"\n \"Cat's in the Cradle\"\n \"Circle\"\n\nDVD Bonus Features\n \"Song for Myself\" – 4:56\n \"Dancin' Boy\" – 4:47\n \"Better Place to Be\" – 13:10\n \"I Wonder What Would Happen to This World\" – 4:25 (Performed by Jen Chapin)\n\nHarry Chapin video albums\n2005 video albums\nLive video albums\n2005 live albums", "List of maritime music festivals is a sortable incomplete list of regularly occurring festivals, throughout the world, which feature or which usually contain significant performances of maritime music, a style of folk music largely based on the sea shanty. This list may have some overlap with list of folk festivals and list of early music festivals.\n\nShanties had antecedents in the working chants of British and other national maritime traditions. They were notably influenced by songs of shanty repertoire borrowed from the contemporary popular music enjoyed by sailors, including minstrel music, popular marches, and land-based folk songs. The music has since appeared at early folk festivals, and by the late 1970s, the activities of enthusiasts and scholar-performers at places like the Mystic Seaport Museum (who initiated an annual Sea Music Festival in 1979) and the San Francisco Maritime Museum established sea music—inclusive of shanties, sea songs, and other maritime music—as a genre with its own circuit of festivals, record labels, performance protocol, and so on. Some of the performances may be held at maritime museums, in conjunction with boat shows or maritime festivals, or at other venues friendly to acoustic music.\n\nThe performances at festivals can take several forms, as shanty performances today reflect a range of musical approaches and tastes. There are performers who favor a \"traditional\" style, who often perform work songs a capella or only with light instrumentation typical of sailors (e.g. concertina). A great many of the performers of shanties do so in what might be distinguished as a \"folk music\" style, often accompanied by guitar and banjo. Still other performers come to shanties from backgrounds in pop, rock, or theatrical music, and perform in what may be called a \"contemporary\" style. Some shanties are performed in a \"classical\" choir style (like the Robert Shaw Chorale).\n\nRelated lists and categories\n\nThe following lists may have some overlap: \n List of music festivals\nList of folk festivals\nList of early music festivals\n List of Celtic festivals\n\nThe following categories are related:\n:Category:Music festivals\n:Category:Maritime music festivals\n:Category:Maritime music\n:Category:Folk festivals\n\nFestivals by location\n\nFestivals by date\nThe following table is a selection of the European event calendar remso.eu - Shanty- festivals with more than 4 performers (groups) only. All reported festival-events up from 3 groups you can find here: 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020. Click on date below to watch participants of that event and listen to some of their songs.\n\nOutdated\n\nGallery\n\nSee also\n\nSea shanty\nList of music festivals\nList of folk festivals\nList of maritime music performers\nList of maritime museums in the United States\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nHart Backbord contains a comprehensive list of forthcoming festivals across the world.\nThe Bitter End contains a comprehensive list of forthcoming festivals across the world.\nshantyfreun.de list of european shanty-choirs and groups.\nThe Event Calendar remso.eu contains a user-edited list of forthcoming maritime music events in Europe, some with audio and video included.\n\nMaritime\n\nMaritime" ]

[ "James Lawrence Levine (; June 23, 1943 – March 9, 2021) was an American conductor and pianist. He was music director of the Metropolitan Opera (the \"Met\") from 1976 to 2016.", "He was music director of the Metropolitan Opera (the \"Met\") from 1976 to 2016. He was formally terminated from all his positions and affiliations with the Met on March 12, 2018, over sexual misconduct allegations, which he denied.", "He was formally terminated from all his positions and affiliations with the Met on March 12, 2018, over sexual misconduct allegations, which he denied. Levine held leadership positions with the Ravinia Festival, the Munich Philharmonic, and the Boston Symphony Orchestra.", "Levine held leadership positions with the Ravinia Festival, the Munich Philharmonic, and the Boston Symphony Orchestra. In 1980 he started the Lindemann Young Artists Development Program, and trained singers, conductors, and musicians for professional careers.", "In 1980 he started the Lindemann Young Artists Development Program, and trained singers, conductors, and musicians for professional careers. After taking an almost two-year health-related hiatus from conducting from 2011 to 2013, during which time he held artistic and administrative planning sessions at the Met, and led training of the Lindemann Young Artists, Levine retired as the Met's full-time Music Director following the 2015–16 season to become Music Director Emeritus.", "After taking an almost two-year health-related hiatus from conducting from 2011 to 2013, during which time he held artistic and administrative planning sessions at the Met, and led training of the Lindemann Young Artists, Levine retired as the Met's full-time Music Director following the 2015–16 season to become Music Director Emeritus. Early years and personal life Levine was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, to a Jewish, musical family.", "Early years and personal life Levine was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, to a Jewish, musical family. His maternal grandfather was a composer and a cantor in a synagogue; his father, Lawrence, was a violinist who led dance bands under the name \"Larry Lee\" before entering his father's clothing business; and his mother, Helen Goldstein Levine, was briefly an actress on Broadway, performing as \"Helen Golden\".", "His maternal grandfather was a composer and a cantor in a synagogue; his father, Lawrence, was a violinist who led dance bands under the name \"Larry Lee\" before entering his father's clothing business; and his mother, Helen Goldstein Levine, was briefly an actress on Broadway, performing as \"Helen Golden\". He had a brother, Tom, who was two years younger, who followed him to New York City from Cincinnati in 1974, and with whom he was very close.", "He had a brother, Tom, who was two years younger, who followed him to New York City from Cincinnati in 1974, and with whom he was very close. He employed Tom as his business assistant, looking after his affairs, arranging his rehearsal schedules, fielding queries, scouting out places to live, meeting with accountants, and accompanying Levine on trips to Europe.", "He employed Tom as his business assistant, looking after his affairs, arranging his rehearsal schedules, fielding queries, scouting out places to live, meeting with accountants, and accompanying Levine on trips to Europe. Tom was also a painter. He also had a younger sister, Janet, who is a marriage counselor.", "He also had a younger sister, Janet, who is a marriage counselor. He began to play the piano as a small child. On February 21, 1954, at age 10, Levine made his concert debut as soloist playing Felix Mendelssohn's Piano Concerto No. 2 at a youth concert of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra in Ohio.", "2 at a youth concert of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra in Ohio. Levine subsequently studied music with Walter Levin, first violinist in the LaSalle Quartet. In 1956 he took piano lessons with Rudolf Serkin at the Marlboro Music School in Vermont. The next year he began to study piano with Rosina Lhévinne at the Aspen Music School.", "The next year he began to study piano with Rosina Lhévinne at the Aspen Music School. He graduated from Walnut Hills High School, a magnet school in Cincinnati. He entered the Juilliard School of Music in New York City in 1961, and took courses in conducting with Jean Morel.", "He entered the Juilliard School of Music in New York City in 1961, and took courses in conducting with Jean Morel. He graduated from Juilliard in 1964, and joined the American Conductors project connected with the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra. Levine lived in The San Remo on Central Park West in New York City.", "Levine lived in The San Remo on Central Park West in New York City. Career Early career From 1964 to 1965, Levine served as an apprentice to George Szell with the Cleveland Orchestra. He then served as the Orchestra's assistant conductor until 1970.", "He then served as the Orchestra's assistant conductor until 1970. That year, he also made debuts as guest conductor with the Philadelphia Orchestra at its summer home at Robin Hood Dell, the Welsh National Opera, and the San Francisco Opera. From 1965 to 1972 he concurrently taught at the Cleveland Institute of Music.", "From 1965 to 1972 he concurrently taught at the Cleveland Institute of Music. In the summers, he worked at the Meadow Brook School of Music in Michigan and at the Ravinia Festival in Highland Park, Illinois, the summer home of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.", "In the summers, he worked at the Meadow Brook School of Music in Michigan and at the Ravinia Festival in Highland Park, Illinois, the summer home of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. During that time, the charismatic Levine developed a devoted following of young musicians and music lovers.", "During that time, the charismatic Levine developed a devoted following of young musicians and music lovers. In June 1971, Levine was called in at the last moment to substitute for István Kertész, to lead the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and Chorus in Mahler's Second Symphony for the Ravinia Festival's opening concert of their 36th season.", "In June 1971, Levine was called in at the last moment to substitute for István Kertész, to lead the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and Chorus in Mahler's Second Symphony for the Ravinia Festival's opening concert of their 36th season. This concert began a long association with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.", "This concert began a long association with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. From 1973 to 1993 he was music director of the Ravinia Festival, succeeding the late Kertész.", "From 1973 to 1993 he was music director of the Ravinia Festival, succeeding the late Kertész. He made numerous recordings with the orchestra, including the symphonies and German Requiem of Johannes Brahms, and major works of Gershwin, Holst, Berg, Beethoven, Mozart, and others.", "He made numerous recordings with the orchestra, including the symphonies and German Requiem of Johannes Brahms, and major works of Gershwin, Holst, Berg, Beethoven, Mozart, and others. In 1990, at the request of Roy E. Disney, he arranged the music and conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and Chorus in the soundtrack of Fantasia 2000, released by Walt Disney Pictures.", "In 1990, at the request of Roy E. Disney, he arranged the music and conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and Chorus in the soundtrack of Fantasia 2000, released by Walt Disney Pictures. From 1974 to 1978, Levine also served as music director of the Cincinnati May Festival.", "From 1974 to 1978, Levine also served as music director of the Cincinnati May Festival. Metropolitan Opera Levine made his Metropolitan Opera debut a few weeks before he turned 28, on June 5, 1971, leading a June Festival performance of Puccini's Tosca.", "Metropolitan Opera Levine made his Metropolitan Opera debut a few weeks before he turned 28, on June 5, 1971, leading a June Festival performance of Puccini's Tosca. After further appearances with the company, he was named its principal conductor in February 1972. He became its music director in 1975.", "He became its music director in 1975. In 1983, he served as conductor and musical director for the Franco Zeffirelli screen adaptation of Verdi's La Traviata, which featured the Met orchestra and chorus members. He became the company's first artistic director in 1986, and relinquished the title in 2004.", "He became the company's first artistic director in 1986, and relinquished the title in 2004. In 2005, Levine's combined salary from the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the Met made him the highest-paid conductor in the country, at $3.5 million.", "In 2005, Levine's combined salary from the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the Met made him the highest-paid conductor in the country, at $3.5 million. During Levine's tenure, the Metropolitan Opera orchestra expanded its activities into recording and concert series for the orchestra and chamber ensembles from the orchestra at Carnegie Hall.", "During Levine's tenure, the Metropolitan Opera orchestra expanded its activities into recording and concert series for the orchestra and chamber ensembles from the orchestra at Carnegie Hall. Levine led the Metropolitan Opera on many domestic and international tours.", "Levine led the Metropolitan Opera on many domestic and international tours. For the 25th anniversary of his Met debut, Levine conducted the world premiere of John Harbison's The Great Gatsby, commissioned for the occasion.", "For the 25th anniversary of his Met debut, Levine conducted the world premiere of John Harbison's The Great Gatsby, commissioned for the occasion. On his appointment as general manager of the Met, Peter Gelb emphasized that Levine was welcome to remain as long as he wanted to direct music there.", "On his appointment as general manager of the Met, Peter Gelb emphasized that Levine was welcome to remain as long as he wanted to direct music there. Levine was paid $2.1 million by the Met in 2010.", "Levine was paid $2.1 million by the Met in 2010. Following a series of injuries that began with a fall, Levine's health problems led to his withdrawal from many Metropolitan Opera engagements. After a May 2011 performance of Wagner's Die Walküre, Levine formally withdrew from all engagements at the Met.", "After a May 2011 performance of Wagner's Die Walküre, Levine formally withdrew from all engagements at the Met. After two years of physical therapy, he returned to conducting with a May 2013 concert with the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra at Carnegie Hall.", "After two years of physical therapy, he returned to conducting with a May 2013 concert with the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra at Carnegie Hall. On September 25, 2013, Levine conducted his first Met performance since May 2011, in a revival production of Mozart's Così fan tutte.", "On September 25, 2013, Levine conducted his first Met performance since May 2011, in a revival production of Mozart's Così fan tutte. He was scheduled to conduct three productions at the opera house and three at Carnegie Hall in the 2013–14 season.", "He was scheduled to conduct three productions at the opera house and three at Carnegie Hall in the 2013–14 season. On April 14, 2016, Met management announced that Levine would step down from his position as music director at the end of the 2015–16 season. Levine was paid $1.8 million by the Met for the 2015–16 season.", "Levine was paid $1.8 million by the Met for the 2015–16 season. He assumed the new title of Music Director Emeritus, which he held until December 2017, when in the wake of allegations that Levine had sexually abused four young men, the Met suspended its relationship with him and canceled all his scheduled performances with the company.", "He assumed the new title of Music Director Emeritus, which he held until December 2017, when in the wake of allegations that Levine had sexually abused four young men, the Met suspended its relationship with him and canceled all his scheduled performances with the company. Boston Symphony Orchestra Levine first conducted the Boston Symphony Orchestra (BSO) in April 1972.", "Boston Symphony Orchestra Levine first conducted the Boston Symphony Orchestra (BSO) in April 1972. In October 2001, he was named its music director effective with the 2004–05 season, with an initial contract of five years, becoming the first American-born conductor to head the BSO.", "In October 2001, he was named its music director effective with the 2004–05 season, with an initial contract of five years, becoming the first American-born conductor to head the BSO. One unique condition that Levine negotiated was increased flexibility of the time allotted for rehearsal, allowing the orchestra additional time to prepare more challenging works.", "One unique condition that Levine negotiated was increased flexibility of the time allotted for rehearsal, allowing the orchestra additional time to prepare more challenging works. After the start of his tenure, the orchestra also established an \"Artistic Initiative Fund\" of about $40 million to fund the more expensive of his projects.", "After the start of his tenure, the orchestra also established an \"Artistic Initiative Fund\" of about $40 million to fund the more expensive of his projects. One criticism of Levine during his BSO tenure is that he did not attend many orchestra auditions.", "One criticism of Levine during his BSO tenure is that he did not attend many orchestra auditions. A 2005 article reported that he had attended two out of 16 auditions during his tenure up to that time.", "A 2005 article reported that he had attended two out of 16 auditions during his tenure up to that time. Levine responded that he has the ability to provide input on musician tenure decisions after the initial probationary period, and that it is difficult to know how well a given player will fit the given position until that person has had a chance to work with the orchestra: \"My message is the audition isn't everything.\"", "Levine responded that he has the ability to provide input on musician tenure decisions after the initial probationary period, and that it is difficult to know how well a given player will fit the given position until that person has had a chance to work with the orchestra: \"My message is the audition isn't everything.\" Another 2005 report stated that during Levine's first season as music director, the greater workload from the demands of playing more unfamiliar and contemporary music had increased physical stress on some of the BSO musicians.", "Another 2005 report stated that during Levine's first season as music director, the greater workload from the demands of playing more unfamiliar and contemporary music had increased physical stress on some of the BSO musicians. Levine and the players met to discuss this, and he agreed to program changes to lessen these demands.", "Levine and the players met to discuss this, and he agreed to program changes to lessen these demands. He received general critical praise for revitalizing the orchestra's quality and repertoire since the beginning of his tenure.", "He received general critical praise for revitalizing the orchestra's quality and repertoire since the beginning of his tenure. Levine experienced ongoing health problems, starting with an onstage fall in 2006 that resulted in a torn rotator cuff and started discussion of how long Levine's tenure with the BSO would last.", "Levine experienced ongoing health problems, starting with an onstage fall in 2006 that resulted in a torn rotator cuff and started discussion of how long Levine's tenure with the BSO would last. In April 2010, in the wake of his continuing health problems, it emerged that Levine had not officially signed a contract extension, so that he was the BSO's music director without a signed contract.", "In April 2010, in the wake of his continuing health problems, it emerged that Levine had not officially signed a contract extension, so that he was the BSO's music director without a signed contract. On March 2, 2011, the BSO announced Levine's resignation as music director effective September 2011, after the Orchestra's Tanglewood season.", "On March 2, 2011, the BSO announced Levine's resignation as music director effective September 2011, after the Orchestra's Tanglewood season. Working on a commission from Levine and the BSO, the composer John Harbison dedicated his Symphony No.", "Working on a commission from Levine and the BSO, the composer John Harbison dedicated his Symphony No. 6 \"in friendship and gratitude\" to him, whose premature departure from the orchestra prevented him from conducting the premiere.", "6 \"in friendship and gratitude\" to him, whose premature departure from the orchestra prevented him from conducting the premiere. After allegations of his abusing a number of young men came out in December 2017 the BSO said Levine \"will never be employed or contracted by the BSO at any time in the future\".", "After allegations of his abusing a number of young men came out in December 2017 the BSO said Levine \"will never be employed or contracted by the BSO at any time in the future\". Conducting in Europe Levine's BSO contract limited his guest appearances with American orchestras, but he still conducted regularly in Europe, with the Vienna Philharmonic, Berlin Philharmonic, and at the Bayreuth Festival.", "Conducting in Europe Levine's BSO contract limited his guest appearances with American orchestras, but he still conducted regularly in Europe, with the Vienna Philharmonic, Berlin Philharmonic, and at the Bayreuth Festival. Levine was a regular guest with the Philharmonia of London and the Staatskapelle Dresden.", "Levine was a regular guest with the Philharmonia of London and the Staatskapelle Dresden. Beginning in 1975 he conducted regularly at the Salzburg Festival and the annual July Verbier Festival. From 1999 to 2004, he was chief conductor of the Munich Philharmonic, and was credited with improving the quality of instrumental ensemble during his tenure.", "From 1999 to 2004, he was chief conductor of the Munich Philharmonic, and was credited with improving the quality of instrumental ensemble during his tenure. Work with students Levine initiated the Lindemann Young Artists Development Program at the Metropolitan Opera in 1980, a professional training program for graduated singers with, today, many famous alumni.", "Work with students Levine initiated the Lindemann Young Artists Development Program at the Metropolitan Opera in 1980, a professional training program for graduated singers with, today, many famous alumni. Levine was conductor of the UBS Verbier Festival Orchestra, the student resident orchestra at the annual summer music festival in Verbier, Switzerland, from 1999 through 2006.", "Levine was conductor of the UBS Verbier Festival Orchestra, the student resident orchestra at the annual summer music festival in Verbier, Switzerland, from 1999 through 2006. It was Levine's first long-term commitment to a student orchestra since becoming music director at the Met.", "It was Levine's first long-term commitment to a student orchestra since becoming music director at the Met. After becoming music director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, Levine also served as music director of the Tanglewood Music Center, the BSO's acclaimed summer academy at Tanglewood for student instrumentalists, singers, composers, and conductors.", "After becoming music director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, Levine also served as music director of the Tanglewood Music Center, the BSO's acclaimed summer academy at Tanglewood for student instrumentalists, singers, composers, and conductors. There he conducted the Tanglewood Music Center Orchestra, directed fully staged opera performances with student singers, and gave master classes for singers and conductors.", "There he conducted the Tanglewood Music Center Orchestra, directed fully staged opera performances with student singers, and gave master classes for singers and conductors. Levine said in an interview: At my age, you are naturally inclined towards teaching.", "Levine said in an interview: At my age, you are naturally inclined towards teaching. You want to teach what you have learned to the next generation so that they don't have to spend time reinventing the wheel. I was lucky that I met the right mentors and teachers at the right moment.", "I was lucky that I met the right mentors and teachers at the right moment. I love working with young musicians and singers, and those at the Tanglewood Music Center are unequivocally some of the finest and most talented in the world. He continued to work with young students even when his health issues kept him from conducting.", "He continued to work with young students even when his health issues kept him from conducting. He was awarded the Lotus Award (\"for inspiration to young musicians\") from Young Concert Artists.", "He was awarded the Lotus Award (\"for inspiration to young musicians\") from Young Concert Artists. Anthony Tommasini wrote in The New York Times in 2016: \"The aspiring singers in the Met's young artist development program, one of many important ventures Mr. Levine started, must understand how lucky they are to have, as a teacher and mentor, a musician who even in his 20s worked at the Met with giants like Jon Vickers and Renata Tebaldi.\"", "Anthony Tommasini wrote in The New York Times in 2016: \"The aspiring singers in the Met's young artist development program, one of many important ventures Mr. Levine started, must understand how lucky they are to have, as a teacher and mentor, a musician who even in his 20s worked at the Met with giants like Jon Vickers and Renata Tebaldi.\" Health problems and death Levine experienced recurrent health issues beginning in 2006, including sciatica and what he called \"intermittent tremors\".", "Health problems and death Levine experienced recurrent health issues beginning in 2006, including sciatica and what he called \"intermittent tremors\". On March 1, 2006, he tripped and fell onstage during a standing ovation after a performance with the Boston Symphony Orchestra and tore the rotator cuff in his right shoulder, leaving the remaining subscription concerts in Boston to his assistant conductor at the time.", "On March 1, 2006, he tripped and fell onstage during a standing ovation after a performance with the Boston Symphony Orchestra and tore the rotator cuff in his right shoulder, leaving the remaining subscription concerts in Boston to his assistant conductor at the time. Later that month, Levine underwent surgery to repair the injury.", "Later that month, Levine underwent surgery to repair the injury. He returned to the podium on July 7, 2006. Levine withdrew from the majority of the Tanglewood 2008 summer season because of surgery required to remove a kidney with a malignant cyst. He returned to the podium in Boston on September 24, 2008, at Symphony Hall.", "He returned to the podium in Boston on September 24, 2008, at Symphony Hall. On September 29, 2009, it was announced that Levine would undergo emergency back surgery for a herniated disk. He missed three weeks of engagements.", "He missed three weeks of engagements. In March 2010, the BSO announced that Levine would miss the remainder of the Boston Symphony season because of back pain. The Met also announced, on April 4, 2010, that he was withdrawing from the remainder of his performances for the season.", "The Met also announced, on April 4, 2010, that he was withdrawing from the remainder of his performances for the season. According to the Met, Levine was required to have \"corrective surgery for an ongoing lower back problem\".", "According to the Met, Levine was required to have \"corrective surgery for an ongoing lower back problem\". He returned to conducting at the Met and the BSO at the beginning of the 2010–11 season, but in February 2011 canceled his Boston engagements for the rest of the season.", "He returned to conducting at the Met and the BSO at the beginning of the 2010–11 season, but in February 2011 canceled his Boston engagements for the rest of the season. In the summer of 2011, Levine underwent further surgery on his back.", "In the summer of 2011, Levine underwent further surgery on his back. In September 2011, after he fell down a flight of stairs, fractured his spine, and injured his back while on vacation in Vermont, the Met announced that he would not conduct at the Met at least for the rest of 2011.", "In September 2011, after he fell down a flight of stairs, fractured his spine, and injured his back while on vacation in Vermont, the Met announced that he would not conduct at the Met at least for the rest of 2011. After two years of surgery and physical therapy, Levine returned to conducting for the first time on May 19, 2013, in a concert with the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra at Carnegie Hall.", "After two years of surgery and physical therapy, Levine returned to conducting for the first time on May 19, 2013, in a concert with the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra at Carnegie Hall. Levine conducted from a motorized wheelchair, with a special platform designed to accommodate it, which could rise and descend like an elevator.", "Levine conducted from a motorized wheelchair, with a special platform designed to accommodate it, which could rise and descend like an elevator. He returned to the Met on September 24, 2013. The same type of platform was present in the Met orchestra pit for his September 2013 return performance.", "The same type of platform was present in the Met orchestra pit for his September 2013 return performance. For many years, both Levine and the Met denied as unfounded the rumors that Levine had Parkinson's disease.", "For many years, both Levine and the Met denied as unfounded the rumors that Levine had Parkinson's disease. As New York magazine reported: \"The conductor states flatly that the condition is not Parkinson's disease, as people had speculated in 'that silly Times piece.'\"", "As New York magazine reported: \"The conductor states flatly that the condition is not Parkinson's disease, as people had speculated in 'that silly Times piece.'\" But in 2016 both he and the Met finally admitted that the rumors were true, and that Levine had in fact had the disease since 1994.", "But in 2016 both he and the Met finally admitted that the rumors were true, and that Levine had in fact had the disease since 1994. The Washington Post noted: \"It wasn't just the illnesses, but the constant alternation between concealment and an excess of revelation that kept so much attention focused on them and away from the music.\"", "The Washington Post noted: \"It wasn't just the illnesses, but the constant alternation between concealment and an excess of revelation that kept so much attention focused on them and away from the music.\" Levine died in his Palm Springs home on March 9, 2021.", "Levine died in his Palm Springs home on March 9, 2021. Len Horovitz, his personal physician, announced Levine's death on March 17 and said that he had died of natural causes.", "Len Horovitz, his personal physician, announced Levine's death on March 17 and said that he had died of natural causes. Sexual assault allegations Four men accused Levine of sexually molesting them (starting when they were 16, 17, 17, and 20 years old), from the 1960s to the 1990s.", "Sexual assault allegations Four men accused Levine of sexually molesting them (starting when they were 16, 17, 17, and 20 years old), from the 1960s to the 1990s. On December 2, 2017, it was publicly revealed that an October 2016 police report detailed that Levine had allegedly sexually molested a male teenager for years.", "On December 2, 2017, it was publicly revealed that an October 2016 police report detailed that Levine had allegedly sexually molested a male teenager for years. The alleged sexual abuse began while Levine was guest conductor at the Ravinia Festival, outside Chicago, where Levine was music director for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra's summer residencies from 1973 to 1993.", "The alleged sexual abuse began while Levine was guest conductor at the Ravinia Festival, outside Chicago, where Levine was music director for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra's summer residencies from 1973 to 1993. One accuser said that in the summer of 1968, when he was a 17-year-old high school student attending Meadow Brook School of Music in Michigan, Levine (then a 25-year-old faculty member) had sexual contact with a student.", "One accuser said that in the summer of 1968, when he was a 17-year-old high school student attending Meadow Brook School of Music in Michigan, Levine (then a 25-year-old faculty member) had sexual contact with a student. When he next saw Levine, the accuser told him that he would not repeat the sexual behavior, but asked if they could continue to make music as they had before; Levine said no.", "When he next saw Levine, the accuser told him that he would not repeat the sexual behavior, but asked if they could continue to make music as they had before; Levine said no. The accuser later played bass in the St. Paul Chamber Orchestra for decades and became a professor.", "The accuser later played bass in the St. Paul Chamber Orchestra for decades and became a professor. A second accuser said that that same summer, Levine had sexual contact with a 17-year-old student and that Levine then initiated with the teenager a number of sexual encounters that have since haunted him.", "A second accuser said that that same summer, Levine had sexual contact with a 17-year-old student and that Levine then initiated with the teenager a number of sexual encounters that have since haunted him. He said (and another male corroborated, on the condition of anonymity) that the next year, in Cleveland, where Levine was an assistant conductor of the Cleveland Orchestra, Levine on several occasions had sexual contact with that student and other students.", "He said (and another male corroborated, on the condition of anonymity) that the next year, in Cleveland, where Levine was an assistant conductor of the Cleveland Orchestra, Levine on several occasions had sexual contact with that student and other students. A third accuser, a violinist and pianist who grew up in Illinois near the Ravinia Music Festival, a summer program for aspiring musicians of which Levine was music director from 1971 to 1993, said Levine sexually abused him beginning when the accuser was 16 years old (and Levine was in his 40s) in 1986.", "A third accuser, a violinist and pianist who grew up in Illinois near the Ravinia Music Festival, a summer program for aspiring musicians of which Levine was music director from 1971 to 1993, said Levine sexually abused him beginning when the accuser was 16 years old (and Levine was in his 40s) in 1986. He had previously detailed his accusation in 2016 in a report to the Lake Forest Police Department in Illinois.", "He had previously detailed his accusation in 2016 in a report to the Lake Forest Police Department in Illinois. On December 8, the department announced that Levine could not be charged criminally in Illinois because the accuser was 16 years old at the time, and while today a 16-year-old is not considered old enough to consent to such conduct in Illinois (he must be 17, or 18 in cases in which the suspect is in a position of trust, authority, or supervision in relation to the victim), at the time that was the statutory age of consent.", "On December 8, the department announced that Levine could not be charged criminally in Illinois because the accuser was 16 years old at the time, and while today a 16-year-old is not considered old enough to consent to such conduct in Illinois (he must be 17, or 18 in cases in which the suspect is in a position of trust, authority, or supervision in relation to the victim), at the time that was the statutory age of consent. The department noted: \"we are bound to apply the law that was in effect at the time the allegations occurred rather than the law as it currently exists.\"", "The department noted: \"we are bound to apply the law that was in effect at the time the allegations occurred rather than the law as it currently exists.\" On December 4, a fourth man, who later had a long career as a violinist in the New Jersey Symphony Orchestra, said he had been abused by Levine beginning in 1968, when he was 20 years old and attending the Meadow Brook School of Music.", "On December 4, a fourth man, who later had a long career as a violinist in the New Jersey Symphony Orchestra, said he had been abused by Levine beginning in 1968, when he was 20 years old and attending the Meadow Brook School of Music. Levine was a teacher in the summer program.", "Levine was a teacher in the summer program. Reactions The New York Times said that the Met had known of at least one sexual abuse allegation as early as 1979, but dismissed it as baseless.", "Reactions The New York Times said that the Met had known of at least one sexual abuse allegation as early as 1979, but dismissed it as baseless. Furthermore, the Met (including its General Manager Peter Gelb, who was contacted directly by a police detective about the allegations in October 2016) had been aware of both the third accuser's abuse allegations since they were made in the 2016 police report, and of the attendant police investigation.", "Furthermore, the Met (including its General Manager Peter Gelb, who was contacted directly by a police detective about the allegations in October 2016) had been aware of both the third accuser's abuse allegations since they were made in the 2016 police report, and of the attendant police investigation. But the Met did not suspend Levine or launch an investigation of its own until over a year later, in December 2017.", "But the Met did not suspend Levine or launch an investigation of its own until over a year later, in December 2017. In response to the December 2017 news article, the Met announced that it would investigate the sexual abuse allegations dating to the 1980s that were set forth in the 2016 police report.", "In response to the December 2017 news article, the Met announced that it would investigate the sexual abuse allegations dating to the 1980s that were set forth in the 2016 police report. On December 3, after two additional males came forward with allegations of abuse, the Met suspended its ties with Levine, and canceled all upcoming engagements with him.", "On December 3, after two additional males came forward with allegations of abuse, the Met suspended its ties with Levine, and canceled all upcoming engagements with him. A fourth accuser came forward the following day.", "A fourth accuser came forward the following day. For its part, the Ravinia Festival, in April 2017, six months after the criminal investigation of Levine began, created an honorific title for Levine—\"Conductor Laureate\"—and signed him to a five-year renewable contract to begin in 2018.", "For its part, the Ravinia Festival, in April 2017, six months after the criminal investigation of Levine began, created an honorific title for Levine—\"Conductor Laureate\"—and signed him to a five-year renewable contract to begin in 2018. On December 4, 2017, the Ravinia Festival severed all ties with Levine, and terminated his five-year contract to lead the Chicago Symphony there.", "On December 4, 2017, the Ravinia Festival severed all ties with Levine, and terminated his five-year contract to lead the Chicago Symphony there. The Boston Symphony Orchestra said Levine \"will never be employed or contracted by the BSO at any time in the future\".", "The Boston Symphony Orchestra said Levine \"will never be employed or contracted by the BSO at any time in the future\". The Juilliard School, where Levine had studied, replaced him in a February 2018 performance where he was scheduled to lead the Juilliard Orchestra and singers from the Met's Lindemann Young Artist Development Program.", "The Juilliard School, where Levine had studied, replaced him in a February 2018 performance where he was scheduled to lead the Juilliard Orchestra and singers from the Met's Lindemann Young Artist Development Program. On December 5, the Cincinnati May Festival canceled Levine's appearance in May.", "On December 5, the Cincinnati May Festival canceled Levine's appearance in May. On December 7, in New Plymouth, New Zealand, the cinema chain Event Cinemas abruptly cancelled the screening of a Met production of Levine conducting Mozart's Die Zauberflöte.", "On December 7, in New Plymouth, New Zealand, the cinema chain Event Cinemas abruptly cancelled the screening of a Met production of Levine conducting Mozart's Die Zauberflöte. On December 8, Fred Child, host of the classical music radio show Performance Today, wrote that Levine \"is accused of inflicting grievous harm to living members of our musical community.", "On December 8, Fred Child, host of the classical music radio show Performance Today, wrote that Levine \"is accused of inflicting grievous harm to living members of our musical community. Out of respect for these people and their wounds, I choose not to broadcast performances featuring Mr. Levine on the podium.\"", "Out of respect for these people and their wounds, I choose not to broadcast performances featuring Mr. Levine on the podium.\" Classical music blogger, former Village Voice music critic, and Juilliard School faculty member Greg Sandow said he had been contacted by three men over the years who said that Levine had abused them, and that reports of sexual abuse by Levine were \"widely talked about\" for 40 years.", "Classical music blogger, former Village Voice music critic, and Juilliard School faculty member Greg Sandow said he had been contacted by three men over the years who said that Levine had abused them, and that reports of sexual abuse by Levine were \"widely talked about\" for 40 years. Sandow said further: \"Everybody in the classical music business at least since the 1980s has talked about Levine as a sex abuser.", "Sandow said further: \"Everybody in the classical music business at least since the 1980s has talked about Levine as a sex abuser. The investigation should have been done decades ago.\"", "The investigation should have been done decades ago.\" Pulitzer Prize-winning music critic Justin Davidson mused on the culture website of New York magazine, \"James Levine's career has clearly ended\" and \"I'm not sure the Met can survive Levine's disgrace.\"", "Pulitzer Prize-winning music critic Justin Davidson mused on the culture website of New York magazine, \"James Levine's career has clearly ended\" and \"I'm not sure the Met can survive Levine's disgrace.\" Similarly, drama critic Terry Teachout of The Wall Street Journal wrote an article called \"The Levine Cataclysm; How allegations against James Levine of sexual misconduct with teenagers could topple the entire Metropolitan Opera\".", "Similarly, drama critic Terry Teachout of The Wall Street Journal wrote an article called \"The Levine Cataclysm; How allegations against James Levine of sexual misconduct with teenagers could topple the entire Metropolitan Opera\". The Washington Post music critic Anne Midgette noted: \"The Met has known about these allegations for at least a year, and are only investigating them now that they are public\", and opined on her Facebook page that the Met has \"quite probably spent years protecting its star conductor from just this kind of allegation\".", "The Washington Post music critic Anne Midgette noted: \"The Met has known about these allegations for at least a year, and are only investigating them now that they are public\", and opined on her Facebook page that the Met has \"quite probably spent years protecting its star conductor from just this kind of allegation\". Music critic Tim Pfaff of the LGBT Bay Area Reporter wrote that The New York Times chief classical music critic Anthony Tommasini had the \"weirdest\" reaction, \"lamenting the ugliness of it all under a...headline, 'Should I Put Away My James Levine Recordings?'", "Music critic Tim Pfaff of the LGBT Bay Area Reporter wrote that The New York Times chief classical music critic Anthony Tommasini had the \"weirdest\" reaction, \"lamenting the ugliness of it all under a...headline, 'Should I Put Away My James Levine Recordings?' His conclusion was that he and his husband...should move those recordings from their living room.\"", "His conclusion was that he and his husband...should move those recordings from their living room.\" The Met orchestra musicians applauded the courage of the four men who came forward with accusations that Levine had abused them.", "The Met orchestra musicians applauded the courage of the four men who came forward with accusations that Levine had abused them. Local 802 of the American Federation of Musicians, which represents the Met's orchestra and Levine, said, \"We are horrified and sickened by the recently reported allegations of sexual abuse by Mr. Levine.\"", "Levine.\" Levine.\" Five days after news of the accusations by the four men broke, Levine spoke about them for the first time, and called them \"unfounded\". The accusers stood by their claims, with one saying, \"I will take a lie-detector test. Will he?\"", "Will he?\" Will he?\" Six days later, music critic Arthur Kaptainis wrote in the Montreal Gazette that Levine's denial \"had little effect\". On March 12, 2018, the Met announced that it had fired Levine.", "On March 12, 2018, the Met announced that it had fired Levine. Its investigation found Levine had \"engaged in sexually abusive and harassing conduct towards vulnerable artists in the early stages of their careers\".", "Its investigation found Levine had \"engaged in sexually abusive and harassing conduct towards vulnerable artists in the early stages of their careers\". Levine sued the Metropolitan Opera in New York State Supreme Court for breach of contract and defamation on March 15, 2018, three days after the company fired him, seeking more than $5.8 million in damages.", "Levine sued the Metropolitan Opera in New York State Supreme Court for breach of contract and defamation on March 15, 2018, three days after the company fired him, seeking more than $5.8 million in damages. The Met denied Levine's allegations.", "The Met denied Levine's allegations. A year later, a New York State Supreme Court judge dismissed most of Levine's claims, but ruled that the Met and its attorney had made defamatory statements. The Metropolitan Opera and Levine announced a settlement on undisclosed terms in August 2019.", "The Metropolitan Opera and Levine announced a settlement on undisclosed terms in August 2019. In September 2020, the size of the payout was indirectly exposed by annual disclosure statements required for nonprofits; Levine had received $3.5 million in the settlement.", "In September 2020, the size of the payout was indirectly exposed by annual disclosure statements required for nonprofits; Levine had received $3.5 million in the settlement. It is speculated that he was able to negotiate such a large settlement due to the lack of a morals clause in his contract with the Met.", "It is speculated that he was able to negotiate such a large settlement due to the lack of a morals clause in his contract with the Met. Recordings and film Levine made many audio and video recordings. He recorded extensively with many orchestras, and especially often with the Metropolitan Opera.", "He recorded extensively with many orchestras, and especially often with the Metropolitan Opera. His performance of Aida with Leontyne Price, her last in opera, was preserved on video and may be seen at the Met's own online archive of performances. Of particular note are his performances of Wagner's complete Der Ring des Nibelungen.", "Of particular note are his performances of Wagner's complete Der Ring des Nibelungen. A studio recording made for Deutsche Grammophon from 1987 to 1989 is on compact disc, and a 1989 live performance of the Ring is available on DVD.", "A studio recording made for Deutsche Grammophon from 1987 to 1989 is on compact disc, and a 1989 live performance of the Ring is available on DVD. He also appears on several dozen albums as a pianist, collaborating with such singers as Jessye Norman, Kathleen Battle, Christa Ludwig, and Dawn Upshaw, as well as performing the chamber music of Franz Schubert and Francis Poulenc, among others.", "He also appears on several dozen albums as a pianist, collaborating with such singers as Jessye Norman, Kathleen Battle, Christa Ludwig, and Dawn Upshaw, as well as performing the chamber music of Franz Schubert and Francis Poulenc, among others. Levine was featured in the animated Disney film Fantasia 2000.", "Levine was featured in the animated Disney film Fantasia 2000. He conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in the soundtrack recordings of all the music in the film (with the exception of one segment from the original 1940 Fantasia).", "He conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in the soundtrack recordings of all the music in the film (with the exception of one segment from the original 1940 Fantasia). Levine is also seen in the film talking briefly with Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck, just as his predecessor Leopold Stokowski did in the original film.", "Levine is also seen in the film talking briefly with Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck, just as his predecessor Leopold Stokowski did in the original film. Discography Marilyn Horne: Divas in Song (1994), RCA Victor Red Seal CD, 09026-62547-2 Videography Mozart: Idomeneo (1982), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4234 The Metropolitan Opera Centennial Gala (1983), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4538 The Metropolitan Opera Gala 1991, Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4582 James Levine's 25th Anniversary Metropolitan Opera Gala (1996), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, B0004602-09 Honors Among the awards listed in his Met biography are: 1980 – Manhattan Cultural Award 1982 – first of eight Grammy Awards 1984 – Named \"Musician of the Year\" by Musical America 1986 – Smetana Medal (presented by the former Czechoslovakia) 1997 – National Medal of Arts 1999 – Wilhelm Furtwängler Prize from the Committee for Cultural Advancement of Baden-Baden, Germany 2003 – Kennedy Center Honors 2005 – Award for Distinguished Service to the Arts from the American Academy of Arts and Letters 2006 – Opera News Award 2009 – Award in the Vocal Arts from Bard College 2009 – Ditson Conductors Award from Columbia University 2010 – National Endowment for the Arts Opera Honoree 2010 – George Peabody Award from Peabody Conservatory at Johns Hopkins University 2010 – elected an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters In addition, his biography says Levine has received honorary doctorates from the University of Cincinnati, the New England Conservatory of Music, Northwestern University, the State University of New York, and the Juilliard School.", "Discography Marilyn Horne: Divas in Song (1994), RCA Victor Red Seal CD, 09026-62547-2 Videography Mozart: Idomeneo (1982), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4234 The Metropolitan Opera Centennial Gala (1983), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4538 The Metropolitan Opera Gala 1991, Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4582 James Levine's 25th Anniversary Metropolitan Opera Gala (1996), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, B0004602-09 Honors Among the awards listed in his Met biography are: 1980 – Manhattan Cultural Award 1982 – first of eight Grammy Awards 1984 – Named \"Musician of the Year\" by Musical America 1986 – Smetana Medal (presented by the former Czechoslovakia) 1997 – National Medal of Arts 1999 – Wilhelm Furtwängler Prize from the Committee for Cultural Advancement of Baden-Baden, Germany 2003 – Kennedy Center Honors 2005 – Award for Distinguished Service to the Arts from the American Academy of Arts and Letters 2006 – Opera News Award 2009 – Award in the Vocal Arts from Bard College 2009 – Ditson Conductors Award from Columbia University 2010 – National Endowment for the Arts Opera Honoree 2010 – George Peabody Award from Peabody Conservatory at Johns Hopkins University 2010 – elected an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters In addition, his biography says Levine has received honorary doctorates from the University of Cincinnati, the New England Conservatory of Music, Northwestern University, the State University of New York, and the Juilliard School. On May 3, 2018, SUNY revoked Levine's honorary doctorate in response to the sexual abuse allegations against him.", "On May 3, 2018, SUNY revoked Levine's honorary doctorate in response to the sexual abuse allegations against him. References External links 1943 births 2021 deaths 20th-century American conductors (music) 20th-century American pianists 20th-century American male musicians 20th-century classical pianists 21st-century American conductors (music) 21st-century American male musicians 21st-century American pianists 21st-century classical pianists American classical pianists American male conductors (music) American male pianists Aspen Music Festival and School alumni Conductors of the Metropolitan Opera Deutsche Grammophon artists Grammy Award winners Jewish American classical musicians Jewish classical pianists Juilliard School alumni Kennedy Center honorees Male classical pianists Metropolitan Opera people Music directors (opera) Musicians from Cincinnati Musicians from New York City Oehms Classics artists People stripped of honorary degrees People with Parkinson's disease United States National Medal of Arts recipients 21st-century American Jews" ]

[ "James Levine", "Metropolitan Opera", "When did he first perform at the Metropolitan Opera?", "Levine made his Metropolitan Opera (the \"Met\") debut at age 28 on June 5, 1971,", "What did he perform?", "conductor", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "allegations that Levine had sexually abused four young men, the Met suspended its relationship with him", "Were charges ever brought to these allegations?", "I don't know.", "What was his role at the Metropolitan Opera?", "he was named principal conductor of the Metropolitan Opera in February 1972. He became the Met's principal conductor in 1973, and its Music Director in 1975.", "What were some of his other performances?", "Levine led the Metropolitan Opera on many domestic and international tours.", "Where did they tour?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Arthur Reed Ropes (23 December 1859 – 11 September 1933), better known under the pseudonym Adrian Ross, was a prolific writer of lyrics, contributing songs to more than sixty British musical comedies in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was the most important lyricist of the British stage during a career that spanned five decades. At a time when few shows had long runs, nineteen of his West End shows ran for over 400 performances.\n\nStarting out in the late 1880s, Ross wrote the lyrics for the earliest British musical theatre hits, including In Town (1892), The Shop Girl (1894) and The Circus Girl (1896). Ross next wrote the lyrics for a string of hit musicals, beginning with A Greek Slave (1898), San Toy (1899), The Messenger Boy (1900) and The Toreador (1901) and continuing without a break through World War I. He also wrote the English lyrics for a series of hit adaptations of European operettas beginning with The Merry Widow in 1907.\n\nDuring World War I, Ross was one of the founders of the Performing Rights Society. He continued writing until 1930, producing several more successes after the war. He also wrote the popular novel The Hole of the Pit and a number of short stories.\n\nLife and career\nRoss was born in Lewisham, London. He was the youngest son and fourth child of Ellen Harriet Ropes née Hall, of Scarborough, and William Hooper Ropes, a Russia merchant. Ross's parents lived in Normandy, France, but sent him to school in London at Priory House School in Clapton, Mill Hill School, and the City of London School. He later attended King's College, Cambridge, where, in 1881, he won the Chancellor's Medal for English verse for his poem \"Temple Bar\", and also won the Members' Prize for the English essay. In 1883 he graduated with a first-class degree, winning the Lightfoot scholarship for history and a Whewell scholarship for international law. He was elected a fellow of the College.\n\nHe was a Cambridge University graduate and don, teaching history and poetry from 1884 to 1890 and writing serious and comic verse of his own, the first volume of which was published in 1884. In 1889, he published \"A Sketch of the History of Europe\". He was also a translator of French and German literature under his own name. He created the fictitious name \"Adrian Ross\" due to a concern that writing musicals would compromise his academic career.\n\nEarly career\n\nDuring a brief illness in 1883 after catching cold at the University Boat Race, Ross used the lonely time in bed to write the libretto of an entertainment entitled A Double Event. This was produced at St. George's Hall, London in 1884 with music by Arthur Law, and Ross used the name \"Arthur Reed\". His next work for the stage, also as Arthur Reed, was the book and lyrics for a musical burlesque, Faddimir (1889 at the Opera Comique), with music by fellow Cambridge graduate, F. Osmond Carr.\n\nThe piece earned enough praise so that the impresario George Edwardes commissioned the two to write another burlesque, together with the comic actor John Lloyd Shine, called Joan of Arc. Songs from the piece included \"I Went to Find Emin\", \"Round the Town\", and \"Jack the Dandy-O\". Joan of Arc opened in 1891 at the Opera Comique starring Arthur Roberts and Marion Hood; he wrote under the pseudonym Adrian Ross, which he used for the rest of his career. The piece was a hit, lasting for almost eight hundred performances, and Ross resigned from Cambridge. To supplement his income from theatre writing, Ross became a contributor to such journals as Punch, Sketch, Sphere and The World, and he joined the staff of Ariel in 1891–1892. He wrote in The Tatler under the pseudonym Bran Pie and in 1893 published an edition of Lady Mary Wortley Montague's Letters. He also published numerous French texts for the Pitt Press series.\n\nRoss and Carr's next work, in collaboration with James T. Tanner, was In Town (1892), a smart, contemporary tale of backstage and society goings-on. This left behind the earlier Gaiety burlesques and helped set the new fashion for the series of modern-dress Gaiety Theatre shows that quickly spread to other theatres and dominated British musical theatre. For his next piece, Morocco Bound (1893, with the song \"Marguerite from Monte Carlo\"), Ross concentrated on writing lyrics, leaving the \"book\" mostly to Arthur Branscombe. This proved to be his most successful model through most of his career. The position of \"lyricist\" was relatively new, as previously the writers of libretti would invariably write the lyrics themselves. As the new Edwardes-produced \"musical comedies\" took the place of burlesque, comic opera and operetta on the stage, Ross and Harry Greenbank established the usefulness of a separate lyricist.\n\nGaiety and Daly Theatre musicals\nRoss contributed lyrics to almost all of the Gaiety Theatre's shows, beginning with The Shop Girl (1894, with his song \"Brown of Colorado\") and Go-Bang in 1895. He wrote over two thousand lyrics and produced lyrics for over sixty musicals thereafter, including most of the hit musicals through World War I. In 1896, he contributed to the Gaiety Theatre hit, The Circus Girl. He also wrote lyrics for the one-act comic opera, Weather or No (1896), which played as a companion piece to The Mikado at the Savoy Theatre, as well as several other Savoy operas, such as Mirette (1894), His Majesty, or The Court of Vignolia (1897), The Grand Duchess of Gerolstein (1897) and The Lucky Star (1899).\n\nRoss also wrote lyrics for the shows at Daly's Theatre. His lyrics to additional numbers for An Artist's Model (1895) and The Geisha (1896) were successful enough so that Edwardes asked him for major contributions to the rest, beginning with A Greek Slave (1898), especially after the death of the theatre's early chief lyricist, Harry Greenbank. These included a series of enormous successes, including San Toy (1899), The Messenger Boy (1900), Kitty Grey (1901), The Toreador (1901), A Country Girl (1902), The Girl from Kays (1903), The Orchid (1903), The Cingalee (1904), The Spring Chicken (1905) and The Girls of Gottenberg (1907). In 1901, Ross married Ethel Wood, an actress, and the couple produced a son and two daughters. The family resided in Church Street, Kensington. Also in 1901, he collaborated with his sister Mary Emily Ropes on the children's story, On Peter's Island.\n\nWhen Edwardes found success, beginning in 1907, in mounting English-language versions of the new generation of continental European operettas to the London stage, Ross wrote the English lyrics for the adaptations, often with libretti by Basil Hood. His words to the songs in The Merry Widow (1907) became the standard English version of that piece, performed throughout the world for many decades. Other Continental musicals that Ross anglicised included A Waltz Dream (1908), The Dollar Princess (1909), The Girl in the Train (1910), The Count of Luxembourg (1911), The Girl on the Film (1913) and The Marriage Market (1913), most of which had enduring success throughout the English-speaking world. Other successes from this period were the musicals King of Cadonia (1908), Havana (1908), Our Miss Gibbs (1909), The Quaker Girl (1911), and Betty in 1915. In addition, many of Ross's most successful pieces had additional successes on tour in Britain, in America and elsewhere. His biggest hits on Broadway included The Girl from Kays (1903), The Merry Widow (1907 and many revivals), Havana (1909), Madame Sherry (1911) and The Quaker Girl (1911).\n\nLater career\n\nIn 1914, Ross was one of the founders of the Performing Rights Society. Ross continued, after Edwardes's death, to write lyrics for numerous shows at the Gaiety, Daly's, the Adelphi Theatre, and other London theatres. During World War I, he continued to produce hits, writing the lyrics for the musical adaptation of a French comedy, Theodore & Co (1916), the operetta Arlette (1917), the musical The Boy (1917), André Messager's adaptation of Booth Tarkington's Monsieur Beaucaire (1919, \"Philomel\") and contributed to A Southern Maid (1920). He also worked on the revues Three Cheers (1917) with Herman Darewski, Airs and Graces with Lionel Monckton, and, years later, Sky High for the Palladium Theatre, but these were only diversions from his chief focus of writing lyrics for musicals and operetta adaptations. In 1922, he wrote both the book and the lyrics for the popular English version of Das Dreimäderlhaus, the international hit based on Franz Schubert's music and life, produced in Britain as Lilac Time. In 1927, Ross and Dudley Glass, an Australian composer, collaborated on a musical based on The Beloved Vagabond by W. J. Locke. His last works were produced in 1930: the English adaptation of the operetta Friederike for the Palace Theatre, and a musical based on The Toymaker of Nuremberg by Austin Strong, which was produced as a Kingsway Theatre Christmas entertainment.\n\nRoss collaborated extensively with the foremost British-based composers of musical theatre active during his productive period, including Carr, Ivan Caryll, Monckton, Leslie Stuart and Sidney Jones, and later Paul Rubens, Harold Fraser-Simson, Howard Talbot and Messager. Sixteen of his musicals ran for more than 400 performances. Ross tailored each song to fit the style required by the producer – songs for the Gaiety were different from those for Daly's. Many of his most popular shows, songs (both for the theatre and beyond it) and adaptations are still performed today.\n\nFiction and last years\nRoss also wrote the popular horror novel The Hole of the Pit and a number of short stories. Set in 1645 during the English Civil War, the novel tells of a loathsome entity that inhabits a flooded pit amid the marshes surrounding a castle. The book is notable for its depth of characterisation – especially of the compassionate young narrator, a Puritan scholar who has refused to join Oliver Cromwell's army because of his objections to religious violence and who sees the good in everyone – and for its subtle depiction of the creature in the hole, which is never completely seen even as it overwhelms the castle. The novel was published in 1914 by Edward Arnold and never reprinted until Ramsey Campbell collected it in his 1992 anthology Uncanny Banquet. Brian Stableford called it \"a minor classic of the genre\". Ross also wrote Short History of Europe, edited Lady Mary Wortley-Montagu's Letters (Selection and Life), and was a contributor to Punch magazine.\n\nRoss died of heart failure at his home in Kensington, London on 11 September 1933 at the age of 73.\n\nList of stage works\nRoss contributed lyrics to the following musicals and comic operas, often in collaboration with other lyricists:\n\nFaddimir, or The Triumph of Orthodoxy (1889)\nJoan of Arc (1891) (400+ performances in total)\nDon Juan (1892, starring Roberts)\nThe Young Recruit (1892)\nIn Town (1892) (292 performances)\nMorocco Bound (1893) (295 performances)\nGo-Bang (1894) (129 performances)\nThe Shop Girl (1894) (546 performances)\nMirette revised English version (1894) (total of 102 performances in both versions)\nBobbo (1895)\nBiarritz (1896) (71 performances)\nMy Girl (1896) (183 performances)\nWeather or No (1896) (209 performances)\nThe Circus Girl (1896) (497 performances)\nHis Majesty, or The Court of Vignolia (1897) (61 performances)\nThe Ballet Girl (1897)\nThe Grand Duchess (1897) (104 performances)\n\nThe Transit of Venus (1898)\nBilly (1898)\nA Greek Slave (1898) (349 performances)\nMilord Sir Smith (1898) (82 performances)\nThe Lucky Star (1899) (143 performances)\nSan Toy (1899) (768 performances)\nThe Messenger Boy (1900) (429 performances)\nThe Toreador (1901) (675 performances)\nKitty Grey (1901) (220 performances)\nA Country Girl (1902) (729 performances)\nThe Girl from Kays (1903) (432 performances; 236 performances on Broadway)\nThe Orchid (1903) (559 performances)\nThe Cingalee (1904) (365 performances)\nThe Spring Chicken (1905) (401 performances)\nThe Little Cherub (1906) (114 performances)\nNaughty Nero (1906)\n\nThe New Aladdin (1906) (203 performances)\nSee-See (1906) (152 performances).\nLes Merveilleuses (1906) (196 performances)\nThe Girls of Gottenberg (1907) (303 performances)\nThe Merry Widow (1907) (778 performances; 416 performances on Broadway, and many revivals)\nA Waltz Dream (1908) (146 performances)\nHavana (1908) (221 performances; 231 performances on Broadway)\nKing of Cadonia (1908) (333 performances)\nThe Dollar Princess (1909) (428 performances)\nThe Antelope (1909)\nOur Miss Gibbs (1909) (636 performances)\nThe Dashing Little Duke (1909) (101 performances)\nThe Arcadians (1910, 809 performances; Broadway production: 201 performances)\nCaptain Kidd (1910)\nThe Girl in the Train (1910) (340 performances)\nThe Quaker Girl (1911) (536 performances; 248 performances on Broadway)\nMadame Sherry (1911: 231 performances on Broadway)\nCastles in the Air (Frau Luna) (1911)\nThe Count of Luxembourg (1911) (240 performances)\nGipsy Love (1912) (299 performances)\nThe Wedding Morning (1912)\nTantalising Tommy (1912)\nThe Dancing Mistress (1912) (241 performances)\nThe Girl on the Film (Filmzauber) (1913) (232 performances)\nThe Marriage Market (Lednyedsdr) (1913)\nThe Girl from Utah (1913) (195 performances)\nThe Belle of Bond Street revised version of The Girl from Kays (1914)\nBetty (1915) (391 performances)\nThe Light Blues (1915)\nThe Happy Day (1916) (241 performances)\nTheodore & Co (1916) (503 performances)\nOh! Caesar (1916) (toured only)\nThe Happy Family (1916)\nArlette (1917)\nThe Boy (1917) (801 performances)\nThree Cheers (1917) (revue)\nMonsieur Beaucaire (1919) (400 performances)\nThe Kiss Call (1919)\nMaggie (1919)\nThe Eclipse (1919)\nMedorah (1920)\nA Southern Maid (1920) (306 performances)\nThe Love Flower (1920)\nThe Naughty Princess (1920) (280 performances – at the Adelphi Theatre)\nFaust on Toast (1921)\nLove's Awakening (1921)\nLilac Time (1922) (626 performances)\nThe Cousin from Nowhere (1922; Der Vetter aus Dingsda, 1921, composed by Eduard Künneke) (105 performances)\nHead Over Heels (1923)\nThe Beloved Vagabond (1927) (107 performances)\nFrederica (Friederike) (1930) (music by Franz Lehár)\nThe Toymaker of Nuremberg (1930) (32 performances)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n \nNicoll, A. English drama, 1900–1930 (1973)\nParker, J. (ed.) Who's who in the theatre (1912)\nReeves, Ken: \"The Life and Work of Adrian Ross\" in The Gaiety Annual (2002) pp. 3–14\nThe Times obituary, 12 September 1933\n\nExternal links\nListing of English musicals with links\n\nLinks to poems by Ross\nSheet music covers for Ross songs\n \n\nEnglish lyricists\nEnglish musical theatre lyricists\nPeople associated with Gilbert and Sullivan\n1859 births\n1933 deaths\nPeople from Lewisham\nEnglish male dramatists and playwrights\nEnglish horror writers", "Draped Up & Chipped Out, Vol. 3 is a compilation album by American rapper Messy Marv, released on December 9, 2008. It peaked at #50 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, #27 on the Heatseekers Albums chart, and #16 on the Heatseekers Albums chart. It is the third, and most successful, album of his Draped Up & Chipped Out series, and one of the most successful albums of his career. It includes performances by Krizz Kaliko, Tech N9ne, Killer Mike, Capone-N-Noreaga, Sean T, Mistah F.A.B., Jay Rock and Yukmouth, and a guest appearance from Keak da Sneak, among others.\n\nTrack listing\n\nReferences\n\n2008 albums\nMessy Marv albums\nSMC Recordings albums\nSequel albums" ]

[ "James Lawrence Levine (; June 23, 1943 – March 9, 2021) was an American conductor and pianist. He was music director of the Metropolitan Opera (the \"Met\") from 1976 to 2016.", "He was music director of the Metropolitan Opera (the \"Met\") from 1976 to 2016. He was formally terminated from all his positions and affiliations with the Met on March 12, 2018, over sexual misconduct allegations, which he denied.", "He was formally terminated from all his positions and affiliations with the Met on March 12, 2018, over sexual misconduct allegations, which he denied. Levine held leadership positions with the Ravinia Festival, the Munich Philharmonic, and the Boston Symphony Orchestra.", "Levine held leadership positions with the Ravinia Festival, the Munich Philharmonic, and the Boston Symphony Orchestra. In 1980 he started the Lindemann Young Artists Development Program, and trained singers, conductors, and musicians for professional careers.", "In 1980 he started the Lindemann Young Artists Development Program, and trained singers, conductors, and musicians for professional careers. After taking an almost two-year health-related hiatus from conducting from 2011 to 2013, during which time he held artistic and administrative planning sessions at the Met, and led training of the Lindemann Young Artists, Levine retired as the Met's full-time Music Director following the 2015–16 season to become Music Director Emeritus.", "After taking an almost two-year health-related hiatus from conducting from 2011 to 2013, during which time he held artistic and administrative planning sessions at the Met, and led training of the Lindemann Young Artists, Levine retired as the Met's full-time Music Director following the 2015–16 season to become Music Director Emeritus. Early years and personal life Levine was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, to a Jewish, musical family.", "Early years and personal life Levine was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, to a Jewish, musical family. His maternal grandfather was a composer and a cantor in a synagogue; his father, Lawrence, was a violinist who led dance bands under the name \"Larry Lee\" before entering his father's clothing business; and his mother, Helen Goldstein Levine, was briefly an actress on Broadway, performing as \"Helen Golden\".", "His maternal grandfather was a composer and a cantor in a synagogue; his father, Lawrence, was a violinist who led dance bands under the name \"Larry Lee\" before entering his father's clothing business; and his mother, Helen Goldstein Levine, was briefly an actress on Broadway, performing as \"Helen Golden\". He had a brother, Tom, who was two years younger, who followed him to New York City from Cincinnati in 1974, and with whom he was very close.", "He had a brother, Tom, who was two years younger, who followed him to New York City from Cincinnati in 1974, and with whom he was very close. He employed Tom as his business assistant, looking after his affairs, arranging his rehearsal schedules, fielding queries, scouting out places to live, meeting with accountants, and accompanying Levine on trips to Europe.", "He employed Tom as his business assistant, looking after his affairs, arranging his rehearsal schedules, fielding queries, scouting out places to live, meeting with accountants, and accompanying Levine on trips to Europe. Tom was also a painter. He also had a younger sister, Janet, who is a marriage counselor.", "He also had a younger sister, Janet, who is a marriage counselor. He began to play the piano as a small child. On February 21, 1954, at age 10, Levine made his concert debut as soloist playing Felix Mendelssohn's Piano Concerto No. 2 at a youth concert of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra in Ohio.", "2 at a youth concert of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra in Ohio. Levine subsequently studied music with Walter Levin, first violinist in the LaSalle Quartet. In 1956 he took piano lessons with Rudolf Serkin at the Marlboro Music School in Vermont. The next year he began to study piano with Rosina Lhévinne at the Aspen Music School.", "The next year he began to study piano with Rosina Lhévinne at the Aspen Music School. He graduated from Walnut Hills High School, a magnet school in Cincinnati. He entered the Juilliard School of Music in New York City in 1961, and took courses in conducting with Jean Morel.", "He entered the Juilliard School of Music in New York City in 1961, and took courses in conducting with Jean Morel. He graduated from Juilliard in 1964, and joined the American Conductors project connected with the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra. Levine lived in The San Remo on Central Park West in New York City.", "Levine lived in The San Remo on Central Park West in New York City. Career Early career From 1964 to 1965, Levine served as an apprentice to George Szell with the Cleveland Orchestra. He then served as the Orchestra's assistant conductor until 1970.", "He then served as the Orchestra's assistant conductor until 1970. That year, he also made debuts as guest conductor with the Philadelphia Orchestra at its summer home at Robin Hood Dell, the Welsh National Opera, and the San Francisco Opera. From 1965 to 1972 he concurrently taught at the Cleveland Institute of Music.", "From 1965 to 1972 he concurrently taught at the Cleveland Institute of Music. In the summers, he worked at the Meadow Brook School of Music in Michigan and at the Ravinia Festival in Highland Park, Illinois, the summer home of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.", "In the summers, he worked at the Meadow Brook School of Music in Michigan and at the Ravinia Festival in Highland Park, Illinois, the summer home of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. During that time, the charismatic Levine developed a devoted following of young musicians and music lovers.", "During that time, the charismatic Levine developed a devoted following of young musicians and music lovers. In June 1971, Levine was called in at the last moment to substitute for István Kertész, to lead the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and Chorus in Mahler's Second Symphony for the Ravinia Festival's opening concert of their 36th season.", "In June 1971, Levine was called in at the last moment to substitute for István Kertész, to lead the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and Chorus in Mahler's Second Symphony for the Ravinia Festival's opening concert of their 36th season. This concert began a long association with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.", "This concert began a long association with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. From 1973 to 1993 he was music director of the Ravinia Festival, succeeding the late Kertész.", "From 1973 to 1993 he was music director of the Ravinia Festival, succeeding the late Kertész. He made numerous recordings with the orchestra, including the symphonies and German Requiem of Johannes Brahms, and major works of Gershwin, Holst, Berg, Beethoven, Mozart, and others.", "He made numerous recordings with the orchestra, including the symphonies and German Requiem of Johannes Brahms, and major works of Gershwin, Holst, Berg, Beethoven, Mozart, and others. In 1990, at the request of Roy E. Disney, he arranged the music and conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and Chorus in the soundtrack of Fantasia 2000, released by Walt Disney Pictures.", "In 1990, at the request of Roy E. Disney, he arranged the music and conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and Chorus in the soundtrack of Fantasia 2000, released by Walt Disney Pictures. From 1974 to 1978, Levine also served as music director of the Cincinnati May Festival.", "From 1974 to 1978, Levine also served as music director of the Cincinnati May Festival. Metropolitan Opera Levine made his Metropolitan Opera debut a few weeks before he turned 28, on June 5, 1971, leading a June Festival performance of Puccini's Tosca.", "Metropolitan Opera Levine made his Metropolitan Opera debut a few weeks before he turned 28, on June 5, 1971, leading a June Festival performance of Puccini's Tosca. After further appearances with the company, he was named its principal conductor in February 1972. He became its music director in 1975.", "He became its music director in 1975. In 1983, he served as conductor and musical director for the Franco Zeffirelli screen adaptation of Verdi's La Traviata, which featured the Met orchestra and chorus members. He became the company's first artistic director in 1986, and relinquished the title in 2004.", "He became the company's first artistic director in 1986, and relinquished the title in 2004. In 2005, Levine's combined salary from the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the Met made him the highest-paid conductor in the country, at $3.5 million.", "In 2005, Levine's combined salary from the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the Met made him the highest-paid conductor in the country, at $3.5 million. During Levine's tenure, the Metropolitan Opera orchestra expanded its activities into recording and concert series for the orchestra and chamber ensembles from the orchestra at Carnegie Hall.", "During Levine's tenure, the Metropolitan Opera orchestra expanded its activities into recording and concert series for the orchestra and chamber ensembles from the orchestra at Carnegie Hall. Levine led the Metropolitan Opera on many domestic and international tours.", "Levine led the Metropolitan Opera on many domestic and international tours. For the 25th anniversary of his Met debut, Levine conducted the world premiere of John Harbison's The Great Gatsby, commissioned for the occasion.", "For the 25th anniversary of his Met debut, Levine conducted the world premiere of John Harbison's The Great Gatsby, commissioned for the occasion. On his appointment as general manager of the Met, Peter Gelb emphasized that Levine was welcome to remain as long as he wanted to direct music there.", "On his appointment as general manager of the Met, Peter Gelb emphasized that Levine was welcome to remain as long as he wanted to direct music there. Levine was paid $2.1 million by the Met in 2010.", "Levine was paid $2.1 million by the Met in 2010. Following a series of injuries that began with a fall, Levine's health problems led to his withdrawal from many Metropolitan Opera engagements. After a May 2011 performance of Wagner's Die Walküre, Levine formally withdrew from all engagements at the Met.", "After a May 2011 performance of Wagner's Die Walküre, Levine formally withdrew from all engagements at the Met. After two years of physical therapy, he returned to conducting with a May 2013 concert with the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra at Carnegie Hall.", "After two years of physical therapy, he returned to conducting with a May 2013 concert with the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra at Carnegie Hall. On September 25, 2013, Levine conducted his first Met performance since May 2011, in a revival production of Mozart's Così fan tutte.", "On September 25, 2013, Levine conducted his first Met performance since May 2011, in a revival production of Mozart's Così fan tutte. He was scheduled to conduct three productions at the opera house and three at Carnegie Hall in the 2013–14 season.", "He was scheduled to conduct three productions at the opera house and three at Carnegie Hall in the 2013–14 season. On April 14, 2016, Met management announced that Levine would step down from his position as music director at the end of the 2015–16 season. Levine was paid $1.8 million by the Met for the 2015–16 season.", "Levine was paid $1.8 million by the Met for the 2015–16 season. He assumed the new title of Music Director Emeritus, which he held until December 2017, when in the wake of allegations that Levine had sexually abused four young men, the Met suspended its relationship with him and canceled all his scheduled performances with the company.", "He assumed the new title of Music Director Emeritus, which he held until December 2017, when in the wake of allegations that Levine had sexually abused four young men, the Met suspended its relationship with him and canceled all his scheduled performances with the company. Boston Symphony Orchestra Levine first conducted the Boston Symphony Orchestra (BSO) in April 1972.", "Boston Symphony Orchestra Levine first conducted the Boston Symphony Orchestra (BSO) in April 1972. In October 2001, he was named its music director effective with the 2004–05 season, with an initial contract of five years, becoming the first American-born conductor to head the BSO.", "In October 2001, he was named its music director effective with the 2004–05 season, with an initial contract of five years, becoming the first American-born conductor to head the BSO. One unique condition that Levine negotiated was increased flexibility of the time allotted for rehearsal, allowing the orchestra additional time to prepare more challenging works.", "One unique condition that Levine negotiated was increased flexibility of the time allotted for rehearsal, allowing the orchestra additional time to prepare more challenging works. After the start of his tenure, the orchestra also established an \"Artistic Initiative Fund\" of about $40 million to fund the more expensive of his projects.", "After the start of his tenure, the orchestra also established an \"Artistic Initiative Fund\" of about $40 million to fund the more expensive of his projects. One criticism of Levine during his BSO tenure is that he did not attend many orchestra auditions.", "One criticism of Levine during his BSO tenure is that he did not attend many orchestra auditions. A 2005 article reported that he had attended two out of 16 auditions during his tenure up to that time.", "A 2005 article reported that he had attended two out of 16 auditions during his tenure up to that time. Levine responded that he has the ability to provide input on musician tenure decisions after the initial probationary period, and that it is difficult to know how well a given player will fit the given position until that person has had a chance to work with the orchestra: \"My message is the audition isn't everything.\"", "Levine responded that he has the ability to provide input on musician tenure decisions after the initial probationary period, and that it is difficult to know how well a given player will fit the given position until that person has had a chance to work with the orchestra: \"My message is the audition isn't everything.\" Another 2005 report stated that during Levine's first season as music director, the greater workload from the demands of playing more unfamiliar and contemporary music had increased physical stress on some of the BSO musicians.", "Another 2005 report stated that during Levine's first season as music director, the greater workload from the demands of playing more unfamiliar and contemporary music had increased physical stress on some of the BSO musicians. Levine and the players met to discuss this, and he agreed to program changes to lessen these demands.", "Levine and the players met to discuss this, and he agreed to program changes to lessen these demands. He received general critical praise for revitalizing the orchestra's quality and repertoire since the beginning of his tenure.", "He received general critical praise for revitalizing the orchestra's quality and repertoire since the beginning of his tenure. Levine experienced ongoing health problems, starting with an onstage fall in 2006 that resulted in a torn rotator cuff and started discussion of how long Levine's tenure with the BSO would last.", "Levine experienced ongoing health problems, starting with an onstage fall in 2006 that resulted in a torn rotator cuff and started discussion of how long Levine's tenure with the BSO would last. In April 2010, in the wake of his continuing health problems, it emerged that Levine had not officially signed a contract extension, so that he was the BSO's music director without a signed contract.", "In April 2010, in the wake of his continuing health problems, it emerged that Levine had not officially signed a contract extension, so that he was the BSO's music director without a signed contract. On March 2, 2011, the BSO announced Levine's resignation as music director effective September 2011, after the Orchestra's Tanglewood season.", "On March 2, 2011, the BSO announced Levine's resignation as music director effective September 2011, after the Orchestra's Tanglewood season. Working on a commission from Levine and the BSO, the composer John Harbison dedicated his Symphony No.", "Working on a commission from Levine and the BSO, the composer John Harbison dedicated his Symphony No. 6 \"in friendship and gratitude\" to him, whose premature departure from the orchestra prevented him from conducting the premiere.", "6 \"in friendship and gratitude\" to him, whose premature departure from the orchestra prevented him from conducting the premiere. After allegations of his abusing a number of young men came out in December 2017 the BSO said Levine \"will never be employed or contracted by the BSO at any time in the future\".", "After allegations of his abusing a number of young men came out in December 2017 the BSO said Levine \"will never be employed or contracted by the BSO at any time in the future\". Conducting in Europe Levine's BSO contract limited his guest appearances with American orchestras, but he still conducted regularly in Europe, with the Vienna Philharmonic, Berlin Philharmonic, and at the Bayreuth Festival.", "Conducting in Europe Levine's BSO contract limited his guest appearances with American orchestras, but he still conducted regularly in Europe, with the Vienna Philharmonic, Berlin Philharmonic, and at the Bayreuth Festival. Levine was a regular guest with the Philharmonia of London and the Staatskapelle Dresden.", "Levine was a regular guest with the Philharmonia of London and the Staatskapelle Dresden. Beginning in 1975 he conducted regularly at the Salzburg Festival and the annual July Verbier Festival. From 1999 to 2004, he was chief conductor of the Munich Philharmonic, and was credited with improving the quality of instrumental ensemble during his tenure.", "From 1999 to 2004, he was chief conductor of the Munich Philharmonic, and was credited with improving the quality of instrumental ensemble during his tenure. Work with students Levine initiated the Lindemann Young Artists Development Program at the Metropolitan Opera in 1980, a professional training program for graduated singers with, today, many famous alumni.", "Work with students Levine initiated the Lindemann Young Artists Development Program at the Metropolitan Opera in 1980, a professional training program for graduated singers with, today, many famous alumni. Levine was conductor of the UBS Verbier Festival Orchestra, the student resident orchestra at the annual summer music festival in Verbier, Switzerland, from 1999 through 2006.", "Levine was conductor of the UBS Verbier Festival Orchestra, the student resident orchestra at the annual summer music festival in Verbier, Switzerland, from 1999 through 2006. It was Levine's first long-term commitment to a student orchestra since becoming music director at the Met.", "It was Levine's first long-term commitment to a student orchestra since becoming music director at the Met. After becoming music director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, Levine also served as music director of the Tanglewood Music Center, the BSO's acclaimed summer academy at Tanglewood for student instrumentalists, singers, composers, and conductors.", "After becoming music director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, Levine also served as music director of the Tanglewood Music Center, the BSO's acclaimed summer academy at Tanglewood for student instrumentalists, singers, composers, and conductors. There he conducted the Tanglewood Music Center Orchestra, directed fully staged opera performances with student singers, and gave master classes for singers and conductors.", "There he conducted the Tanglewood Music Center Orchestra, directed fully staged opera performances with student singers, and gave master classes for singers and conductors. Levine said in an interview: At my age, you are naturally inclined towards teaching.", "Levine said in an interview: At my age, you are naturally inclined towards teaching. You want to teach what you have learned to the next generation so that they don't have to spend time reinventing the wheel. I was lucky that I met the right mentors and teachers at the right moment.", "I was lucky that I met the right mentors and teachers at the right moment. I love working with young musicians and singers, and those at the Tanglewood Music Center are unequivocally some of the finest and most talented in the world. He continued to work with young students even when his health issues kept him from conducting.", "He continued to work with young students even when his health issues kept him from conducting. He was awarded the Lotus Award (\"for inspiration to young musicians\") from Young Concert Artists.", "He was awarded the Lotus Award (\"for inspiration to young musicians\") from Young Concert Artists. Anthony Tommasini wrote in The New York Times in 2016: \"The aspiring singers in the Met's young artist development program, one of many important ventures Mr. Levine started, must understand how lucky they are to have, as a teacher and mentor, a musician who even in his 20s worked at the Met with giants like Jon Vickers and Renata Tebaldi.\"", "Anthony Tommasini wrote in The New York Times in 2016: \"The aspiring singers in the Met's young artist development program, one of many important ventures Mr. Levine started, must understand how lucky they are to have, as a teacher and mentor, a musician who even in his 20s worked at the Met with giants like Jon Vickers and Renata Tebaldi.\" Health problems and death Levine experienced recurrent health issues beginning in 2006, including sciatica and what he called \"intermittent tremors\".", "Health problems and death Levine experienced recurrent health issues beginning in 2006, including sciatica and what he called \"intermittent tremors\". On March 1, 2006, he tripped and fell onstage during a standing ovation after a performance with the Boston Symphony Orchestra and tore the rotator cuff in his right shoulder, leaving the remaining subscription concerts in Boston to his assistant conductor at the time.", "On March 1, 2006, he tripped and fell onstage during a standing ovation after a performance with the Boston Symphony Orchestra and tore the rotator cuff in his right shoulder, leaving the remaining subscription concerts in Boston to his assistant conductor at the time. Later that month, Levine underwent surgery to repair the injury.", "Later that month, Levine underwent surgery to repair the injury. He returned to the podium on July 7, 2006. Levine withdrew from the majority of the Tanglewood 2008 summer season because of surgery required to remove a kidney with a malignant cyst. He returned to the podium in Boston on September 24, 2008, at Symphony Hall.", "He returned to the podium in Boston on September 24, 2008, at Symphony Hall. On September 29, 2009, it was announced that Levine would undergo emergency back surgery for a herniated disk. He missed three weeks of engagements.", "He missed three weeks of engagements. In March 2010, the BSO announced that Levine would miss the remainder of the Boston Symphony season because of back pain. The Met also announced, on April 4, 2010, that he was withdrawing from the remainder of his performances for the season.", "The Met also announced, on April 4, 2010, that he was withdrawing from the remainder of his performances for the season. According to the Met, Levine was required to have \"corrective surgery for an ongoing lower back problem\".", "According to the Met, Levine was required to have \"corrective surgery for an ongoing lower back problem\". He returned to conducting at the Met and the BSO at the beginning of the 2010–11 season, but in February 2011 canceled his Boston engagements for the rest of the season.", "He returned to conducting at the Met and the BSO at the beginning of the 2010–11 season, but in February 2011 canceled his Boston engagements for the rest of the season. In the summer of 2011, Levine underwent further surgery on his back.", "In the summer of 2011, Levine underwent further surgery on his back. In September 2011, after he fell down a flight of stairs, fractured his spine, and injured his back while on vacation in Vermont, the Met announced that he would not conduct at the Met at least for the rest of 2011.", "In September 2011, after he fell down a flight of stairs, fractured his spine, and injured his back while on vacation in Vermont, the Met announced that he would not conduct at the Met at least for the rest of 2011. After two years of surgery and physical therapy, Levine returned to conducting for the first time on May 19, 2013, in a concert with the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra at Carnegie Hall.", "After two years of surgery and physical therapy, Levine returned to conducting for the first time on May 19, 2013, in a concert with the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra at Carnegie Hall. Levine conducted from a motorized wheelchair, with a special platform designed to accommodate it, which could rise and descend like an elevator.", "Levine conducted from a motorized wheelchair, with a special platform designed to accommodate it, which could rise and descend like an elevator. He returned to the Met on September 24, 2013. The same type of platform was present in the Met orchestra pit for his September 2013 return performance.", "The same type of platform was present in the Met orchestra pit for his September 2013 return performance. For many years, both Levine and the Met denied as unfounded the rumors that Levine had Parkinson's disease.", "For many years, both Levine and the Met denied as unfounded the rumors that Levine had Parkinson's disease. As New York magazine reported: \"The conductor states flatly that the condition is not Parkinson's disease, as people had speculated in 'that silly Times piece.'\"", "As New York magazine reported: \"The conductor states flatly that the condition is not Parkinson's disease, as people had speculated in 'that silly Times piece.'\" But in 2016 both he and the Met finally admitted that the rumors were true, and that Levine had in fact had the disease since 1994.", "But in 2016 both he and the Met finally admitted that the rumors were true, and that Levine had in fact had the disease since 1994. The Washington Post noted: \"It wasn't just the illnesses, but the constant alternation between concealment and an excess of revelation that kept so much attention focused on them and away from the music.\"", "The Washington Post noted: \"It wasn't just the illnesses, but the constant alternation between concealment and an excess of revelation that kept so much attention focused on them and away from the music.\" Levine died in his Palm Springs home on March 9, 2021.", "Levine died in his Palm Springs home on March 9, 2021. Len Horovitz, his personal physician, announced Levine's death on March 17 and said that he had died of natural causes.", "Len Horovitz, his personal physician, announced Levine's death on March 17 and said that he had died of natural causes. Sexual assault allegations Four men accused Levine of sexually molesting them (starting when they were 16, 17, 17, and 20 years old), from the 1960s to the 1990s.", "Sexual assault allegations Four men accused Levine of sexually molesting them (starting when they were 16, 17, 17, and 20 years old), from the 1960s to the 1990s. On December 2, 2017, it was publicly revealed that an October 2016 police report detailed that Levine had allegedly sexually molested a male teenager for years.", "On December 2, 2017, it was publicly revealed that an October 2016 police report detailed that Levine had allegedly sexually molested a male teenager for years. The alleged sexual abuse began while Levine was guest conductor at the Ravinia Festival, outside Chicago, where Levine was music director for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra's summer residencies from 1973 to 1993.", "The alleged sexual abuse began while Levine was guest conductor at the Ravinia Festival, outside Chicago, where Levine was music director for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra's summer residencies from 1973 to 1993. One accuser said that in the summer of 1968, when he was a 17-year-old high school student attending Meadow Brook School of Music in Michigan, Levine (then a 25-year-old faculty member) had sexual contact with a student.", "One accuser said that in the summer of 1968, when he was a 17-year-old high school student attending Meadow Brook School of Music in Michigan, Levine (then a 25-year-old faculty member) had sexual contact with a student. When he next saw Levine, the accuser told him that he would not repeat the sexual behavior, but asked if they could continue to make music as they had before; Levine said no.", "When he next saw Levine, the accuser told him that he would not repeat the sexual behavior, but asked if they could continue to make music as they had before; Levine said no. The accuser later played bass in the St. Paul Chamber Orchestra for decades and became a professor.", "The accuser later played bass in the St. Paul Chamber Orchestra for decades and became a professor. A second accuser said that that same summer, Levine had sexual contact with a 17-year-old student and that Levine then initiated with the teenager a number of sexual encounters that have since haunted him.", "A second accuser said that that same summer, Levine had sexual contact with a 17-year-old student and that Levine then initiated with the teenager a number of sexual encounters that have since haunted him. He said (and another male corroborated, on the condition of anonymity) that the next year, in Cleveland, where Levine was an assistant conductor of the Cleveland Orchestra, Levine on several occasions had sexual contact with that student and other students.", "He said (and another male corroborated, on the condition of anonymity) that the next year, in Cleveland, where Levine was an assistant conductor of the Cleveland Orchestra, Levine on several occasions had sexual contact with that student and other students. A third accuser, a violinist and pianist who grew up in Illinois near the Ravinia Music Festival, a summer program for aspiring musicians of which Levine was music director from 1971 to 1993, said Levine sexually abused him beginning when the accuser was 16 years old (and Levine was in his 40s) in 1986.", "A third accuser, a violinist and pianist who grew up in Illinois near the Ravinia Music Festival, a summer program for aspiring musicians of which Levine was music director from 1971 to 1993, said Levine sexually abused him beginning when the accuser was 16 years old (and Levine was in his 40s) in 1986. He had previously detailed his accusation in 2016 in a report to the Lake Forest Police Department in Illinois.", "He had previously detailed his accusation in 2016 in a report to the Lake Forest Police Department in Illinois. On December 8, the department announced that Levine could not be charged criminally in Illinois because the accuser was 16 years old at the time, and while today a 16-year-old is not considered old enough to consent to such conduct in Illinois (he must be 17, or 18 in cases in which the suspect is in a position of trust, authority, or supervision in relation to the victim), at the time that was the statutory age of consent.", "On December 8, the department announced that Levine could not be charged criminally in Illinois because the accuser was 16 years old at the time, and while today a 16-year-old is not considered old enough to consent to such conduct in Illinois (he must be 17, or 18 in cases in which the suspect is in a position of trust, authority, or supervision in relation to the victim), at the time that was the statutory age of consent. The department noted: \"we are bound to apply the law that was in effect at the time the allegations occurred rather than the law as it currently exists.\"", "The department noted: \"we are bound to apply the law that was in effect at the time the allegations occurred rather than the law as it currently exists.\" On December 4, a fourth man, who later had a long career as a violinist in the New Jersey Symphony Orchestra, said he had been abused by Levine beginning in 1968, when he was 20 years old and attending the Meadow Brook School of Music.", "On December 4, a fourth man, who later had a long career as a violinist in the New Jersey Symphony Orchestra, said he had been abused by Levine beginning in 1968, when he was 20 years old and attending the Meadow Brook School of Music. Levine was a teacher in the summer program.", "Levine was a teacher in the summer program. Reactions The New York Times said that the Met had known of at least one sexual abuse allegation as early as 1979, but dismissed it as baseless.", "Reactions The New York Times said that the Met had known of at least one sexual abuse allegation as early as 1979, but dismissed it as baseless. Furthermore, the Met (including its General Manager Peter Gelb, who was contacted directly by a police detective about the allegations in October 2016) had been aware of both the third accuser's abuse allegations since they were made in the 2016 police report, and of the attendant police investigation.", "Furthermore, the Met (including its General Manager Peter Gelb, who was contacted directly by a police detective about the allegations in October 2016) had been aware of both the third accuser's abuse allegations since they were made in the 2016 police report, and of the attendant police investigation. But the Met did not suspend Levine or launch an investigation of its own until over a year later, in December 2017.", "But the Met did not suspend Levine or launch an investigation of its own until over a year later, in December 2017. In response to the December 2017 news article, the Met announced that it would investigate the sexual abuse allegations dating to the 1980s that were set forth in the 2016 police report.", "In response to the December 2017 news article, the Met announced that it would investigate the sexual abuse allegations dating to the 1980s that were set forth in the 2016 police report. On December 3, after two additional males came forward with allegations of abuse, the Met suspended its ties with Levine, and canceled all upcoming engagements with him.", "On December 3, after two additional males came forward with allegations of abuse, the Met suspended its ties with Levine, and canceled all upcoming engagements with him. A fourth accuser came forward the following day.", "A fourth accuser came forward the following day. For its part, the Ravinia Festival, in April 2017, six months after the criminal investigation of Levine began, created an honorific title for Levine—\"Conductor Laureate\"—and signed him to a five-year renewable contract to begin in 2018.", "For its part, the Ravinia Festival, in April 2017, six months after the criminal investigation of Levine began, created an honorific title for Levine—\"Conductor Laureate\"—and signed him to a five-year renewable contract to begin in 2018. On December 4, 2017, the Ravinia Festival severed all ties with Levine, and terminated his five-year contract to lead the Chicago Symphony there.", "On December 4, 2017, the Ravinia Festival severed all ties with Levine, and terminated his five-year contract to lead the Chicago Symphony there. The Boston Symphony Orchestra said Levine \"will never be employed or contracted by the BSO at any time in the future\".", "The Boston Symphony Orchestra said Levine \"will never be employed or contracted by the BSO at any time in the future\". The Juilliard School, where Levine had studied, replaced him in a February 2018 performance where he was scheduled to lead the Juilliard Orchestra and singers from the Met's Lindemann Young Artist Development Program.", "The Juilliard School, where Levine had studied, replaced him in a February 2018 performance where he was scheduled to lead the Juilliard Orchestra and singers from the Met's Lindemann Young Artist Development Program. On December 5, the Cincinnati May Festival canceled Levine's appearance in May.", "On December 5, the Cincinnati May Festival canceled Levine's appearance in May. On December 7, in New Plymouth, New Zealand, the cinema chain Event Cinemas abruptly cancelled the screening of a Met production of Levine conducting Mozart's Die Zauberflöte.", "On December 7, in New Plymouth, New Zealand, the cinema chain Event Cinemas abruptly cancelled the screening of a Met production of Levine conducting Mozart's Die Zauberflöte. On December 8, Fred Child, host of the classical music radio show Performance Today, wrote that Levine \"is accused of inflicting grievous harm to living members of our musical community.", "On December 8, Fred Child, host of the classical music radio show Performance Today, wrote that Levine \"is accused of inflicting grievous harm to living members of our musical community. Out of respect for these people and their wounds, I choose not to broadcast performances featuring Mr. Levine on the podium.\"", "Out of respect for these people and their wounds, I choose not to broadcast performances featuring Mr. Levine on the podium.\" Classical music blogger, former Village Voice music critic, and Juilliard School faculty member Greg Sandow said he had been contacted by three men over the years who said that Levine had abused them, and that reports of sexual abuse by Levine were \"widely talked about\" for 40 years.", "Classical music blogger, former Village Voice music critic, and Juilliard School faculty member Greg Sandow said he had been contacted by three men over the years who said that Levine had abused them, and that reports of sexual abuse by Levine were \"widely talked about\" for 40 years. Sandow said further: \"Everybody in the classical music business at least since the 1980s has talked about Levine as a sex abuser.", "Sandow said further: \"Everybody in the classical music business at least since the 1980s has talked about Levine as a sex abuser. The investigation should have been done decades ago.\"", "The investigation should have been done decades ago.\" Pulitzer Prize-winning music critic Justin Davidson mused on the culture website of New York magazine, \"James Levine's career has clearly ended\" and \"I'm not sure the Met can survive Levine's disgrace.\"", "Pulitzer Prize-winning music critic Justin Davidson mused on the culture website of New York magazine, \"James Levine's career has clearly ended\" and \"I'm not sure the Met can survive Levine's disgrace.\" Similarly, drama critic Terry Teachout of The Wall Street Journal wrote an article called \"The Levine Cataclysm; How allegations against James Levine of sexual misconduct with teenagers could topple the entire Metropolitan Opera\".", "Similarly, drama critic Terry Teachout of The Wall Street Journal wrote an article called \"The Levine Cataclysm; How allegations against James Levine of sexual misconduct with teenagers could topple the entire Metropolitan Opera\". The Washington Post music critic Anne Midgette noted: \"The Met has known about these allegations for at least a year, and are only investigating them now that they are public\", and opined on her Facebook page that the Met has \"quite probably spent years protecting its star conductor from just this kind of allegation\".", "The Washington Post music critic Anne Midgette noted: \"The Met has known about these allegations for at least a year, and are only investigating them now that they are public\", and opined on her Facebook page that the Met has \"quite probably spent years protecting its star conductor from just this kind of allegation\". Music critic Tim Pfaff of the LGBT Bay Area Reporter wrote that The New York Times chief classical music critic Anthony Tommasini had the \"weirdest\" reaction, \"lamenting the ugliness of it all under a...headline, 'Should I Put Away My James Levine Recordings?'", "Music critic Tim Pfaff of the LGBT Bay Area Reporter wrote that The New York Times chief classical music critic Anthony Tommasini had the \"weirdest\" reaction, \"lamenting the ugliness of it all under a...headline, 'Should I Put Away My James Levine Recordings?' His conclusion was that he and his husband...should move those recordings from their living room.\"", "His conclusion was that he and his husband...should move those recordings from their living room.\" The Met orchestra musicians applauded the courage of the four men who came forward with accusations that Levine had abused them.", "The Met orchestra musicians applauded the courage of the four men who came forward with accusations that Levine had abused them. Local 802 of the American Federation of Musicians, which represents the Met's orchestra and Levine, said, \"We are horrified and sickened by the recently reported allegations of sexual abuse by Mr. Levine.\"", "Levine.\" Levine.\" Five days after news of the accusations by the four men broke, Levine spoke about them for the first time, and called them \"unfounded\". The accusers stood by their claims, with one saying, \"I will take a lie-detector test. Will he?\"", "Will he?\" Will he?\" Six days later, music critic Arthur Kaptainis wrote in the Montreal Gazette that Levine's denial \"had little effect\". On March 12, 2018, the Met announced that it had fired Levine.", "On March 12, 2018, the Met announced that it had fired Levine. Its investigation found Levine had \"engaged in sexually abusive and harassing conduct towards vulnerable artists in the early stages of their careers\".", "Its investigation found Levine had \"engaged in sexually abusive and harassing conduct towards vulnerable artists in the early stages of their careers\". Levine sued the Metropolitan Opera in New York State Supreme Court for breach of contract and defamation on March 15, 2018, three days after the company fired him, seeking more than $5.8 million in damages.", "Levine sued the Metropolitan Opera in New York State Supreme Court for breach of contract and defamation on March 15, 2018, three days after the company fired him, seeking more than $5.8 million in damages. The Met denied Levine's allegations.", "The Met denied Levine's allegations. A year later, a New York State Supreme Court judge dismissed most of Levine's claims, but ruled that the Met and its attorney had made defamatory statements. The Metropolitan Opera and Levine announced a settlement on undisclosed terms in August 2019.", "The Metropolitan Opera and Levine announced a settlement on undisclosed terms in August 2019. In September 2020, the size of the payout was indirectly exposed by annual disclosure statements required for nonprofits; Levine had received $3.5 million in the settlement.", "In September 2020, the size of the payout was indirectly exposed by annual disclosure statements required for nonprofits; Levine had received $3.5 million in the settlement. It is speculated that he was able to negotiate such a large settlement due to the lack of a morals clause in his contract with the Met.", "It is speculated that he was able to negotiate such a large settlement due to the lack of a morals clause in his contract with the Met. Recordings and film Levine made many audio and video recordings. He recorded extensively with many orchestras, and especially often with the Metropolitan Opera.", "He recorded extensively with many orchestras, and especially often with the Metropolitan Opera. His performance of Aida with Leontyne Price, her last in opera, was preserved on video and may be seen at the Met's own online archive of performances. Of particular note are his performances of Wagner's complete Der Ring des Nibelungen.", "Of particular note are his performances of Wagner's complete Der Ring des Nibelungen. A studio recording made for Deutsche Grammophon from 1987 to 1989 is on compact disc, and a 1989 live performance of the Ring is available on DVD.", "A studio recording made for Deutsche Grammophon from 1987 to 1989 is on compact disc, and a 1989 live performance of the Ring is available on DVD. He also appears on several dozen albums as a pianist, collaborating with such singers as Jessye Norman, Kathleen Battle, Christa Ludwig, and Dawn Upshaw, as well as performing the chamber music of Franz Schubert and Francis Poulenc, among others.", "He also appears on several dozen albums as a pianist, collaborating with such singers as Jessye Norman, Kathleen Battle, Christa Ludwig, and Dawn Upshaw, as well as performing the chamber music of Franz Schubert and Francis Poulenc, among others. Levine was featured in the animated Disney film Fantasia 2000.", "Levine was featured in the animated Disney film Fantasia 2000. He conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in the soundtrack recordings of all the music in the film (with the exception of one segment from the original 1940 Fantasia).", "He conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in the soundtrack recordings of all the music in the film (with the exception of one segment from the original 1940 Fantasia). Levine is also seen in the film talking briefly with Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck, just as his predecessor Leopold Stokowski did in the original film.", "Levine is also seen in the film talking briefly with Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck, just as his predecessor Leopold Stokowski did in the original film. Discography Marilyn Horne: Divas in Song (1994), RCA Victor Red Seal CD, 09026-62547-2 Videography Mozart: Idomeneo (1982), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4234 The Metropolitan Opera Centennial Gala (1983), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4538 The Metropolitan Opera Gala 1991, Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4582 James Levine's 25th Anniversary Metropolitan Opera Gala (1996), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, B0004602-09 Honors Among the awards listed in his Met biography are: 1980 – Manhattan Cultural Award 1982 – first of eight Grammy Awards 1984 – Named \"Musician of the Year\" by Musical America 1986 – Smetana Medal (presented by the former Czechoslovakia) 1997 – National Medal of Arts 1999 – Wilhelm Furtwängler Prize from the Committee for Cultural Advancement of Baden-Baden, Germany 2003 – Kennedy Center Honors 2005 – Award for Distinguished Service to the Arts from the American Academy of Arts and Letters 2006 – Opera News Award 2009 – Award in the Vocal Arts from Bard College 2009 – Ditson Conductors Award from Columbia University 2010 – National Endowment for the Arts Opera Honoree 2010 – George Peabody Award from Peabody Conservatory at Johns Hopkins University 2010 – elected an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters In addition, his biography says Levine has received honorary doctorates from the University of Cincinnati, the New England Conservatory of Music, Northwestern University, the State University of New York, and the Juilliard School.", "Discography Marilyn Horne: Divas in Song (1994), RCA Victor Red Seal CD, 09026-62547-2 Videography Mozart: Idomeneo (1982), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4234 The Metropolitan Opera Centennial Gala (1983), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4538 The Metropolitan Opera Gala 1991, Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4582 James Levine's 25th Anniversary Metropolitan Opera Gala (1996), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, B0004602-09 Honors Among the awards listed in his Met biography are: 1980 – Manhattan Cultural Award 1982 – first of eight Grammy Awards 1984 – Named \"Musician of the Year\" by Musical America 1986 – Smetana Medal (presented by the former Czechoslovakia) 1997 – National Medal of Arts 1999 – Wilhelm Furtwängler Prize from the Committee for Cultural Advancement of Baden-Baden, Germany 2003 – Kennedy Center Honors 2005 – Award for Distinguished Service to the Arts from the American Academy of Arts and Letters 2006 – Opera News Award 2009 – Award in the Vocal Arts from Bard College 2009 – Ditson Conductors Award from Columbia University 2010 – National Endowment for the Arts Opera Honoree 2010 – George Peabody Award from Peabody Conservatory at Johns Hopkins University 2010 – elected an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters In addition, his biography says Levine has received honorary doctorates from the University of Cincinnati, the New England Conservatory of Music, Northwestern University, the State University of New York, and the Juilliard School. On May 3, 2018, SUNY revoked Levine's honorary doctorate in response to the sexual abuse allegations against him.", "On May 3, 2018, SUNY revoked Levine's honorary doctorate in response to the sexual abuse allegations against him. References External links 1943 births 2021 deaths 20th-century American conductors (music) 20th-century American pianists 20th-century American male musicians 20th-century classical pianists 21st-century American conductors (music) 21st-century American male musicians 21st-century American pianists 21st-century classical pianists American classical pianists American male conductors (music) American male pianists Aspen Music Festival and School alumni Conductors of the Metropolitan Opera Deutsche Grammophon artists Grammy Award winners Jewish American classical musicians Jewish classical pianists Juilliard School alumni Kennedy Center honorees Male classical pianists Metropolitan Opera people Music directors (opera) Musicians from Cincinnati Musicians from New York City Oehms Classics artists People stripped of honorary degrees People with Parkinson's disease United States National Medal of Arts recipients 21st-century American Jews" ]

[ "Nas", "1995-1997: Mainstream direction and The Firm", "Where was the mainstream direction going?", "I don't know." ]

[ "The Firm is an American hip hop supergroup that formed in New York City in 1996. It was created by rapper Nas, his manager Steve Stoute, producer Dr. Dre and production team Trackmasters. The group was composed of East Coast-based rappers Nas, Foxy Brown, AZ and also Nature, who served as a replacement for Cormega after he was ousted from the group.\n\nAlthough the group received initial hype and high expectations from fans upon their formation after collectively signing to Dr. Dre's Aftermath label, The Firm's debut album, The Album (1997), generated disappointing sales and generally negative criticism. The album, which featured predominant mafioso rap-themes and production from Dr. Dre and the Trackmasters, was criticized for its pop-orientation. Their debut album was the group's only release and they disbanded in 1999 with each member continuing their solo careers.\n\nThe members (including Cormega, who had made up with Nas after their falling-out, and excluding Nature) reunited on Nas's 2020 album King's Disease on the track \"Full Circle\". Dr. Dre has outro vocals on the song.\n\nBackground \nThe Firm's origins lie in the recording of Nas's studio album It Was Written (1996), which included a collaboration on the song \"Affirmative Action\" with East Coast-based rappers AZ, Cormega, and Foxy Brown. The supergroup was a project created by rapper Nas, his manager Steve Stoute, West Coast-based rapper and producer Dr. Dre, and production team the Trackmasters. The resulting line-up included Nas, Brown, AZ and rapper Nature. Cormega had been ousted from the group and was replaced by Nature prior to recording The Firm's debut, due to artistic differences between him and Nas, as well as contract disagreements with Nas's manager Steve Stoute. According to Poke & Tone, 50 Cent and Mary J. Blige were tentatively considered for the group.\n\nPrior to their formation, the members were at transitional stages of their careers, as Nas had commercialized his musical style with his second album, Foxy Brown had earned her first recording contract, AZ had gained critical acclaim for his 1995 debut album Doe or Die (1995), and Cormega had chosen to continue his rapping career after his release from prison in 1995. The project also served as an attempt by Dr. Dre to focus on producing other artists work rather than his solo work, following his departure from Death Row Records and the formation of his Aftermath label, which the group was collectively signed to. After the announcement of the group's formation by Dr. Dre, all involved with the project hyped it heavily, creating considerable buzz.\n\nThe Album \nThe group's only studio album, The Album (1997) was a concept album that revolved around mafioso rap-themes, and featured production work from Dr. Dre and the Trackmasters. While anticipated with much hype, The Album received generally negative reviews and generated disappointing sales upon its release.\n\nDespite the group's excessive hype and its mainstream musical approach, The Firm did not meet the expectations of fans who were introduced to the group via It Was Written, and The Album was criticized by music writers for abandoning hip hop for R&B and pop style. Nas appeared to be seeking pop stardom.\n\nAftermath \nThe Firm disbanded the following year and its members continued their solo careers. Nas' and Dr. Dre's participation in the group furthered speculation by fans and critics that the two artists were losing their creativity and appeal. Their work during this period has since been considered the weakest and least successful of their careers.\n\nThe replacing of Cormega with rapper Nature strained his friendship with Nas. Cormega, who continued to resent being ousted from the group, released the white label \"Fuck Nas & Nature\", circulating it through the mixtape market. Nature retaliated through a verse contribution on a DJ Clue mixtape. The two have since ended their beef and have recorded and performed together. After a short-lived truce, Nas attacked Cormega on the diss track \"Destroy & Rebuild\" from his fifth studio album Stillmatic (2001).\n\nIn December 2006, Cormega, Foxy Brown and Nas reunited to perform \"Affirmative Action\" live on-stage, ending the beef between Cormega and Nas. A reunion was unconfirmed. In an August 2010 interview with MTV, Foxy Brown explained there have been recent discussions on a Firm reformation, dependent on the remaining four agreeing to it.\n\nReunion\nIn August 2020, the group reunited for the song \"Full Circle\" from Nas' album King's Disease.\n\nDiscography\n\nStudio albums\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n \n The Firm at Discogs\n\nAftermath Entertainment artists\nAfrican-American musical groups\nHip hop groups from New York City\nInterscope Records artists\nMusical groups disestablished in 1998\nMusical groups established in 1996\nMusical groups reestablished in 2020\nHip hop supergroups\nNas\nFoxy Brown (rapper)\nHardcore hip hop groups", "The Album is the only studio album by American hip hop group The Firm. It was released on October 21, 1997 by Aftermath Entertainment and Interscope Records. The project was created by rapper Nas, his manager Steve Stoute and producers Dr. Dre and Trackmasters, who came up with the idea of forming a hip hop supergroup. The original line-up included Nas, AZ, Foxy Brown and Cormega who were all featured on the song \"Affirmative Action\" from Nas' album It Was Written (1996). However, Cormega later left the group due to artistic differences between him and Nas, as well as contract disagreements with Stoute. He was replaced by Nature prior to recording of the album. The Album is a concept album that revolves around the themes of mafia and \"gangsta\" lifestyle. The songs on the album were mainly produced by Dr. Dre, Chris \"The Glove\" Taylor and Trackmasters (as Poke and Tone), and feature guest vocals from Pretty Boy, Wizard, Canibus, Dawn Robinson, Noreaga and Half-a-Mill.\n\nThe Album received mixed reviews from the music critics, who criticized its mainstream pop-oriented sound rather than the members' previous styles. In the United States, the album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and also topped the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. It also charted in other countries, such as Canada, France and the United Kingdom. The Album sold 147,000 copies in the debut week and has sold over 925,000 copies in the United States and was certified gold in Canada. Two singles were released from the album, with \"Firm Biz\" peaking at number twelve on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay and number eighteen on the UK Singles Chart. Although the album's second single \"Phone Tap\" failed to chart, it remained the group signature song.\n\nBackground\nPrior to the formation of The Firm, future members and affiliates of the group were at transitional stages of their careers. Following the acclaim of his landmark debut album Illmatic (1994), Queensbridge-based emcee Nas decided to concentrate his efforts in a mainstream direction. Despite its significant impact on hip hop at the time, Illmatic did not experience the larger sales of most major releases of the day, due in part to Nas' shy personality and withdrawal from promoting the record. Nas began to make appearances on other artists' work, including \"Fast Life\" on Kool G Rap's \"4,5,6\" and \"Verbal Intercourse\" on Raekwon's Only Built 4 Cuban Linx... (1995). Nas began to dub himself as Nas Escobar on these guest appearances. Meanwhile, his excessive spending habits had left him with little money, as Nas had to ask for a loan to purchase clothes to wear to the 1995 Source Awards. The success of fellow East Coast act The Notorious B.I.G. at the awards show sent a message to Nas to change his commercial approach, resulting in his hiring of Steve \"The Commissioner\" Stoute as manager. While Illmatic attained gold status, Stoute convinced Nas to aim his efforts in a more commercial direction for his second album, after which Nas enlisted production team the Trackmasters, who were known for their mainstream success at the time.\n\nMeanwhile, Brooklyn-based female rapper Foxy Brown was brought to the attention of the Trackmasters, who were working on LL Cool J's Mr. Smith (1995). After impressing the production team with an on-stage freestyle rap, she earned a guest appearance on Mr. Smith, contributing a verse to the remix of \"I Shot Ya\". Throughout 1995 and 1996, Brown appeared on several platinum and gold singles, including Jay-Z's \"Ain't No Nigga\" and the remix of Toni Braxton's \"You're Makin' Me High\". Her appearances sparked a recording company bidding war in early 1996, leading to her signing to Def Jam Recordings. The success of \"I Shot Ya\" prompted her inclusion, along with rappers AZ and Cormega, in collaborating with Nas on the song \"Affirmative Action\" for his second studio album, It Was Written (1996). The collaboration came in the wake of the critical success of AZ's debut album Doe or Die (1995). He initially garnered attention with his appearance on Nas' \"Life's a Bitch\" (1993). Cormega, whose rapping career had been put on hold due to his incarceration during the early 1990s, was referenced by Nas on \"One Love\" (1994), and was released from jail in 1995.\n\nWorking with the Trackmasters as producers, Brown released her solo debut Ill Na Na (1996), which became a chart success and sold over two million copies.\n\nIn an interview AZ personally picked Firm Biz, Phone Tap and Throw Your Guns as his favorites songs on the album.\n\nIn an interview, The Glove explained the mixed reception of the album: \"Phone Tap” wasn't the first single. Do you know how many people would have ran out to buy that album if the first thing they heard was that song? They chose “Firm Biz” to be the first single and I was like, “You've got to be kidding! That's not Mob music!” There were problems with that project from the beginning.\nWe had to replace Cormega with Nature and there was a bunch of label in-fighting. If you look at the back of that CD, you'll see like 50 logos on there. Every label and company involved wanted a piece of that project. Plus the album was rushed because it was done in Miami. Nobody wanted to come to L.A. because Biggie had been murdered and we didn't want to go out East.\"\n\nTitle\nAccording to critic Steve \"Flash\" Juon of RapReviews, the title of the album, as well as the group's name, was inspired by John Grisham's 1991 legal thriller-novel The Firm and the 1993 film adaption of the same name. While it was issued under the title The Album, writers and music critics have referred to the album with such titles as The Firm, Nas, Foxy Brown, AZ, and Nature Present the Firm: The Album, and The Firm — The Album, or The Firm: The Album.\n\nTrack listing\n\nSample credits\n\"Phone Tap\", samples \"Petite Fleur\" by Chris Barber's Jazz Band\n\"Fuck Somebody Else\", samples \"You Gonna Make Me Love Somebody Else\" by The Jones Girls\n\"Hardcore\", samples \"Your Love (Encore)\" by Cheryl Lynn\n\"Five Minutes to Flush (Intro)\", samples \"Hard to Handle\" by Etta James\n\"Five Minutes to Flush\", samples \"Five Minutes Of Funk\" by Whodini\n\"Firm Biz\", samples \"Square Biz\" by Teena Marie\n\"Firm All Stars\", samples \"Turn Off the Lights\" by Young Larry\n\"Firm Fiasco\", samples \"A Ma Fille\" by Charles Aznavour\n\"Firm Family\" samples \"Come On Sexy Mama\" by The Moments\n\"Untouchable\", samples \"Mother Nature\" by The Temptations\n\"I'm Leaving\", samples \"I'm Leaving On a Jet Plane\" by John Denver\n\"Desparados\", samples \"Dune\" by Wasis Diop\n\"Executive Decision\", samples \"Ô Corse île d'amour\" by Tino Rossi\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nSee also\n List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 1997\n List of Billboard number-one R&B albums of 1997\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n [ The Album] at AllMusic\n \n\n1997 debut albums\nAftermath Entertainment albums\nAZ (rapper) albums\nFoxy Brown (rapper) albums\nAlbums produced by Dr. Dre\nNas albums\nNature (rapper) albums\nInterscope Records albums\nColumbia Records albums\nMafioso rap albums" ]

[ "Nasir bin Olu Dara Jones (; born September 14, 1973), better known by his stage name Nas (), is an American rapper, songwriter, and entrepreneur. Rooted in the New York hip hop scene, he is regarded as one of the greatest and most influential rappers of all time.", "Rooted in the New York hip hop scene, he is regarded as one of the greatest and most influential rappers of all time. The son of jazz musician Olu Dara, Jones's musical career began in 1989 as he adopted the moniker of \"Nasty Nas\" and recorded demos for Large Professor.", "The son of jazz musician Olu Dara, Jones's musical career began in 1989 as he adopted the moniker of \"Nasty Nas\" and recorded demos for Large Professor. He was a featured artist on Main Source's \"Live at the Barbeque\" (1991), also produced by Large Professor.", "He was a featured artist on Main Source's \"Live at the Barbeque\" (1991), also produced by Large Professor. Nas's debut album Illmatic (1994) received universal acclaim upon release, and is considered to be one of the greatest hip hop albums of all-time; in 2021, the album was inducted into the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry.", "Nas's debut album Illmatic (1994) received universal acclaim upon release, and is considered to be one of the greatest hip hop albums of all-time; in 2021, the album was inducted into the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry. His second album It Was Written (1996) debuted atop the Billboard 200 and charted for four consecutive weeks; the album, along with its single \"If I Ruled the World (Imagine That)\" (featuring Lauryn Hill), catapulted Nas into international success.", "His second album It Was Written (1996) debuted atop the Billboard 200 and charted for four consecutive weeks; the album, along with its single \"If I Ruled the World (Imagine That)\" (featuring Lauryn Hill), catapulted Nas into international success. Nas's albums I Am (1998) and Nastradamus (1999) were criticized as inconsistent and too commercially oriented, and critics and fans feared that his output was declining in quality.", "Nas's albums I Am (1998) and Nastradamus (1999) were criticized as inconsistent and too commercially oriented, and critics and fans feared that his output was declining in quality. From 2001 to 2005, Nas was involved in a highly publicized feud with Jay-Z, popularized by the diss track \"Ether\".", "From 2001 to 2005, Nas was involved in a highly publicized feud with Jay-Z, popularized by the diss track \"Ether\". It was this feud, along with Nas's albums Stillmatic (2001), God's Son (2002), and the double album Street's Disciple (2004), that helped restore his critical standing.", "It was this feud, along with Nas's albums Stillmatic (2001), God's Son (2002), and the double album Street's Disciple (2004), that helped restore his critical standing. After squashing the feud, Nas signed to Jay-Z's Def Jam Recordings in 2006 and went in a more provocative, politicized direction with the albums Hip Hop Is Dead (2006) and his untitled 9th studio album (2008).", "After squashing the feud, Nas signed to Jay-Z's Def Jam Recordings in 2006 and went in a more provocative, politicized direction with the albums Hip Hop Is Dead (2006) and his untitled 9th studio album (2008). In 2010, Nas released Distant Relatives, a collaboration album with Damian Marley, donating all royalties to charities active in Africa.", "In 2010, Nas released Distant Relatives, a collaboration album with Damian Marley, donating all royalties to charities active in Africa. His 10th studio album, Life Is Good (2012), was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards.", "His 10th studio album, Life Is Good (2012), was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards. After receiving thirteen nominations, his 12th studio album, King's Disease (2020), won him his first Grammy for Best Rap Album at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards; he then followed it by releasing his 13th studio album, King's Disease II (2021), as the album's sequel.", "After receiving thirteen nominations, his 12th studio album, King's Disease (2020), won him his first Grammy for Best Rap Album at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards; he then followed it by releasing his 13th studio album, King's Disease II (2021), as the album's sequel. In the same year, his 14th studio album, Magic, was released on Christmas Eve.", "In the same year, his 14th studio album, Magic, was released on Christmas Eve. In 2012,The Source ranked him second on their list of the \"Top 50 Lyricists of All Time\". In 2013, Nas was ranked 4th on MTV's \"Hottest MCs in the Game\" list.", "In 2013, Nas was ranked 4th on MTV's \"Hottest MCs in the Game\" list. About.com ranked him first on their list of the \"50 Greatest MCs of All Time\" in 2014, and a year later, Nas was featured on the \"10 Best Rappers of All Time\" list by Billboard.", "About.com ranked him first on their list of the \"50 Greatest MCs of All Time\" in 2014, and a year later, Nas was featured on the \"10 Best Rappers of All Time\" list by Billboard. He is also an entrepreneur through his own record label; he serves as associate publisher of Mass Appeal magazine and the co-founder of Mass Appeal Records.", "He is also an entrepreneur through his own record label; he serves as associate publisher of Mass Appeal magazine and the co-founder of Mass Appeal Records. Nas has released fourteen studio albums since 1994, seven of which are certified platinum or multi-platinum in the U.S.", "Nas has released fourteen studio albums since 1994, seven of which are certified platinum or multi-platinum in the U.S. Early life Nasir bin Olu Dara Jones was born in the Brooklyn borough of New York City on September 14, 1973, to African American parents.", "Early life Nasir bin Olu Dara Jones was born in the Brooklyn borough of New York City on September 14, 1973, to African American parents. His father, Olu Dara (born Charles Jones III), is a jazz and blues musician from Mississippi. His mother, Fannie Ann (née Little; 1941–2002) was a U.S.", "His mother, Fannie Ann (née Little; 1941–2002) was a U.S. Postal Service worker from North Carolina. He has a brother, Jabari Fret, who raps under the name Jungle and is a member of hip hop group Bravehearts. His father adopted the name \"Olu Dara\" from the Yoruba people.", "His father adopted the name \"Olu Dara\" from the Yoruba people. \"Nasir\" is an Arabic name meaning \"helper and protector\", while \"bin\" means \"son of\" in Arabic. As a young child, Nas and his family relocated to the Queensbridge Houses in the borough of Queens.", "As a young child, Nas and his family relocated to the Queensbridge Houses in the borough of Queens. His neighbor, Willy \"Ill Will\" Graham, influenced his interest in hip hop by playing him records. His parents divorced in 1985, and he dropped out of school after the eighth grade.", "His parents divorced in 1985, and he dropped out of school after the eighth grade. He educated himself about African culture through the Five-Percent Nation (a splinter group of the Nation of Islam) and the Nuwaubian Nation. In his early years, he played the trumpet and began writing his own rhymes.", "In his early years, he played the trumpet and began writing his own rhymes. Career As a teenager, Nas enlisted his best friend and upstairs neighbor Willy \"Ill Will\" Graham as his DJ. Nas initially went by the nickname \"Kid Wave\" before adopting his more commonly known alias of \"Nasty Nas\".", "Nas initially went by the nickname \"Kid Wave\" before adopting his more commonly known alias of \"Nasty Nas\". In 1989, then-16-year-old Nas met up with producer Large Professor and went to the studio where Rakim and Kool G Rap were recording their albums.", "In 1989, then-16-year-old Nas met up with producer Large Professor and went to the studio where Rakim and Kool G Rap were recording their albums. When they were not in the recording studio, Nas would go into the booth and record his own material. However, none of it was ever released.", "However, none of it was ever released. 1991–1994: The beginnings and Illmatic In 1991, Nas performed on Main Source's \"Live at the Barbeque\", also produced by Large Professor.", "1991–1994: The beginnings and Illmatic In 1991, Nas performed on Main Source's \"Live at the Barbeque\", also produced by Large Professor. In mid-1992, Nas was approached by MC Serch of 3rd Bass, who became his manager and secured Nas a record deal with Columbia Records during the same year.", "In mid-1992, Nas was approached by MC Serch of 3rd Bass, who became his manager and secured Nas a record deal with Columbia Records during the same year. Nas made his solo debut under the name of \"Nasty Nas\" on the single \"Halftime\" from MC Serch's soundtrack for the film Zebrahead.", "Nas made his solo debut under the name of \"Nasty Nas\" on the single \"Halftime\" from MC Serch's soundtrack for the film Zebrahead. Called the new Rakim, his rhyming skills attracted a significant amount of attention within the hip hop community. In 1994, Nas's debut album, Illmatic, was released.", "In 1994, Nas's debut album, Illmatic, was released. It featured production from Large Professor, Pete Rock, Q-Tip, LES and DJ Premier, as well as guest appearances from Nas's friend AZ and his father Olu Dara.", "It featured production from Large Professor, Pete Rock, Q-Tip, LES and DJ Premier, as well as guest appearances from Nas's friend AZ and his father Olu Dara. The album spawned several singles, including \"The World Is Yours\", \"It Ain't Hard to Tell\", and \"One Love\".", "The album spawned several singles, including \"The World Is Yours\", \"It Ain't Hard to Tell\", and \"One Love\". Shaheem Reid of MTV News called Illmatic \"the first classic LP\" of 1994.", "Shaheem Reid of MTV News called Illmatic \"the first classic LP\" of 1994. In 1994, Nas also recorded the song \"One on One\" for the soundtrack to the film Street Fighter.", "In 1994, Nas also recorded the song \"One on One\" for the soundtrack to the film Street Fighter. In his book To the Break of Dawn: A Freestyle on the Hip Hop Aesthetic, William Jelani Cobb writes of Nas's impact at the time: Illmatic was awarded best album of 1994 by The Source.", "In his book To the Break of Dawn: A Freestyle on the Hip Hop Aesthetic, William Jelani Cobb writes of Nas's impact at the time: Illmatic was awarded best album of 1994 by The Source. Steve Huey of AllMusic described Nas's lyrics on Illmatic as \"highly literate\" and his raps \"superbly fluid regardless of the size of his vocabulary\", adding that Nas is \"able to evoke the bleak reality of ghetto life without losing hope or forgetting the good times\".", "Steve Huey of AllMusic described Nas's lyrics on Illmatic as \"highly literate\" and his raps \"superbly fluid regardless of the size of his vocabulary\", adding that Nas is \"able to evoke the bleak reality of ghetto life without losing hope or forgetting the good times\". About.com ranked Illmatic as the greatest hip hop album of all-time, and Prefix magazine praised it as \"the best hip hop record ever made\".", "About.com ranked Illmatic as the greatest hip hop album of all-time, and Prefix magazine praised it as \"the best hip hop record ever made\". 1994–1998: Transition to mainstream direction and the Firm In 1995, Nas did guest performances on the albums Doe or Die by AZ, The Infamous by The Infamous Mobb Deep, Only Built 4 Cuban Linx by Raekwon and 4,5,6 by Kool G Rap.", "1994–1998: Transition to mainstream direction and the Firm In 1995, Nas did guest performances on the albums Doe or Die by AZ, The Infamous by The Infamous Mobb Deep, Only Built 4 Cuban Linx by Raekwon and 4,5,6 by Kool G Rap. Nas also parted ways with manager MC Serch, enlisted Steve Stoute, and began preparation for his second album, It Was Written.", "Nas also parted ways with manager MC Serch, enlisted Steve Stoute, and began preparation for his second album, It Was Written. The album was chiefly produced by Tone and Poke of the Trackmasters, as Nas consciously worked towards a crossover-oriented sound.", "The album was chiefly produced by Tone and Poke of the Trackmasters, as Nas consciously worked towards a crossover-oriented sound. Columbia Records had begun to pressure Nas to work towards more commercial topics, such as that of The Notorious B.I.G., who had become successful by releasing street singles that still retained radio-friendly appeal.", "Columbia Records had begun to pressure Nas to work towards more commercial topics, such as that of The Notorious B.I.G., who had become successful by releasing street singles that still retained radio-friendly appeal. The album also expanded on Nas's Escobar persona, who lived a Scarface/Casino-esque lifestyle.", "The album also expanded on Nas's Escobar persona, who lived a Scarface/Casino-esque lifestyle. On the other hand, references to Scarface protagonist Tony Montana notwithstanding, Illmatic was more about his early life growing up in the projects. It Was Written was released in mid-1996.", "It Was Written was released in mid-1996. Two singles, \"If I Ruled the World (Imagine That)\" (featuring Lauryn Hill of The Fugees) and \"Street Dreams\" (including a remix with R. Kelly), were instant hits.", "Two singles, \"If I Ruled the World (Imagine That)\" (featuring Lauryn Hill of The Fugees) and \"Street Dreams\" (including a remix with R. Kelly), were instant hits. These songs were promoted by big-budget music videos directed by Hype Williams, making Nas a common name among mainstream hip-hop.", "These songs were promoted by big-budget music videos directed by Hype Williams, making Nas a common name among mainstream hip-hop. Reviewing It Was Written, Leo Stanley of Allmusic believed the album's rhymes were not as complex as those of Illmatic, but still thought Nas had \"deepened his talents, creating a complex series of rhymes that not only flow, but manage to tell coherent stories as well.\"", "Reviewing It Was Written, Leo Stanley of Allmusic believed the album's rhymes were not as complex as those of Illmatic, but still thought Nas had \"deepened his talents, creating a complex series of rhymes that not only flow, but manage to tell coherent stories as well.\" It Was Written featured the debut of the Firm, a supergroup consisting of Nas, AZ, Foxy Brown, and Cormega.", "It Was Written featured the debut of the Firm, a supergroup consisting of Nas, AZ, Foxy Brown, and Cormega. Signed to Dr. Dre's Aftermath Entertainment label, the Firm began working on their debut album.", "Signed to Dr. Dre's Aftermath Entertainment label, the Firm began working on their debut album. Halfway through the production of the album, Cormega was fired from the group by Steve Stoute, who had unsuccessfully attempted to force Cormega to sign a deal with his management company.", "Halfway through the production of the album, Cormega was fired from the group by Steve Stoute, who had unsuccessfully attempted to force Cormega to sign a deal with his management company. Cormega subsequently became one of Nas's most vocal opponents and released a number of underground hip hop singles \"dissing\" Nas, Stoute, and Nature, who replaced Cormega as the fourth member of the Firm.", "Cormega subsequently became one of Nas's most vocal opponents and released a number of underground hip hop singles \"dissing\" Nas, Stoute, and Nature, who replaced Cormega as the fourth member of the Firm. Nas, Foxy Brown, AZ, and Nature Present The Firm: The Album was finally released in 1997 to mixed reviews.", "Nas, Foxy Brown, AZ, and Nature Present The Firm: The Album was finally released in 1997 to mixed reviews. The album failed to live up to its expected sales, despite being certified platinum, and the members of the group disbanded to go their separate ways.", "The album failed to live up to its expected sales, despite being certified platinum, and the members of the group disbanded to go their separate ways. During this period, Nas was also one of four rappers (the others being B-Real, KRS-One and RBX) in the hip-hop supergroup Group Therapy, who appeared on the song \"East Coast/West Coast Killas\" from Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath.", "During this period, Nas was also one of four rappers (the others being B-Real, KRS-One and RBX) in the hip-hop supergroup Group Therapy, who appeared on the song \"East Coast/West Coast Killas\" from Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath. 1998–2001: Heightened commercial direction and inconsistent output In late 1998, Nas began working on a double album, to be entitled I Am...", "1998–2001: Heightened commercial direction and inconsistent output In late 1998, Nas began working on a double album, to be entitled I Am... The Autobiography; he intended it as the middle ground between Illmatic and It Was Written, with each track detailing a part of his life.", "The Autobiography; he intended it as the middle ground between Illmatic and It Was Written, with each track detailing a part of his life. In 1998, Nas co-wrote and starred in Hype Williams's feature film Belly. I Am...", "I Am... I Am... The Autobiography was completed in early 1999, and a music video was shot for its lead single, \"Nas Is Like\". It was produced by DJ Premier and contained vocal samples from \"It Ain't Hard to Tell\". Music critic M.F.", "Music critic M.F. Music critic M.F. DiBella noticed that Nas also covered \"politics, the state of hip-hop, Y2K, race, and religion with his own unique perspective\" in the album besides autobiographical lyrics.", "DiBella noticed that Nas also covered \"politics, the state of hip-hop, Y2K, race, and religion with his own unique perspective\" in the album besides autobiographical lyrics. Much of the LP was leaked into MP3 format onto the Internet, and Nas and Stoute quickly recorded enough substitute material to constitute a single-disc release.", "Much of the LP was leaked into MP3 format onto the Internet, and Nas and Stoute quickly recorded enough substitute material to constitute a single-disc release. The second single on I Am... was \"Hate Me Now\", featuring Sean \"Puffy\" Combs, which was used as an example by Nas's critics accusing him of moving towards more commercial themes.", "The second single on I Am... was \"Hate Me Now\", featuring Sean \"Puffy\" Combs, which was used as an example by Nas's critics accusing him of moving towards more commercial themes. The video featured Nas and Combs being crucified in a manner similar to Jesus Christ; after the video was completed, Combs requested his crucifixion scene be edited out of the video.", "The video featured Nas and Combs being crucified in a manner similar to Jesus Christ; after the video was completed, Combs requested his crucifixion scene be edited out of the video. However, the unedited copy of the \"Hate Me Now\" video made its way to MTV.", "However, the unedited copy of the \"Hate Me Now\" video made its way to MTV. Within minutes of the broadcast, Combs and his bodyguards allegedly made their way into Steve Stoute's office and assaulted him, at one point apparently hitting Stoute over the head with a champagne bottle.", "Within minutes of the broadcast, Combs and his bodyguards allegedly made their way into Steve Stoute's office and assaulted him, at one point apparently hitting Stoute over the head with a champagne bottle. Stoute pressed charges, but he and Combs settled out-of-court that June.", "Stoute pressed charges, but he and Combs settled out-of-court that June. Columbia had scheduled to release the infringed material from I Am... under the title Nastradamus during the later half of 1999, but, at the last minute, Nas decided to record an entire new album for the 1999 release of Nastradamus.", "Columbia had scheduled to release the infringed material from I Am... under the title Nastradamus during the later half of 1999, but, at the last minute, Nas decided to record an entire new album for the 1999 release of Nastradamus. Nastradamus was therefore rushed to meet a November release date.", "Nastradamus was therefore rushed to meet a November release date. Though critical reviews were unfavorable, it did result in a minor hit, \"You Owe Me\". Fans and critics feared that Nas's career was declining, artistically and commercially, as both I Am... and Nastradamus were criticized as inconsistent and overtly-commercialized.", "Fans and critics feared that Nas's career was declining, artistically and commercially, as both I Am... and Nastradamus were criticized as inconsistent and overtly-commercialized. In 2000, Nas & Ill Will Records Presents QB's Finest, which is popularly known as simply QB's Finest, was released on Nas's Ill Will Records.", "In 2000, Nas & Ill Will Records Presents QB's Finest, which is popularly known as simply QB's Finest, was released on Nas's Ill Will Records. QB's Finest is a compilation album that featured Nas and a number of other rappers from Queensbridge projects, including Mobb Deep, Nature, Capone, the Bravehearts, Tragedy Khadafi, Millennium Thug and Cormega, who had briefly reconciled with Nas.", "QB's Finest is a compilation album that featured Nas and a number of other rappers from Queensbridge projects, including Mobb Deep, Nature, Capone, the Bravehearts, Tragedy Khadafi, Millennium Thug and Cormega, who had briefly reconciled with Nas. The album also featured guest appearances from Queensbridge hip-hop legends Roxanne Shanté, MC Shan, and Marley Marl.", "The album also featured guest appearances from Queensbridge hip-hop legends Roxanne Shanté, MC Shan, and Marley Marl. Shan and Marley Marl both appeared on the lead single \"Da Bridge 2001\", which was based on Shan & Marl's 1986 recording \"The Bridge\".", "Shan and Marley Marl both appeared on the lead single \"Da Bridge 2001\", which was based on Shan & Marl's 1986 recording \"The Bridge\". 2001–2006: Feud with Jay-Z, Stillmatic, God's Son, and double album After trading veiled criticisms on various songs, freestyles and mixtape appearances, the highly publicised dispute between Nas and Jay-Z became widely known to the public in 2001.", "2001–2006: Feud with Jay-Z, Stillmatic, God's Son, and double album After trading veiled criticisms on various songs, freestyles and mixtape appearances, the highly publicised dispute between Nas and Jay-Z became widely known to the public in 2001. Jay-Z, in his song \"Takeover\", criticised Nas by calling him \"fake\" and his career \"lame\".", "Jay-Z, in his song \"Takeover\", criticised Nas by calling him \"fake\" and his career \"lame\". Nas responded with \"Ether\", in which he compared Jay-Z to such characters as J.J. Evans from the sitcom Good Times and cigarette company mascot Joe Camel.", "Nas responded with \"Ether\", in which he compared Jay-Z to such characters as J.J. Evans from the sitcom Good Times and cigarette company mascot Joe Camel. The song was included on Nas's fifth studio album, Stillmatic, released in December 2001.", "The song was included on Nas's fifth studio album, Stillmatic, released in December 2001. His daughter, Destiny, is listed as an executive producer on Stillmatic so she could receive royalty checks from the album. Stillmatic peaked at No. 5 on the U.S.", "5 on the U.S. 5 on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart and featured the singles \"Got Ur Self A...\" and \"One Mic\". In response to \"Ether\", Jay-Z released the song \"Supa Ugly\", which Hot 97 radio host Angie Martinez premiered on December 11, 2001.", "In response to \"Ether\", Jay-Z released the song \"Supa Ugly\", which Hot 97 radio host Angie Martinez premiered on December 11, 2001. In the song, Jay-Z explicitly boasts about having an affair with Nas's girlfriend, Carmen Bryan.", "In the song, Jay-Z explicitly boasts about having an affair with Nas's girlfriend, Carmen Bryan. New York City hip-hop radio station Hot 97 issued a poll asking listeners which rapper made the better diss song; Nas won with 58% while Jay-Z got 42% of the votes.", "New York City hip-hop radio station Hot 97 issued a poll asking listeners which rapper made the better diss song; Nas won with 58% while Jay-Z got 42% of the votes. In 2002, in the midst of the dispute between the two New York rappers, Eminem cited both Nas and Jay-Z as being two of the best MCs in the industry, in his song 'Till I Collapse.", "In 2002, in the midst of the dispute between the two New York rappers, Eminem cited both Nas and Jay-Z as being two of the best MCs in the industry, in his song 'Till I Collapse. Both the dispute and Stillmatic signalled an artistic comeback for Nas after a string of inconsistent albums.", "Both the dispute and Stillmatic signalled an artistic comeback for Nas after a string of inconsistent albums. The Lost Tapes, a compilation of previously unreleased or bootlegged songs from 1998 to 2001, was released by Columbia in September 2002. The collection attained respectable sales and received rave reviews from critics.", "The collection attained respectable sales and received rave reviews from critics. In December 2002, Nas released the God's Son album including its lead single, \"Made You Look\" which used a pitched down sample of the Incredible Bongo Band's \"Apache\". The album peaked at No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No.", "12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts despite widespread Internet bootlegging. Time Magazine named his album best hip-hop album of the year. Vibe gave it four stars and The Source gave it four mics.", "Vibe gave it four stars and The Source gave it four mics. The second single, \"I Can\", which reworked elements from Beethoven's \"Für Elise\", became Nas's biggest hit to date in 2003, garnering substantial radio airplay on urban, rhythmic, and top 40 radio stations, as well as on the MTV and VH1 music video networks.", "The second single, \"I Can\", which reworked elements from Beethoven's \"Für Elise\", became Nas's biggest hit to date in 2003, garnering substantial radio airplay on urban, rhythmic, and top 40 radio stations, as well as on the MTV and VH1 music video networks. God's Son also includes several songs dedicated to Nas's mother, who died of cancer in April 2002, including \"Dance\".", "God's Son also includes several songs dedicated to Nas's mother, who died of cancer in April 2002, including \"Dance\". In 2003, Nas was featured on the Korn song \"Play Me\", from Korn's Take a Look in the Mirror LP.", "In 2003, Nas was featured on the Korn song \"Play Me\", from Korn's Take a Look in the Mirror LP. Also in 2003, a live performance in New York City, featuring Ludacris, Jadakiss, and Darryl McDaniels (of Run-D.M.C.", "Also in 2003, a live performance in New York City, featuring Ludacris, Jadakiss, and Darryl McDaniels (of Run-D.M.C. fame), was released on DVD as Made You Look: God's Son Live. God's Son was critical in the power struggle between Nas and Jay-Z in the hip-hop industry at the time.", "God's Son was critical in the power struggle between Nas and Jay-Z in the hip-hop industry at the time. In an article at the time, Joseph Jones of PopMatters stated, \"Whether you like it or not, \"Ether\" did this.", "In an article at the time, Joseph Jones of PopMatters stated, \"Whether you like it or not, \"Ether\" did this. With God's Son, Nas has the opportunity to cement his status as the King of NY, at least for another 3-4-year term, or he could prove that he is not the savior that hip-hop fans should be pinning their hopes on.\"", "With God's Son, Nas has the opportunity to cement his status as the King of NY, at least for another 3-4-year term, or he could prove that he is not the savior that hip-hop fans should be pinning their hopes on.\" After the album's release, he began helping the Bravehearts, an act including his younger brother Jungle and friend Wiz (Wizard), put together their debut album, Bravehearted.", "After the album's release, he began helping the Bravehearts, an act including his younger brother Jungle and friend Wiz (Wizard), put together their debut album, Bravehearted. The album features guest appearances from Nas, Nashawn (Millennium Thug), Lil Jon, and Jully Black.", "The album features guest appearances from Nas, Nashawn (Millennium Thug), Lil Jon, and Jully Black. Nas released his seventh album Street's Disciple, a sprawling double album, on November 30, 2004. It addressed subject matter both political and personal, including his impending marriage to recording artist Kelis.", "It addressed subject matter both political and personal, including his impending marriage to recording artist Kelis. The double-sided single \"Thief's Theme\"/\"You Know My Style\" was released months before the album's release, followed by the single \"Bridging the Gap\" upon the album's release.", "The double-sided single \"Thief's Theme\"/\"You Know My Style\" was released months before the album's release, followed by the single \"Bridging the Gap\" upon the album's release. Although Street's Disciple went platinum, it served as a drop-off from Nas's previous commercial successes.", "Although Street's Disciple went platinum, it served as a drop-off from Nas's previous commercial successes. In 2005, New York-based rapper 50 Cent dissed Nas on his song \"Piggy Bank\", which brought his reputation into question in hip-hop circles.", "In 2005, New York-based rapper 50 Cent dissed Nas on his song \"Piggy Bank\", which brought his reputation into question in hip-hop circles. In October, Nas made a surprise appearance at Jay-Z's \"I Declare War\" concert, where they reconciled their beef.", "In October, Nas made a surprise appearance at Jay-Z's \"I Declare War\" concert, where they reconciled their beef. At the show, Jay-Z announced to the crowd, \"It's bigger than 'I Declare War'. Let's go, Esco!\"", "Let's go, Esco!\" and Nas then joined him onstage, and the two performed Jay-Z's \"Dead Presidents\" (1996) together, a song that featured a prominent sample of Nas's 1994 track, \"The World Is Yours\" (1994).", "and Nas then joined him onstage, and the two performed Jay-Z's \"Dead Presidents\" (1996) together, a song that featured a prominent sample of Nas's 1994 track, \"The World Is Yours\" (1994). 2006–2008: Hip Hop Is Dead, Untitled, and politicized efforts The reconciliation between Nas and Jay-Z created the opportunity for Nas to sign a deal with Def Jam Recordings, of which Jay-Z was president at the time.", "2006–2008: Hip Hop Is Dead, Untitled, and politicized efforts The reconciliation between Nas and Jay-Z created the opportunity for Nas to sign a deal with Def Jam Recordings, of which Jay-Z was president at the time. Jay-Z signed Nas on January 23, 2006; the signing included an agreement that Nas was to be paid about $3,000,000, including a recording budget, for each of his first two albums with Def Jam.", "Jay-Z signed Nas on January 23, 2006; the signing included an agreement that Nas was to be paid about $3,000,000, including a recording budget, for each of his first two albums with Def Jam. Tentatively called Hip Hop Is Dead...The N, Hip Hop Is Dead was a commentary on the state of hip-hop and featured \"Black Republican\", a hyped collaboration with Jay-Z.", "Tentatively called Hip Hop Is Dead...The N, Hip Hop Is Dead was a commentary on the state of hip-hop and featured \"Black Republican\", a hyped collaboration with Jay-Z. The album debuted on Def Jam and Nas new imprint at that label, The Jones Experience, at No.", "The album debuted on Def Jam and Nas new imprint at that label, The Jones Experience, at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 charts, selling 355,000 copies—Nas's third number one album, along with It Was Written and I Am....", "1 on the Billboard 200 charts, selling 355,000 copies—Nas's third number one album, along with It Was Written and I Am.... It also inspired reactions about the state of hip-hop, particularly controversy with Southern hip hop artists who felt the album's title was a criticism aimed at them.", "It also inspired reactions about the state of hip-hop, particularly controversy with Southern hip hop artists who felt the album's title was a criticism aimed at them. Nas's 2004 song \"Thief's Theme\" was featured in the 2006 film The Departed. Nas's former label, Columbia Records, released the compilation Greatest Hits in November.", "Nas's former label, Columbia Records, released the compilation Greatest Hits in November. On October 12, 2007, Nas announced that his next album would be called Nigger.", "On October 12, 2007, Nas announced that his next album would be called Nigger. Both progressive commentators, such as Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton, and the conservative-aligned news channel Fox News were outraged; Jackson called on entertainers to stop using the epithet after comedian Michael Richards used it onstage in late 2006.", "Both progressive commentators, such as Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton, and the conservative-aligned news channel Fox News were outraged; Jackson called on entertainers to stop using the epithet after comedian Michael Richards used it onstage in late 2006. Controversy escalated as the album's impending release date drew nearer, going as far as to spark rumors that Def Jam was planning to drop Nas unless he changed the title.", "Controversy escalated as the album's impending release date drew nearer, going as far as to spark rumors that Def Jam was planning to drop Nas unless he changed the title. Additionally, Fort Greene, Brooklyn assemblyman Hakeem Jeffries requested New York's Comptroller Thomas DiNapoli to withdraw $84,000,000 from the state pension fund that has been invested into Universal and its parent company, Vivendi, if the album's title was not changed.", "Additionally, Fort Greene, Brooklyn assemblyman Hakeem Jeffries requested New York's Comptroller Thomas DiNapoli to withdraw $84,000,000 from the state pension fund that has been invested into Universal and its parent company, Vivendi, if the album's title was not changed. On the opposite side of the spectrum, many of the most famous names in the entertainment industry expressed a sense of trust in Nas for using the racial epithet as the title of his full-length LP.", "On the opposite side of the spectrum, many of the most famous names in the entertainment industry expressed a sense of trust in Nas for using the racial epithet as the title of his full-length LP. Nas's management worried that the album would not be sold by chain stores such as Wal-Mart, thus limiting its distribution.", "Nas's management worried that the album would not be sold by chain stores such as Wal-Mart, thus limiting its distribution. On May 19, 2008, Nas decided to forgo an album title.", "On May 19, 2008, Nas decided to forgo an album title. Responding to Jesse Jackson's remarks and use of the word \"nigger\", Nas called him \"the biggest player hater\", stating \"His time is up. All you old niggas' time is up.", "All you old niggas' time is up. We heard your voice, we saw your marching, we heard your sermons. We don't want to hear that shit no more. It's a new day. It's a new voice. I'm here now. We don't need Jesse; I'm here.", "We don't need Jesse; I'm here. I got this. We the voice now. It's no more Jesse. Sorry. Goodbye. You ain't helping nobody in the 'hood and that's the bottom line.\"", "You ain't helping nobody in the 'hood and that's the bottom line.\" He also said of the album's title: \"It's important to me that this album gets to the fans. It's been a long time coming.", "It's been a long time coming. I want my fans to know that creatively and lyrically, they can expect the same content and the same messages. The people will always know what the real title of this album is and what to call it.\" The album was ultimately released on July 15, 2008, untitled.", "The album was ultimately released on July 15, 2008, untitled. It featured production from Polow da Don, stic.man of Dead Prez, Sons of Light and J. Myers, \"Hero\", the album's lead single released on June 23, 2008, reached No. 97 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No.", "97 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 87 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks. In July, Nas attained a shoe deal with Fila. In an interview with MTV News in July, Nas speculated that he might release two albums: one produced by DJ Premier and another by Dr. Dre—simultaneously the same day.", "In an interview with MTV News in July, Nas speculated that he might release two albums: one produced by DJ Premier and another by Dr. Dre—simultaneously the same day. Nas worked on Dr. Dre's studio album Detox.", "Nas worked on Dr. Dre's studio album Detox. Nas was also awarded 'Emcee of the Year' in the HipHopDX 2008 Awards for his latest solo effort, the quality of his appearances on other albums and was described as having \"become an artist who thrives off of reinvention and going against the system.\"", "Nas was also awarded 'Emcee of the Year' in the HipHopDX 2008 Awards for his latest solo effort, the quality of his appearances on other albums and was described as having \"become an artist who thrives off of reinvention and going against the system.\" 2009–2012: Distant Relatives and Life Is Good At the 2009 Grammy Awards, Nas confirmed he was collaborating on an album with reggae singer Damian Marley which was expected to be released in late 2009.", "2009–2012: Distant Relatives and Life Is Good At the 2009 Grammy Awards, Nas confirmed he was collaborating on an album with reggae singer Damian Marley which was expected to be released in late 2009. Nas said of the collaboration in an interview \"I was a big fan of his father and of course all the children, all the offspring, and Damian, I kind of looked at Damian as a rap guy.", "Nas said of the collaboration in an interview \"I was a big fan of his father and of course all the children, all the offspring, and Damian, I kind of looked at Damian as a rap guy. His stuff is not really singing, or if he does, it comes off more hard, like on some street shit.", "His stuff is not really singing, or if he does, it comes off more hard, like on some street shit. I always liked how reggae and hip-hop have always been intertwined and always kind of pushed each other, I always liked the connection.", "I always liked how reggae and hip-hop have always been intertwined and always kind of pushed each other, I always liked the connection. I'd worked with people before from the reggae world but when I worked with Damian, the whole workout was perfect\".", "I'd worked with people before from the reggae world but when I worked with Damian, the whole workout was perfect\". A portion of the profit was planned to go towards building a school in Africa. He went on to say that it was \"too early to tell the title or anything like that\".", "He went on to say that it was \"too early to tell the title or anything like that\". The Los Angeles Times reported that the album would be titled Distant Relatives. Nas also revealed that he would begin working on his tenth studio album following the release of Distant Relatives.", "Nas also revealed that he would begin working on his tenth studio album following the release of Distant Relatives. During late 2009, Nas used his live band Mulatto with music director Dustin Moore for concerts in Europe and Australia.", "During late 2009, Nas used his live band Mulatto with music director Dustin Moore for concerts in Europe and Australia. After announcing a possible release in 2010, a follow-up compilation to The Lost Tapes (2002) was delayed indefinitely due to issues between him and Def Jam.", "After announcing a possible release in 2010, a follow-up compilation to The Lost Tapes (2002) was delayed indefinitely due to issues between him and Def Jam. His eleventh studio album, Life Is Good (2012) was produced primarily by Salaam Remi and No I.D, and released on July 13, 2012.", "His eleventh studio album, Life Is Good (2012) was produced primarily by Salaam Remi and No I.D, and released on July 13, 2012. Nas called the album a \"magic moment\" in his rap career.", "Nas called the album a \"magic moment\" in his rap career. In 2011, Nas announced that he would release collaboration albums with Mobb Deep, Common, and a third with DJ Premier. Common said of the project in a 2011 interview, \"At some point, we will do that.", "Common said of the project in a 2011 interview, \"At some point, we will do that. We'd talked about it and we had a good idea to call it Nas.Com. That was actually going to be a mixtape at one point. But we decided that we should make it an album.\"", "But we decided that we should make it an album.\" Life is Good would be nominated for Best Rap Album at the 2013 Grammy Awards. 2013–2019: Nasir and The Lost Tapes 2 In January 2013, Nas announced he had begun working on his twelfth studio album, which would be his final album for Def Jam.", "2013–2019: Nasir and The Lost Tapes 2 In January 2013, Nas announced he had begun working on his twelfth studio album, which would be his final album for Def Jam. The album was supposed to be released during 2015.", "The album was supposed to be released during 2015. In October 2013, DJ Premier said that his collaboration album with Nas, would be released following his twelfth studio album. In October 2013, Nas confirmed that a rumored song \"Sinatra in the Sands\" featuring Jay-Z, Justin Timberlake, and Timbaland would be featured on the album.", "In October 2013, Nas confirmed that a rumored song \"Sinatra in the Sands\" featuring Jay-Z, Justin Timberlake, and Timbaland would be featured on the album. On April 16, 2014, on the twentieth anniversary of Illmatic, the documentary Nas: Time Is Illmatic was premiered which recounted circumstances leading up to Nas's debut album.", "On April 16, 2014, on the twentieth anniversary of Illmatic, the documentary Nas: Time Is Illmatic was premiered which recounted circumstances leading up to Nas's debut album. It was reported on September 10, that Nas has finished his last album with Def Jam.", "It was reported on September 10, that Nas has finished his last album with Def Jam. On October 30, Nas released a song which might have been the first single on his new album, titled \"The Season\", produced by J Dilla.", "On October 30, Nas released a song which might have been the first single on his new album, titled \"The Season\", produced by J Dilla. Nas has also collaborated with the Australian hip-hop group, Bliss n Eso, in 2014. They released the track \"I Am Somebody\" in May 2014.", "They released the track \"I Am Somebody\" in May 2014. Nas was featured on the song \"We Are\" from Justin Bieber's fourth studio album, Purpose, released in November 2015.", "Nas was featured on the song \"We Are\" from Justin Bieber's fourth studio album, Purpose, released in November 2015. Nas was announced as one of the executive producers of the Netflix original series, The Get Down, prior to its release in August 2016. He narrated the series and rapped as adult Ezekiel of 1996.", "He narrated the series and rapped as adult Ezekiel of 1996. He also appeared on DJ Khaled's album Major Key, on a track simply titled \"Nas Album Done\", suggesting an upcoming album was not only completed, but also was imminent.", "He also appeared on DJ Khaled's album Major Key, on a track simply titled \"Nas Album Done\", suggesting an upcoming album was not only completed, but also was imminent. On October 16, 2016, he received the Jimmy Iovine Icon Award at 2016 REVOLT Music Conference for having a lasting impact and unique influence on music, numerous years in the rap business, his partnership with Hennessy, and Mass Appeal imprint by Puff Daddy.", "On October 16, 2016, he received the Jimmy Iovine Icon Award at 2016 REVOLT Music Conference for having a lasting impact and unique influence on music, numerous years in the rap business, his partnership with Hennessy, and Mass Appeal imprint by Puff Daddy. In November 2016, Nas collaborated with Lin-Manuel Miranda, Dave East and Aloe Blacc on a song called \"Wrote My Way Out\", which appears on The Hamilton Mixtape.", "In November 2016, Nas collaborated with Lin-Manuel Miranda, Dave East and Aloe Blacc on a song called \"Wrote My Way Out\", which appears on The Hamilton Mixtape. On April 12, 2017, Nas released the song Angel Dust as soundtrack for TV series The Getdown.", "On April 12, 2017, Nas released the song Angel Dust as soundtrack for TV series The Getdown. It contains a sample of the Gil Scott-Heron and Brian Jackson song Angel Dust.", "It contains a sample of the Gil Scott-Heron and Brian Jackson song Angel Dust. In June 2017, Nas appeared in the award-winning 2017 documentary The American Epic Sessions directed by Bernard MacMahon, where he recorded live direct-to-disc on the restored first electrical sound recording system from the 1920s.", "In June 2017, Nas appeared in the award-winning 2017 documentary The American Epic Sessions directed by Bernard MacMahon, where he recorded live direct-to-disc on the restored first electrical sound recording system from the 1920s. He performed \"On the Road Again\", a 1928 song by the Memphis Jug Band, which received universal acclaim with The Hollywood Reporter describing his performance as \"fantastic\" and the Financial Times praising his \"superb cover of the Memphis Jug Band's \"On the Road Again\", exposing the hip-hop blueprint within the 1928 stomper.\"", "He performed \"On the Road Again\", a 1928 song by the Memphis Jug Band, which received universal acclaim with The Hollywood Reporter describing his performance as \"fantastic\" and the Financial Times praising his \"superb cover of the Memphis Jug Band's \"On the Road Again\", exposing the hip-hop blueprint within the 1928 stomper.\" \"On the Road Again\", and a performance of \"One Mic\", were released on Music from The American Epic Sessions: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack on June 9, 2017.", "\"On the Road Again\", and a performance of \"One Mic\", were released on Music from The American Epic Sessions: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack on June 9, 2017. In April 2018, Kanye West announced on Twitter that Nas's twelfth studio album will be released on June 15, also serving as executive producer for the album.", "In April 2018, Kanye West announced on Twitter that Nas's twelfth studio album will be released on June 15, also serving as executive producer for the album. The album was announced the day before release, titled Nasir.", "The album was announced the day before release, titled Nasir. Following the release of Nasir, Nas confirmed he would return to completing a previous album, including production from Swizz Beatz and RZA.", "Following the release of Nasir, Nas confirmed he would return to completing a previous album, including production from Swizz Beatz and RZA. This project was released as The Lost Tapes 2 on July 19, 2019, which included production from Kanye West, Pharrell Williams, Swizz Beatz, The Alchemist, and RZA.", "This project was released as The Lost Tapes 2 on July 19, 2019, which included production from Kanye West, Pharrell Williams, Swizz Beatz, The Alchemist, and RZA. This album was a sequel to Nas's 2002 release, The Lost Tapes.", "This album was a sequel to Nas's 2002 release, The Lost Tapes. 2020–present: King's Disease series and Magic In August 2020, Nas announced that he would be releasing his 13th album. On August 13, he revealed the album's title, King's Disease.", "On August 13, he revealed the album's title, King's Disease. The album, executive-produced by Hit-Boy, was preceded by the lead single, \"Ultra Black\", a song detailing perseverance and pride \"despite the system\".", "The album, executive-produced by Hit-Boy, was preceded by the lead single, \"Ultra Black\", a song detailing perseverance and pride \"despite the system\". The album won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, becoming Nas' first Grammy.", "The album won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, becoming Nas' first Grammy. The sequel album, King's Disease II, was released on August 6, 2021 King's Disease II debuted at number-three on the US Billboard 200, becoming Nas's highest-charting album since 2012.", "The sequel album, King's Disease II, was released on August 6, 2021 King's Disease II debuted at number-three on the US Billboard 200, becoming Nas's highest-charting album since 2012. On December 24, Nas released the album Magic.", "On December 24, Nas released the album Magic. It is his third album executively produced by Hit-Boy, and includes guest appearances from ASAP Rocky and DJ Premier.", "It is his third album executively produced by Hit-Boy, and includes guest appearances from ASAP Rocky and DJ Premier. Artistry Nas has been praised for his ability to create a \"devastating match between lyrics and production\" by journalist Peter Shapiro, as well as creating a \"potent evocation of life on the street\", and he has even been compared to Rakim for his lyrical technique.", "Artistry Nas has been praised for his ability to create a \"devastating match between lyrics and production\" by journalist Peter Shapiro, as well as creating a \"potent evocation of life on the street\", and he has even been compared to Rakim for his lyrical technique. In his book Book of Rhymes: The Poetics of Hip Hop (2009), writer Adam Bradley states, \"Nas is perhaps contemporary rap's greatest innovator in storytelling.", "In his book Book of Rhymes: The Poetics of Hip Hop (2009), writer Adam Bradley states, \"Nas is perhaps contemporary rap's greatest innovator in storytelling. His catalog includes songs narrated before birth ('Fetus') and after death ('Amongst Kings'), biographies ('UBR [Unauthorized Biography of Rakim]') and autobiographies ('Doo Rags'), allegorical tales ('Money Is My Bitch') and epistolary ones ('One Love'), he's rapped in the voice of a woman ('Sekou Story') and even of a gun ('I Gave You Power').\"", "His catalog includes songs narrated before birth ('Fetus') and after death ('Amongst Kings'), biographies ('UBR [Unauthorized Biography of Rakim]') and autobiographies ('Doo Rags'), allegorical tales ('Money Is My Bitch') and epistolary ones ('One Love'), he's rapped in the voice of a woman ('Sekou Story') and even of a gun ('I Gave You Power').\" Robert Christgau writes that \"Nas has been transfiguring [gangsta rap] since Illmatic\".", "Robert Christgau writes that \"Nas has been transfiguring [gangsta rap] since Illmatic\". Kool Moe Dee notes that Nas has an \"off-beat conversational flow\" in his book There's a God on the Mic – he says: \"before Nas, every MC focused on rhyming with a cadence that ultimately put the words that rhymed on beat with the snare drum.", "Kool Moe Dee notes that Nas has an \"off-beat conversational flow\" in his book There's a God on the Mic – he says: \"before Nas, every MC focused on rhyming with a cadence that ultimately put the words that rhymed on beat with the snare drum. Nas created a style of rapping that was more conversational than ever before\".", "Nas created a style of rapping that was more conversational than ever before\". OC of D.I.T.C. comments in the book How to Rap: \"Nas did the song backwards ['Rewind']... that was a brilliant idea\".", "comments in the book How to Rap: \"Nas did the song backwards ['Rewind']... that was a brilliant idea\". Also in How to Rap, 2Mex of The Visionaries describes Nas's flow as \"effervescent\", Rah Digga says Nas's lyrics have \"intricacy\", Bootie Brown of The Pharcyde explains that Nas does not always have to make words rhyme as he is \"charismatic\", and Nas is also described as having a \"densely packed\" flow, with compound rhymes that \"run over from one beat into the next or even into another bar\".", "Also in How to Rap, 2Mex of The Visionaries describes Nas's flow as \"effervescent\", Rah Digga says Nas's lyrics have \"intricacy\", Bootie Brown of The Pharcyde explains that Nas does not always have to make words rhyme as he is \"charismatic\", and Nas is also described as having a \"densely packed\" flow, with compound rhymes that \"run over from one beat into the next or even into another bar\". About.com ranked him 1st on their list of the \"50 Greatest MCs of All Time\" in 2014, and a year later, Nas was featured on the \"10 Best Rappers of All Time\" list by Billboard.", "About.com ranked him 1st on their list of the \"50 Greatest MCs of All Time\" in 2014, and a year later, Nas was featured on the \"10 Best Rappers of All Time\" list by Billboard. The Source ranked him No. 2 on their list of the Top 50 Lyricists of All Time.", "2 on their list of the Top 50 Lyricists of All Time. In 2013, Nas was ranked fourth on MTV's \"Hottest MCs in the Game\" list. His debut Illmatic is widely considered among the greatest hip hop albums of all-time.", "His debut Illmatic is widely considered among the greatest hip hop albums of all-time. Controversies and feuds Jay-Z Initially friends, Nas and Jay-Z had met a number of times in the 1990s with no animosity between the two.", "Controversies and feuds Jay-Z Initially friends, Nas and Jay-Z had met a number of times in the 1990s with no animosity between the two. Jay-Z requested that Nas appear on his 1996 album Reasonable Doubt on the track \"Bring it On\"; however, Nas never showed up to the studio and was not included on the album.", "Jay-Z requested that Nas appear on his 1996 album Reasonable Doubt on the track \"Bring it On\"; however, Nas never showed up to the studio and was not included on the album. In response to this, Jay-Z asked producer Ski Beatz to sample a line from Nas's song The World is Yours, with the sample featured heavily in what went on to be Dead Presidents II.", "In response to this, Jay-Z asked producer Ski Beatz to sample a line from Nas's song The World is Yours, with the sample featured heavily in what went on to be Dead Presidents II. The two traded subliminal responses for the next couple of years, until the beef was escalated further in 2001 after Jay-Z publicly addressed Nas at the Summer Jam, performing what would go on to be known as Takeover, ending the performance by saying \"ask Nas, he don't want it with Hov\".", "The two traded subliminal responses for the next couple of years, until the beef was escalated further in 2001 after Jay-Z publicly addressed Nas at the Summer Jam, performing what would go on to be known as Takeover, ending the performance by saying \"ask Nas, he don't want it with Hov\". After Jay-Z eventually released the song on his 2001 album The Blueprint, Nas responded with the song \"Ether\", from his album Stillmatic, with both fans and critics saying that the song had effectively saved Nas's career and marked his return to prominence, and almost unanimously agreeing Nas had won their feud.", "After Jay-Z eventually released the song on his 2001 album The Blueprint, Nas responded with the song \"Ether\", from his album Stillmatic, with both fans and critics saying that the song had effectively saved Nas's career and marked his return to prominence, and almost unanimously agreeing Nas had won their feud. Jay-Z responded with a freestyle over the instrumental to Nas's \"Got Ur Self a Gun\", known as \"Supa Ugly\".", "Jay-Z responded with a freestyle over the instrumental to Nas's \"Got Ur Self a Gun\", known as \"Supa Ugly\". In the song, Jay-Z makes reference to Nas's girlfriend and daughter, going into graphic detail about having an affair with his girlfriend.", "In the song, Jay-Z makes reference to Nas's girlfriend and daughter, going into graphic detail about having an affair with his girlfriend. Jay-Z's mother was personally disgusted by the song, and demanded he apologise to Nas and his family, which he did in December 2001 on Hot 97.", "Jay-Z's mother was personally disgusted by the song, and demanded he apologise to Nas and his family, which he did in December 2001 on Hot 97. Supa Ugly marked the last direct diss song between Jay-Z and Nas, however, the two continued to trade subliminals on their subsequent releases.", "Supa Ugly marked the last direct diss song between Jay-Z and Nas, however, the two continued to trade subliminals on their subsequent releases. The feud was officially brought to an end in 2005, when Jay-Z and Nas performed on stage together in a surprise concert also featuring P Diddy, Kanye West and Beanie Sigel.", "The feud was officially brought to an end in 2005, when Jay-Z and Nas performed on stage together in a surprise concert also featuring P Diddy, Kanye West and Beanie Sigel. The following year, Nas signed with Def Jam Recordings, of which Jay-Z then served as president.", "The following year, Nas signed with Def Jam Recordings, of which Jay-Z then served as president. Cam'ron After Nas was removed from the 2002 Summer Jam lineup due to allegedly planning to perform the song Ether while a mock lynching of a Jay-Z effigy took place behind him, Cam'ron was announced as a last minute replacement and headlined the show instead.", "Cam'ron After Nas was removed from the 2002 Summer Jam lineup due to allegedly planning to perform the song Ether while a mock lynching of a Jay-Z effigy took place behind him, Cam'ron was announced as a last minute replacement and headlined the show instead. Nas appeared on Power 105.1 days later and addressed a number of fellow artists, including Nelly, Noreaga and Cam'ron himself.", "Nas appeared on Power 105.1 days later and addressed a number of fellow artists, including Nelly, Noreaga and Cam'ron himself. Nas praised Cam'ron as a good lyricist, but branded his album Come Home With Me as \"wack\".", "Nas praised Cam'ron as a good lyricist, but branded his album Come Home With Me as \"wack\". After Cam'ron heard of Nas's words, he appeared on Funkmaster Flex's Hot 97 and performed a freestyle diss over the beat to Nas's \"Hate Me Now\", making reference to Nas's mother, baby mother and daughter.", "After Cam'ron heard of Nas's words, he appeared on Funkmaster Flex's Hot 97 and performed a freestyle diss over the beat to Nas's \"Hate Me Now\", making reference to Nas's mother, baby mother and daughter. Nas did not respond directly but appeared on the radio days later, calling Cam'ron a \"dummy\" for supposedly being used by Hot 97 to generate ratings.", "Nas did not respond directly but appeared on the radio days later, calling Cam'ron a \"dummy\" for supposedly being used by Hot 97 to generate ratings. Nas eventually responded on his 2002 album God's Son on the song \"Zone Out\", claiming Cam'ron had HIV.", "Nas eventually responded on his 2002 album God's Son on the song \"Zone Out\", claiming Cam'ron had HIV. Cam'ron and the rest of The Diplomats, specifically Jim Jones continued to attack Nas throughout 2003, on numerous mixtapes, albums and radio freestyles, however, the feud between the two slowly died down and they eventually reconciled in 2014.", "Cam'ron and the rest of The Diplomats, specifically Jim Jones continued to attack Nas throughout 2003, on numerous mixtapes, albums and radio freestyles, however, the feud between the two slowly died down and they eventually reconciled in 2014. 2Pac After 2Pac interpreted lines directed to the Notorious B.I.G.", "2Pac After 2Pac interpreted lines directed to the Notorious B.I.G. on Nas's 1996 album It Was Written to be aimed towards him, he attacked Nas on the track \"Against All Odds\" from The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory.", "on Nas's 1996 album It Was Written to be aimed towards him, he attacked Nas on the track \"Against All Odds\" from The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory. Nas himself later admitted he was brought to tears when he heard the diss because he idolized 2Pac.", "Nas himself later admitted he was brought to tears when he heard the diss because he idolized 2Pac. The two later met in Central Park before the 1996 MTV Video Music Awards and ended their feud, with 2Pac promising to remove any disses aimed at Nas from the official album release; however, 2Pac was shot four times in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas, Nevada three days later on September 7, dying of his wounds on September 13, before any edits to the album could be made.", "The two later met in Central Park before the 1996 MTV Video Music Awards and ended their feud, with 2Pac promising to remove any disses aimed at Nas from the official album release; however, 2Pac was shot four times in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas, Nevada three days later on September 7, dying of his wounds on September 13, before any edits to the album could be made. Young Jeezy After Nas blamed Southern hip hop as the cause of the perceived artistic decline of the genre on his 2006 single \"Hip Hop Is Dead\", from the album of the same name, his then-Def Jam labelmate Young Jeezy took offense by claiming that Nas had \"no street credibility\" and vowing his album The Inspiration would outsell Hip Hop is Dead, which were released one week apart from each other in December 2006.", "Young Jeezy After Nas blamed Southern hip hop as the cause of the perceived artistic decline of the genre on his 2006 single \"Hip Hop Is Dead\", from the album of the same name, his then-Def Jam labelmate Young Jeezy took offense by claiming that Nas had \"no street credibility\" and vowing his album The Inspiration would outsell Hip Hop is Dead, which were released one week apart from each other in December 2006. After failing to do so, Young Jeezy took back his disses towards Nas, and the two later collaborated on the 2008 hit single \"My President\".", "After failing to do so, Young Jeezy took back his disses towards Nas, and the two later collaborated on the 2008 hit single \"My President\". Bill O'Reilly and Virginia Tech controversy On September 6, 2007, Nas performed at a free concert for the Virginia Tech student body and faculty, following the school shooting there.", "Bill O'Reilly and Virginia Tech controversy On September 6, 2007, Nas performed at a free concert for the Virginia Tech student body and faculty, following the school shooting there. He was joined by John Mayer, Alan Jackson, Phil Vassar, and Dave Matthews Band.", "He was joined by John Mayer, Alan Jackson, Phil Vassar, and Dave Matthews Band. When announced that Nas was to perform, political commentator Bill O'Reilly and Fox News denounced the concert and called for Nas's removal, citing \"violent\" lyrics on songs such as \"Shoot 'Em Up\", \"Got Urself a Gun\", and \"Made You Look\".", "When announced that Nas was to perform, political commentator Bill O'Reilly and Fox News denounced the concert and called for Nas's removal, citing \"violent\" lyrics on songs such as \"Shoot 'Em Up\", \"Got Urself a Gun\", and \"Made You Look\". During his Talking Points Memo segment for August 15, 2007, an argument erupted in which O'Reilly claimed that it was not only Nas's lyrical content that made him inappropriate for the event, citing the gun conviction on Nas's criminal record.", "During his Talking Points Memo segment for August 15, 2007, an argument erupted in which O'Reilly claimed that it was not only Nas's lyrical content that made him inappropriate for the event, citing the gun conviction on Nas's criminal record. On September 6, 2007, during his set at \"A Concert for Virginia Tech\", Nas twice referred to Bill O'Reilly as \"a chump\", prompting loud cheers by members of the crowd.", "On September 6, 2007, during his set at \"A Concert for Virginia Tech\", Nas twice referred to Bill O'Reilly as \"a chump\", prompting loud cheers by members of the crowd. About two weeks later, Nas was interviewed by Shaheem Reid of MTV News, where he criticised O'Reilly, calling him uncivilized and willing to go to extremes for publicity.", "About two weeks later, Nas was interviewed by Shaheem Reid of MTV News, where he criticised O'Reilly, calling him uncivilized and willing to go to extremes for publicity. Responding to O'Reilly, Nas, in an interview with MTV News, said: On July 23, 2008, Nas appeared on The Colbert Report to discuss his opinion of O'Reilly and Fox News, which he accused of bias against the African-American community and re-challenged O'Reilly to a debate.", "Responding to O'Reilly, Nas, in an interview with MTV News, said: On July 23, 2008, Nas appeared on The Colbert Report to discuss his opinion of O'Reilly and Fox News, which he accused of bias against the African-American community and re-challenged O'Reilly to a debate. During the appearance, Nas sat on boxes of more than 625,000 signatures gathered by online advocacy organisation Color of Change in support of a petition accusing Fox of race-baiting and fear-mongering.", "During the appearance, Nas sat on boxes of more than 625,000 signatures gathered by online advocacy organisation Color of Change in support of a petition accusing Fox of race-baiting and fear-mongering. Doja Cat In 2020, after Doja Cat faced accusations of participating in racist conversations on the internet, Nas referenced her in his song \"Ultra Black\", calling her \"the opposite of ultra black\".", "Doja Cat In 2020, after Doja Cat faced accusations of participating in racist conversations on the internet, Nas referenced her in his song \"Ultra Black\", calling her \"the opposite of ultra black\". The response to the lyric was mixed, with some defending his right to criticize her, and others resurfacing allegations that he verbally abused his ex-wife, Kelis.", "The response to the lyric was mixed, with some defending his right to criticize her, and others resurfacing allegations that he verbally abused his ex-wife, Kelis. Doja Cat shrugged off the namedrop, jokingly referencing the lyric in a TikTok video.", "Doja Cat shrugged off the namedrop, jokingly referencing the lyric in a TikTok video. In an interview with Fat Joe, Doja Cat said that she has no interest in \"beefing\" with Nas saying \"I fucking love Nas, thank fucking god he noticed me. I love Nas. So I don’t give a shit.", "So I don’t give a shit. He can say whatever he wants. I really don’t care\". Nas later claimed that the line was not meant to be perceived as a \"diss\", and that he was \"just trying to find another word that worked with the scheme of the song.\"", "Nas later claimed that the line was not meant to be perceived as a \"diss\", and that he was \"just trying to find another word that worked with the scheme of the song.\" Business ventures On April 10, 2013, Nas invested an undisclosed six-figure sum into Mass Appeal Magazine, where he went on to serve as the publication's associate publisher, joined by creative firm Decon and White Owl Capital Partners.", "Business ventures On April 10, 2013, Nas invested an undisclosed six-figure sum into Mass Appeal Magazine, where he went on to serve as the publication's associate publisher, joined by creative firm Decon and White Owl Capital Partners. In June 2013, he opened his own sneaker store.", "In June 2013, he opened his own sneaker store. In September 2013, he invested in a technology startup company, a job search appmaker called Proven. In 2014, Nas invested as part of a $2.8M round in viral video startup ViralGains another addition to Queens-bridge venture partners portfolio.", "In 2014, Nas invested as part of a $2.8M round in viral video startup ViralGains another addition to Queens-bridge venture partners portfolio. Nas has a partnership with Hennessy and has been working with their \"Wild Rabbit\" campaign.", "Nas has a partnership with Hennessy and has been working with their \"Wild Rabbit\" campaign. In May 2014, Nas partnered with job placement startup Koru to fund a scholarship for 10 college graduates to go through Koru's training program. Nas wil alsol be joining the startup as a guest coach.", "Nas wil alsol be joining the startup as a guest coach. Nas is a co-owner of a Cloud-based service LANDR, an automated, drag-and-drop digital audio postproduction tool which automates \"mastering\", the final stage in audio production. In June 2015, Nas joined forces with New York City soul food restaurant Sweet Chick.", "In June 2015, Nas joined forces with New York City soul food restaurant Sweet Chick. He plans to expand the restaurant brand nationally. The Los Angeles location opened in April 2017. He owns his own clothing line called HSTRY.", "He owns his own clothing line called HSTRY. In June 2018, Nas was paid $40 million after Amazon acquired the doorbell company Ring Inc. as well as PillPack - the latter of which he invested in via his investment firm, Queensbridge Venture Partners.", "In June 2018, Nas was paid $40 million after Amazon acquired the doorbell company Ring Inc. as well as PillPack - the latter of which he invested in via his investment firm, Queensbridge Venture Partners. He has continued to invest heavily in technology startups including Dropbox, Lyft, and Robinhood.", "He has continued to invest heavily in technology startups including Dropbox, Lyft, and Robinhood. Personal life Nas is a spokesperson and mentor for P'Tones Records, a non-profit after-school music program with the mission \"to create constructive opportunities for urban youth through no-cost music programs.\" He is a cousin of American actress Yara Shahidi.", "He is a cousin of American actress Yara Shahidi. On June 15, 1994, Nas's ex-fiancée Carmen Bryan gave birth to their daughter, Destiny.", "On June 15, 1994, Nas's ex-fiancée Carmen Bryan gave birth to their daughter, Destiny. She later confessed to Nas that she had a relationship with his then-rival rapper and nemesis Jay-Z, also accusing Jay-Z of putting subliminal messages in his lyrics about their relationship together, causing an even bigger rift in the feud between the two men.", "She later confessed to Nas that she had a relationship with his then-rival rapper and nemesis Jay-Z, also accusing Jay-Z of putting subliminal messages in his lyrics about their relationship together, causing an even bigger rift in the feud between the two men. Nas also briefly dated Mary J. Blige and Nicki Minaj respectively.", "Nas also briefly dated Mary J. Blige and Nicki Minaj respectively. In 2005, Nas married R&B singer Kelis in Atlanta after a two-year relationship. On April 30, 2009, a spokesperson confirmed that Kelis filed for divorce, citing irreconcilable differences.", "On April 30, 2009, a spokesperson confirmed that Kelis filed for divorce, citing irreconcilable differences. Kelis gave birth to Nas's first son on July 21, 2009, although the event was soured by a disagreement which ended in Nas announcing the birth of his son, Knight, at a gig in Queens, NY, against Kelis's wishes.", "Kelis gave birth to Nas's first son on July 21, 2009, although the event was soured by a disagreement which ended in Nas announcing the birth of his son, Knight, at a gig in Queens, NY, against Kelis's wishes. The birth was also announced by Nas via an online video.", "The birth was also announced by Nas via an online video. The couple's divorce was finalized on May 21, 2010. In 2018, Kelis accused Nas of being physically and mentally abusive during their marriage.", "In 2018, Kelis accused Nas of being physically and mentally abusive during their marriage. Nas replied to the accusations on social media, accusing Kelis of attempting to slander him in the time of a custody battle and accusing Kelis of abusing his daughter, Destiny.", "Nas replied to the accusations on social media, accusing Kelis of attempting to slander him in the time of a custody battle and accusing Kelis of abusing his daughter, Destiny. In January 2012, Nas was involved in a dispute with a concert promoter in Angola, having accepted $300,000 for a concert in Luanda, Angola's capital for New Year's Eve and then not showing up.", "In January 2012, Nas was involved in a dispute with a concert promoter in Angola, having accepted $300,000 for a concert in Luanda, Angola's capital for New Year's Eve and then not showing up. American promoter Patrick Allocco and his son, who arranged for Nas's concert, were detained at gunpoint and taken to an Angolan jail by the local promoter who fronted the $300,000 for the concert.", "American promoter Patrick Allocco and his son, who arranged for Nas's concert, were detained at gunpoint and taken to an Angolan jail by the local promoter who fronted the $300,000 for the concert. Only after the U.S. Embassy intervened were the promoter and his son allowed to leave jail—but were placed under house arrest at their hotel.", "Only after the U.S. Embassy intervened were the promoter and his son allowed to leave jail—but were placed under house arrest at their hotel. As of the end of the month Nas returned all $300,000 and after 49 days of travel ban Allocco and his son were both released.", "As of the end of the month Nas returned all $300,000 and after 49 days of travel ban Allocco and his son were both released. On March 15, 2012, Nas became the first rapper to have a personal verified account on Rap Genius where he explains all his own lyrics and commenting on the lyrics of other rappers he admires.", "On March 15, 2012, Nas became the first rapper to have a personal verified account on Rap Genius where he explains all his own lyrics and commenting on the lyrics of other rappers he admires. In September 2009 the U.S. Internal Revenue Service filed a federal tax lien against Nas for over $2.5 million, seeking unpaid taxes dating back to 2006.", "In September 2009 the U.S. Internal Revenue Service filed a federal tax lien against Nas for over $2.5 million, seeking unpaid taxes dating back to 2006. By early 2011 this figure had ballooned to over $6.4 million.", "By early 2011 this figure had ballooned to over $6.4 million. Early in 2012 reports emerged that the IRS had filed papers in Georgia to garnish a portion of Nas's earnings from material published under BMI and ASCAP, until his delinquent tax bill is settled.", "Early in 2012 reports emerged that the IRS had filed papers in Georgia to garnish a portion of Nas's earnings from material published under BMI and ASCAP, until his delinquent tax bill is settled. In May 2013, it was announced that Nas would open a sneaker store in Las Vegas called 12 am RUN (pronounced Midnight Run) as part of The LINQ retail development.", "In May 2013, it was announced that Nas would open a sneaker store in Las Vegas called 12 am RUN (pronounced Midnight Run) as part of The LINQ retail development. In July 2013, he was honored by Harvard University, as the institution established the Nasir Jones Hip-Hop Fellowship, which would serve to fund scholars and artists who show potential and creativity in the arts in connection to hip hop.", "In July 2013, he was honored by Harvard University, as the institution established the Nasir Jones Hip-Hop Fellowship, which would serve to fund scholars and artists who show potential and creativity in the arts in connection to hip hop. In an October 2014 episode of PBS's Finding Your Roots, Nas learned about five generations of his ancestry.", "In an October 2014 episode of PBS's Finding Your Roots, Nas learned about five generations of his ancestry. His great-great-great-grandmother, Pocahontas Little, was a slave who was sold for $830.", "His great-great-great-grandmother, Pocahontas Little, was a slave who was sold for $830. When host Henry Louis Gates showed Nas her bill of sale and told him more about the man who bought her, Nas remarked that he is considering buying the land where the slave owner lived.", "When host Henry Louis Gates showed Nas her bill of sale and told him more about the man who bought her, Nas remarked that he is considering buying the land where the slave owner lived. Nas is also shown the marriage certificate of his great-great-great-grandmother, Pocahontas, and great-great-great-grandfather, Calvin.", "Nas is also shown the marriage certificate of his great-great-great-grandmother, Pocahontas, and great-great-great-grandfather, Calvin. Nas is a fan of his hometown baseball team the New York Mets and English soccer team Everton FC.", "Nas is a fan of his hometown baseball team the New York Mets and English soccer team Everton FC. Discography Studio albums Illmatic (1994) It Was Written (1996) I Am... (1999) Nastradamus (1999) Stillmatic (2001) God's Son (2002) Street's Disciple (2004) Hip Hop Is Dead (2006) Untitled (2008) Life Is Good (2012) Nasir (2018) King's Disease (2020) King's Disease II (2021) Magic (2021) Collaboration albums The Album (with the Firm) (1997) Distant Relatives (with Damian Marley) (2010) Filmography Awards and nominations Grammy Awards The Grammy Awards are held annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences.", "Discography Studio albums Illmatic (1994) It Was Written (1996) I Am... (1999) Nastradamus (1999) Stillmatic (2001) God's Son (2002) Street's Disciple (2004) Hip Hop Is Dead (2006) Untitled (2008) Life Is Good (2012) Nasir (2018) King's Disease (2020) King's Disease II (2021) Magic (2021) Collaboration albums The Album (with the Firm) (1997) Distant Relatives (with Damian Marley) (2010) Filmography Awards and nominations Grammy Awards The Grammy Awards are held annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Nas has 15 Grammy nominations altogether.", "Nas has 15 Grammy nominations altogether. |- | rowspan=\"1\" | 1997 | \"If I Ruled the World (Imagine That)\" | Best Rap Solo Performance | |- | rowspan=\"1\" | 2000 | I Am... | Best Rap Album | |- | rowspan=\"2\" |2003 | \"One Mic\" | Best Music Video | |- | \"The Essence\" (with AZ) | rowspan=\"2\" |Best Rap Performance by a Duo or a Group | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 2008 | \"Better Than I've Ever Been\" (with Kanye West & KRS-One) | |- | rowspan=\"1\" | Hip Hop Is Dead | rowspan=\"2\" |Best Rap Album | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 2009 | rowspan=\"1\" | Nas | |- | \"N.I.G.G.E.R.", "|- | rowspan=\"1\" | 1997 | \"If I Ruled the World (Imagine That)\" | Best Rap Solo Performance | |- | rowspan=\"1\" | 2000 | I Am... | Best Rap Album | |- | rowspan=\"2\" |2003 | \"One Mic\" | Best Music Video | |- | \"The Essence\" (with AZ) | rowspan=\"2\" |Best Rap Performance by a Duo or a Group | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 2008 | \"Better Than I've Ever Been\" (with Kanye West & KRS-One) | |- | rowspan=\"1\" | Hip Hop Is Dead | rowspan=\"2\" |Best Rap Album | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 2009 | rowspan=\"1\" | Nas | |- | \"N.I.G.G.E.R. (The Slave and the Master)\" | Best Rap Solo Performance | |- | rowspan=\"1\" | 2010 | \"Too Many Rappers\" (with Beastie Boys) | Best Rap Performance by a Duo or a Group | |- |rowspan=\"4\"|2013 |rowspan=\"2\"|\"Daughters\" |Best Rap Performance | |- |Best Rap Song | |- |\"Cherry Wine\" (featuring Amy Winehouse) |Best Rap/Sung Collaboration | |- |Life Is Good |rowspan=\"3\"| Best Rap Album | |- | 2021 | King's Disease | |- |rowspan=\"2\"|2022 | King's Disease II | |- | \"Bath Salts\" (with DMX & Jay-Z) |Best Rap Song | |- MTV Video Music Awards |- | 1999 | \"Hate Me Now\" (featuring Puff Daddy) | Best Rap Video | |- |rowspan=\"2\"| 2002 |rowspan=\"2\"| \"One Mic\" | Video of the Year | |- |rowspan=\"3\"| Best Rap Video | |- |rowspan=\"2\"| 2003 | \"I Can\" | |- | \"Thugz Mansion\" (with Tupac Shakur and J. Phoenix) | |- | 2005 | \"Bridging the Gap\" (featuring Olu Dara) | Best Hip-Hop Video | |} BET Hip Hop Awards |- | 2006 | rowspan=\"2\" | Nas | I Am Hip-Hop Icon Award | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 2012 | Lyricist of the Year Award | |- | \"Daughters\" | Impact Track | |} Sports Emmy Award |- | 2011 | \"Survival 1\" |Outstanding Sports Documentary | |} References Further reading External links Nas on Spotify 1973 births Living people 20th-century American musicians 21st-century American businesspeople 21st-century American rappers African-American fashion designers American fashion designers African-American investors American investors African-American male rappers American retail chief executives American magazine publishers (people) American music industry executives American restaurateurs Businesspeople from Queens, New York Columbia Records artists Def Jam Recordings artists East Coast hip hop musicians Grammy Award winners Ill Will Records artists People from Long Island City, Queens Rappers from New York City Songwriters from New York (state) The Firm (hip hop group) members African-American songwriters" ]

[ "Nas", "1995-1997: Mainstream direction and The Firm", "Where was the mainstream direction going?", "I don't know.", "How was Nas involved in the firm?", "a supergroup consisting of Nas, AZ, Foxy Brown, and Cormega." ]

[ "Keepers of the Streak is a documentary by ESPN Films that focuses on four photographers who have attended and photographed the first forty-eight Super Bowl games from 1967 to 2014. John Biever, Walter Iooss, Mickey Palmer and Tony Tomsic are the focus of the film, and have their stories told throughout. It is directed by Neil Leifer.\n\nOverview\nThe film opens with a photo of John Biever, Walter Iooss, Mickey Palmer and Tony Tomsic meeting in the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in 1967 right before Super Bowl I. The film goes on to discuss how each man got into the photography business, and centers around their work during Super Bowl XLVIII. It also talks about multiple near misses for members of the group, including Palmer checking himself out of a hospital after a heart attack, right before Super Bowl X. At the time of the release of the film, three of the four men were in their seventies, and a fourth was well into his sixties.\n\nProduction\nAccording to director Neil Leifer, he aimed to show how hard it was to film the game, stating, And I probably didn't succeed in one thing that I wanted to do. I wanted to show how difficult it is to do what these guys do ... If I could re-edit it I would probably make that point, even just to show what it's like to go from the hotel to the stadium. But that doesn't make a good story. He added that he remembered what it was like to miss Super Bowl XIII after shooting the first twelve, and marveling how the photographers did it every single game.\n\nReception\nRichard Deitsch of Sports Illustrated states that the film (erroneously called \"Keepers of the Flame\" in his review) provides a good look at the past. He points out that the original AFL–NFL Championship game had 338 press passes handed out—of which 75% went to print media personnel—compared to over 6,000 today. He also mentions that the film shows how the original Super Bowls were played during daytime, and were not the massive events that they are today.\n\nSee also\n Never Miss a Super Bowl Club – a group of fans who have attended every Super Bowl\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial trailer\n\nSuper Bowl culture\n2015 television films\n2015 films\nESPN Films films\n2015 documentary films\nAmerican films\nAmerican documentary television films\nDocumentary films about photographers\nDocumentary films about American football\nSports photographers", "The 2014 FINA Men's Water Polo World League is played between November 2013 and June 2014 and open to all men's water polo national teams. After participating in a preliminary round, eight teams qualify to play in a final tournament, called the Super Final in Dubai, UAE from 16–21 June 2014.\n\nIn the world league, there are specific rules that do not allow matches to end in a draw. If teams are level at the end of the 4th quarter of any world league match, the match will be decided by a penalty shootout. Teams earn points in the standings in group matches as follows:\n Match won in normal time - 3 points\n Match won in shootout - 2 points\n Match lost in shootout - 1 point\n Match lost in normal time - 0 points\n\nPreliminary round\n\nEurope\nThe European preliminary round consisted of two group of three teams and a third group of four teams. The winner of each group after the home and away series of games qualified for the Super Final.\n\nGroup A\n\nGroup B\n\nGroup C\n\nIntercontinental\nThe intercontinental tournament will feature teams from Africa, the Americas, Asia and Oceania. The teams are split into two groups of four teams with all teams progressing to the knock-out stage. As the hosts of the Super Final (UAE) did not enter a team in the tournament the top five teams from this tournament qualified for the Super Final, instead of the initially allocated four. South Africa withdrew from the tournament before games commenced and were replaced by China II, whose games were exhibition and did not count in the standings. The games were played between 27 May and 1 June, 2014 in Shanghai, China.\n\nGroup A\n\nGroup B\n\nKnockout stage\n\nQuarterfinals\n\nSemifinals\n\n5th Place Play-off\n\n3rd Place Play-off\n\nFinal\n\nSuper Final\nIn the Super Final the eight qualifying teams are split into two groups of four teams with all teams progressing to the knock-out stage. The games were played in Dubai, UAE from 16 to 21 June, 2014.\n\nGroup A\n\nGroup B\n\nKnockout stage\n\nQuarterfinals\n\nSemifinals\n\n7th Place Play-off\n\n5th Place Play-off\n\n3rd Place Play-off\n\nFinal\n\nFinal ranking\n\nReferences\n\nWorld League, men\nFINA Water Polo World League\nInternational water polo competitions hosted by the United Arab Emirates" ]

[ "Nasir bin Olu Dara Jones (; born September 14, 1973), better known by his stage name Nas (), is an American rapper, songwriter, and entrepreneur. Rooted in the New York hip hop scene, he is regarded as one of the greatest and most influential rappers of all time.", "Rooted in the New York hip hop scene, he is regarded as one of the greatest and most influential rappers of all time. The son of jazz musician Olu Dara, Jones's musical career began in 1989 as he adopted the moniker of \"Nasty Nas\" and recorded demos for Large Professor.", "The son of jazz musician Olu Dara, Jones's musical career began in 1989 as he adopted the moniker of \"Nasty Nas\" and recorded demos for Large Professor. He was a featured artist on Main Source's \"Live at the Barbeque\" (1991), also produced by Large Professor.", "He was a featured artist on Main Source's \"Live at the Barbeque\" (1991), also produced by Large Professor. Nas's debut album Illmatic (1994) received universal acclaim upon release, and is considered to be one of the greatest hip hop albums of all-time; in 2021, the album was inducted into the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry.", "Nas's debut album Illmatic (1994) received universal acclaim upon release, and is considered to be one of the greatest hip hop albums of all-time; in 2021, the album was inducted into the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry. His second album It Was Written (1996) debuted atop the Billboard 200 and charted for four consecutive weeks; the album, along with its single \"If I Ruled the World (Imagine That)\" (featuring Lauryn Hill), catapulted Nas into international success.", "His second album It Was Written (1996) debuted atop the Billboard 200 and charted for four consecutive weeks; the album, along with its single \"If I Ruled the World (Imagine That)\" (featuring Lauryn Hill), catapulted Nas into international success. Nas's albums I Am (1998) and Nastradamus (1999) were criticized as inconsistent and too commercially oriented, and critics and fans feared that his output was declining in quality.", "Nas's albums I Am (1998) and Nastradamus (1999) were criticized as inconsistent and too commercially oriented, and critics and fans feared that his output was declining in quality. From 2001 to 2005, Nas was involved in a highly publicized feud with Jay-Z, popularized by the diss track \"Ether\".", "From 2001 to 2005, Nas was involved in a highly publicized feud with Jay-Z, popularized by the diss track \"Ether\". It was this feud, along with Nas's albums Stillmatic (2001), God's Son (2002), and the double album Street's Disciple (2004), that helped restore his critical standing.", "It was this feud, along with Nas's albums Stillmatic (2001), God's Son (2002), and the double album Street's Disciple (2004), that helped restore his critical standing. After squashing the feud, Nas signed to Jay-Z's Def Jam Recordings in 2006 and went in a more provocative, politicized direction with the albums Hip Hop Is Dead (2006) and his untitled 9th studio album (2008).", "After squashing the feud, Nas signed to Jay-Z's Def Jam Recordings in 2006 and went in a more provocative, politicized direction with the albums Hip Hop Is Dead (2006) and his untitled 9th studio album (2008). In 2010, Nas released Distant Relatives, a collaboration album with Damian Marley, donating all royalties to charities active in Africa.", "In 2010, Nas released Distant Relatives, a collaboration album with Damian Marley, donating all royalties to charities active in Africa. His 10th studio album, Life Is Good (2012), was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards.", "His 10th studio album, Life Is Good (2012), was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards. After receiving thirteen nominations, his 12th studio album, King's Disease (2020), won him his first Grammy for Best Rap Album at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards; he then followed it by releasing his 13th studio album, King's Disease II (2021), as the album's sequel.", "After receiving thirteen nominations, his 12th studio album, King's Disease (2020), won him his first Grammy for Best Rap Album at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards; he then followed it by releasing his 13th studio album, King's Disease II (2021), as the album's sequel. In the same year, his 14th studio album, Magic, was released on Christmas Eve.", "In the same year, his 14th studio album, Magic, was released on Christmas Eve. In 2012,The Source ranked him second on their list of the \"Top 50 Lyricists of All Time\". In 2013, Nas was ranked 4th on MTV's \"Hottest MCs in the Game\" list.", "In 2013, Nas was ranked 4th on MTV's \"Hottest MCs in the Game\" list. About.com ranked him first on their list of the \"50 Greatest MCs of All Time\" in 2014, and a year later, Nas was featured on the \"10 Best Rappers of All Time\" list by Billboard.", "About.com ranked him first on their list of the \"50 Greatest MCs of All Time\" in 2014, and a year later, Nas was featured on the \"10 Best Rappers of All Time\" list by Billboard. He is also an entrepreneur through his own record label; he serves as associate publisher of Mass Appeal magazine and the co-founder of Mass Appeal Records.", "He is also an entrepreneur through his own record label; he serves as associate publisher of Mass Appeal magazine and the co-founder of Mass Appeal Records. Nas has released fourteen studio albums since 1994, seven of which are certified platinum or multi-platinum in the U.S.", "Nas has released fourteen studio albums since 1994, seven of which are certified platinum or multi-platinum in the U.S. Early life Nasir bin Olu Dara Jones was born in the Brooklyn borough of New York City on September 14, 1973, to African American parents.", "Early life Nasir bin Olu Dara Jones was born in the Brooklyn borough of New York City on September 14, 1973, to African American parents. His father, Olu Dara (born Charles Jones III), is a jazz and blues musician from Mississippi. His mother, Fannie Ann (née Little; 1941–2002) was a U.S.", "His mother, Fannie Ann (née Little; 1941–2002) was a U.S. Postal Service worker from North Carolina. He has a brother, Jabari Fret, who raps under the name Jungle and is a member of hip hop group Bravehearts. His father adopted the name \"Olu Dara\" from the Yoruba people.", "His father adopted the name \"Olu Dara\" from the Yoruba people. \"Nasir\" is an Arabic name meaning \"helper and protector\", while \"bin\" means \"son of\" in Arabic. As a young child, Nas and his family relocated to the Queensbridge Houses in the borough of Queens.", "As a young child, Nas and his family relocated to the Queensbridge Houses in the borough of Queens. His neighbor, Willy \"Ill Will\" Graham, influenced his interest in hip hop by playing him records. His parents divorced in 1985, and he dropped out of school after the eighth grade.", "His parents divorced in 1985, and he dropped out of school after the eighth grade. He educated himself about African culture through the Five-Percent Nation (a splinter group of the Nation of Islam) and the Nuwaubian Nation. In his early years, he played the trumpet and began writing his own rhymes.", "In his early years, he played the trumpet and began writing his own rhymes. Career As a teenager, Nas enlisted his best friend and upstairs neighbor Willy \"Ill Will\" Graham as his DJ. Nas initially went by the nickname \"Kid Wave\" before adopting his more commonly known alias of \"Nasty Nas\".", "Nas initially went by the nickname \"Kid Wave\" before adopting his more commonly known alias of \"Nasty Nas\". In 1989, then-16-year-old Nas met up with producer Large Professor and went to the studio where Rakim and Kool G Rap were recording their albums.", "In 1989, then-16-year-old Nas met up with producer Large Professor and went to the studio where Rakim and Kool G Rap were recording their albums. When they were not in the recording studio, Nas would go into the booth and record his own material. However, none of it was ever released.", "However, none of it was ever released. 1991–1994: The beginnings and Illmatic In 1991, Nas performed on Main Source's \"Live at the Barbeque\", also produced by Large Professor.", "1991–1994: The beginnings and Illmatic In 1991, Nas performed on Main Source's \"Live at the Barbeque\", also produced by Large Professor. In mid-1992, Nas was approached by MC Serch of 3rd Bass, who became his manager and secured Nas a record deal with Columbia Records during the same year.", "In mid-1992, Nas was approached by MC Serch of 3rd Bass, who became his manager and secured Nas a record deal with Columbia Records during the same year. Nas made his solo debut under the name of \"Nasty Nas\" on the single \"Halftime\" from MC Serch's soundtrack for the film Zebrahead.", "Nas made his solo debut under the name of \"Nasty Nas\" on the single \"Halftime\" from MC Serch's soundtrack for the film Zebrahead. Called the new Rakim, his rhyming skills attracted a significant amount of attention within the hip hop community. In 1994, Nas's debut album, Illmatic, was released.", "In 1994, Nas's debut album, Illmatic, was released. It featured production from Large Professor, Pete Rock, Q-Tip, LES and DJ Premier, as well as guest appearances from Nas's friend AZ and his father Olu Dara.", "It featured production from Large Professor, Pete Rock, Q-Tip, LES and DJ Premier, as well as guest appearances from Nas's friend AZ and his father Olu Dara. The album spawned several singles, including \"The World Is Yours\", \"It Ain't Hard to Tell\", and \"One Love\".", "The album spawned several singles, including \"The World Is Yours\", \"It Ain't Hard to Tell\", and \"One Love\". Shaheem Reid of MTV News called Illmatic \"the first classic LP\" of 1994.", "Shaheem Reid of MTV News called Illmatic \"the first classic LP\" of 1994. In 1994, Nas also recorded the song \"One on One\" for the soundtrack to the film Street Fighter.", "In 1994, Nas also recorded the song \"One on One\" for the soundtrack to the film Street Fighter. In his book To the Break of Dawn: A Freestyle on the Hip Hop Aesthetic, William Jelani Cobb writes of Nas's impact at the time: Illmatic was awarded best album of 1994 by The Source.", "In his book To the Break of Dawn: A Freestyle on the Hip Hop Aesthetic, William Jelani Cobb writes of Nas's impact at the time: Illmatic was awarded best album of 1994 by The Source. Steve Huey of AllMusic described Nas's lyrics on Illmatic as \"highly literate\" and his raps \"superbly fluid regardless of the size of his vocabulary\", adding that Nas is \"able to evoke the bleak reality of ghetto life without losing hope or forgetting the good times\".", "Steve Huey of AllMusic described Nas's lyrics on Illmatic as \"highly literate\" and his raps \"superbly fluid regardless of the size of his vocabulary\", adding that Nas is \"able to evoke the bleak reality of ghetto life without losing hope or forgetting the good times\". About.com ranked Illmatic as the greatest hip hop album of all-time, and Prefix magazine praised it as \"the best hip hop record ever made\".", "About.com ranked Illmatic as the greatest hip hop album of all-time, and Prefix magazine praised it as \"the best hip hop record ever made\". 1994–1998: Transition to mainstream direction and the Firm In 1995, Nas did guest performances on the albums Doe or Die by AZ, The Infamous by The Infamous Mobb Deep, Only Built 4 Cuban Linx by Raekwon and 4,5,6 by Kool G Rap.", "1994–1998: Transition to mainstream direction and the Firm In 1995, Nas did guest performances on the albums Doe or Die by AZ, The Infamous by The Infamous Mobb Deep, Only Built 4 Cuban Linx by Raekwon and 4,5,6 by Kool G Rap. Nas also parted ways with manager MC Serch, enlisted Steve Stoute, and began preparation for his second album, It Was Written.", "Nas also parted ways with manager MC Serch, enlisted Steve Stoute, and began preparation for his second album, It Was Written. The album was chiefly produced by Tone and Poke of the Trackmasters, as Nas consciously worked towards a crossover-oriented sound.", "The album was chiefly produced by Tone and Poke of the Trackmasters, as Nas consciously worked towards a crossover-oriented sound. Columbia Records had begun to pressure Nas to work towards more commercial topics, such as that of The Notorious B.I.G., who had become successful by releasing street singles that still retained radio-friendly appeal.", "Columbia Records had begun to pressure Nas to work towards more commercial topics, such as that of The Notorious B.I.G., who had become successful by releasing street singles that still retained radio-friendly appeal. The album also expanded on Nas's Escobar persona, who lived a Scarface/Casino-esque lifestyle.", "The album also expanded on Nas's Escobar persona, who lived a Scarface/Casino-esque lifestyle. On the other hand, references to Scarface protagonist Tony Montana notwithstanding, Illmatic was more about his early life growing up in the projects. It Was Written was released in mid-1996.", "It Was Written was released in mid-1996. Two singles, \"If I Ruled the World (Imagine That)\" (featuring Lauryn Hill of The Fugees) and \"Street Dreams\" (including a remix with R. Kelly), were instant hits.", "Two singles, \"If I Ruled the World (Imagine That)\" (featuring Lauryn Hill of The Fugees) and \"Street Dreams\" (including a remix with R. Kelly), were instant hits. These songs were promoted by big-budget music videos directed by Hype Williams, making Nas a common name among mainstream hip-hop.", "These songs were promoted by big-budget music videos directed by Hype Williams, making Nas a common name among mainstream hip-hop. Reviewing It Was Written, Leo Stanley of Allmusic believed the album's rhymes were not as complex as those of Illmatic, but still thought Nas had \"deepened his talents, creating a complex series of rhymes that not only flow, but manage to tell coherent stories as well.\"", "Reviewing It Was Written, Leo Stanley of Allmusic believed the album's rhymes were not as complex as those of Illmatic, but still thought Nas had \"deepened his talents, creating a complex series of rhymes that not only flow, but manage to tell coherent stories as well.\" It Was Written featured the debut of the Firm, a supergroup consisting of Nas, AZ, Foxy Brown, and Cormega.", "It Was Written featured the debut of the Firm, a supergroup consisting of Nas, AZ, Foxy Brown, and Cormega. Signed to Dr. Dre's Aftermath Entertainment label, the Firm began working on their debut album.", "Signed to Dr. Dre's Aftermath Entertainment label, the Firm began working on their debut album. Halfway through the production of the album, Cormega was fired from the group by Steve Stoute, who had unsuccessfully attempted to force Cormega to sign a deal with his management company.", "Halfway through the production of the album, Cormega was fired from the group by Steve Stoute, who had unsuccessfully attempted to force Cormega to sign a deal with his management company. Cormega subsequently became one of Nas's most vocal opponents and released a number of underground hip hop singles \"dissing\" Nas, Stoute, and Nature, who replaced Cormega as the fourth member of the Firm.", "Cormega subsequently became one of Nas's most vocal opponents and released a number of underground hip hop singles \"dissing\" Nas, Stoute, and Nature, who replaced Cormega as the fourth member of the Firm. Nas, Foxy Brown, AZ, and Nature Present The Firm: The Album was finally released in 1997 to mixed reviews.", "Nas, Foxy Brown, AZ, and Nature Present The Firm: The Album was finally released in 1997 to mixed reviews. The album failed to live up to its expected sales, despite being certified platinum, and the members of the group disbanded to go their separate ways.", "The album failed to live up to its expected sales, despite being certified platinum, and the members of the group disbanded to go their separate ways. During this period, Nas was also one of four rappers (the others being B-Real, KRS-One and RBX) in the hip-hop supergroup Group Therapy, who appeared on the song \"East Coast/West Coast Killas\" from Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath.", "During this period, Nas was also one of four rappers (the others being B-Real, KRS-One and RBX) in the hip-hop supergroup Group Therapy, who appeared on the song \"East Coast/West Coast Killas\" from Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath. 1998–2001: Heightened commercial direction and inconsistent output In late 1998, Nas began working on a double album, to be entitled I Am...", "1998–2001: Heightened commercial direction and inconsistent output In late 1998, Nas began working on a double album, to be entitled I Am... The Autobiography; he intended it as the middle ground between Illmatic and It Was Written, with each track detailing a part of his life.", "The Autobiography; he intended it as the middle ground between Illmatic and It Was Written, with each track detailing a part of his life. In 1998, Nas co-wrote and starred in Hype Williams's feature film Belly. I Am...", "I Am... I Am... The Autobiography was completed in early 1999, and a music video was shot for its lead single, \"Nas Is Like\". It was produced by DJ Premier and contained vocal samples from \"It Ain't Hard to Tell\". Music critic M.F.", "Music critic M.F. Music critic M.F. DiBella noticed that Nas also covered \"politics, the state of hip-hop, Y2K, race, and religion with his own unique perspective\" in the album besides autobiographical lyrics.", "DiBella noticed that Nas also covered \"politics, the state of hip-hop, Y2K, race, and religion with his own unique perspective\" in the album besides autobiographical lyrics. Much of the LP was leaked into MP3 format onto the Internet, and Nas and Stoute quickly recorded enough substitute material to constitute a single-disc release.", "Much of the LP was leaked into MP3 format onto the Internet, and Nas and Stoute quickly recorded enough substitute material to constitute a single-disc release. The second single on I Am... was \"Hate Me Now\", featuring Sean \"Puffy\" Combs, which was used as an example by Nas's critics accusing him of moving towards more commercial themes.", "The second single on I Am... was \"Hate Me Now\", featuring Sean \"Puffy\" Combs, which was used as an example by Nas's critics accusing him of moving towards more commercial themes. The video featured Nas and Combs being crucified in a manner similar to Jesus Christ; after the video was completed, Combs requested his crucifixion scene be edited out of the video.", "The video featured Nas and Combs being crucified in a manner similar to Jesus Christ; after the video was completed, Combs requested his crucifixion scene be edited out of the video. However, the unedited copy of the \"Hate Me Now\" video made its way to MTV.", "However, the unedited copy of the \"Hate Me Now\" video made its way to MTV. Within minutes of the broadcast, Combs and his bodyguards allegedly made their way into Steve Stoute's office and assaulted him, at one point apparently hitting Stoute over the head with a champagne bottle.", "Within minutes of the broadcast, Combs and his bodyguards allegedly made their way into Steve Stoute's office and assaulted him, at one point apparently hitting Stoute over the head with a champagne bottle. Stoute pressed charges, but he and Combs settled out-of-court that June.", "Stoute pressed charges, but he and Combs settled out-of-court that June. Columbia had scheduled to release the infringed material from I Am... under the title Nastradamus during the later half of 1999, but, at the last minute, Nas decided to record an entire new album for the 1999 release of Nastradamus.", "Columbia had scheduled to release the infringed material from I Am... under the title Nastradamus during the later half of 1999, but, at the last minute, Nas decided to record an entire new album for the 1999 release of Nastradamus. Nastradamus was therefore rushed to meet a November release date.", "Nastradamus was therefore rushed to meet a November release date. Though critical reviews were unfavorable, it did result in a minor hit, \"You Owe Me\". Fans and critics feared that Nas's career was declining, artistically and commercially, as both I Am... and Nastradamus were criticized as inconsistent and overtly-commercialized.", "Fans and critics feared that Nas's career was declining, artistically and commercially, as both I Am... and Nastradamus were criticized as inconsistent and overtly-commercialized. In 2000, Nas & Ill Will Records Presents QB's Finest, which is popularly known as simply QB's Finest, was released on Nas's Ill Will Records.", "In 2000, Nas & Ill Will Records Presents QB's Finest, which is popularly known as simply QB's Finest, was released on Nas's Ill Will Records. QB's Finest is a compilation album that featured Nas and a number of other rappers from Queensbridge projects, including Mobb Deep, Nature, Capone, the Bravehearts, Tragedy Khadafi, Millennium Thug and Cormega, who had briefly reconciled with Nas.", "QB's Finest is a compilation album that featured Nas and a number of other rappers from Queensbridge projects, including Mobb Deep, Nature, Capone, the Bravehearts, Tragedy Khadafi, Millennium Thug and Cormega, who had briefly reconciled with Nas. The album also featured guest appearances from Queensbridge hip-hop legends Roxanne Shanté, MC Shan, and Marley Marl.", "The album also featured guest appearances from Queensbridge hip-hop legends Roxanne Shanté, MC Shan, and Marley Marl. Shan and Marley Marl both appeared on the lead single \"Da Bridge 2001\", which was based on Shan & Marl's 1986 recording \"The Bridge\".", "Shan and Marley Marl both appeared on the lead single \"Da Bridge 2001\", which was based on Shan & Marl's 1986 recording \"The Bridge\". 2001–2006: Feud with Jay-Z, Stillmatic, God's Son, and double album After trading veiled criticisms on various songs, freestyles and mixtape appearances, the highly publicised dispute between Nas and Jay-Z became widely known to the public in 2001.", "2001–2006: Feud with Jay-Z, Stillmatic, God's Son, and double album After trading veiled criticisms on various songs, freestyles and mixtape appearances, the highly publicised dispute between Nas and Jay-Z became widely known to the public in 2001. Jay-Z, in his song \"Takeover\", criticised Nas by calling him \"fake\" and his career \"lame\".", "Jay-Z, in his song \"Takeover\", criticised Nas by calling him \"fake\" and his career \"lame\". Nas responded with \"Ether\", in which he compared Jay-Z to such characters as J.J. Evans from the sitcom Good Times and cigarette company mascot Joe Camel.", "Nas responded with \"Ether\", in which he compared Jay-Z to such characters as J.J. Evans from the sitcom Good Times and cigarette company mascot Joe Camel. The song was included on Nas's fifth studio album, Stillmatic, released in December 2001.", "The song was included on Nas's fifth studio album, Stillmatic, released in December 2001. His daughter, Destiny, is listed as an executive producer on Stillmatic so she could receive royalty checks from the album. Stillmatic peaked at No. 5 on the U.S.", "5 on the U.S. 5 on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart and featured the singles \"Got Ur Self A...\" and \"One Mic\". In response to \"Ether\", Jay-Z released the song \"Supa Ugly\", which Hot 97 radio host Angie Martinez premiered on December 11, 2001.", "In response to \"Ether\", Jay-Z released the song \"Supa Ugly\", which Hot 97 radio host Angie Martinez premiered on December 11, 2001. In the song, Jay-Z explicitly boasts about having an affair with Nas's girlfriend, Carmen Bryan.", "In the song, Jay-Z explicitly boasts about having an affair with Nas's girlfriend, Carmen Bryan. New York City hip-hop radio station Hot 97 issued a poll asking listeners which rapper made the better diss song; Nas won with 58% while Jay-Z got 42% of the votes.", "New York City hip-hop radio station Hot 97 issued a poll asking listeners which rapper made the better diss song; Nas won with 58% while Jay-Z got 42% of the votes. In 2002, in the midst of the dispute between the two New York rappers, Eminem cited both Nas and Jay-Z as being two of the best MCs in the industry, in his song 'Till I Collapse.", "In 2002, in the midst of the dispute between the two New York rappers, Eminem cited both Nas and Jay-Z as being two of the best MCs in the industry, in his song 'Till I Collapse. Both the dispute and Stillmatic signalled an artistic comeback for Nas after a string of inconsistent albums.", "Both the dispute and Stillmatic signalled an artistic comeback for Nas after a string of inconsistent albums. The Lost Tapes, a compilation of previously unreleased or bootlegged songs from 1998 to 2001, was released by Columbia in September 2002. The collection attained respectable sales and received rave reviews from critics.", "The collection attained respectable sales and received rave reviews from critics. In December 2002, Nas released the God's Son album including its lead single, \"Made You Look\" which used a pitched down sample of the Incredible Bongo Band's \"Apache\". The album peaked at No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No.", "12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts despite widespread Internet bootlegging. Time Magazine named his album best hip-hop album of the year. Vibe gave it four stars and The Source gave it four mics.", "Vibe gave it four stars and The Source gave it four mics. The second single, \"I Can\", which reworked elements from Beethoven's \"Für Elise\", became Nas's biggest hit to date in 2003, garnering substantial radio airplay on urban, rhythmic, and top 40 radio stations, as well as on the MTV and VH1 music video networks.", "The second single, \"I Can\", which reworked elements from Beethoven's \"Für Elise\", became Nas's biggest hit to date in 2003, garnering substantial radio airplay on urban, rhythmic, and top 40 radio stations, as well as on the MTV and VH1 music video networks. God's Son also includes several songs dedicated to Nas's mother, who died of cancer in April 2002, including \"Dance\".", "God's Son also includes several songs dedicated to Nas's mother, who died of cancer in April 2002, including \"Dance\". In 2003, Nas was featured on the Korn song \"Play Me\", from Korn's Take a Look in the Mirror LP.", "In 2003, Nas was featured on the Korn song \"Play Me\", from Korn's Take a Look in the Mirror LP. Also in 2003, a live performance in New York City, featuring Ludacris, Jadakiss, and Darryl McDaniels (of Run-D.M.C.", "Also in 2003, a live performance in New York City, featuring Ludacris, Jadakiss, and Darryl McDaniels (of Run-D.M.C. fame), was released on DVD as Made You Look: God's Son Live. God's Son was critical in the power struggle between Nas and Jay-Z in the hip-hop industry at the time.", "God's Son was critical in the power struggle between Nas and Jay-Z in the hip-hop industry at the time. In an article at the time, Joseph Jones of PopMatters stated, \"Whether you like it or not, \"Ether\" did this.", "In an article at the time, Joseph Jones of PopMatters stated, \"Whether you like it or not, \"Ether\" did this. With God's Son, Nas has the opportunity to cement his status as the King of NY, at least for another 3-4-year term, or he could prove that he is not the savior that hip-hop fans should be pinning their hopes on.\"", "With God's Son, Nas has the opportunity to cement his status as the King of NY, at least for another 3-4-year term, or he could prove that he is not the savior that hip-hop fans should be pinning their hopes on.\" After the album's release, he began helping the Bravehearts, an act including his younger brother Jungle and friend Wiz (Wizard), put together their debut album, Bravehearted.", "After the album's release, he began helping the Bravehearts, an act including his younger brother Jungle and friend Wiz (Wizard), put together their debut album, Bravehearted. The album features guest appearances from Nas, Nashawn (Millennium Thug), Lil Jon, and Jully Black.", "The album features guest appearances from Nas, Nashawn (Millennium Thug), Lil Jon, and Jully Black. Nas released his seventh album Street's Disciple, a sprawling double album, on November 30, 2004. It addressed subject matter both political and personal, including his impending marriage to recording artist Kelis.", "It addressed subject matter both political and personal, including his impending marriage to recording artist Kelis. The double-sided single \"Thief's Theme\"/\"You Know My Style\" was released months before the album's release, followed by the single \"Bridging the Gap\" upon the album's release.", "The double-sided single \"Thief's Theme\"/\"You Know My Style\" was released months before the album's release, followed by the single \"Bridging the Gap\" upon the album's release. Although Street's Disciple went platinum, it served as a drop-off from Nas's previous commercial successes.", "Although Street's Disciple went platinum, it served as a drop-off from Nas's previous commercial successes. In 2005, New York-based rapper 50 Cent dissed Nas on his song \"Piggy Bank\", which brought his reputation into question in hip-hop circles.", "In 2005, New York-based rapper 50 Cent dissed Nas on his song \"Piggy Bank\", which brought his reputation into question in hip-hop circles. In October, Nas made a surprise appearance at Jay-Z's \"I Declare War\" concert, where they reconciled their beef.", "In October, Nas made a surprise appearance at Jay-Z's \"I Declare War\" concert, where they reconciled their beef. At the show, Jay-Z announced to the crowd, \"It's bigger than 'I Declare War'. Let's go, Esco!\"", "Let's go, Esco!\" and Nas then joined him onstage, and the two performed Jay-Z's \"Dead Presidents\" (1996) together, a song that featured a prominent sample of Nas's 1994 track, \"The World Is Yours\" (1994).", "and Nas then joined him onstage, and the two performed Jay-Z's \"Dead Presidents\" (1996) together, a song that featured a prominent sample of Nas's 1994 track, \"The World Is Yours\" (1994). 2006–2008: Hip Hop Is Dead, Untitled, and politicized efforts The reconciliation between Nas and Jay-Z created the opportunity for Nas to sign a deal with Def Jam Recordings, of which Jay-Z was president at the time.", "2006–2008: Hip Hop Is Dead, Untitled, and politicized efforts The reconciliation between Nas and Jay-Z created the opportunity for Nas to sign a deal with Def Jam Recordings, of which Jay-Z was president at the time. Jay-Z signed Nas on January 23, 2006; the signing included an agreement that Nas was to be paid about $3,000,000, including a recording budget, for each of his first two albums with Def Jam.", "Jay-Z signed Nas on January 23, 2006; the signing included an agreement that Nas was to be paid about $3,000,000, including a recording budget, for each of his first two albums with Def Jam. Tentatively called Hip Hop Is Dead...The N, Hip Hop Is Dead was a commentary on the state of hip-hop and featured \"Black Republican\", a hyped collaboration with Jay-Z.", "Tentatively called Hip Hop Is Dead...The N, Hip Hop Is Dead was a commentary on the state of hip-hop and featured \"Black Republican\", a hyped collaboration with Jay-Z. The album debuted on Def Jam and Nas new imprint at that label, The Jones Experience, at No.", "The album debuted on Def Jam and Nas new imprint at that label, The Jones Experience, at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 charts, selling 355,000 copies—Nas's third number one album, along with It Was Written and I Am....", "1 on the Billboard 200 charts, selling 355,000 copies—Nas's third number one album, along with It Was Written and I Am.... It also inspired reactions about the state of hip-hop, particularly controversy with Southern hip hop artists who felt the album's title was a criticism aimed at them.", "It also inspired reactions about the state of hip-hop, particularly controversy with Southern hip hop artists who felt the album's title was a criticism aimed at them. Nas's 2004 song \"Thief's Theme\" was featured in the 2006 film The Departed. Nas's former label, Columbia Records, released the compilation Greatest Hits in November.", "Nas's former label, Columbia Records, released the compilation Greatest Hits in November. On October 12, 2007, Nas announced that his next album would be called Nigger.", "On October 12, 2007, Nas announced that his next album would be called Nigger. Both progressive commentators, such as Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton, and the conservative-aligned news channel Fox News were outraged; Jackson called on entertainers to stop using the epithet after comedian Michael Richards used it onstage in late 2006.", "Both progressive commentators, such as Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton, and the conservative-aligned news channel Fox News were outraged; Jackson called on entertainers to stop using the epithet after comedian Michael Richards used it onstage in late 2006. Controversy escalated as the album's impending release date drew nearer, going as far as to spark rumors that Def Jam was planning to drop Nas unless he changed the title.", "Controversy escalated as the album's impending release date drew nearer, going as far as to spark rumors that Def Jam was planning to drop Nas unless he changed the title. Additionally, Fort Greene, Brooklyn assemblyman Hakeem Jeffries requested New York's Comptroller Thomas DiNapoli to withdraw $84,000,000 from the state pension fund that has been invested into Universal and its parent company, Vivendi, if the album's title was not changed.", "Additionally, Fort Greene, Brooklyn assemblyman Hakeem Jeffries requested New York's Comptroller Thomas DiNapoli to withdraw $84,000,000 from the state pension fund that has been invested into Universal and its parent company, Vivendi, if the album's title was not changed. On the opposite side of the spectrum, many of the most famous names in the entertainment industry expressed a sense of trust in Nas for using the racial epithet as the title of his full-length LP.", "On the opposite side of the spectrum, many of the most famous names in the entertainment industry expressed a sense of trust in Nas for using the racial epithet as the title of his full-length LP. Nas's management worried that the album would not be sold by chain stores such as Wal-Mart, thus limiting its distribution.", "Nas's management worried that the album would not be sold by chain stores such as Wal-Mart, thus limiting its distribution. On May 19, 2008, Nas decided to forgo an album title.", "On May 19, 2008, Nas decided to forgo an album title. Responding to Jesse Jackson's remarks and use of the word \"nigger\", Nas called him \"the biggest player hater\", stating \"His time is up. All you old niggas' time is up.", "All you old niggas' time is up. We heard your voice, we saw your marching, we heard your sermons. We don't want to hear that shit no more. It's a new day. It's a new voice. I'm here now. We don't need Jesse; I'm here.", "We don't need Jesse; I'm here. I got this. We the voice now. It's no more Jesse. Sorry. Goodbye. You ain't helping nobody in the 'hood and that's the bottom line.\"", "You ain't helping nobody in the 'hood and that's the bottom line.\" He also said of the album's title: \"It's important to me that this album gets to the fans. It's been a long time coming.", "It's been a long time coming. I want my fans to know that creatively and lyrically, they can expect the same content and the same messages. The people will always know what the real title of this album is and what to call it.\" The album was ultimately released on July 15, 2008, untitled.", "The album was ultimately released on July 15, 2008, untitled. It featured production from Polow da Don, stic.man of Dead Prez, Sons of Light and J. Myers, \"Hero\", the album's lead single released on June 23, 2008, reached No. 97 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No.", "97 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 87 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks. In July, Nas attained a shoe deal with Fila. In an interview with MTV News in July, Nas speculated that he might release two albums: one produced by DJ Premier and another by Dr. Dre—simultaneously the same day.", "In an interview with MTV News in July, Nas speculated that he might release two albums: one produced by DJ Premier and another by Dr. Dre—simultaneously the same day. Nas worked on Dr. Dre's studio album Detox.", "Nas worked on Dr. Dre's studio album Detox. Nas was also awarded 'Emcee of the Year' in the HipHopDX 2008 Awards for his latest solo effort, the quality of his appearances on other albums and was described as having \"become an artist who thrives off of reinvention and going against the system.\"", "Nas was also awarded 'Emcee of the Year' in the HipHopDX 2008 Awards for his latest solo effort, the quality of his appearances on other albums and was described as having \"become an artist who thrives off of reinvention and going against the system.\" 2009–2012: Distant Relatives and Life Is Good At the 2009 Grammy Awards, Nas confirmed he was collaborating on an album with reggae singer Damian Marley which was expected to be released in late 2009.", "2009–2012: Distant Relatives and Life Is Good At the 2009 Grammy Awards, Nas confirmed he was collaborating on an album with reggae singer Damian Marley which was expected to be released in late 2009. Nas said of the collaboration in an interview \"I was a big fan of his father and of course all the children, all the offspring, and Damian, I kind of looked at Damian as a rap guy.", "Nas said of the collaboration in an interview \"I was a big fan of his father and of course all the children, all the offspring, and Damian, I kind of looked at Damian as a rap guy. His stuff is not really singing, or if he does, it comes off more hard, like on some street shit.", "His stuff is not really singing, or if he does, it comes off more hard, like on some street shit. I always liked how reggae and hip-hop have always been intertwined and always kind of pushed each other, I always liked the connection.", "I always liked how reggae and hip-hop have always been intertwined and always kind of pushed each other, I always liked the connection. I'd worked with people before from the reggae world but when I worked with Damian, the whole workout was perfect\".", "I'd worked with people before from the reggae world but when I worked with Damian, the whole workout was perfect\". A portion of the profit was planned to go towards building a school in Africa. He went on to say that it was \"too early to tell the title or anything like that\".", "He went on to say that it was \"too early to tell the title or anything like that\". The Los Angeles Times reported that the album would be titled Distant Relatives. Nas also revealed that he would begin working on his tenth studio album following the release of Distant Relatives.", "Nas also revealed that he would begin working on his tenth studio album following the release of Distant Relatives. During late 2009, Nas used his live band Mulatto with music director Dustin Moore for concerts in Europe and Australia.", "During late 2009, Nas used his live band Mulatto with music director Dustin Moore for concerts in Europe and Australia. After announcing a possible release in 2010, a follow-up compilation to The Lost Tapes (2002) was delayed indefinitely due to issues between him and Def Jam.", "After announcing a possible release in 2010, a follow-up compilation to The Lost Tapes (2002) was delayed indefinitely due to issues between him and Def Jam. His eleventh studio album, Life Is Good (2012) was produced primarily by Salaam Remi and No I.D, and released on July 13, 2012.", "His eleventh studio album, Life Is Good (2012) was produced primarily by Salaam Remi and No I.D, and released on July 13, 2012. Nas called the album a \"magic moment\" in his rap career.", "Nas called the album a \"magic moment\" in his rap career. In 2011, Nas announced that he would release collaboration albums with Mobb Deep, Common, and a third with DJ Premier. Common said of the project in a 2011 interview, \"At some point, we will do that.", "Common said of the project in a 2011 interview, \"At some point, we will do that. We'd talked about it and we had a good idea to call it Nas.Com. That was actually going to be a mixtape at one point. But we decided that we should make it an album.\"", "But we decided that we should make it an album.\" Life is Good would be nominated for Best Rap Album at the 2013 Grammy Awards. 2013–2019: Nasir and The Lost Tapes 2 In January 2013, Nas announced he had begun working on his twelfth studio album, which would be his final album for Def Jam.", "2013–2019: Nasir and The Lost Tapes 2 In January 2013, Nas announced he had begun working on his twelfth studio album, which would be his final album for Def Jam. The album was supposed to be released during 2015.", "The album was supposed to be released during 2015. In October 2013, DJ Premier said that his collaboration album with Nas, would be released following his twelfth studio album. In October 2013, Nas confirmed that a rumored song \"Sinatra in the Sands\" featuring Jay-Z, Justin Timberlake, and Timbaland would be featured on the album.", "In October 2013, Nas confirmed that a rumored song \"Sinatra in the Sands\" featuring Jay-Z, Justin Timberlake, and Timbaland would be featured on the album. On April 16, 2014, on the twentieth anniversary of Illmatic, the documentary Nas: Time Is Illmatic was premiered which recounted circumstances leading up to Nas's debut album.", "On April 16, 2014, on the twentieth anniversary of Illmatic, the documentary Nas: Time Is Illmatic was premiered which recounted circumstances leading up to Nas's debut album. It was reported on September 10, that Nas has finished his last album with Def Jam.", "It was reported on September 10, that Nas has finished his last album with Def Jam. On October 30, Nas released a song which might have been the first single on his new album, titled \"The Season\", produced by J Dilla.", "On October 30, Nas released a song which might have been the first single on his new album, titled \"The Season\", produced by J Dilla. Nas has also collaborated with the Australian hip-hop group, Bliss n Eso, in 2014. They released the track \"I Am Somebody\" in May 2014.", "They released the track \"I Am Somebody\" in May 2014. Nas was featured on the song \"We Are\" from Justin Bieber's fourth studio album, Purpose, released in November 2015.", "Nas was featured on the song \"We Are\" from Justin Bieber's fourth studio album, Purpose, released in November 2015. Nas was announced as one of the executive producers of the Netflix original series, The Get Down, prior to its release in August 2016. He narrated the series and rapped as adult Ezekiel of 1996.", "He narrated the series and rapped as adult Ezekiel of 1996. He also appeared on DJ Khaled's album Major Key, on a track simply titled \"Nas Album Done\", suggesting an upcoming album was not only completed, but also was imminent.", "He also appeared on DJ Khaled's album Major Key, on a track simply titled \"Nas Album Done\", suggesting an upcoming album was not only completed, but also was imminent. On October 16, 2016, he received the Jimmy Iovine Icon Award at 2016 REVOLT Music Conference for having a lasting impact and unique influence on music, numerous years in the rap business, his partnership with Hennessy, and Mass Appeal imprint by Puff Daddy.", "On October 16, 2016, he received the Jimmy Iovine Icon Award at 2016 REVOLT Music Conference for having a lasting impact and unique influence on music, numerous years in the rap business, his partnership with Hennessy, and Mass Appeal imprint by Puff Daddy. In November 2016, Nas collaborated with Lin-Manuel Miranda, Dave East and Aloe Blacc on a song called \"Wrote My Way Out\", which appears on The Hamilton Mixtape.", "In November 2016, Nas collaborated with Lin-Manuel Miranda, Dave East and Aloe Blacc on a song called \"Wrote My Way Out\", which appears on The Hamilton Mixtape. On April 12, 2017, Nas released the song Angel Dust as soundtrack for TV series The Getdown.", "On April 12, 2017, Nas released the song Angel Dust as soundtrack for TV series The Getdown. It contains a sample of the Gil Scott-Heron and Brian Jackson song Angel Dust.", "It contains a sample of the Gil Scott-Heron and Brian Jackson song Angel Dust. In June 2017, Nas appeared in the award-winning 2017 documentary The American Epic Sessions directed by Bernard MacMahon, where he recorded live direct-to-disc on the restored first electrical sound recording system from the 1920s.", "In June 2017, Nas appeared in the award-winning 2017 documentary The American Epic Sessions directed by Bernard MacMahon, where he recorded live direct-to-disc on the restored first electrical sound recording system from the 1920s. He performed \"On the Road Again\", a 1928 song by the Memphis Jug Band, which received universal acclaim with The Hollywood Reporter describing his performance as \"fantastic\" and the Financial Times praising his \"superb cover of the Memphis Jug Band's \"On the Road Again\", exposing the hip-hop blueprint within the 1928 stomper.\"", "He performed \"On the Road Again\", a 1928 song by the Memphis Jug Band, which received universal acclaim with The Hollywood Reporter describing his performance as \"fantastic\" and the Financial Times praising his \"superb cover of the Memphis Jug Band's \"On the Road Again\", exposing the hip-hop blueprint within the 1928 stomper.\" \"On the Road Again\", and a performance of \"One Mic\", were released on Music from The American Epic Sessions: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack on June 9, 2017.", "\"On the Road Again\", and a performance of \"One Mic\", were released on Music from The American Epic Sessions: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack on June 9, 2017. In April 2018, Kanye West announced on Twitter that Nas's twelfth studio album will be released on June 15, also serving as executive producer for the album.", "In April 2018, Kanye West announced on Twitter that Nas's twelfth studio album will be released on June 15, also serving as executive producer for the album. The album was announced the day before release, titled Nasir.", "The album was announced the day before release, titled Nasir. Following the release of Nasir, Nas confirmed he would return to completing a previous album, including production from Swizz Beatz and RZA.", "Following the release of Nasir, Nas confirmed he would return to completing a previous album, including production from Swizz Beatz and RZA. This project was released as The Lost Tapes 2 on July 19, 2019, which included production from Kanye West, Pharrell Williams, Swizz Beatz, The Alchemist, and RZA.", "This project was released as The Lost Tapes 2 on July 19, 2019, which included production from Kanye West, Pharrell Williams, Swizz Beatz, The Alchemist, and RZA. This album was a sequel to Nas's 2002 release, The Lost Tapes.", "This album was a sequel to Nas's 2002 release, The Lost Tapes. 2020–present: King's Disease series and Magic In August 2020, Nas announced that he would be releasing his 13th album. On August 13, he revealed the album's title, King's Disease.", "On August 13, he revealed the album's title, King's Disease. The album, executive-produced by Hit-Boy, was preceded by the lead single, \"Ultra Black\", a song detailing perseverance and pride \"despite the system\".", "The album, executive-produced by Hit-Boy, was preceded by the lead single, \"Ultra Black\", a song detailing perseverance and pride \"despite the system\". The album won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, becoming Nas' first Grammy.", "The album won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, becoming Nas' first Grammy. The sequel album, King's Disease II, was released on August 6, 2021 King's Disease II debuted at number-three on the US Billboard 200, becoming Nas's highest-charting album since 2012.", "The sequel album, King's Disease II, was released on August 6, 2021 King's Disease II debuted at number-three on the US Billboard 200, becoming Nas's highest-charting album since 2012. On December 24, Nas released the album Magic.", "On December 24, Nas released the album Magic. It is his third album executively produced by Hit-Boy, and includes guest appearances from ASAP Rocky and DJ Premier.", "It is his third album executively produced by Hit-Boy, and includes guest appearances from ASAP Rocky and DJ Premier. Artistry Nas has been praised for his ability to create a \"devastating match between lyrics and production\" by journalist Peter Shapiro, as well as creating a \"potent evocation of life on the street\", and he has even been compared to Rakim for his lyrical technique.", "Artistry Nas has been praised for his ability to create a \"devastating match between lyrics and production\" by journalist Peter Shapiro, as well as creating a \"potent evocation of life on the street\", and he has even been compared to Rakim for his lyrical technique. In his book Book of Rhymes: The Poetics of Hip Hop (2009), writer Adam Bradley states, \"Nas is perhaps contemporary rap's greatest innovator in storytelling.", "In his book Book of Rhymes: The Poetics of Hip Hop (2009), writer Adam Bradley states, \"Nas is perhaps contemporary rap's greatest innovator in storytelling. His catalog includes songs narrated before birth ('Fetus') and after death ('Amongst Kings'), biographies ('UBR [Unauthorized Biography of Rakim]') and autobiographies ('Doo Rags'), allegorical tales ('Money Is My Bitch') and epistolary ones ('One Love'), he's rapped in the voice of a woman ('Sekou Story') and even of a gun ('I Gave You Power').\"", "His catalog includes songs narrated before birth ('Fetus') and after death ('Amongst Kings'), biographies ('UBR [Unauthorized Biography of Rakim]') and autobiographies ('Doo Rags'), allegorical tales ('Money Is My Bitch') and epistolary ones ('One Love'), he's rapped in the voice of a woman ('Sekou Story') and even of a gun ('I Gave You Power').\" Robert Christgau writes that \"Nas has been transfiguring [gangsta rap] since Illmatic\".", "Robert Christgau writes that \"Nas has been transfiguring [gangsta rap] since Illmatic\". Kool Moe Dee notes that Nas has an \"off-beat conversational flow\" in his book There's a God on the Mic – he says: \"before Nas, every MC focused on rhyming with a cadence that ultimately put the words that rhymed on beat with the snare drum.", "Kool Moe Dee notes that Nas has an \"off-beat conversational flow\" in his book There's a God on the Mic – he says: \"before Nas, every MC focused on rhyming with a cadence that ultimately put the words that rhymed on beat with the snare drum. Nas created a style of rapping that was more conversational than ever before\".", "Nas created a style of rapping that was more conversational than ever before\". OC of D.I.T.C. comments in the book How to Rap: \"Nas did the song backwards ['Rewind']... that was a brilliant idea\".", "comments in the book How to Rap: \"Nas did the song backwards ['Rewind']... that was a brilliant idea\". Also in How to Rap, 2Mex of The Visionaries describes Nas's flow as \"effervescent\", Rah Digga says Nas's lyrics have \"intricacy\", Bootie Brown of The Pharcyde explains that Nas does not always have to make words rhyme as he is \"charismatic\", and Nas is also described as having a \"densely packed\" flow, with compound rhymes that \"run over from one beat into the next or even into another bar\".", "Also in How to Rap, 2Mex of The Visionaries describes Nas's flow as \"effervescent\", Rah Digga says Nas's lyrics have \"intricacy\", Bootie Brown of The Pharcyde explains that Nas does not always have to make words rhyme as he is \"charismatic\", and Nas is also described as having a \"densely packed\" flow, with compound rhymes that \"run over from one beat into the next or even into another bar\". About.com ranked him 1st on their list of the \"50 Greatest MCs of All Time\" in 2014, and a year later, Nas was featured on the \"10 Best Rappers of All Time\" list by Billboard.", "About.com ranked him 1st on their list of the \"50 Greatest MCs of All Time\" in 2014, and a year later, Nas was featured on the \"10 Best Rappers of All Time\" list by Billboard. The Source ranked him No. 2 on their list of the Top 50 Lyricists of All Time.", "2 on their list of the Top 50 Lyricists of All Time. In 2013, Nas was ranked fourth on MTV's \"Hottest MCs in the Game\" list. His debut Illmatic is widely considered among the greatest hip hop albums of all-time.", "His debut Illmatic is widely considered among the greatest hip hop albums of all-time. Controversies and feuds Jay-Z Initially friends, Nas and Jay-Z had met a number of times in the 1990s with no animosity between the two.", "Controversies and feuds Jay-Z Initially friends, Nas and Jay-Z had met a number of times in the 1990s with no animosity between the two. Jay-Z requested that Nas appear on his 1996 album Reasonable Doubt on the track \"Bring it On\"; however, Nas never showed up to the studio and was not included on the album.", "Jay-Z requested that Nas appear on his 1996 album Reasonable Doubt on the track \"Bring it On\"; however, Nas never showed up to the studio and was not included on the album. In response to this, Jay-Z asked producer Ski Beatz to sample a line from Nas's song The World is Yours, with the sample featured heavily in what went on to be Dead Presidents II.", "In response to this, Jay-Z asked producer Ski Beatz to sample a line from Nas's song The World is Yours, with the sample featured heavily in what went on to be Dead Presidents II. The two traded subliminal responses for the next couple of years, until the beef was escalated further in 2001 after Jay-Z publicly addressed Nas at the Summer Jam, performing what would go on to be known as Takeover, ending the performance by saying \"ask Nas, he don't want it with Hov\".", "The two traded subliminal responses for the next couple of years, until the beef was escalated further in 2001 after Jay-Z publicly addressed Nas at the Summer Jam, performing what would go on to be known as Takeover, ending the performance by saying \"ask Nas, he don't want it with Hov\". After Jay-Z eventually released the song on his 2001 album The Blueprint, Nas responded with the song \"Ether\", from his album Stillmatic, with both fans and critics saying that the song had effectively saved Nas's career and marked his return to prominence, and almost unanimously agreeing Nas had won their feud.", "After Jay-Z eventually released the song on his 2001 album The Blueprint, Nas responded with the song \"Ether\", from his album Stillmatic, with both fans and critics saying that the song had effectively saved Nas's career and marked his return to prominence, and almost unanimously agreeing Nas had won their feud. Jay-Z responded with a freestyle over the instrumental to Nas's \"Got Ur Self a Gun\", known as \"Supa Ugly\".", "Jay-Z responded with a freestyle over the instrumental to Nas's \"Got Ur Self a Gun\", known as \"Supa Ugly\". In the song, Jay-Z makes reference to Nas's girlfriend and daughter, going into graphic detail about having an affair with his girlfriend.", "In the song, Jay-Z makes reference to Nas's girlfriend and daughter, going into graphic detail about having an affair with his girlfriend. Jay-Z's mother was personally disgusted by the song, and demanded he apologise to Nas and his family, which he did in December 2001 on Hot 97.", "Jay-Z's mother was personally disgusted by the song, and demanded he apologise to Nas and his family, which he did in December 2001 on Hot 97. Supa Ugly marked the last direct diss song between Jay-Z and Nas, however, the two continued to trade subliminals on their subsequent releases.", "Supa Ugly marked the last direct diss song between Jay-Z and Nas, however, the two continued to trade subliminals on their subsequent releases. The feud was officially brought to an end in 2005, when Jay-Z and Nas performed on stage together in a surprise concert also featuring P Diddy, Kanye West and Beanie Sigel.", "The feud was officially brought to an end in 2005, when Jay-Z and Nas performed on stage together in a surprise concert also featuring P Diddy, Kanye West and Beanie Sigel. The following year, Nas signed with Def Jam Recordings, of which Jay-Z then served as president.", "The following year, Nas signed with Def Jam Recordings, of which Jay-Z then served as president. Cam'ron After Nas was removed from the 2002 Summer Jam lineup due to allegedly planning to perform the song Ether while a mock lynching of a Jay-Z effigy took place behind him, Cam'ron was announced as a last minute replacement and headlined the show instead.", "Cam'ron After Nas was removed from the 2002 Summer Jam lineup due to allegedly planning to perform the song Ether while a mock lynching of a Jay-Z effigy took place behind him, Cam'ron was announced as a last minute replacement and headlined the show instead. Nas appeared on Power 105.1 days later and addressed a number of fellow artists, including Nelly, Noreaga and Cam'ron himself.", "Nas appeared on Power 105.1 days later and addressed a number of fellow artists, including Nelly, Noreaga and Cam'ron himself. Nas praised Cam'ron as a good lyricist, but branded his album Come Home With Me as \"wack\".", "Nas praised Cam'ron as a good lyricist, but branded his album Come Home With Me as \"wack\". After Cam'ron heard of Nas's words, he appeared on Funkmaster Flex's Hot 97 and performed a freestyle diss over the beat to Nas's \"Hate Me Now\", making reference to Nas's mother, baby mother and daughter.", "After Cam'ron heard of Nas's words, he appeared on Funkmaster Flex's Hot 97 and performed a freestyle diss over the beat to Nas's \"Hate Me Now\", making reference to Nas's mother, baby mother and daughter. Nas did not respond directly but appeared on the radio days later, calling Cam'ron a \"dummy\" for supposedly being used by Hot 97 to generate ratings.", "Nas did not respond directly but appeared on the radio days later, calling Cam'ron a \"dummy\" for supposedly being used by Hot 97 to generate ratings. Nas eventually responded on his 2002 album God's Son on the song \"Zone Out\", claiming Cam'ron had HIV.", "Nas eventually responded on his 2002 album God's Son on the song \"Zone Out\", claiming Cam'ron had HIV. Cam'ron and the rest of The Diplomats, specifically Jim Jones continued to attack Nas throughout 2003, on numerous mixtapes, albums and radio freestyles, however, the feud between the two slowly died down and they eventually reconciled in 2014.", "Cam'ron and the rest of The Diplomats, specifically Jim Jones continued to attack Nas throughout 2003, on numerous mixtapes, albums and radio freestyles, however, the feud between the two slowly died down and they eventually reconciled in 2014. 2Pac After 2Pac interpreted lines directed to the Notorious B.I.G.", "2Pac After 2Pac interpreted lines directed to the Notorious B.I.G. on Nas's 1996 album It Was Written to be aimed towards him, he attacked Nas on the track \"Against All Odds\" from The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory.", "on Nas's 1996 album It Was Written to be aimed towards him, he attacked Nas on the track \"Against All Odds\" from The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory. Nas himself later admitted he was brought to tears when he heard the diss because he idolized 2Pac.", "Nas himself later admitted he was brought to tears when he heard the diss because he idolized 2Pac. The two later met in Central Park before the 1996 MTV Video Music Awards and ended their feud, with 2Pac promising to remove any disses aimed at Nas from the official album release; however, 2Pac was shot four times in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas, Nevada three days later on September 7, dying of his wounds on September 13, before any edits to the album could be made.", "The two later met in Central Park before the 1996 MTV Video Music Awards and ended their feud, with 2Pac promising to remove any disses aimed at Nas from the official album release; however, 2Pac was shot four times in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas, Nevada three days later on September 7, dying of his wounds on September 13, before any edits to the album could be made. Young Jeezy After Nas blamed Southern hip hop as the cause of the perceived artistic decline of the genre on his 2006 single \"Hip Hop Is Dead\", from the album of the same name, his then-Def Jam labelmate Young Jeezy took offense by claiming that Nas had \"no street credibility\" and vowing his album The Inspiration would outsell Hip Hop is Dead, which were released one week apart from each other in December 2006.", "Young Jeezy After Nas blamed Southern hip hop as the cause of the perceived artistic decline of the genre on his 2006 single \"Hip Hop Is Dead\", from the album of the same name, his then-Def Jam labelmate Young Jeezy took offense by claiming that Nas had \"no street credibility\" and vowing his album The Inspiration would outsell Hip Hop is Dead, which were released one week apart from each other in December 2006. After failing to do so, Young Jeezy took back his disses towards Nas, and the two later collaborated on the 2008 hit single \"My President\".", "After failing to do so, Young Jeezy took back his disses towards Nas, and the two later collaborated on the 2008 hit single \"My President\". Bill O'Reilly and Virginia Tech controversy On September 6, 2007, Nas performed at a free concert for the Virginia Tech student body and faculty, following the school shooting there.", "Bill O'Reilly and Virginia Tech controversy On September 6, 2007, Nas performed at a free concert for the Virginia Tech student body and faculty, following the school shooting there. He was joined by John Mayer, Alan Jackson, Phil Vassar, and Dave Matthews Band.", "He was joined by John Mayer, Alan Jackson, Phil Vassar, and Dave Matthews Band. When announced that Nas was to perform, political commentator Bill O'Reilly and Fox News denounced the concert and called for Nas's removal, citing \"violent\" lyrics on songs such as \"Shoot 'Em Up\", \"Got Urself a Gun\", and \"Made You Look\".", "When announced that Nas was to perform, political commentator Bill O'Reilly and Fox News denounced the concert and called for Nas's removal, citing \"violent\" lyrics on songs such as \"Shoot 'Em Up\", \"Got Urself a Gun\", and \"Made You Look\". During his Talking Points Memo segment for August 15, 2007, an argument erupted in which O'Reilly claimed that it was not only Nas's lyrical content that made him inappropriate for the event, citing the gun conviction on Nas's criminal record.", "During his Talking Points Memo segment for August 15, 2007, an argument erupted in which O'Reilly claimed that it was not only Nas's lyrical content that made him inappropriate for the event, citing the gun conviction on Nas's criminal record. On September 6, 2007, during his set at \"A Concert for Virginia Tech\", Nas twice referred to Bill O'Reilly as \"a chump\", prompting loud cheers by members of the crowd.", "On September 6, 2007, during his set at \"A Concert for Virginia Tech\", Nas twice referred to Bill O'Reilly as \"a chump\", prompting loud cheers by members of the crowd. About two weeks later, Nas was interviewed by Shaheem Reid of MTV News, where he criticised O'Reilly, calling him uncivilized and willing to go to extremes for publicity.", "About two weeks later, Nas was interviewed by Shaheem Reid of MTV News, where he criticised O'Reilly, calling him uncivilized and willing to go to extremes for publicity. Responding to O'Reilly, Nas, in an interview with MTV News, said: On July 23, 2008, Nas appeared on The Colbert Report to discuss his opinion of O'Reilly and Fox News, which he accused of bias against the African-American community and re-challenged O'Reilly to a debate.", "Responding to O'Reilly, Nas, in an interview with MTV News, said: On July 23, 2008, Nas appeared on The Colbert Report to discuss his opinion of O'Reilly and Fox News, which he accused of bias against the African-American community and re-challenged O'Reilly to a debate. During the appearance, Nas sat on boxes of more than 625,000 signatures gathered by online advocacy organisation Color of Change in support of a petition accusing Fox of race-baiting and fear-mongering.", "During the appearance, Nas sat on boxes of more than 625,000 signatures gathered by online advocacy organisation Color of Change in support of a petition accusing Fox of race-baiting and fear-mongering. Doja Cat In 2020, after Doja Cat faced accusations of participating in racist conversations on the internet, Nas referenced her in his song \"Ultra Black\", calling her \"the opposite of ultra black\".", "Doja Cat In 2020, after Doja Cat faced accusations of participating in racist conversations on the internet, Nas referenced her in his song \"Ultra Black\", calling her \"the opposite of ultra black\". The response to the lyric was mixed, with some defending his right to criticize her, and others resurfacing allegations that he verbally abused his ex-wife, Kelis.", "The response to the lyric was mixed, with some defending his right to criticize her, and others resurfacing allegations that he verbally abused his ex-wife, Kelis. Doja Cat shrugged off the namedrop, jokingly referencing the lyric in a TikTok video.", "Doja Cat shrugged off the namedrop, jokingly referencing the lyric in a TikTok video. In an interview with Fat Joe, Doja Cat said that she has no interest in \"beefing\" with Nas saying \"I fucking love Nas, thank fucking god he noticed me. I love Nas. So I don’t give a shit.", "So I don’t give a shit. He can say whatever he wants. I really don’t care\". Nas later claimed that the line was not meant to be perceived as a \"diss\", and that he was \"just trying to find another word that worked with the scheme of the song.\"", "Nas later claimed that the line was not meant to be perceived as a \"diss\", and that he was \"just trying to find another word that worked with the scheme of the song.\" Business ventures On April 10, 2013, Nas invested an undisclosed six-figure sum into Mass Appeal Magazine, where he went on to serve as the publication's associate publisher, joined by creative firm Decon and White Owl Capital Partners.", "Business ventures On April 10, 2013, Nas invested an undisclosed six-figure sum into Mass Appeal Magazine, where he went on to serve as the publication's associate publisher, joined by creative firm Decon and White Owl Capital Partners. In June 2013, he opened his own sneaker store.", "In June 2013, he opened his own sneaker store. In September 2013, he invested in a technology startup company, a job search appmaker called Proven. In 2014, Nas invested as part of a $2.8M round in viral video startup ViralGains another addition to Queens-bridge venture partners portfolio.", "In 2014, Nas invested as part of a $2.8M round in viral video startup ViralGains another addition to Queens-bridge venture partners portfolio. Nas has a partnership with Hennessy and has been working with their \"Wild Rabbit\" campaign.", "Nas has a partnership with Hennessy and has been working with their \"Wild Rabbit\" campaign. In May 2014, Nas partnered with job placement startup Koru to fund a scholarship for 10 college graduates to go through Koru's training program. Nas wil alsol be joining the startup as a guest coach.", "Nas wil alsol be joining the startup as a guest coach. Nas is a co-owner of a Cloud-based service LANDR, an automated, drag-and-drop digital audio postproduction tool which automates \"mastering\", the final stage in audio production. In June 2015, Nas joined forces with New York City soul food restaurant Sweet Chick.", "In June 2015, Nas joined forces with New York City soul food restaurant Sweet Chick. He plans to expand the restaurant brand nationally. The Los Angeles location opened in April 2017. He owns his own clothing line called HSTRY.", "He owns his own clothing line called HSTRY. In June 2018, Nas was paid $40 million after Amazon acquired the doorbell company Ring Inc. as well as PillPack - the latter of which he invested in via his investment firm, Queensbridge Venture Partners.", "In June 2018, Nas was paid $40 million after Amazon acquired the doorbell company Ring Inc. as well as PillPack - the latter of which he invested in via his investment firm, Queensbridge Venture Partners. He has continued to invest heavily in technology startups including Dropbox, Lyft, and Robinhood.", "He has continued to invest heavily in technology startups including Dropbox, Lyft, and Robinhood. Personal life Nas is a spokesperson and mentor for P'Tones Records, a non-profit after-school music program with the mission \"to create constructive opportunities for urban youth through no-cost music programs.\" He is a cousin of American actress Yara Shahidi.", "He is a cousin of American actress Yara Shahidi. On June 15, 1994, Nas's ex-fiancée Carmen Bryan gave birth to their daughter, Destiny.", "On June 15, 1994, Nas's ex-fiancée Carmen Bryan gave birth to their daughter, Destiny. She later confessed to Nas that she had a relationship with his then-rival rapper and nemesis Jay-Z, also accusing Jay-Z of putting subliminal messages in his lyrics about their relationship together, causing an even bigger rift in the feud between the two men.", "She later confessed to Nas that she had a relationship with his then-rival rapper and nemesis Jay-Z, also accusing Jay-Z of putting subliminal messages in his lyrics about their relationship together, causing an even bigger rift in the feud between the two men. Nas also briefly dated Mary J. Blige and Nicki Minaj respectively.", "Nas also briefly dated Mary J. Blige and Nicki Minaj respectively. In 2005, Nas married R&B singer Kelis in Atlanta after a two-year relationship. On April 30, 2009, a spokesperson confirmed that Kelis filed for divorce, citing irreconcilable differences.", "On April 30, 2009, a spokesperson confirmed that Kelis filed for divorce, citing irreconcilable differences. Kelis gave birth to Nas's first son on July 21, 2009, although the event was soured by a disagreement which ended in Nas announcing the birth of his son, Knight, at a gig in Queens, NY, against Kelis's wishes.", "Kelis gave birth to Nas's first son on July 21, 2009, although the event was soured by a disagreement which ended in Nas announcing the birth of his son, Knight, at a gig in Queens, NY, against Kelis's wishes. The birth was also announced by Nas via an online video.", "The birth was also announced by Nas via an online video. The couple's divorce was finalized on May 21, 2010. In 2018, Kelis accused Nas of being physically and mentally abusive during their marriage.", "In 2018, Kelis accused Nas of being physically and mentally abusive during their marriage. Nas replied to the accusations on social media, accusing Kelis of attempting to slander him in the time of a custody battle and accusing Kelis of abusing his daughter, Destiny.", "Nas replied to the accusations on social media, accusing Kelis of attempting to slander him in the time of a custody battle and accusing Kelis of abusing his daughter, Destiny. In January 2012, Nas was involved in a dispute with a concert promoter in Angola, having accepted $300,000 for a concert in Luanda, Angola's capital for New Year's Eve and then not showing up.", "In January 2012, Nas was involved in a dispute with a concert promoter in Angola, having accepted $300,000 for a concert in Luanda, Angola's capital for New Year's Eve and then not showing up. American promoter Patrick Allocco and his son, who arranged for Nas's concert, were detained at gunpoint and taken to an Angolan jail by the local promoter who fronted the $300,000 for the concert.", "American promoter Patrick Allocco and his son, who arranged for Nas's concert, were detained at gunpoint and taken to an Angolan jail by the local promoter who fronted the $300,000 for the concert. Only after the U.S. Embassy intervened were the promoter and his son allowed to leave jail—but were placed under house arrest at their hotel.", "Only after the U.S. Embassy intervened were the promoter and his son allowed to leave jail—but were placed under house arrest at their hotel. As of the end of the month Nas returned all $300,000 and after 49 days of travel ban Allocco and his son were both released.", "As of the end of the month Nas returned all $300,000 and after 49 days of travel ban Allocco and his son were both released. On March 15, 2012, Nas became the first rapper to have a personal verified account on Rap Genius where he explains all his own lyrics and commenting on the lyrics of other rappers he admires.", "On March 15, 2012, Nas became the first rapper to have a personal verified account on Rap Genius where he explains all his own lyrics and commenting on the lyrics of other rappers he admires. In September 2009 the U.S. Internal Revenue Service filed a federal tax lien against Nas for over $2.5 million, seeking unpaid taxes dating back to 2006.", "In September 2009 the U.S. Internal Revenue Service filed a federal tax lien against Nas for over $2.5 million, seeking unpaid taxes dating back to 2006. By early 2011 this figure had ballooned to over $6.4 million.", "By early 2011 this figure had ballooned to over $6.4 million. Early in 2012 reports emerged that the IRS had filed papers in Georgia to garnish a portion of Nas's earnings from material published under BMI and ASCAP, until his delinquent tax bill is settled.", "Early in 2012 reports emerged that the IRS had filed papers in Georgia to garnish a portion of Nas's earnings from material published under BMI and ASCAP, until his delinquent tax bill is settled. In May 2013, it was announced that Nas would open a sneaker store in Las Vegas called 12 am RUN (pronounced Midnight Run) as part of The LINQ retail development.", "In May 2013, it was announced that Nas would open a sneaker store in Las Vegas called 12 am RUN (pronounced Midnight Run) as part of The LINQ retail development. In July 2013, he was honored by Harvard University, as the institution established the Nasir Jones Hip-Hop Fellowship, which would serve to fund scholars and artists who show potential and creativity in the arts in connection to hip hop.", "In July 2013, he was honored by Harvard University, as the institution established the Nasir Jones Hip-Hop Fellowship, which would serve to fund scholars and artists who show potential and creativity in the arts in connection to hip hop. In an October 2014 episode of PBS's Finding Your Roots, Nas learned about five generations of his ancestry.", "In an October 2014 episode of PBS's Finding Your Roots, Nas learned about five generations of his ancestry. His great-great-great-grandmother, Pocahontas Little, was a slave who was sold for $830.", "His great-great-great-grandmother, Pocahontas Little, was a slave who was sold for $830. When host Henry Louis Gates showed Nas her bill of sale and told him more about the man who bought her, Nas remarked that he is considering buying the land where the slave owner lived.", "When host Henry Louis Gates showed Nas her bill of sale and told him more about the man who bought her, Nas remarked that he is considering buying the land where the slave owner lived. Nas is also shown the marriage certificate of his great-great-great-grandmother, Pocahontas, and great-great-great-grandfather, Calvin.", "Nas is also shown the marriage certificate of his great-great-great-grandmother, Pocahontas, and great-great-great-grandfather, Calvin. Nas is a fan of his hometown baseball team the New York Mets and English soccer team Everton FC.", "Nas is a fan of his hometown baseball team the New York Mets and English soccer team Everton FC. Discography Studio albums Illmatic (1994) It Was Written (1996) I Am... (1999) Nastradamus (1999) Stillmatic (2001) God's Son (2002) Street's Disciple (2004) Hip Hop Is Dead (2006) Untitled (2008) Life Is Good (2012) Nasir (2018) King's Disease (2020) King's Disease II (2021) Magic (2021) Collaboration albums The Album (with the Firm) (1997) Distant Relatives (with Damian Marley) (2010) Filmography Awards and nominations Grammy Awards The Grammy Awards are held annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences.", "Discography Studio albums Illmatic (1994) It Was Written (1996) I Am... (1999) Nastradamus (1999) Stillmatic (2001) God's Son (2002) Street's Disciple (2004) Hip Hop Is Dead (2006) Untitled (2008) Life Is Good (2012) Nasir (2018) King's Disease (2020) King's Disease II (2021) Magic (2021) Collaboration albums The Album (with the Firm) (1997) Distant Relatives (with Damian Marley) (2010) Filmography Awards and nominations Grammy Awards The Grammy Awards are held annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Nas has 15 Grammy nominations altogether.", "Nas has 15 Grammy nominations altogether. |- | rowspan=\"1\" | 1997 | \"If I Ruled the World (Imagine That)\" | Best Rap Solo Performance | |- | rowspan=\"1\" | 2000 | I Am... | Best Rap Album | |- | rowspan=\"2\" |2003 | \"One Mic\" | Best Music Video | |- | \"The Essence\" (with AZ) | rowspan=\"2\" |Best Rap Performance by a Duo or a Group | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 2008 | \"Better Than I've Ever Been\" (with Kanye West & KRS-One) | |- | rowspan=\"1\" | Hip Hop Is Dead | rowspan=\"2\" |Best Rap Album | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 2009 | rowspan=\"1\" | Nas | |- | \"N.I.G.G.E.R.", "|- | rowspan=\"1\" | 1997 | \"If I Ruled the World (Imagine That)\" | Best Rap Solo Performance | |- | rowspan=\"1\" | 2000 | I Am... | Best Rap Album | |- | rowspan=\"2\" |2003 | \"One Mic\" | Best Music Video | |- | \"The Essence\" (with AZ) | rowspan=\"2\" |Best Rap Performance by a Duo or a Group | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 2008 | \"Better Than I've Ever Been\" (with Kanye West & KRS-One) | |- | rowspan=\"1\" | Hip Hop Is Dead | rowspan=\"2\" |Best Rap Album | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 2009 | rowspan=\"1\" | Nas | |- | \"N.I.G.G.E.R. (The Slave and the Master)\" | Best Rap Solo Performance | |- | rowspan=\"1\" | 2010 | \"Too Many Rappers\" (with Beastie Boys) | Best Rap Performance by a Duo or a Group | |- |rowspan=\"4\"|2013 |rowspan=\"2\"|\"Daughters\" |Best Rap Performance | |- |Best Rap Song | |- |\"Cherry Wine\" (featuring Amy Winehouse) |Best Rap/Sung Collaboration | |- |Life Is Good |rowspan=\"3\"| Best Rap Album | |- | 2021 | King's Disease | |- |rowspan=\"2\"|2022 | King's Disease II | |- | \"Bath Salts\" (with DMX & Jay-Z) |Best Rap Song | |- MTV Video Music Awards |- | 1999 | \"Hate Me Now\" (featuring Puff Daddy) | Best Rap Video | |- |rowspan=\"2\"| 2002 |rowspan=\"2\"| \"One Mic\" | Video of the Year | |- |rowspan=\"3\"| Best Rap Video | |- |rowspan=\"2\"| 2003 | \"I Can\" | |- | \"Thugz Mansion\" (with Tupac Shakur and J. Phoenix) | |- | 2005 | \"Bridging the Gap\" (featuring Olu Dara) | Best Hip-Hop Video | |} BET Hip Hop Awards |- | 2006 | rowspan=\"2\" | Nas | I Am Hip-Hop Icon Award | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 2012 | Lyricist of the Year Award | |- | \"Daughters\" | Impact Track | |} Sports Emmy Award |- | 2011 | \"Survival 1\" |Outstanding Sports Documentary | |} References Further reading External links Nas on Spotify 1973 births Living people 20th-century American musicians 21st-century American businesspeople 21st-century American rappers African-American fashion designers American fashion designers African-American investors American investors African-American male rappers American retail chief executives American magazine publishers (people) American music industry executives American restaurateurs Businesspeople from Queens, New York Columbia Records artists Def Jam Recordings artists East Coast hip hop musicians Grammy Award winners Ill Will Records artists People from Long Island City, Queens Rappers from New York City Songwriters from New York (state) The Firm (hip hop group) members African-American songwriters" ]

[ "Nas", "1995-1997: Mainstream direction and The Firm", "Where was the mainstream direction going?", "I don't know.", "How was Nas involved in the firm?", "a supergroup consisting of Nas, AZ, Foxy Brown, and Cormega.", "What did this super group do?", "began working on their debut album." ]

[ "Open is the first solo studio album by the English recording artist Shaznay Lewis, following the break up of the girl group All Saints. Released by London Records on 19 July 2004, it peaked at number 22 on the UK Albums Chart.\n\nAbout the album\nThe title Open was chosen by Lewis while she was recording in the studio because she was \"opened\" to many new ideas at the time.\n\nIt includes two singles, \"Never Felt Like This Before\" and \"You\". Lewis was reportedly going to release a third single, \"Nasty Boy\", in March 2005, but this was a rumour.\n\nTrack #3 was originally called \"Never Felt Like This Before\" and the single and video were released under that name as well. However, on the album the title has been changed to \"I Never Felt Like This Before\".\n\nThere was an additional track called \"Don't Know What to Say\" which was removed from the album before it was released. It was removed because it was said to have been a weak song. The album (without any promotion) seems to have been re-released, as \"Don't Know What to Say\" is now an added track on the album. This change can be seen on the HMV website.\n\nThe final track, \"Now You're Gone\", was originally called \"Crying\" but was changed before the album was released. The song is included on the Shaznay Lewis Album Sampler which has five songs taken from Open; however, \"Mr. Dawg\" and \"You\" are both rough demos different from the album versions both vocally and melodically.\n\nTrack listing\nCredits adapted from the liner notes of Open.\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n2004 debut albums\nAlbums produced by Rick Nowels", "\"What a Night\" is a song performed by British band, Loveable Rogues. It was their debut single and was intended to feature on a debut album. The single was released in Ireland and the United Kingdom on 19 April 2013. The band were dropped from Syco in October 2013, but the single was featured on their debut album This and That, released in 2014 on Super Duper Records.\n\nBackground\nLoveable Rogues first announced that they're signed to Syco on June, 2012. In late 2012, the band released a free mixtape through their Soundcloud channel. The collection of songs was released as a free download and was called 'First Things First'. \"What A Night\" was previewed along with new songs such as \"Maybe Baby\", \"Talking Monkeys\" and \"Honest\".\n\nMusic video\n\nTwo teaser videos were released before the music video. The first teaser video was uploaded to their Vevo channel on 11 February 2013. The second teaser released two days after or a week before the music video released; on 19 February 2013, the music video was uploaded to their Vevo channel.\nThe video features the band having a night party with their friends.\n\nChart performance\n\"What a Night\" debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 9 on 27 April 2013 after debuting at number 5 on the UK Singles Chart Update.\n\nTrack listing\nDigital download\n What a Night - 2:50\n Nuthouse - 3:58\n What a Night (feat. Lucky Mason) Sonny J Mason Remix] - 3:41\n What a Night (Supasound Radio Remix) - 2:42\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\n2013 debut singles\n2013 songs\nSyco Music singles\nSong recordings produced by Red Triangle (production team)\nSongs written by Rick Parkhouse\nSongs written by George Tizzard" ]

[ "Nasir bin Olu Dara Jones (; born September 14, 1973), better known by his stage name Nas (), is an American rapper, songwriter, and entrepreneur. Rooted in the New York hip hop scene, he is regarded as one of the greatest and most influential rappers of all time.", "Rooted in the New York hip hop scene, he is regarded as one of the greatest and most influential rappers of all time. The son of jazz musician Olu Dara, Jones's musical career began in 1989 as he adopted the moniker of \"Nasty Nas\" and recorded demos for Large Professor.", "The son of jazz musician Olu Dara, Jones's musical career began in 1989 as he adopted the moniker of \"Nasty Nas\" and recorded demos for Large Professor. He was a featured artist on Main Source's \"Live at the Barbeque\" (1991), also produced by Large Professor.", "He was a featured artist on Main Source's \"Live at the Barbeque\" (1991), also produced by Large Professor. Nas's debut album Illmatic (1994) received universal acclaim upon release, and is considered to be one of the greatest hip hop albums of all-time; in 2021, the album was inducted into the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry.", "Nas's debut album Illmatic (1994) received universal acclaim upon release, and is considered to be one of the greatest hip hop albums of all-time; in 2021, the album was inducted into the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry. His second album It Was Written (1996) debuted atop the Billboard 200 and charted for four consecutive weeks; the album, along with its single \"If I Ruled the World (Imagine That)\" (featuring Lauryn Hill), catapulted Nas into international success.", "His second album It Was Written (1996) debuted atop the Billboard 200 and charted for four consecutive weeks; the album, along with its single \"If I Ruled the World (Imagine That)\" (featuring Lauryn Hill), catapulted Nas into international success. Nas's albums I Am (1998) and Nastradamus (1999) were criticized as inconsistent and too commercially oriented, and critics and fans feared that his output was declining in quality.", "Nas's albums I Am (1998) and Nastradamus (1999) were criticized as inconsistent and too commercially oriented, and critics and fans feared that his output was declining in quality. From 2001 to 2005, Nas was involved in a highly publicized feud with Jay-Z, popularized by the diss track \"Ether\".", "From 2001 to 2005, Nas was involved in a highly publicized feud with Jay-Z, popularized by the diss track \"Ether\". It was this feud, along with Nas's albums Stillmatic (2001), God's Son (2002), and the double album Street's Disciple (2004), that helped restore his critical standing.", "It was this feud, along with Nas's albums Stillmatic (2001), God's Son (2002), and the double album Street's Disciple (2004), that helped restore his critical standing. After squashing the feud, Nas signed to Jay-Z's Def Jam Recordings in 2006 and went in a more provocative, politicized direction with the albums Hip Hop Is Dead (2006) and his untitled 9th studio album (2008).", "After squashing the feud, Nas signed to Jay-Z's Def Jam Recordings in 2006 and went in a more provocative, politicized direction with the albums Hip Hop Is Dead (2006) and his untitled 9th studio album (2008). In 2010, Nas released Distant Relatives, a collaboration album with Damian Marley, donating all royalties to charities active in Africa.", "In 2010, Nas released Distant Relatives, a collaboration album with Damian Marley, donating all royalties to charities active in Africa. His 10th studio album, Life Is Good (2012), was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards.", "His 10th studio album, Life Is Good (2012), was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards. After receiving thirteen nominations, his 12th studio album, King's Disease (2020), won him his first Grammy for Best Rap Album at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards; he then followed it by releasing his 13th studio album, King's Disease II (2021), as the album's sequel.", "After receiving thirteen nominations, his 12th studio album, King's Disease (2020), won him his first Grammy for Best Rap Album at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards; he then followed it by releasing his 13th studio album, King's Disease II (2021), as the album's sequel. In the same year, his 14th studio album, Magic, was released on Christmas Eve.", "In the same year, his 14th studio album, Magic, was released on Christmas Eve. In 2012,The Source ranked him second on their list of the \"Top 50 Lyricists of All Time\". In 2013, Nas was ranked 4th on MTV's \"Hottest MCs in the Game\" list.", "In 2013, Nas was ranked 4th on MTV's \"Hottest MCs in the Game\" list. About.com ranked him first on their list of the \"50 Greatest MCs of All Time\" in 2014, and a year later, Nas was featured on the \"10 Best Rappers of All Time\" list by Billboard.", "About.com ranked him first on their list of the \"50 Greatest MCs of All Time\" in 2014, and a year later, Nas was featured on the \"10 Best Rappers of All Time\" list by Billboard. He is also an entrepreneur through his own record label; he serves as associate publisher of Mass Appeal magazine and the co-founder of Mass Appeal Records.", "He is also an entrepreneur through his own record label; he serves as associate publisher of Mass Appeal magazine and the co-founder of Mass Appeal Records. Nas has released fourteen studio albums since 1994, seven of which are certified platinum or multi-platinum in the U.S.", "Nas has released fourteen studio albums since 1994, seven of which are certified platinum or multi-platinum in the U.S. Early life Nasir bin Olu Dara Jones was born in the Brooklyn borough of New York City on September 14, 1973, to African American parents.", "Early life Nasir bin Olu Dara Jones was born in the Brooklyn borough of New York City on September 14, 1973, to African American parents. His father, Olu Dara (born Charles Jones III), is a jazz and blues musician from Mississippi. His mother, Fannie Ann (née Little; 1941–2002) was a U.S.", "His mother, Fannie Ann (née Little; 1941–2002) was a U.S. Postal Service worker from North Carolina. He has a brother, Jabari Fret, who raps under the name Jungle and is a member of hip hop group Bravehearts. His father adopted the name \"Olu Dara\" from the Yoruba people.", "His father adopted the name \"Olu Dara\" from the Yoruba people. \"Nasir\" is an Arabic name meaning \"helper and protector\", while \"bin\" means \"son of\" in Arabic. As a young child, Nas and his family relocated to the Queensbridge Houses in the borough of Queens.", "As a young child, Nas and his family relocated to the Queensbridge Houses in the borough of Queens. His neighbor, Willy \"Ill Will\" Graham, influenced his interest in hip hop by playing him records. His parents divorced in 1985, and he dropped out of school after the eighth grade.", "His parents divorced in 1985, and he dropped out of school after the eighth grade. He educated himself about African culture through the Five-Percent Nation (a splinter group of the Nation of Islam) and the Nuwaubian Nation. In his early years, he played the trumpet and began writing his own rhymes.", "In his early years, he played the trumpet and began writing his own rhymes. Career As a teenager, Nas enlisted his best friend and upstairs neighbor Willy \"Ill Will\" Graham as his DJ. Nas initially went by the nickname \"Kid Wave\" before adopting his more commonly known alias of \"Nasty Nas\".", "Nas initially went by the nickname \"Kid Wave\" before adopting his more commonly known alias of \"Nasty Nas\". In 1989, then-16-year-old Nas met up with producer Large Professor and went to the studio where Rakim and Kool G Rap were recording their albums.", "In 1989, then-16-year-old Nas met up with producer Large Professor and went to the studio where Rakim and Kool G Rap were recording their albums. When they were not in the recording studio, Nas would go into the booth and record his own material. However, none of it was ever released.", "However, none of it was ever released. 1991–1994: The beginnings and Illmatic In 1991, Nas performed on Main Source's \"Live at the Barbeque\", also produced by Large Professor.", "1991–1994: The beginnings and Illmatic In 1991, Nas performed on Main Source's \"Live at the Barbeque\", also produced by Large Professor. In mid-1992, Nas was approached by MC Serch of 3rd Bass, who became his manager and secured Nas a record deal with Columbia Records during the same year.", "In mid-1992, Nas was approached by MC Serch of 3rd Bass, who became his manager and secured Nas a record deal with Columbia Records during the same year. Nas made his solo debut under the name of \"Nasty Nas\" on the single \"Halftime\" from MC Serch's soundtrack for the film Zebrahead.", "Nas made his solo debut under the name of \"Nasty Nas\" on the single \"Halftime\" from MC Serch's soundtrack for the film Zebrahead. Called the new Rakim, his rhyming skills attracted a significant amount of attention within the hip hop community. In 1994, Nas's debut album, Illmatic, was released.", "In 1994, Nas's debut album, Illmatic, was released. It featured production from Large Professor, Pete Rock, Q-Tip, LES and DJ Premier, as well as guest appearances from Nas's friend AZ and his father Olu Dara.", "It featured production from Large Professor, Pete Rock, Q-Tip, LES and DJ Premier, as well as guest appearances from Nas's friend AZ and his father Olu Dara. The album spawned several singles, including \"The World Is Yours\", \"It Ain't Hard to Tell\", and \"One Love\".", "The album spawned several singles, including \"The World Is Yours\", \"It Ain't Hard to Tell\", and \"One Love\". Shaheem Reid of MTV News called Illmatic \"the first classic LP\" of 1994.", "Shaheem Reid of MTV News called Illmatic \"the first classic LP\" of 1994. In 1994, Nas also recorded the song \"One on One\" for the soundtrack to the film Street Fighter.", "In 1994, Nas also recorded the song \"One on One\" for the soundtrack to the film Street Fighter. In his book To the Break of Dawn: A Freestyle on the Hip Hop Aesthetic, William Jelani Cobb writes of Nas's impact at the time: Illmatic was awarded best album of 1994 by The Source.", "In his book To the Break of Dawn: A Freestyle on the Hip Hop Aesthetic, William Jelani Cobb writes of Nas's impact at the time: Illmatic was awarded best album of 1994 by The Source. Steve Huey of AllMusic described Nas's lyrics on Illmatic as \"highly literate\" and his raps \"superbly fluid regardless of the size of his vocabulary\", adding that Nas is \"able to evoke the bleak reality of ghetto life without losing hope or forgetting the good times\".", "Steve Huey of AllMusic described Nas's lyrics on Illmatic as \"highly literate\" and his raps \"superbly fluid regardless of the size of his vocabulary\", adding that Nas is \"able to evoke the bleak reality of ghetto life without losing hope or forgetting the good times\". About.com ranked Illmatic as the greatest hip hop album of all-time, and Prefix magazine praised it as \"the best hip hop record ever made\".", "About.com ranked Illmatic as the greatest hip hop album of all-time, and Prefix magazine praised it as \"the best hip hop record ever made\". 1994–1998: Transition to mainstream direction and the Firm In 1995, Nas did guest performances on the albums Doe or Die by AZ, The Infamous by The Infamous Mobb Deep, Only Built 4 Cuban Linx by Raekwon and 4,5,6 by Kool G Rap.", "1994–1998: Transition to mainstream direction and the Firm In 1995, Nas did guest performances on the albums Doe or Die by AZ, The Infamous by The Infamous Mobb Deep, Only Built 4 Cuban Linx by Raekwon and 4,5,6 by Kool G Rap. Nas also parted ways with manager MC Serch, enlisted Steve Stoute, and began preparation for his second album, It Was Written.", "Nas also parted ways with manager MC Serch, enlisted Steve Stoute, and began preparation for his second album, It Was Written. The album was chiefly produced by Tone and Poke of the Trackmasters, as Nas consciously worked towards a crossover-oriented sound.", "The album was chiefly produced by Tone and Poke of the Trackmasters, as Nas consciously worked towards a crossover-oriented sound. Columbia Records had begun to pressure Nas to work towards more commercial topics, such as that of The Notorious B.I.G., who had become successful by releasing street singles that still retained radio-friendly appeal.", "Columbia Records had begun to pressure Nas to work towards more commercial topics, such as that of The Notorious B.I.G., who had become successful by releasing street singles that still retained radio-friendly appeal. The album also expanded on Nas's Escobar persona, who lived a Scarface/Casino-esque lifestyle.", "The album also expanded on Nas's Escobar persona, who lived a Scarface/Casino-esque lifestyle. On the other hand, references to Scarface protagonist Tony Montana notwithstanding, Illmatic was more about his early life growing up in the projects. It Was Written was released in mid-1996.", "It Was Written was released in mid-1996. Two singles, \"If I Ruled the World (Imagine That)\" (featuring Lauryn Hill of The Fugees) and \"Street Dreams\" (including a remix with R. Kelly), were instant hits.", "Two singles, \"If I Ruled the World (Imagine That)\" (featuring Lauryn Hill of The Fugees) and \"Street Dreams\" (including a remix with R. Kelly), were instant hits. These songs were promoted by big-budget music videos directed by Hype Williams, making Nas a common name among mainstream hip-hop.", "These songs were promoted by big-budget music videos directed by Hype Williams, making Nas a common name among mainstream hip-hop. Reviewing It Was Written, Leo Stanley of Allmusic believed the album's rhymes were not as complex as those of Illmatic, but still thought Nas had \"deepened his talents, creating a complex series of rhymes that not only flow, but manage to tell coherent stories as well.\"", "Reviewing It Was Written, Leo Stanley of Allmusic believed the album's rhymes were not as complex as those of Illmatic, but still thought Nas had \"deepened his talents, creating a complex series of rhymes that not only flow, but manage to tell coherent stories as well.\" It Was Written featured the debut of the Firm, a supergroup consisting of Nas, AZ, Foxy Brown, and Cormega.", "It Was Written featured the debut of the Firm, a supergroup consisting of Nas, AZ, Foxy Brown, and Cormega. Signed to Dr. Dre's Aftermath Entertainment label, the Firm began working on their debut album.", "Signed to Dr. Dre's Aftermath Entertainment label, the Firm began working on their debut album. Halfway through the production of the album, Cormega was fired from the group by Steve Stoute, who had unsuccessfully attempted to force Cormega to sign a deal with his management company.", "Halfway through the production of the album, Cormega was fired from the group by Steve Stoute, who had unsuccessfully attempted to force Cormega to sign a deal with his management company. Cormega subsequently became one of Nas's most vocal opponents and released a number of underground hip hop singles \"dissing\" Nas, Stoute, and Nature, who replaced Cormega as the fourth member of the Firm.", "Cormega subsequently became one of Nas's most vocal opponents and released a number of underground hip hop singles \"dissing\" Nas, Stoute, and Nature, who replaced Cormega as the fourth member of the Firm. Nas, Foxy Brown, AZ, and Nature Present The Firm: The Album was finally released in 1997 to mixed reviews.", "Nas, Foxy Brown, AZ, and Nature Present The Firm: The Album was finally released in 1997 to mixed reviews. The album failed to live up to its expected sales, despite being certified platinum, and the members of the group disbanded to go their separate ways.", "The album failed to live up to its expected sales, despite being certified platinum, and the members of the group disbanded to go their separate ways. During this period, Nas was also one of four rappers (the others being B-Real, KRS-One and RBX) in the hip-hop supergroup Group Therapy, who appeared on the song \"East Coast/West Coast Killas\" from Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath.", "During this period, Nas was also one of four rappers (the others being B-Real, KRS-One and RBX) in the hip-hop supergroup Group Therapy, who appeared on the song \"East Coast/West Coast Killas\" from Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath. 1998–2001: Heightened commercial direction and inconsistent output In late 1998, Nas began working on a double album, to be entitled I Am...", "1998–2001: Heightened commercial direction and inconsistent output In late 1998, Nas began working on a double album, to be entitled I Am... The Autobiography; he intended it as the middle ground between Illmatic and It Was Written, with each track detailing a part of his life.", "The Autobiography; he intended it as the middle ground between Illmatic and It Was Written, with each track detailing a part of his life. In 1998, Nas co-wrote and starred in Hype Williams's feature film Belly. I Am...", "I Am... I Am... The Autobiography was completed in early 1999, and a music video was shot for its lead single, \"Nas Is Like\". It was produced by DJ Premier and contained vocal samples from \"It Ain't Hard to Tell\". Music critic M.F.", "Music critic M.F. Music critic M.F. DiBella noticed that Nas also covered \"politics, the state of hip-hop, Y2K, race, and religion with his own unique perspective\" in the album besides autobiographical lyrics.", "DiBella noticed that Nas also covered \"politics, the state of hip-hop, Y2K, race, and religion with his own unique perspective\" in the album besides autobiographical lyrics. Much of the LP was leaked into MP3 format onto the Internet, and Nas and Stoute quickly recorded enough substitute material to constitute a single-disc release.", "Much of the LP was leaked into MP3 format onto the Internet, and Nas and Stoute quickly recorded enough substitute material to constitute a single-disc release. The second single on I Am... was \"Hate Me Now\", featuring Sean \"Puffy\" Combs, which was used as an example by Nas's critics accusing him of moving towards more commercial themes.", "The second single on I Am... was \"Hate Me Now\", featuring Sean \"Puffy\" Combs, which was used as an example by Nas's critics accusing him of moving towards more commercial themes. The video featured Nas and Combs being crucified in a manner similar to Jesus Christ; after the video was completed, Combs requested his crucifixion scene be edited out of the video.", "The video featured Nas and Combs being crucified in a manner similar to Jesus Christ; after the video was completed, Combs requested his crucifixion scene be edited out of the video. However, the unedited copy of the \"Hate Me Now\" video made its way to MTV.", "However, the unedited copy of the \"Hate Me Now\" video made its way to MTV. Within minutes of the broadcast, Combs and his bodyguards allegedly made their way into Steve Stoute's office and assaulted him, at one point apparently hitting Stoute over the head with a champagne bottle.", "Within minutes of the broadcast, Combs and his bodyguards allegedly made their way into Steve Stoute's office and assaulted him, at one point apparently hitting Stoute over the head with a champagne bottle. Stoute pressed charges, but he and Combs settled out-of-court that June.", "Stoute pressed charges, but he and Combs settled out-of-court that June. Columbia had scheduled to release the infringed material from I Am... under the title Nastradamus during the later half of 1999, but, at the last minute, Nas decided to record an entire new album for the 1999 release of Nastradamus.", "Columbia had scheduled to release the infringed material from I Am... under the title Nastradamus during the later half of 1999, but, at the last minute, Nas decided to record an entire new album for the 1999 release of Nastradamus. Nastradamus was therefore rushed to meet a November release date.", "Nastradamus was therefore rushed to meet a November release date. Though critical reviews were unfavorable, it did result in a minor hit, \"You Owe Me\". Fans and critics feared that Nas's career was declining, artistically and commercially, as both I Am... and Nastradamus were criticized as inconsistent and overtly-commercialized.", "Fans and critics feared that Nas's career was declining, artistically and commercially, as both I Am... and Nastradamus were criticized as inconsistent and overtly-commercialized. In 2000, Nas & Ill Will Records Presents QB's Finest, which is popularly known as simply QB's Finest, was released on Nas's Ill Will Records.", "In 2000, Nas & Ill Will Records Presents QB's Finest, which is popularly known as simply QB's Finest, was released on Nas's Ill Will Records. QB's Finest is a compilation album that featured Nas and a number of other rappers from Queensbridge projects, including Mobb Deep, Nature, Capone, the Bravehearts, Tragedy Khadafi, Millennium Thug and Cormega, who had briefly reconciled with Nas.", "QB's Finest is a compilation album that featured Nas and a number of other rappers from Queensbridge projects, including Mobb Deep, Nature, Capone, the Bravehearts, Tragedy Khadafi, Millennium Thug and Cormega, who had briefly reconciled with Nas. The album also featured guest appearances from Queensbridge hip-hop legends Roxanne Shanté, MC Shan, and Marley Marl.", "The album also featured guest appearances from Queensbridge hip-hop legends Roxanne Shanté, MC Shan, and Marley Marl. Shan and Marley Marl both appeared on the lead single \"Da Bridge 2001\", which was based on Shan & Marl's 1986 recording \"The Bridge\".", "Shan and Marley Marl both appeared on the lead single \"Da Bridge 2001\", which was based on Shan & Marl's 1986 recording \"The Bridge\". 2001–2006: Feud with Jay-Z, Stillmatic, God's Son, and double album After trading veiled criticisms on various songs, freestyles and mixtape appearances, the highly publicised dispute between Nas and Jay-Z became widely known to the public in 2001.", "2001–2006: Feud with Jay-Z, Stillmatic, God's Son, and double album After trading veiled criticisms on various songs, freestyles and mixtape appearances, the highly publicised dispute between Nas and Jay-Z became widely known to the public in 2001. Jay-Z, in his song \"Takeover\", criticised Nas by calling him \"fake\" and his career \"lame\".", "Jay-Z, in his song \"Takeover\", criticised Nas by calling him \"fake\" and his career \"lame\". Nas responded with \"Ether\", in which he compared Jay-Z to such characters as J.J. Evans from the sitcom Good Times and cigarette company mascot Joe Camel.", "Nas responded with \"Ether\", in which he compared Jay-Z to such characters as J.J. Evans from the sitcom Good Times and cigarette company mascot Joe Camel. The song was included on Nas's fifth studio album, Stillmatic, released in December 2001.", "The song was included on Nas's fifth studio album, Stillmatic, released in December 2001. His daughter, Destiny, is listed as an executive producer on Stillmatic so she could receive royalty checks from the album. Stillmatic peaked at No. 5 on the U.S.", "5 on the U.S. 5 on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart and featured the singles \"Got Ur Self A...\" and \"One Mic\". In response to \"Ether\", Jay-Z released the song \"Supa Ugly\", which Hot 97 radio host Angie Martinez premiered on December 11, 2001.", "In response to \"Ether\", Jay-Z released the song \"Supa Ugly\", which Hot 97 radio host Angie Martinez premiered on December 11, 2001. In the song, Jay-Z explicitly boasts about having an affair with Nas's girlfriend, Carmen Bryan.", "In the song, Jay-Z explicitly boasts about having an affair with Nas's girlfriend, Carmen Bryan. New York City hip-hop radio station Hot 97 issued a poll asking listeners which rapper made the better diss song; Nas won with 58% while Jay-Z got 42% of the votes.", "New York City hip-hop radio station Hot 97 issued a poll asking listeners which rapper made the better diss song; Nas won with 58% while Jay-Z got 42% of the votes. In 2002, in the midst of the dispute between the two New York rappers, Eminem cited both Nas and Jay-Z as being two of the best MCs in the industry, in his song 'Till I Collapse.", "In 2002, in the midst of the dispute between the two New York rappers, Eminem cited both Nas and Jay-Z as being two of the best MCs in the industry, in his song 'Till I Collapse. Both the dispute and Stillmatic signalled an artistic comeback for Nas after a string of inconsistent albums.", "Both the dispute and Stillmatic signalled an artistic comeback for Nas after a string of inconsistent albums. The Lost Tapes, a compilation of previously unreleased or bootlegged songs from 1998 to 2001, was released by Columbia in September 2002. The collection attained respectable sales and received rave reviews from critics.", "The collection attained respectable sales and received rave reviews from critics. In December 2002, Nas released the God's Son album including its lead single, \"Made You Look\" which used a pitched down sample of the Incredible Bongo Band's \"Apache\". The album peaked at No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No.", "12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts despite widespread Internet bootlegging. Time Magazine named his album best hip-hop album of the year. Vibe gave it four stars and The Source gave it four mics.", "Vibe gave it four stars and The Source gave it four mics. The second single, \"I Can\", which reworked elements from Beethoven's \"Für Elise\", became Nas's biggest hit to date in 2003, garnering substantial radio airplay on urban, rhythmic, and top 40 radio stations, as well as on the MTV and VH1 music video networks.", "The second single, \"I Can\", which reworked elements from Beethoven's \"Für Elise\", became Nas's biggest hit to date in 2003, garnering substantial radio airplay on urban, rhythmic, and top 40 radio stations, as well as on the MTV and VH1 music video networks. God's Son also includes several songs dedicated to Nas's mother, who died of cancer in April 2002, including \"Dance\".", "God's Son also includes several songs dedicated to Nas's mother, who died of cancer in April 2002, including \"Dance\". In 2003, Nas was featured on the Korn song \"Play Me\", from Korn's Take a Look in the Mirror LP.", "In 2003, Nas was featured on the Korn song \"Play Me\", from Korn's Take a Look in the Mirror LP. Also in 2003, a live performance in New York City, featuring Ludacris, Jadakiss, and Darryl McDaniels (of Run-D.M.C.", "Also in 2003, a live performance in New York City, featuring Ludacris, Jadakiss, and Darryl McDaniels (of Run-D.M.C. fame), was released on DVD as Made You Look: God's Son Live. God's Son was critical in the power struggle between Nas and Jay-Z in the hip-hop industry at the time.", "God's Son was critical in the power struggle between Nas and Jay-Z in the hip-hop industry at the time. In an article at the time, Joseph Jones of PopMatters stated, \"Whether you like it or not, \"Ether\" did this.", "In an article at the time, Joseph Jones of PopMatters stated, \"Whether you like it or not, \"Ether\" did this. With God's Son, Nas has the opportunity to cement his status as the King of NY, at least for another 3-4-year term, or he could prove that he is not the savior that hip-hop fans should be pinning their hopes on.\"", "With God's Son, Nas has the opportunity to cement his status as the King of NY, at least for another 3-4-year term, or he could prove that he is not the savior that hip-hop fans should be pinning their hopes on.\" After the album's release, he began helping the Bravehearts, an act including his younger brother Jungle and friend Wiz (Wizard), put together their debut album, Bravehearted.", "After the album's release, he began helping the Bravehearts, an act including his younger brother Jungle and friend Wiz (Wizard), put together their debut album, Bravehearted. The album features guest appearances from Nas, Nashawn (Millennium Thug), Lil Jon, and Jully Black.", "The album features guest appearances from Nas, Nashawn (Millennium Thug), Lil Jon, and Jully Black. Nas released his seventh album Street's Disciple, a sprawling double album, on November 30, 2004. It addressed subject matter both political and personal, including his impending marriage to recording artist Kelis.", "It addressed subject matter both political and personal, including his impending marriage to recording artist Kelis. The double-sided single \"Thief's Theme\"/\"You Know My Style\" was released months before the album's release, followed by the single \"Bridging the Gap\" upon the album's release.", "The double-sided single \"Thief's Theme\"/\"You Know My Style\" was released months before the album's release, followed by the single \"Bridging the Gap\" upon the album's release. Although Street's Disciple went platinum, it served as a drop-off from Nas's previous commercial successes.", "Although Street's Disciple went platinum, it served as a drop-off from Nas's previous commercial successes. In 2005, New York-based rapper 50 Cent dissed Nas on his song \"Piggy Bank\", which brought his reputation into question in hip-hop circles.", "In 2005, New York-based rapper 50 Cent dissed Nas on his song \"Piggy Bank\", which brought his reputation into question in hip-hop circles. In October, Nas made a surprise appearance at Jay-Z's \"I Declare War\" concert, where they reconciled their beef.", "In October, Nas made a surprise appearance at Jay-Z's \"I Declare War\" concert, where they reconciled their beef. At the show, Jay-Z announced to the crowd, \"It's bigger than 'I Declare War'. Let's go, Esco!\"", "Let's go, Esco!\" and Nas then joined him onstage, and the two performed Jay-Z's \"Dead Presidents\" (1996) together, a song that featured a prominent sample of Nas's 1994 track, \"The World Is Yours\" (1994).", "and Nas then joined him onstage, and the two performed Jay-Z's \"Dead Presidents\" (1996) together, a song that featured a prominent sample of Nas's 1994 track, \"The World Is Yours\" (1994). 2006–2008: Hip Hop Is Dead, Untitled, and politicized efforts The reconciliation between Nas and Jay-Z created the opportunity for Nas to sign a deal with Def Jam Recordings, of which Jay-Z was president at the time.", "2006–2008: Hip Hop Is Dead, Untitled, and politicized efforts The reconciliation between Nas and Jay-Z created the opportunity for Nas to sign a deal with Def Jam Recordings, of which Jay-Z was president at the time. Jay-Z signed Nas on January 23, 2006; the signing included an agreement that Nas was to be paid about $3,000,000, including a recording budget, for each of his first two albums with Def Jam.", "Jay-Z signed Nas on January 23, 2006; the signing included an agreement that Nas was to be paid about $3,000,000, including a recording budget, for each of his first two albums with Def Jam. Tentatively called Hip Hop Is Dead...The N, Hip Hop Is Dead was a commentary on the state of hip-hop and featured \"Black Republican\", a hyped collaboration with Jay-Z.", "Tentatively called Hip Hop Is Dead...The N, Hip Hop Is Dead was a commentary on the state of hip-hop and featured \"Black Republican\", a hyped collaboration with Jay-Z. The album debuted on Def Jam and Nas new imprint at that label, The Jones Experience, at No.", "The album debuted on Def Jam and Nas new imprint at that label, The Jones Experience, at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 charts, selling 355,000 copies—Nas's third number one album, along with It Was Written and I Am....", "1 on the Billboard 200 charts, selling 355,000 copies—Nas's third number one album, along with It Was Written and I Am.... It also inspired reactions about the state of hip-hop, particularly controversy with Southern hip hop artists who felt the album's title was a criticism aimed at them.", "It also inspired reactions about the state of hip-hop, particularly controversy with Southern hip hop artists who felt the album's title was a criticism aimed at them. Nas's 2004 song \"Thief's Theme\" was featured in the 2006 film The Departed. Nas's former label, Columbia Records, released the compilation Greatest Hits in November.", "Nas's former label, Columbia Records, released the compilation Greatest Hits in November. On October 12, 2007, Nas announced that his next album would be called Nigger.", "On October 12, 2007, Nas announced that his next album would be called Nigger. Both progressive commentators, such as Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton, and the conservative-aligned news channel Fox News were outraged; Jackson called on entertainers to stop using the epithet after comedian Michael Richards used it onstage in late 2006.", "Both progressive commentators, such as Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton, and the conservative-aligned news channel Fox News were outraged; Jackson called on entertainers to stop using the epithet after comedian Michael Richards used it onstage in late 2006. Controversy escalated as the album's impending release date drew nearer, going as far as to spark rumors that Def Jam was planning to drop Nas unless he changed the title.", "Controversy escalated as the album's impending release date drew nearer, going as far as to spark rumors that Def Jam was planning to drop Nas unless he changed the title. Additionally, Fort Greene, Brooklyn assemblyman Hakeem Jeffries requested New York's Comptroller Thomas DiNapoli to withdraw $84,000,000 from the state pension fund that has been invested into Universal and its parent company, Vivendi, if the album's title was not changed.", "Additionally, Fort Greene, Brooklyn assemblyman Hakeem Jeffries requested New York's Comptroller Thomas DiNapoli to withdraw $84,000,000 from the state pension fund that has been invested into Universal and its parent company, Vivendi, if the album's title was not changed. On the opposite side of the spectrum, many of the most famous names in the entertainment industry expressed a sense of trust in Nas for using the racial epithet as the title of his full-length LP.", "On the opposite side of the spectrum, many of the most famous names in the entertainment industry expressed a sense of trust in Nas for using the racial epithet as the title of his full-length LP. Nas's management worried that the album would not be sold by chain stores such as Wal-Mart, thus limiting its distribution.", "Nas's management worried that the album would not be sold by chain stores such as Wal-Mart, thus limiting its distribution. On May 19, 2008, Nas decided to forgo an album title.", "On May 19, 2008, Nas decided to forgo an album title. Responding to Jesse Jackson's remarks and use of the word \"nigger\", Nas called him \"the biggest player hater\", stating \"His time is up. All you old niggas' time is up.", "All you old niggas' time is up. We heard your voice, we saw your marching, we heard your sermons. We don't want to hear that shit no more. It's a new day. It's a new voice. I'm here now. We don't need Jesse; I'm here.", "We don't need Jesse; I'm here. I got this. We the voice now. It's no more Jesse. Sorry. Goodbye. You ain't helping nobody in the 'hood and that's the bottom line.\"", "You ain't helping nobody in the 'hood and that's the bottom line.\" He also said of the album's title: \"It's important to me that this album gets to the fans. It's been a long time coming.", "It's been a long time coming. I want my fans to know that creatively and lyrically, they can expect the same content and the same messages. The people will always know what the real title of this album is and what to call it.\" The album was ultimately released on July 15, 2008, untitled.", "The album was ultimately released on July 15, 2008, untitled. It featured production from Polow da Don, stic.man of Dead Prez, Sons of Light and J. Myers, \"Hero\", the album's lead single released on June 23, 2008, reached No. 97 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No.", "97 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 87 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks. In July, Nas attained a shoe deal with Fila. In an interview with MTV News in July, Nas speculated that he might release two albums: one produced by DJ Premier and another by Dr. Dre—simultaneously the same day.", "In an interview with MTV News in July, Nas speculated that he might release two albums: one produced by DJ Premier and another by Dr. Dre—simultaneously the same day. Nas worked on Dr. Dre's studio album Detox.", "Nas worked on Dr. Dre's studio album Detox. Nas was also awarded 'Emcee of the Year' in the HipHopDX 2008 Awards for his latest solo effort, the quality of his appearances on other albums and was described as having \"become an artist who thrives off of reinvention and going against the system.\"", "Nas was also awarded 'Emcee of the Year' in the HipHopDX 2008 Awards for his latest solo effort, the quality of his appearances on other albums and was described as having \"become an artist who thrives off of reinvention and going against the system.\" 2009–2012: Distant Relatives and Life Is Good At the 2009 Grammy Awards, Nas confirmed he was collaborating on an album with reggae singer Damian Marley which was expected to be released in late 2009.", "2009–2012: Distant Relatives and Life Is Good At the 2009 Grammy Awards, Nas confirmed he was collaborating on an album with reggae singer Damian Marley which was expected to be released in late 2009. Nas said of the collaboration in an interview \"I was a big fan of his father and of course all the children, all the offspring, and Damian, I kind of looked at Damian as a rap guy.", "Nas said of the collaboration in an interview \"I was a big fan of his father and of course all the children, all the offspring, and Damian, I kind of looked at Damian as a rap guy. His stuff is not really singing, or if he does, it comes off more hard, like on some street shit.", "His stuff is not really singing, or if he does, it comes off more hard, like on some street shit. I always liked how reggae and hip-hop have always been intertwined and always kind of pushed each other, I always liked the connection.", "I always liked how reggae and hip-hop have always been intertwined and always kind of pushed each other, I always liked the connection. I'd worked with people before from the reggae world but when I worked with Damian, the whole workout was perfect\".", "I'd worked with people before from the reggae world but when I worked with Damian, the whole workout was perfect\". A portion of the profit was planned to go towards building a school in Africa. He went on to say that it was \"too early to tell the title or anything like that\".", "He went on to say that it was \"too early to tell the title or anything like that\". The Los Angeles Times reported that the album would be titled Distant Relatives. Nas also revealed that he would begin working on his tenth studio album following the release of Distant Relatives.", "Nas also revealed that he would begin working on his tenth studio album following the release of Distant Relatives. During late 2009, Nas used his live band Mulatto with music director Dustin Moore for concerts in Europe and Australia.", "During late 2009, Nas used his live band Mulatto with music director Dustin Moore for concerts in Europe and Australia. After announcing a possible release in 2010, a follow-up compilation to The Lost Tapes (2002) was delayed indefinitely due to issues between him and Def Jam.", "After announcing a possible release in 2010, a follow-up compilation to The Lost Tapes (2002) was delayed indefinitely due to issues between him and Def Jam. His eleventh studio album, Life Is Good (2012) was produced primarily by Salaam Remi and No I.D, and released on July 13, 2012.", "His eleventh studio album, Life Is Good (2012) was produced primarily by Salaam Remi and No I.D, and released on July 13, 2012. Nas called the album a \"magic moment\" in his rap career.", "Nas called the album a \"magic moment\" in his rap career. In 2011, Nas announced that he would release collaboration albums with Mobb Deep, Common, and a third with DJ Premier. Common said of the project in a 2011 interview, \"At some point, we will do that.", "Common said of the project in a 2011 interview, \"At some point, we will do that. We'd talked about it and we had a good idea to call it Nas.Com. That was actually going to be a mixtape at one point. But we decided that we should make it an album.\"", "But we decided that we should make it an album.\" Life is Good would be nominated for Best Rap Album at the 2013 Grammy Awards. 2013–2019: Nasir and The Lost Tapes 2 In January 2013, Nas announced he had begun working on his twelfth studio album, which would be his final album for Def Jam.", "2013–2019: Nasir and The Lost Tapes 2 In January 2013, Nas announced he had begun working on his twelfth studio album, which would be his final album for Def Jam. The album was supposed to be released during 2015.", "The album was supposed to be released during 2015. In October 2013, DJ Premier said that his collaboration album with Nas, would be released following his twelfth studio album. In October 2013, Nas confirmed that a rumored song \"Sinatra in the Sands\" featuring Jay-Z, Justin Timberlake, and Timbaland would be featured on the album.", "In October 2013, Nas confirmed that a rumored song \"Sinatra in the Sands\" featuring Jay-Z, Justin Timberlake, and Timbaland would be featured on the album. On April 16, 2014, on the twentieth anniversary of Illmatic, the documentary Nas: Time Is Illmatic was premiered which recounted circumstances leading up to Nas's debut album.", "On April 16, 2014, on the twentieth anniversary of Illmatic, the documentary Nas: Time Is Illmatic was premiered which recounted circumstances leading up to Nas's debut album. It was reported on September 10, that Nas has finished his last album with Def Jam.", "It was reported on September 10, that Nas has finished his last album with Def Jam. On October 30, Nas released a song which might have been the first single on his new album, titled \"The Season\", produced by J Dilla.", "On October 30, Nas released a song which might have been the first single on his new album, titled \"The Season\", produced by J Dilla. Nas has also collaborated with the Australian hip-hop group, Bliss n Eso, in 2014. They released the track \"I Am Somebody\" in May 2014.", "They released the track \"I Am Somebody\" in May 2014. Nas was featured on the song \"We Are\" from Justin Bieber's fourth studio album, Purpose, released in November 2015.", "Nas was featured on the song \"We Are\" from Justin Bieber's fourth studio album, Purpose, released in November 2015. Nas was announced as one of the executive producers of the Netflix original series, The Get Down, prior to its release in August 2016. He narrated the series and rapped as adult Ezekiel of 1996.", "He narrated the series and rapped as adult Ezekiel of 1996. He also appeared on DJ Khaled's album Major Key, on a track simply titled \"Nas Album Done\", suggesting an upcoming album was not only completed, but also was imminent.", "He also appeared on DJ Khaled's album Major Key, on a track simply titled \"Nas Album Done\", suggesting an upcoming album was not only completed, but also was imminent. On October 16, 2016, he received the Jimmy Iovine Icon Award at 2016 REVOLT Music Conference for having a lasting impact and unique influence on music, numerous years in the rap business, his partnership with Hennessy, and Mass Appeal imprint by Puff Daddy.", "On October 16, 2016, he received the Jimmy Iovine Icon Award at 2016 REVOLT Music Conference for having a lasting impact and unique influence on music, numerous years in the rap business, his partnership with Hennessy, and Mass Appeal imprint by Puff Daddy. In November 2016, Nas collaborated with Lin-Manuel Miranda, Dave East and Aloe Blacc on a song called \"Wrote My Way Out\", which appears on The Hamilton Mixtape.", "In November 2016, Nas collaborated with Lin-Manuel Miranda, Dave East and Aloe Blacc on a song called \"Wrote My Way Out\", which appears on The Hamilton Mixtape. On April 12, 2017, Nas released the song Angel Dust as soundtrack for TV series The Getdown.", "On April 12, 2017, Nas released the song Angel Dust as soundtrack for TV series The Getdown. It contains a sample of the Gil Scott-Heron and Brian Jackson song Angel Dust.", "It contains a sample of the Gil Scott-Heron and Brian Jackson song Angel Dust. In June 2017, Nas appeared in the award-winning 2017 documentary The American Epic Sessions directed by Bernard MacMahon, where he recorded live direct-to-disc on the restored first electrical sound recording system from the 1920s.", "In June 2017, Nas appeared in the award-winning 2017 documentary The American Epic Sessions directed by Bernard MacMahon, where he recorded live direct-to-disc on the restored first electrical sound recording system from the 1920s. He performed \"On the Road Again\", a 1928 song by the Memphis Jug Band, which received universal acclaim with The Hollywood Reporter describing his performance as \"fantastic\" and the Financial Times praising his \"superb cover of the Memphis Jug Band's \"On the Road Again\", exposing the hip-hop blueprint within the 1928 stomper.\"", "He performed \"On the Road Again\", a 1928 song by the Memphis Jug Band, which received universal acclaim with The Hollywood Reporter describing his performance as \"fantastic\" and the Financial Times praising his \"superb cover of the Memphis Jug Band's \"On the Road Again\", exposing the hip-hop blueprint within the 1928 stomper.\" \"On the Road Again\", and a performance of \"One Mic\", were released on Music from The American Epic Sessions: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack on June 9, 2017.", "\"On the Road Again\", and a performance of \"One Mic\", were released on Music from The American Epic Sessions: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack on June 9, 2017. In April 2018, Kanye West announced on Twitter that Nas's twelfth studio album will be released on June 15, also serving as executive producer for the album.", "In April 2018, Kanye West announced on Twitter that Nas's twelfth studio album will be released on June 15, also serving as executive producer for the album. The album was announced the day before release, titled Nasir.", "The album was announced the day before release, titled Nasir. Following the release of Nasir, Nas confirmed he would return to completing a previous album, including production from Swizz Beatz and RZA.", "Following the release of Nasir, Nas confirmed he would return to completing a previous album, including production from Swizz Beatz and RZA. This project was released as The Lost Tapes 2 on July 19, 2019, which included production from Kanye West, Pharrell Williams, Swizz Beatz, The Alchemist, and RZA.", "This project was released as The Lost Tapes 2 on July 19, 2019, which included production from Kanye West, Pharrell Williams, Swizz Beatz, The Alchemist, and RZA. This album was a sequel to Nas's 2002 release, The Lost Tapes.", "This album was a sequel to Nas's 2002 release, The Lost Tapes. 2020–present: King's Disease series and Magic In August 2020, Nas announced that he would be releasing his 13th album. On August 13, he revealed the album's title, King's Disease.", "On August 13, he revealed the album's title, King's Disease. The album, executive-produced by Hit-Boy, was preceded by the lead single, \"Ultra Black\", a song detailing perseverance and pride \"despite the system\".", "The album, executive-produced by Hit-Boy, was preceded by the lead single, \"Ultra Black\", a song detailing perseverance and pride \"despite the system\". The album won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, becoming Nas' first Grammy.", "The album won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, becoming Nas' first Grammy. The sequel album, King's Disease II, was released on August 6, 2021 King's Disease II debuted at number-three on the US Billboard 200, becoming Nas's highest-charting album since 2012.", "The sequel album, King's Disease II, was released on August 6, 2021 King's Disease II debuted at number-three on the US Billboard 200, becoming Nas's highest-charting album since 2012. On December 24, Nas released the album Magic.", "On December 24, Nas released the album Magic. It is his third album executively produced by Hit-Boy, and includes guest appearances from ASAP Rocky and DJ Premier.", "It is his third album executively produced by Hit-Boy, and includes guest appearances from ASAP Rocky and DJ Premier. Artistry Nas has been praised for his ability to create a \"devastating match between lyrics and production\" by journalist Peter Shapiro, as well as creating a \"potent evocation of life on the street\", and he has even been compared to Rakim for his lyrical technique.", "Artistry Nas has been praised for his ability to create a \"devastating match between lyrics and production\" by journalist Peter Shapiro, as well as creating a \"potent evocation of life on the street\", and he has even been compared to Rakim for his lyrical technique. In his book Book of Rhymes: The Poetics of Hip Hop (2009), writer Adam Bradley states, \"Nas is perhaps contemporary rap's greatest innovator in storytelling.", "In his book Book of Rhymes: The Poetics of Hip Hop (2009), writer Adam Bradley states, \"Nas is perhaps contemporary rap's greatest innovator in storytelling. His catalog includes songs narrated before birth ('Fetus') and after death ('Amongst Kings'), biographies ('UBR [Unauthorized Biography of Rakim]') and autobiographies ('Doo Rags'), allegorical tales ('Money Is My Bitch') and epistolary ones ('One Love'), he's rapped in the voice of a woman ('Sekou Story') and even of a gun ('I Gave You Power').\"", "His catalog includes songs narrated before birth ('Fetus') and after death ('Amongst Kings'), biographies ('UBR [Unauthorized Biography of Rakim]') and autobiographies ('Doo Rags'), allegorical tales ('Money Is My Bitch') and epistolary ones ('One Love'), he's rapped in the voice of a woman ('Sekou Story') and even of a gun ('I Gave You Power').\" Robert Christgau writes that \"Nas has been transfiguring [gangsta rap] since Illmatic\".", "Robert Christgau writes that \"Nas has been transfiguring [gangsta rap] since Illmatic\". Kool Moe Dee notes that Nas has an \"off-beat conversational flow\" in his book There's a God on the Mic – he says: \"before Nas, every MC focused on rhyming with a cadence that ultimately put the words that rhymed on beat with the snare drum.", "Kool Moe Dee notes that Nas has an \"off-beat conversational flow\" in his book There's a God on the Mic – he says: \"before Nas, every MC focused on rhyming with a cadence that ultimately put the words that rhymed on beat with the snare drum. Nas created a style of rapping that was more conversational than ever before\".", "Nas created a style of rapping that was more conversational than ever before\". OC of D.I.T.C. comments in the book How to Rap: \"Nas did the song backwards ['Rewind']... that was a brilliant idea\".", "comments in the book How to Rap: \"Nas did the song backwards ['Rewind']... that was a brilliant idea\". Also in How to Rap, 2Mex of The Visionaries describes Nas's flow as \"effervescent\", Rah Digga says Nas's lyrics have \"intricacy\", Bootie Brown of The Pharcyde explains that Nas does not always have to make words rhyme as he is \"charismatic\", and Nas is also described as having a \"densely packed\" flow, with compound rhymes that \"run over from one beat into the next or even into another bar\".", "Also in How to Rap, 2Mex of The Visionaries describes Nas's flow as \"effervescent\", Rah Digga says Nas's lyrics have \"intricacy\", Bootie Brown of The Pharcyde explains that Nas does not always have to make words rhyme as he is \"charismatic\", and Nas is also described as having a \"densely packed\" flow, with compound rhymes that \"run over from one beat into the next or even into another bar\". About.com ranked him 1st on their list of the \"50 Greatest MCs of All Time\" in 2014, and a year later, Nas was featured on the \"10 Best Rappers of All Time\" list by Billboard.", "About.com ranked him 1st on their list of the \"50 Greatest MCs of All Time\" in 2014, and a year later, Nas was featured on the \"10 Best Rappers of All Time\" list by Billboard. The Source ranked him No. 2 on their list of the Top 50 Lyricists of All Time.", "2 on their list of the Top 50 Lyricists of All Time. In 2013, Nas was ranked fourth on MTV's \"Hottest MCs in the Game\" list. His debut Illmatic is widely considered among the greatest hip hop albums of all-time.", "His debut Illmatic is widely considered among the greatest hip hop albums of all-time. Controversies and feuds Jay-Z Initially friends, Nas and Jay-Z had met a number of times in the 1990s with no animosity between the two.", "Controversies and feuds Jay-Z Initially friends, Nas and Jay-Z had met a number of times in the 1990s with no animosity between the two. Jay-Z requested that Nas appear on his 1996 album Reasonable Doubt on the track \"Bring it On\"; however, Nas never showed up to the studio and was not included on the album.", "Jay-Z requested that Nas appear on his 1996 album Reasonable Doubt on the track \"Bring it On\"; however, Nas never showed up to the studio and was not included on the album. In response to this, Jay-Z asked producer Ski Beatz to sample a line from Nas's song The World is Yours, with the sample featured heavily in what went on to be Dead Presidents II.", "In response to this, Jay-Z asked producer Ski Beatz to sample a line from Nas's song The World is Yours, with the sample featured heavily in what went on to be Dead Presidents II. The two traded subliminal responses for the next couple of years, until the beef was escalated further in 2001 after Jay-Z publicly addressed Nas at the Summer Jam, performing what would go on to be known as Takeover, ending the performance by saying \"ask Nas, he don't want it with Hov\".", "The two traded subliminal responses for the next couple of years, until the beef was escalated further in 2001 after Jay-Z publicly addressed Nas at the Summer Jam, performing what would go on to be known as Takeover, ending the performance by saying \"ask Nas, he don't want it with Hov\". After Jay-Z eventually released the song on his 2001 album The Blueprint, Nas responded with the song \"Ether\", from his album Stillmatic, with both fans and critics saying that the song had effectively saved Nas's career and marked his return to prominence, and almost unanimously agreeing Nas had won their feud.", "After Jay-Z eventually released the song on his 2001 album The Blueprint, Nas responded with the song \"Ether\", from his album Stillmatic, with both fans and critics saying that the song had effectively saved Nas's career and marked his return to prominence, and almost unanimously agreeing Nas had won their feud. Jay-Z responded with a freestyle over the instrumental to Nas's \"Got Ur Self a Gun\", known as \"Supa Ugly\".", "Jay-Z responded with a freestyle over the instrumental to Nas's \"Got Ur Self a Gun\", known as \"Supa Ugly\". In the song, Jay-Z makes reference to Nas's girlfriend and daughter, going into graphic detail about having an affair with his girlfriend.", "In the song, Jay-Z makes reference to Nas's girlfriend and daughter, going into graphic detail about having an affair with his girlfriend. Jay-Z's mother was personally disgusted by the song, and demanded he apologise to Nas and his family, which he did in December 2001 on Hot 97.", "Jay-Z's mother was personally disgusted by the song, and demanded he apologise to Nas and his family, which he did in December 2001 on Hot 97. Supa Ugly marked the last direct diss song between Jay-Z and Nas, however, the two continued to trade subliminals on their subsequent releases.", "Supa Ugly marked the last direct diss song between Jay-Z and Nas, however, the two continued to trade subliminals on their subsequent releases. The feud was officially brought to an end in 2005, when Jay-Z and Nas performed on stage together in a surprise concert also featuring P Diddy, Kanye West and Beanie Sigel.", "The feud was officially brought to an end in 2005, when Jay-Z and Nas performed on stage together in a surprise concert also featuring P Diddy, Kanye West and Beanie Sigel. The following year, Nas signed with Def Jam Recordings, of which Jay-Z then served as president.", "The following year, Nas signed with Def Jam Recordings, of which Jay-Z then served as president. Cam'ron After Nas was removed from the 2002 Summer Jam lineup due to allegedly planning to perform the song Ether while a mock lynching of a Jay-Z effigy took place behind him, Cam'ron was announced as a last minute replacement and headlined the show instead.", "Cam'ron After Nas was removed from the 2002 Summer Jam lineup due to allegedly planning to perform the song Ether while a mock lynching of a Jay-Z effigy took place behind him, Cam'ron was announced as a last minute replacement and headlined the show instead. Nas appeared on Power 105.1 days later and addressed a number of fellow artists, including Nelly, Noreaga and Cam'ron himself.", "Nas appeared on Power 105.1 days later and addressed a number of fellow artists, including Nelly, Noreaga and Cam'ron himself. Nas praised Cam'ron as a good lyricist, but branded his album Come Home With Me as \"wack\".", "Nas praised Cam'ron as a good lyricist, but branded his album Come Home With Me as \"wack\". After Cam'ron heard of Nas's words, he appeared on Funkmaster Flex's Hot 97 and performed a freestyle diss over the beat to Nas's \"Hate Me Now\", making reference to Nas's mother, baby mother and daughter.", "After Cam'ron heard of Nas's words, he appeared on Funkmaster Flex's Hot 97 and performed a freestyle diss over the beat to Nas's \"Hate Me Now\", making reference to Nas's mother, baby mother and daughter. Nas did not respond directly but appeared on the radio days later, calling Cam'ron a \"dummy\" for supposedly being used by Hot 97 to generate ratings.", "Nas did not respond directly but appeared on the radio days later, calling Cam'ron a \"dummy\" for supposedly being used by Hot 97 to generate ratings. Nas eventually responded on his 2002 album God's Son on the song \"Zone Out\", claiming Cam'ron had HIV.", "Nas eventually responded on his 2002 album God's Son on the song \"Zone Out\", claiming Cam'ron had HIV. Cam'ron and the rest of The Diplomats, specifically Jim Jones continued to attack Nas throughout 2003, on numerous mixtapes, albums and radio freestyles, however, the feud between the two slowly died down and they eventually reconciled in 2014.", "Cam'ron and the rest of The Diplomats, specifically Jim Jones continued to attack Nas throughout 2003, on numerous mixtapes, albums and radio freestyles, however, the feud between the two slowly died down and they eventually reconciled in 2014. 2Pac After 2Pac interpreted lines directed to the Notorious B.I.G.", "2Pac After 2Pac interpreted lines directed to the Notorious B.I.G. on Nas's 1996 album It Was Written to be aimed towards him, he attacked Nas on the track \"Against All Odds\" from The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory.", "on Nas's 1996 album It Was Written to be aimed towards him, he attacked Nas on the track \"Against All Odds\" from The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory. Nas himself later admitted he was brought to tears when he heard the diss because he idolized 2Pac.", "Nas himself later admitted he was brought to tears when he heard the diss because he idolized 2Pac. The two later met in Central Park before the 1996 MTV Video Music Awards and ended their feud, with 2Pac promising to remove any disses aimed at Nas from the official album release; however, 2Pac was shot four times in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas, Nevada three days later on September 7, dying of his wounds on September 13, before any edits to the album could be made.", "The two later met in Central Park before the 1996 MTV Video Music Awards and ended their feud, with 2Pac promising to remove any disses aimed at Nas from the official album release; however, 2Pac was shot four times in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas, Nevada three days later on September 7, dying of his wounds on September 13, before any edits to the album could be made. Young Jeezy After Nas blamed Southern hip hop as the cause of the perceived artistic decline of the genre on his 2006 single \"Hip Hop Is Dead\", from the album of the same name, his then-Def Jam labelmate Young Jeezy took offense by claiming that Nas had \"no street credibility\" and vowing his album The Inspiration would outsell Hip Hop is Dead, which were released one week apart from each other in December 2006.", "Young Jeezy After Nas blamed Southern hip hop as the cause of the perceived artistic decline of the genre on his 2006 single \"Hip Hop Is Dead\", from the album of the same name, his then-Def Jam labelmate Young Jeezy took offense by claiming that Nas had \"no street credibility\" and vowing his album The Inspiration would outsell Hip Hop is Dead, which were released one week apart from each other in December 2006. After failing to do so, Young Jeezy took back his disses towards Nas, and the two later collaborated on the 2008 hit single \"My President\".", "After failing to do so, Young Jeezy took back his disses towards Nas, and the two later collaborated on the 2008 hit single \"My President\". Bill O'Reilly and Virginia Tech controversy On September 6, 2007, Nas performed at a free concert for the Virginia Tech student body and faculty, following the school shooting there.", "Bill O'Reilly and Virginia Tech controversy On September 6, 2007, Nas performed at a free concert for the Virginia Tech student body and faculty, following the school shooting there. He was joined by John Mayer, Alan Jackson, Phil Vassar, and Dave Matthews Band.", "He was joined by John Mayer, Alan Jackson, Phil Vassar, and Dave Matthews Band. When announced that Nas was to perform, political commentator Bill O'Reilly and Fox News denounced the concert and called for Nas's removal, citing \"violent\" lyrics on songs such as \"Shoot 'Em Up\", \"Got Urself a Gun\", and \"Made You Look\".", "When announced that Nas was to perform, political commentator Bill O'Reilly and Fox News denounced the concert and called for Nas's removal, citing \"violent\" lyrics on songs such as \"Shoot 'Em Up\", \"Got Urself a Gun\", and \"Made You Look\". During his Talking Points Memo segment for August 15, 2007, an argument erupted in which O'Reilly claimed that it was not only Nas's lyrical content that made him inappropriate for the event, citing the gun conviction on Nas's criminal record.", "During his Talking Points Memo segment for August 15, 2007, an argument erupted in which O'Reilly claimed that it was not only Nas's lyrical content that made him inappropriate for the event, citing the gun conviction on Nas's criminal record. On September 6, 2007, during his set at \"A Concert for Virginia Tech\", Nas twice referred to Bill O'Reilly as \"a chump\", prompting loud cheers by members of the crowd.", "On September 6, 2007, during his set at \"A Concert for Virginia Tech\", Nas twice referred to Bill O'Reilly as \"a chump\", prompting loud cheers by members of the crowd. About two weeks later, Nas was interviewed by Shaheem Reid of MTV News, where he criticised O'Reilly, calling him uncivilized and willing to go to extremes for publicity.", "About two weeks later, Nas was interviewed by Shaheem Reid of MTV News, where he criticised O'Reilly, calling him uncivilized and willing to go to extremes for publicity. Responding to O'Reilly, Nas, in an interview with MTV News, said: On July 23, 2008, Nas appeared on The Colbert Report to discuss his opinion of O'Reilly and Fox News, which he accused of bias against the African-American community and re-challenged O'Reilly to a debate.", "Responding to O'Reilly, Nas, in an interview with MTV News, said: On July 23, 2008, Nas appeared on The Colbert Report to discuss his opinion of O'Reilly and Fox News, which he accused of bias against the African-American community and re-challenged O'Reilly to a debate. During the appearance, Nas sat on boxes of more than 625,000 signatures gathered by online advocacy organisation Color of Change in support of a petition accusing Fox of race-baiting and fear-mongering.", "During the appearance, Nas sat on boxes of more than 625,000 signatures gathered by online advocacy organisation Color of Change in support of a petition accusing Fox of race-baiting and fear-mongering. Doja Cat In 2020, after Doja Cat faced accusations of participating in racist conversations on the internet, Nas referenced her in his song \"Ultra Black\", calling her \"the opposite of ultra black\".", "Doja Cat In 2020, after Doja Cat faced accusations of participating in racist conversations on the internet, Nas referenced her in his song \"Ultra Black\", calling her \"the opposite of ultra black\". The response to the lyric was mixed, with some defending his right to criticize her, and others resurfacing allegations that he verbally abused his ex-wife, Kelis.", "The response to the lyric was mixed, with some defending his right to criticize her, and others resurfacing allegations that he verbally abused his ex-wife, Kelis. Doja Cat shrugged off the namedrop, jokingly referencing the lyric in a TikTok video.", "Doja Cat shrugged off the namedrop, jokingly referencing the lyric in a TikTok video. In an interview with Fat Joe, Doja Cat said that she has no interest in \"beefing\" with Nas saying \"I fucking love Nas, thank fucking god he noticed me. I love Nas. So I don’t give a shit.", "So I don’t give a shit. He can say whatever he wants. I really don’t care\". Nas later claimed that the line was not meant to be perceived as a \"diss\", and that he was \"just trying to find another word that worked with the scheme of the song.\"", "Nas later claimed that the line was not meant to be perceived as a \"diss\", and that he was \"just trying to find another word that worked with the scheme of the song.\" Business ventures On April 10, 2013, Nas invested an undisclosed six-figure sum into Mass Appeal Magazine, where he went on to serve as the publication's associate publisher, joined by creative firm Decon and White Owl Capital Partners.", "Business ventures On April 10, 2013, Nas invested an undisclosed six-figure sum into Mass Appeal Magazine, where he went on to serve as the publication's associate publisher, joined by creative firm Decon and White Owl Capital Partners. In June 2013, he opened his own sneaker store.", "In June 2013, he opened his own sneaker store. In September 2013, he invested in a technology startup company, a job search appmaker called Proven. In 2014, Nas invested as part of a $2.8M round in viral video startup ViralGains another addition to Queens-bridge venture partners portfolio.", "In 2014, Nas invested as part of a $2.8M round in viral video startup ViralGains another addition to Queens-bridge venture partners portfolio. Nas has a partnership with Hennessy and has been working with their \"Wild Rabbit\" campaign.", "Nas has a partnership with Hennessy and has been working with their \"Wild Rabbit\" campaign. In May 2014, Nas partnered with job placement startup Koru to fund a scholarship for 10 college graduates to go through Koru's training program. Nas wil alsol be joining the startup as a guest coach.", "Nas wil alsol be joining the startup as a guest coach. Nas is a co-owner of a Cloud-based service LANDR, an automated, drag-and-drop digital audio postproduction tool which automates \"mastering\", the final stage in audio production. In June 2015, Nas joined forces with New York City soul food restaurant Sweet Chick.", "In June 2015, Nas joined forces with New York City soul food restaurant Sweet Chick. He plans to expand the restaurant brand nationally. The Los Angeles location opened in April 2017. He owns his own clothing line called HSTRY.", "He owns his own clothing line called HSTRY. In June 2018, Nas was paid $40 million after Amazon acquired the doorbell company Ring Inc. as well as PillPack - the latter of which he invested in via his investment firm, Queensbridge Venture Partners.", "In June 2018, Nas was paid $40 million after Amazon acquired the doorbell company Ring Inc. as well as PillPack - the latter of which he invested in via his investment firm, Queensbridge Venture Partners. He has continued to invest heavily in technology startups including Dropbox, Lyft, and Robinhood.", "He has continued to invest heavily in technology startups including Dropbox, Lyft, and Robinhood. Personal life Nas is a spokesperson and mentor for P'Tones Records, a non-profit after-school music program with the mission \"to create constructive opportunities for urban youth through no-cost music programs.\" He is a cousin of American actress Yara Shahidi.", "He is a cousin of American actress Yara Shahidi. On June 15, 1994, Nas's ex-fiancée Carmen Bryan gave birth to their daughter, Destiny.", "On June 15, 1994, Nas's ex-fiancée Carmen Bryan gave birth to their daughter, Destiny. She later confessed to Nas that she had a relationship with his then-rival rapper and nemesis Jay-Z, also accusing Jay-Z of putting subliminal messages in his lyrics about their relationship together, causing an even bigger rift in the feud between the two men.", "She later confessed to Nas that she had a relationship with his then-rival rapper and nemesis Jay-Z, also accusing Jay-Z of putting subliminal messages in his lyrics about their relationship together, causing an even bigger rift in the feud between the two men. Nas also briefly dated Mary J. Blige and Nicki Minaj respectively.", "Nas also briefly dated Mary J. Blige and Nicki Minaj respectively. In 2005, Nas married R&B singer Kelis in Atlanta after a two-year relationship. On April 30, 2009, a spokesperson confirmed that Kelis filed for divorce, citing irreconcilable differences.", "On April 30, 2009, a spokesperson confirmed that Kelis filed for divorce, citing irreconcilable differences. Kelis gave birth to Nas's first son on July 21, 2009, although the event was soured by a disagreement which ended in Nas announcing the birth of his son, Knight, at a gig in Queens, NY, against Kelis's wishes.", "Kelis gave birth to Nas's first son on July 21, 2009, although the event was soured by a disagreement which ended in Nas announcing the birth of his son, Knight, at a gig in Queens, NY, against Kelis's wishes. The birth was also announced by Nas via an online video.", "The birth was also announced by Nas via an online video. The couple's divorce was finalized on May 21, 2010. In 2018, Kelis accused Nas of being physically and mentally abusive during their marriage.", "In 2018, Kelis accused Nas of being physically and mentally abusive during their marriage. Nas replied to the accusations on social media, accusing Kelis of attempting to slander him in the time of a custody battle and accusing Kelis of abusing his daughter, Destiny.", "Nas replied to the accusations on social media, accusing Kelis of attempting to slander him in the time of a custody battle and accusing Kelis of abusing his daughter, Destiny. In January 2012, Nas was involved in a dispute with a concert promoter in Angola, having accepted $300,000 for a concert in Luanda, Angola's capital for New Year's Eve and then not showing up.", "In January 2012, Nas was involved in a dispute with a concert promoter in Angola, having accepted $300,000 for a concert in Luanda, Angola's capital for New Year's Eve and then not showing up. American promoter Patrick Allocco and his son, who arranged for Nas's concert, were detained at gunpoint and taken to an Angolan jail by the local promoter who fronted the $300,000 for the concert.", "American promoter Patrick Allocco and his son, who arranged for Nas's concert, were detained at gunpoint and taken to an Angolan jail by the local promoter who fronted the $300,000 for the concert. Only after the U.S. Embassy intervened were the promoter and his son allowed to leave jail—but were placed under house arrest at their hotel.", "Only after the U.S. Embassy intervened were the promoter and his son allowed to leave jail—but were placed under house arrest at their hotel. As of the end of the month Nas returned all $300,000 and after 49 days of travel ban Allocco and his son were both released.", "As of the end of the month Nas returned all $300,000 and after 49 days of travel ban Allocco and his son were both released. On March 15, 2012, Nas became the first rapper to have a personal verified account on Rap Genius where he explains all his own lyrics and commenting on the lyrics of other rappers he admires.", "On March 15, 2012, Nas became the first rapper to have a personal verified account on Rap Genius where he explains all his own lyrics and commenting on the lyrics of other rappers he admires. In September 2009 the U.S. Internal Revenue Service filed a federal tax lien against Nas for over $2.5 million, seeking unpaid taxes dating back to 2006.", "In September 2009 the U.S. Internal Revenue Service filed a federal tax lien against Nas for over $2.5 million, seeking unpaid taxes dating back to 2006. By early 2011 this figure had ballooned to over $6.4 million.", "By early 2011 this figure had ballooned to over $6.4 million. Early in 2012 reports emerged that the IRS had filed papers in Georgia to garnish a portion of Nas's earnings from material published under BMI and ASCAP, until his delinquent tax bill is settled.", "Early in 2012 reports emerged that the IRS had filed papers in Georgia to garnish a portion of Nas's earnings from material published under BMI and ASCAP, until his delinquent tax bill is settled. In May 2013, it was announced that Nas would open a sneaker store in Las Vegas called 12 am RUN (pronounced Midnight Run) as part of The LINQ retail development.", "In May 2013, it was announced that Nas would open a sneaker store in Las Vegas called 12 am RUN (pronounced Midnight Run) as part of The LINQ retail development. In July 2013, he was honored by Harvard University, as the institution established the Nasir Jones Hip-Hop Fellowship, which would serve to fund scholars and artists who show potential and creativity in the arts in connection to hip hop.", "In July 2013, he was honored by Harvard University, as the institution established the Nasir Jones Hip-Hop Fellowship, which would serve to fund scholars and artists who show potential and creativity in the arts in connection to hip hop. In an October 2014 episode of PBS's Finding Your Roots, Nas learned about five generations of his ancestry.", "In an October 2014 episode of PBS's Finding Your Roots, Nas learned about five generations of his ancestry. His great-great-great-grandmother, Pocahontas Little, was a slave who was sold for $830.", "His great-great-great-grandmother, Pocahontas Little, was a slave who was sold for $830. When host Henry Louis Gates showed Nas her bill of sale and told him more about the man who bought her, Nas remarked that he is considering buying the land where the slave owner lived.", "When host Henry Louis Gates showed Nas her bill of sale and told him more about the man who bought her, Nas remarked that he is considering buying the land where the slave owner lived. Nas is also shown the marriage certificate of his great-great-great-grandmother, Pocahontas, and great-great-great-grandfather, Calvin.", "Nas is also shown the marriage certificate of his great-great-great-grandmother, Pocahontas, and great-great-great-grandfather, Calvin. Nas is a fan of his hometown baseball team the New York Mets and English soccer team Everton FC.", "Nas is a fan of his hometown baseball team the New York Mets and English soccer team Everton FC. Discography Studio albums Illmatic (1994) It Was Written (1996) I Am... (1999) Nastradamus (1999) Stillmatic (2001) God's Son (2002) Street's Disciple (2004) Hip Hop Is Dead (2006) Untitled (2008) Life Is Good (2012) Nasir (2018) King's Disease (2020) King's Disease II (2021) Magic (2021) Collaboration albums The Album (with the Firm) (1997) Distant Relatives (with Damian Marley) (2010) Filmography Awards and nominations Grammy Awards The Grammy Awards are held annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences.", "Discography Studio albums Illmatic (1994) It Was Written (1996) I Am... (1999) Nastradamus (1999) Stillmatic (2001) God's Son (2002) Street's Disciple (2004) Hip Hop Is Dead (2006) Untitled (2008) Life Is Good (2012) Nasir (2018) King's Disease (2020) King's Disease II (2021) Magic (2021) Collaboration albums The Album (with the Firm) (1997) Distant Relatives (with Damian Marley) (2010) Filmography Awards and nominations Grammy Awards The Grammy Awards are held annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Nas has 15 Grammy nominations altogether.", "Nas has 15 Grammy nominations altogether. |- | rowspan=\"1\" | 1997 | \"If I Ruled the World (Imagine That)\" | Best Rap Solo Performance | |- | rowspan=\"1\" | 2000 | I Am... | Best Rap Album | |- | rowspan=\"2\" |2003 | \"One Mic\" | Best Music Video | |- | \"The Essence\" (with AZ) | rowspan=\"2\" |Best Rap Performance by a Duo or a Group | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 2008 | \"Better Than I've Ever Been\" (with Kanye West & KRS-One) | |- | rowspan=\"1\" | Hip Hop Is Dead | rowspan=\"2\" |Best Rap Album | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 2009 | rowspan=\"1\" | Nas | |- | \"N.I.G.G.E.R.", "|- | rowspan=\"1\" | 1997 | \"If I Ruled the World (Imagine That)\" | Best Rap Solo Performance | |- | rowspan=\"1\" | 2000 | I Am... | Best Rap Album | |- | rowspan=\"2\" |2003 | \"One Mic\" | Best Music Video | |- | \"The Essence\" (with AZ) | rowspan=\"2\" |Best Rap Performance by a Duo or a Group | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 2008 | \"Better Than I've Ever Been\" (with Kanye West & KRS-One) | |- | rowspan=\"1\" | Hip Hop Is Dead | rowspan=\"2\" |Best Rap Album | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 2009 | rowspan=\"1\" | Nas | |- | \"N.I.G.G.E.R. (The Slave and the Master)\" | Best Rap Solo Performance | |- | rowspan=\"1\" | 2010 | \"Too Many Rappers\" (with Beastie Boys) | Best Rap Performance by a Duo or a Group | |- |rowspan=\"4\"|2013 |rowspan=\"2\"|\"Daughters\" |Best Rap Performance | |- |Best Rap Song | |- |\"Cherry Wine\" (featuring Amy Winehouse) |Best Rap/Sung Collaboration | |- |Life Is Good |rowspan=\"3\"| Best Rap Album | |- | 2021 | King's Disease | |- |rowspan=\"2\"|2022 | King's Disease II | |- | \"Bath Salts\" (with DMX & Jay-Z) |Best Rap Song | |- MTV Video Music Awards |- | 1999 | \"Hate Me Now\" (featuring Puff Daddy) | Best Rap Video | |- |rowspan=\"2\"| 2002 |rowspan=\"2\"| \"One Mic\" | Video of the Year | |- |rowspan=\"3\"| Best Rap Video | |- |rowspan=\"2\"| 2003 | \"I Can\" | |- | \"Thugz Mansion\" (with Tupac Shakur and J. Phoenix) | |- | 2005 | \"Bridging the Gap\" (featuring Olu Dara) | Best Hip-Hop Video | |} BET Hip Hop Awards |- | 2006 | rowspan=\"2\" | Nas | I Am Hip-Hop Icon Award | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 2012 | Lyricist of the Year Award | |- | \"Daughters\" | Impact Track | |} Sports Emmy Award |- | 2011 | \"Survival 1\" |Outstanding Sports Documentary | |} References Further reading External links Nas on Spotify 1973 births Living people 20th-century American musicians 21st-century American businesspeople 21st-century American rappers African-American fashion designers American fashion designers African-American investors American investors African-American male rappers American retail chief executives American magazine publishers (people) American music industry executives American restaurateurs Businesspeople from Queens, New York Columbia Records artists Def Jam Recordings artists East Coast hip hop musicians Grammy Award winners Ill Will Records artists People from Long Island City, Queens Rappers from New York City Songwriters from New York (state) The Firm (hip hop group) members African-American songwriters" ]

[ "Nas", "1995-1997: Mainstream direction and The Firm", "Where was the mainstream direction going?", "I don't know.", "How was Nas involved in the firm?", "a supergroup consisting of Nas, AZ, Foxy Brown, and Cormega.", "What did this super group do?", "began working on their debut album.", "What was this debut album called?", "The Firm: The Album" ]

[ "Rough and Ready Volume 2 is a studio album released by Shabba Ranks. This album was not as successful as Volume 1 and it was going to be difficult to create an album as successful as its predecessor, X-tra Naked, which won a Grammy. Volume 2 was criticised for lacking variety.\n\nTrack listing\n\nReferences\n\n1993 albums\nShabba Ranks albums\nEpic Records albums", "Aniksi (Greek: Άνοιξη; English: Springtime) is a successful studio album by Greek artist Glykeria. It was released in mid-2004 by Sony Music Greece. The album was certified Gold by IFPI Greece.\n\nThe album also includes several well-known collaborations including Kitrina Podilata, Antonis Vardis and Dimirtis Zervoudakis.\n\nTrack listing\n\nChart performance\nAniksi was a successful album in Cyprus and Greece, however the album was only certified Gold in Greece over 2 years after its release.\n\n2004 albums\nGlykeria albums\nGreek-language albums\nSony Music Greece albums" ]

[ "Nasir bin Olu Dara Jones (; born September 14, 1973), better known by his stage name Nas (), is an American rapper, songwriter, and entrepreneur. Rooted in the New York hip hop scene, he is regarded as one of the greatest and most influential rappers of all time.", "Rooted in the New York hip hop scene, he is regarded as one of the greatest and most influential rappers of all time. The son of jazz musician Olu Dara, Jones's musical career began in 1989 as he adopted the moniker of \"Nasty Nas\" and recorded demos for Large Professor.", "The son of jazz musician Olu Dara, Jones's musical career began in 1989 as he adopted the moniker of \"Nasty Nas\" and recorded demos for Large Professor. He was a featured artist on Main Source's \"Live at the Barbeque\" (1991), also produced by Large Professor.", "He was a featured artist on Main Source's \"Live at the Barbeque\" (1991), also produced by Large Professor. Nas's debut album Illmatic (1994) received universal acclaim upon release, and is considered to be one of the greatest hip hop albums of all-time; in 2021, the album was inducted into the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry.", "Nas's debut album Illmatic (1994) received universal acclaim upon release, and is considered to be one of the greatest hip hop albums of all-time; in 2021, the album was inducted into the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry. His second album It Was Written (1996) debuted atop the Billboard 200 and charted for four consecutive weeks; the album, along with its single \"If I Ruled the World (Imagine That)\" (featuring Lauryn Hill), catapulted Nas into international success.", "His second album It Was Written (1996) debuted atop the Billboard 200 and charted for four consecutive weeks; the album, along with its single \"If I Ruled the World (Imagine That)\" (featuring Lauryn Hill), catapulted Nas into international success. Nas's albums I Am (1998) and Nastradamus (1999) were criticized as inconsistent and too commercially oriented, and critics and fans feared that his output was declining in quality.", "Nas's albums I Am (1998) and Nastradamus (1999) were criticized as inconsistent and too commercially oriented, and critics and fans feared that his output was declining in quality. From 2001 to 2005, Nas was involved in a highly publicized feud with Jay-Z, popularized by the diss track \"Ether\".", "From 2001 to 2005, Nas was involved in a highly publicized feud with Jay-Z, popularized by the diss track \"Ether\". It was this feud, along with Nas's albums Stillmatic (2001), God's Son (2002), and the double album Street's Disciple (2004), that helped restore his critical standing.", "It was this feud, along with Nas's albums Stillmatic (2001), God's Son (2002), and the double album Street's Disciple (2004), that helped restore his critical standing. After squashing the feud, Nas signed to Jay-Z's Def Jam Recordings in 2006 and went in a more provocative, politicized direction with the albums Hip Hop Is Dead (2006) and his untitled 9th studio album (2008).", "After squashing the feud, Nas signed to Jay-Z's Def Jam Recordings in 2006 and went in a more provocative, politicized direction with the albums Hip Hop Is Dead (2006) and his untitled 9th studio album (2008). In 2010, Nas released Distant Relatives, a collaboration album with Damian Marley, donating all royalties to charities active in Africa.", "In 2010, Nas released Distant Relatives, a collaboration album with Damian Marley, donating all royalties to charities active in Africa. His 10th studio album, Life Is Good (2012), was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards.", "His 10th studio album, Life Is Good (2012), was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards. After receiving thirteen nominations, his 12th studio album, King's Disease (2020), won him his first Grammy for Best Rap Album at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards; he then followed it by releasing his 13th studio album, King's Disease II (2021), as the album's sequel.", "After receiving thirteen nominations, his 12th studio album, King's Disease (2020), won him his first Grammy for Best Rap Album at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards; he then followed it by releasing his 13th studio album, King's Disease II (2021), as the album's sequel. In the same year, his 14th studio album, Magic, was released on Christmas Eve.", "In the same year, his 14th studio album, Magic, was released on Christmas Eve. In 2012,The Source ranked him second on their list of the \"Top 50 Lyricists of All Time\". In 2013, Nas was ranked 4th on MTV's \"Hottest MCs in the Game\" list.", "In 2013, Nas was ranked 4th on MTV's \"Hottest MCs in the Game\" list. About.com ranked him first on their list of the \"50 Greatest MCs of All Time\" in 2014, and a year later, Nas was featured on the \"10 Best Rappers of All Time\" list by Billboard.", "About.com ranked him first on their list of the \"50 Greatest MCs of All Time\" in 2014, and a year later, Nas was featured on the \"10 Best Rappers of All Time\" list by Billboard. He is also an entrepreneur through his own record label; he serves as associate publisher of Mass Appeal magazine and the co-founder of Mass Appeal Records.", "He is also an entrepreneur through his own record label; he serves as associate publisher of Mass Appeal magazine and the co-founder of Mass Appeal Records. Nas has released fourteen studio albums since 1994, seven of which are certified platinum or multi-platinum in the U.S.", "Nas has released fourteen studio albums since 1994, seven of which are certified platinum or multi-platinum in the U.S. Early life Nasir bin Olu Dara Jones was born in the Brooklyn borough of New York City on September 14, 1973, to African American parents.", "Early life Nasir bin Olu Dara Jones was born in the Brooklyn borough of New York City on September 14, 1973, to African American parents. His father, Olu Dara (born Charles Jones III), is a jazz and blues musician from Mississippi. His mother, Fannie Ann (née Little; 1941–2002) was a U.S.", "His mother, Fannie Ann (née Little; 1941–2002) was a U.S. Postal Service worker from North Carolina. He has a brother, Jabari Fret, who raps under the name Jungle and is a member of hip hop group Bravehearts. His father adopted the name \"Olu Dara\" from the Yoruba people.", "His father adopted the name \"Olu Dara\" from the Yoruba people. \"Nasir\" is an Arabic name meaning \"helper and protector\", while \"bin\" means \"son of\" in Arabic. As a young child, Nas and his family relocated to the Queensbridge Houses in the borough of Queens.", "As a young child, Nas and his family relocated to the Queensbridge Houses in the borough of Queens. His neighbor, Willy \"Ill Will\" Graham, influenced his interest in hip hop by playing him records. His parents divorced in 1985, and he dropped out of school after the eighth grade.", "His parents divorced in 1985, and he dropped out of school after the eighth grade. He educated himself about African culture through the Five-Percent Nation (a splinter group of the Nation of Islam) and the Nuwaubian Nation. In his early years, he played the trumpet and began writing his own rhymes.", "In his early years, he played the trumpet and began writing his own rhymes. Career As a teenager, Nas enlisted his best friend and upstairs neighbor Willy \"Ill Will\" Graham as his DJ. Nas initially went by the nickname \"Kid Wave\" before adopting his more commonly known alias of \"Nasty Nas\".", "Nas initially went by the nickname \"Kid Wave\" before adopting his more commonly known alias of \"Nasty Nas\". In 1989, then-16-year-old Nas met up with producer Large Professor and went to the studio where Rakim and Kool G Rap were recording their albums.", "In 1989, then-16-year-old Nas met up with producer Large Professor and went to the studio where Rakim and Kool G Rap were recording their albums. When they were not in the recording studio, Nas would go into the booth and record his own material. However, none of it was ever released.", "However, none of it was ever released. 1991–1994: The beginnings and Illmatic In 1991, Nas performed on Main Source's \"Live at the Barbeque\", also produced by Large Professor.", "1991–1994: The beginnings and Illmatic In 1991, Nas performed on Main Source's \"Live at the Barbeque\", also produced by Large Professor. In mid-1992, Nas was approached by MC Serch of 3rd Bass, who became his manager and secured Nas a record deal with Columbia Records during the same year.", "In mid-1992, Nas was approached by MC Serch of 3rd Bass, who became his manager and secured Nas a record deal with Columbia Records during the same year. Nas made his solo debut under the name of \"Nasty Nas\" on the single \"Halftime\" from MC Serch's soundtrack for the film Zebrahead.", "Nas made his solo debut under the name of \"Nasty Nas\" on the single \"Halftime\" from MC Serch's soundtrack for the film Zebrahead. Called the new Rakim, his rhyming skills attracted a significant amount of attention within the hip hop community. In 1994, Nas's debut album, Illmatic, was released.", "In 1994, Nas's debut album, Illmatic, was released. It featured production from Large Professor, Pete Rock, Q-Tip, LES and DJ Premier, as well as guest appearances from Nas's friend AZ and his father Olu Dara.", "It featured production from Large Professor, Pete Rock, Q-Tip, LES and DJ Premier, as well as guest appearances from Nas's friend AZ and his father Olu Dara. The album spawned several singles, including \"The World Is Yours\", \"It Ain't Hard to Tell\", and \"One Love\".", "The album spawned several singles, including \"The World Is Yours\", \"It Ain't Hard to Tell\", and \"One Love\". Shaheem Reid of MTV News called Illmatic \"the first classic LP\" of 1994.", "Shaheem Reid of MTV News called Illmatic \"the first classic LP\" of 1994. In 1994, Nas also recorded the song \"One on One\" for the soundtrack to the film Street Fighter.", "In 1994, Nas also recorded the song \"One on One\" for the soundtrack to the film Street Fighter. In his book To the Break of Dawn: A Freestyle on the Hip Hop Aesthetic, William Jelani Cobb writes of Nas's impact at the time: Illmatic was awarded best album of 1994 by The Source.", "In his book To the Break of Dawn: A Freestyle on the Hip Hop Aesthetic, William Jelani Cobb writes of Nas's impact at the time: Illmatic was awarded best album of 1994 by The Source. Steve Huey of AllMusic described Nas's lyrics on Illmatic as \"highly literate\" and his raps \"superbly fluid regardless of the size of his vocabulary\", adding that Nas is \"able to evoke the bleak reality of ghetto life without losing hope or forgetting the good times\".", "Steve Huey of AllMusic described Nas's lyrics on Illmatic as \"highly literate\" and his raps \"superbly fluid regardless of the size of his vocabulary\", adding that Nas is \"able to evoke the bleak reality of ghetto life without losing hope or forgetting the good times\". About.com ranked Illmatic as the greatest hip hop album of all-time, and Prefix magazine praised it as \"the best hip hop record ever made\".", "About.com ranked Illmatic as the greatest hip hop album of all-time, and Prefix magazine praised it as \"the best hip hop record ever made\". 1994–1998: Transition to mainstream direction and the Firm In 1995, Nas did guest performances on the albums Doe or Die by AZ, The Infamous by The Infamous Mobb Deep, Only Built 4 Cuban Linx by Raekwon and 4,5,6 by Kool G Rap.", "1994–1998: Transition to mainstream direction and the Firm In 1995, Nas did guest performances on the albums Doe or Die by AZ, The Infamous by The Infamous Mobb Deep, Only Built 4 Cuban Linx by Raekwon and 4,5,6 by Kool G Rap. Nas also parted ways with manager MC Serch, enlisted Steve Stoute, and began preparation for his second album, It Was Written.", "Nas also parted ways with manager MC Serch, enlisted Steve Stoute, and began preparation for his second album, It Was Written. The album was chiefly produced by Tone and Poke of the Trackmasters, as Nas consciously worked towards a crossover-oriented sound.", "The album was chiefly produced by Tone and Poke of the Trackmasters, as Nas consciously worked towards a crossover-oriented sound. Columbia Records had begun to pressure Nas to work towards more commercial topics, such as that of The Notorious B.I.G., who had become successful by releasing street singles that still retained radio-friendly appeal.", "Columbia Records had begun to pressure Nas to work towards more commercial topics, such as that of The Notorious B.I.G., who had become successful by releasing street singles that still retained radio-friendly appeal. The album also expanded on Nas's Escobar persona, who lived a Scarface/Casino-esque lifestyle.", "The album also expanded on Nas's Escobar persona, who lived a Scarface/Casino-esque lifestyle. On the other hand, references to Scarface protagonist Tony Montana notwithstanding, Illmatic was more about his early life growing up in the projects. It Was Written was released in mid-1996.", "It Was Written was released in mid-1996. Two singles, \"If I Ruled the World (Imagine That)\" (featuring Lauryn Hill of The Fugees) and \"Street Dreams\" (including a remix with R. Kelly), were instant hits.", "Two singles, \"If I Ruled the World (Imagine That)\" (featuring Lauryn Hill of The Fugees) and \"Street Dreams\" (including a remix with R. Kelly), were instant hits. These songs were promoted by big-budget music videos directed by Hype Williams, making Nas a common name among mainstream hip-hop.", "These songs were promoted by big-budget music videos directed by Hype Williams, making Nas a common name among mainstream hip-hop. Reviewing It Was Written, Leo Stanley of Allmusic believed the album's rhymes were not as complex as those of Illmatic, but still thought Nas had \"deepened his talents, creating a complex series of rhymes that not only flow, but manage to tell coherent stories as well.\"", "Reviewing It Was Written, Leo Stanley of Allmusic believed the album's rhymes were not as complex as those of Illmatic, but still thought Nas had \"deepened his talents, creating a complex series of rhymes that not only flow, but manage to tell coherent stories as well.\" It Was Written featured the debut of the Firm, a supergroup consisting of Nas, AZ, Foxy Brown, and Cormega.", "It Was Written featured the debut of the Firm, a supergroup consisting of Nas, AZ, Foxy Brown, and Cormega. Signed to Dr. Dre's Aftermath Entertainment label, the Firm began working on their debut album.", "Signed to Dr. Dre's Aftermath Entertainment label, the Firm began working on their debut album. Halfway through the production of the album, Cormega was fired from the group by Steve Stoute, who had unsuccessfully attempted to force Cormega to sign a deal with his management company.", "Halfway through the production of the album, Cormega was fired from the group by Steve Stoute, who had unsuccessfully attempted to force Cormega to sign a deal with his management company. Cormega subsequently became one of Nas's most vocal opponents and released a number of underground hip hop singles \"dissing\" Nas, Stoute, and Nature, who replaced Cormega as the fourth member of the Firm.", "Cormega subsequently became one of Nas's most vocal opponents and released a number of underground hip hop singles \"dissing\" Nas, Stoute, and Nature, who replaced Cormega as the fourth member of the Firm. Nas, Foxy Brown, AZ, and Nature Present The Firm: The Album was finally released in 1997 to mixed reviews.", "Nas, Foxy Brown, AZ, and Nature Present The Firm: The Album was finally released in 1997 to mixed reviews. The album failed to live up to its expected sales, despite being certified platinum, and the members of the group disbanded to go their separate ways.", "The album failed to live up to its expected sales, despite being certified platinum, and the members of the group disbanded to go their separate ways. During this period, Nas was also one of four rappers (the others being B-Real, KRS-One and RBX) in the hip-hop supergroup Group Therapy, who appeared on the song \"East Coast/West Coast Killas\" from Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath.", "During this period, Nas was also one of four rappers (the others being B-Real, KRS-One and RBX) in the hip-hop supergroup Group Therapy, who appeared on the song \"East Coast/West Coast Killas\" from Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath. 1998–2001: Heightened commercial direction and inconsistent output In late 1998, Nas began working on a double album, to be entitled I Am...", "1998–2001: Heightened commercial direction and inconsistent output In late 1998, Nas began working on a double album, to be entitled I Am... The Autobiography; he intended it as the middle ground between Illmatic and It Was Written, with each track detailing a part of his life.", "The Autobiography; he intended it as the middle ground between Illmatic and It Was Written, with each track detailing a part of his life. In 1998, Nas co-wrote and starred in Hype Williams's feature film Belly. I Am...", "I Am... I Am... The Autobiography was completed in early 1999, and a music video was shot for its lead single, \"Nas Is Like\". It was produced by DJ Premier and contained vocal samples from \"It Ain't Hard to Tell\". Music critic M.F.", "Music critic M.F. Music critic M.F. DiBella noticed that Nas also covered \"politics, the state of hip-hop, Y2K, race, and religion with his own unique perspective\" in the album besides autobiographical lyrics.", "DiBella noticed that Nas also covered \"politics, the state of hip-hop, Y2K, race, and religion with his own unique perspective\" in the album besides autobiographical lyrics. Much of the LP was leaked into MP3 format onto the Internet, and Nas and Stoute quickly recorded enough substitute material to constitute a single-disc release.", "Much of the LP was leaked into MP3 format onto the Internet, and Nas and Stoute quickly recorded enough substitute material to constitute a single-disc release. The second single on I Am... was \"Hate Me Now\", featuring Sean \"Puffy\" Combs, which was used as an example by Nas's critics accusing him of moving towards more commercial themes.", "The second single on I Am... was \"Hate Me Now\", featuring Sean \"Puffy\" Combs, which was used as an example by Nas's critics accusing him of moving towards more commercial themes. The video featured Nas and Combs being crucified in a manner similar to Jesus Christ; after the video was completed, Combs requested his crucifixion scene be edited out of the video.", "The video featured Nas and Combs being crucified in a manner similar to Jesus Christ; after the video was completed, Combs requested his crucifixion scene be edited out of the video. However, the unedited copy of the \"Hate Me Now\" video made its way to MTV.", "However, the unedited copy of the \"Hate Me Now\" video made its way to MTV. Within minutes of the broadcast, Combs and his bodyguards allegedly made their way into Steve Stoute's office and assaulted him, at one point apparently hitting Stoute over the head with a champagne bottle.", "Within minutes of the broadcast, Combs and his bodyguards allegedly made their way into Steve Stoute's office and assaulted him, at one point apparently hitting Stoute over the head with a champagne bottle. Stoute pressed charges, but he and Combs settled out-of-court that June.", "Stoute pressed charges, but he and Combs settled out-of-court that June. Columbia had scheduled to release the infringed material from I Am... under the title Nastradamus during the later half of 1999, but, at the last minute, Nas decided to record an entire new album for the 1999 release of Nastradamus.", "Columbia had scheduled to release the infringed material from I Am... under the title Nastradamus during the later half of 1999, but, at the last minute, Nas decided to record an entire new album for the 1999 release of Nastradamus. Nastradamus was therefore rushed to meet a November release date.", "Nastradamus was therefore rushed to meet a November release date. Though critical reviews were unfavorable, it did result in a minor hit, \"You Owe Me\". Fans and critics feared that Nas's career was declining, artistically and commercially, as both I Am... and Nastradamus were criticized as inconsistent and overtly-commercialized.", "Fans and critics feared that Nas's career was declining, artistically and commercially, as both I Am... and Nastradamus were criticized as inconsistent and overtly-commercialized. In 2000, Nas & Ill Will Records Presents QB's Finest, which is popularly known as simply QB's Finest, was released on Nas's Ill Will Records.", "In 2000, Nas & Ill Will Records Presents QB's Finest, which is popularly known as simply QB's Finest, was released on Nas's Ill Will Records. QB's Finest is a compilation album that featured Nas and a number of other rappers from Queensbridge projects, including Mobb Deep, Nature, Capone, the Bravehearts, Tragedy Khadafi, Millennium Thug and Cormega, who had briefly reconciled with Nas.", "QB's Finest is a compilation album that featured Nas and a number of other rappers from Queensbridge projects, including Mobb Deep, Nature, Capone, the Bravehearts, Tragedy Khadafi, Millennium Thug and Cormega, who had briefly reconciled with Nas. The album also featured guest appearances from Queensbridge hip-hop legends Roxanne Shanté, MC Shan, and Marley Marl.", "The album also featured guest appearances from Queensbridge hip-hop legends Roxanne Shanté, MC Shan, and Marley Marl. Shan and Marley Marl both appeared on the lead single \"Da Bridge 2001\", which was based on Shan & Marl's 1986 recording \"The Bridge\".", "Shan and Marley Marl both appeared on the lead single \"Da Bridge 2001\", which was based on Shan & Marl's 1986 recording \"The Bridge\". 2001–2006: Feud with Jay-Z, Stillmatic, God's Son, and double album After trading veiled criticisms on various songs, freestyles and mixtape appearances, the highly publicised dispute between Nas and Jay-Z became widely known to the public in 2001.", "2001–2006: Feud with Jay-Z, Stillmatic, God's Son, and double album After trading veiled criticisms on various songs, freestyles and mixtape appearances, the highly publicised dispute between Nas and Jay-Z became widely known to the public in 2001. Jay-Z, in his song \"Takeover\", criticised Nas by calling him \"fake\" and his career \"lame\".", "Jay-Z, in his song \"Takeover\", criticised Nas by calling him \"fake\" and his career \"lame\". Nas responded with \"Ether\", in which he compared Jay-Z to such characters as J.J. Evans from the sitcom Good Times and cigarette company mascot Joe Camel.", "Nas responded with \"Ether\", in which he compared Jay-Z to such characters as J.J. Evans from the sitcom Good Times and cigarette company mascot Joe Camel. The song was included on Nas's fifth studio album, Stillmatic, released in December 2001.", "The song was included on Nas's fifth studio album, Stillmatic, released in December 2001. His daughter, Destiny, is listed as an executive producer on Stillmatic so she could receive royalty checks from the album. Stillmatic peaked at No. 5 on the U.S.", "5 on the U.S. 5 on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart and featured the singles \"Got Ur Self A...\" and \"One Mic\". In response to \"Ether\", Jay-Z released the song \"Supa Ugly\", which Hot 97 radio host Angie Martinez premiered on December 11, 2001.", "In response to \"Ether\", Jay-Z released the song \"Supa Ugly\", which Hot 97 radio host Angie Martinez premiered on December 11, 2001. In the song, Jay-Z explicitly boasts about having an affair with Nas's girlfriend, Carmen Bryan.", "In the song, Jay-Z explicitly boasts about having an affair with Nas's girlfriend, Carmen Bryan. New York City hip-hop radio station Hot 97 issued a poll asking listeners which rapper made the better diss song; Nas won with 58% while Jay-Z got 42% of the votes.", "New York City hip-hop radio station Hot 97 issued a poll asking listeners which rapper made the better diss song; Nas won with 58% while Jay-Z got 42% of the votes. In 2002, in the midst of the dispute between the two New York rappers, Eminem cited both Nas and Jay-Z as being two of the best MCs in the industry, in his song 'Till I Collapse.", "In 2002, in the midst of the dispute between the two New York rappers, Eminem cited both Nas and Jay-Z as being two of the best MCs in the industry, in his song 'Till I Collapse. Both the dispute and Stillmatic signalled an artistic comeback for Nas after a string of inconsistent albums.", "Both the dispute and Stillmatic signalled an artistic comeback for Nas after a string of inconsistent albums. The Lost Tapes, a compilation of previously unreleased or bootlegged songs from 1998 to 2001, was released by Columbia in September 2002. The collection attained respectable sales and received rave reviews from critics.", "The collection attained respectable sales and received rave reviews from critics. In December 2002, Nas released the God's Son album including its lead single, \"Made You Look\" which used a pitched down sample of the Incredible Bongo Band's \"Apache\". The album peaked at No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No.", "12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts despite widespread Internet bootlegging. Time Magazine named his album best hip-hop album of the year. Vibe gave it four stars and The Source gave it four mics.", "Vibe gave it four stars and The Source gave it four mics. The second single, \"I Can\", which reworked elements from Beethoven's \"Für Elise\", became Nas's biggest hit to date in 2003, garnering substantial radio airplay on urban, rhythmic, and top 40 radio stations, as well as on the MTV and VH1 music video networks.", "The second single, \"I Can\", which reworked elements from Beethoven's \"Für Elise\", became Nas's biggest hit to date in 2003, garnering substantial radio airplay on urban, rhythmic, and top 40 radio stations, as well as on the MTV and VH1 music video networks. God's Son also includes several songs dedicated to Nas's mother, who died of cancer in April 2002, including \"Dance\".", "God's Son also includes several songs dedicated to Nas's mother, who died of cancer in April 2002, including \"Dance\". In 2003, Nas was featured on the Korn song \"Play Me\", from Korn's Take a Look in the Mirror LP.", "In 2003, Nas was featured on the Korn song \"Play Me\", from Korn's Take a Look in the Mirror LP. Also in 2003, a live performance in New York City, featuring Ludacris, Jadakiss, and Darryl McDaniels (of Run-D.M.C.", "Also in 2003, a live performance in New York City, featuring Ludacris, Jadakiss, and Darryl McDaniels (of Run-D.M.C. fame), was released on DVD as Made You Look: God's Son Live. God's Son was critical in the power struggle between Nas and Jay-Z in the hip-hop industry at the time.", "God's Son was critical in the power struggle between Nas and Jay-Z in the hip-hop industry at the time. In an article at the time, Joseph Jones of PopMatters stated, \"Whether you like it or not, \"Ether\" did this.", "In an article at the time, Joseph Jones of PopMatters stated, \"Whether you like it or not, \"Ether\" did this. With God's Son, Nas has the opportunity to cement his status as the King of NY, at least for another 3-4-year term, or he could prove that he is not the savior that hip-hop fans should be pinning their hopes on.\"", "With God's Son, Nas has the opportunity to cement his status as the King of NY, at least for another 3-4-year term, or he could prove that he is not the savior that hip-hop fans should be pinning their hopes on.\" After the album's release, he began helping the Bravehearts, an act including his younger brother Jungle and friend Wiz (Wizard), put together their debut album, Bravehearted.", "After the album's release, he began helping the Bravehearts, an act including his younger brother Jungle and friend Wiz (Wizard), put together their debut album, Bravehearted. The album features guest appearances from Nas, Nashawn (Millennium Thug), Lil Jon, and Jully Black.", "The album features guest appearances from Nas, Nashawn (Millennium Thug), Lil Jon, and Jully Black. Nas released his seventh album Street's Disciple, a sprawling double album, on November 30, 2004. It addressed subject matter both political and personal, including his impending marriage to recording artist Kelis.", "It addressed subject matter both political and personal, including his impending marriage to recording artist Kelis. The double-sided single \"Thief's Theme\"/\"You Know My Style\" was released months before the album's release, followed by the single \"Bridging the Gap\" upon the album's release.", "The double-sided single \"Thief's Theme\"/\"You Know My Style\" was released months before the album's release, followed by the single \"Bridging the Gap\" upon the album's release. Although Street's Disciple went platinum, it served as a drop-off from Nas's previous commercial successes.", "Although Street's Disciple went platinum, it served as a drop-off from Nas's previous commercial successes. In 2005, New York-based rapper 50 Cent dissed Nas on his song \"Piggy Bank\", which brought his reputation into question in hip-hop circles.", "In 2005, New York-based rapper 50 Cent dissed Nas on his song \"Piggy Bank\", which brought his reputation into question in hip-hop circles. In October, Nas made a surprise appearance at Jay-Z's \"I Declare War\" concert, where they reconciled their beef.", "In October, Nas made a surprise appearance at Jay-Z's \"I Declare War\" concert, where they reconciled their beef. At the show, Jay-Z announced to the crowd, \"It's bigger than 'I Declare War'. Let's go, Esco!\"", "Let's go, Esco!\" and Nas then joined him onstage, and the two performed Jay-Z's \"Dead Presidents\" (1996) together, a song that featured a prominent sample of Nas's 1994 track, \"The World Is Yours\" (1994).", "and Nas then joined him onstage, and the two performed Jay-Z's \"Dead Presidents\" (1996) together, a song that featured a prominent sample of Nas's 1994 track, \"The World Is Yours\" (1994). 2006–2008: Hip Hop Is Dead, Untitled, and politicized efforts The reconciliation between Nas and Jay-Z created the opportunity for Nas to sign a deal with Def Jam Recordings, of which Jay-Z was president at the time.", "2006–2008: Hip Hop Is Dead, Untitled, and politicized efforts The reconciliation between Nas and Jay-Z created the opportunity for Nas to sign a deal with Def Jam Recordings, of which Jay-Z was president at the time. Jay-Z signed Nas on January 23, 2006; the signing included an agreement that Nas was to be paid about $3,000,000, including a recording budget, for each of his first two albums with Def Jam.", "Jay-Z signed Nas on January 23, 2006; the signing included an agreement that Nas was to be paid about $3,000,000, including a recording budget, for each of his first two albums with Def Jam. Tentatively called Hip Hop Is Dead...The N, Hip Hop Is Dead was a commentary on the state of hip-hop and featured \"Black Republican\", a hyped collaboration with Jay-Z.", "Tentatively called Hip Hop Is Dead...The N, Hip Hop Is Dead was a commentary on the state of hip-hop and featured \"Black Republican\", a hyped collaboration with Jay-Z. The album debuted on Def Jam and Nas new imprint at that label, The Jones Experience, at No.", "The album debuted on Def Jam and Nas new imprint at that label, The Jones Experience, at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 charts, selling 355,000 copies—Nas's third number one album, along with It Was Written and I Am....", "1 on the Billboard 200 charts, selling 355,000 copies—Nas's third number one album, along with It Was Written and I Am.... It also inspired reactions about the state of hip-hop, particularly controversy with Southern hip hop artists who felt the album's title was a criticism aimed at them.", "It also inspired reactions about the state of hip-hop, particularly controversy with Southern hip hop artists who felt the album's title was a criticism aimed at them. Nas's 2004 song \"Thief's Theme\" was featured in the 2006 film The Departed. Nas's former label, Columbia Records, released the compilation Greatest Hits in November.", "Nas's former label, Columbia Records, released the compilation Greatest Hits in November. On October 12, 2007, Nas announced that his next album would be called Nigger.", "On October 12, 2007, Nas announced that his next album would be called Nigger. Both progressive commentators, such as Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton, and the conservative-aligned news channel Fox News were outraged; Jackson called on entertainers to stop using the epithet after comedian Michael Richards used it onstage in late 2006.", "Both progressive commentators, such as Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton, and the conservative-aligned news channel Fox News were outraged; Jackson called on entertainers to stop using the epithet after comedian Michael Richards used it onstage in late 2006. Controversy escalated as the album's impending release date drew nearer, going as far as to spark rumors that Def Jam was planning to drop Nas unless he changed the title.", "Controversy escalated as the album's impending release date drew nearer, going as far as to spark rumors that Def Jam was planning to drop Nas unless he changed the title. Additionally, Fort Greene, Brooklyn assemblyman Hakeem Jeffries requested New York's Comptroller Thomas DiNapoli to withdraw $84,000,000 from the state pension fund that has been invested into Universal and its parent company, Vivendi, if the album's title was not changed.", "Additionally, Fort Greene, Brooklyn assemblyman Hakeem Jeffries requested New York's Comptroller Thomas DiNapoli to withdraw $84,000,000 from the state pension fund that has been invested into Universal and its parent company, Vivendi, if the album's title was not changed. On the opposite side of the spectrum, many of the most famous names in the entertainment industry expressed a sense of trust in Nas for using the racial epithet as the title of his full-length LP.", "On the opposite side of the spectrum, many of the most famous names in the entertainment industry expressed a sense of trust in Nas for using the racial epithet as the title of his full-length LP. Nas's management worried that the album would not be sold by chain stores such as Wal-Mart, thus limiting its distribution.", "Nas's management worried that the album would not be sold by chain stores such as Wal-Mart, thus limiting its distribution. On May 19, 2008, Nas decided to forgo an album title.", "On May 19, 2008, Nas decided to forgo an album title. Responding to Jesse Jackson's remarks and use of the word \"nigger\", Nas called him \"the biggest player hater\", stating \"His time is up. All you old niggas' time is up.", "All you old niggas' time is up. We heard your voice, we saw your marching, we heard your sermons. We don't want to hear that shit no more. It's a new day. It's a new voice. I'm here now. We don't need Jesse; I'm here.", "We don't need Jesse; I'm here. I got this. We the voice now. It's no more Jesse. Sorry. Goodbye. You ain't helping nobody in the 'hood and that's the bottom line.\"", "You ain't helping nobody in the 'hood and that's the bottom line.\" He also said of the album's title: \"It's important to me that this album gets to the fans. It's been a long time coming.", "It's been a long time coming. I want my fans to know that creatively and lyrically, they can expect the same content and the same messages. The people will always know what the real title of this album is and what to call it.\" The album was ultimately released on July 15, 2008, untitled.", "The album was ultimately released on July 15, 2008, untitled. It featured production from Polow da Don, stic.man of Dead Prez, Sons of Light and J. Myers, \"Hero\", the album's lead single released on June 23, 2008, reached No. 97 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No.", "97 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 87 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks. In July, Nas attained a shoe deal with Fila. In an interview with MTV News in July, Nas speculated that he might release two albums: one produced by DJ Premier and another by Dr. Dre—simultaneously the same day.", "In an interview with MTV News in July, Nas speculated that he might release two albums: one produced by DJ Premier and another by Dr. Dre—simultaneously the same day. Nas worked on Dr. Dre's studio album Detox.", "Nas worked on Dr. Dre's studio album Detox. Nas was also awarded 'Emcee of the Year' in the HipHopDX 2008 Awards for his latest solo effort, the quality of his appearances on other albums and was described as having \"become an artist who thrives off of reinvention and going against the system.\"", "Nas was also awarded 'Emcee of the Year' in the HipHopDX 2008 Awards for his latest solo effort, the quality of his appearances on other albums and was described as having \"become an artist who thrives off of reinvention and going against the system.\" 2009–2012: Distant Relatives and Life Is Good At the 2009 Grammy Awards, Nas confirmed he was collaborating on an album with reggae singer Damian Marley which was expected to be released in late 2009.", "2009–2012: Distant Relatives and Life Is Good At the 2009 Grammy Awards, Nas confirmed he was collaborating on an album with reggae singer Damian Marley which was expected to be released in late 2009. Nas said of the collaboration in an interview \"I was a big fan of his father and of course all the children, all the offspring, and Damian, I kind of looked at Damian as a rap guy.", "Nas said of the collaboration in an interview \"I was a big fan of his father and of course all the children, all the offspring, and Damian, I kind of looked at Damian as a rap guy. His stuff is not really singing, or if he does, it comes off more hard, like on some street shit.", "His stuff is not really singing, or if he does, it comes off more hard, like on some street shit. I always liked how reggae and hip-hop have always been intertwined and always kind of pushed each other, I always liked the connection.", "I always liked how reggae and hip-hop have always been intertwined and always kind of pushed each other, I always liked the connection. I'd worked with people before from the reggae world but when I worked with Damian, the whole workout was perfect\".", "I'd worked with people before from the reggae world but when I worked with Damian, the whole workout was perfect\". A portion of the profit was planned to go towards building a school in Africa. He went on to say that it was \"too early to tell the title or anything like that\".", "He went on to say that it was \"too early to tell the title or anything like that\". The Los Angeles Times reported that the album would be titled Distant Relatives. Nas also revealed that he would begin working on his tenth studio album following the release of Distant Relatives.", "Nas also revealed that he would begin working on his tenth studio album following the release of Distant Relatives. During late 2009, Nas used his live band Mulatto with music director Dustin Moore for concerts in Europe and Australia.", "During late 2009, Nas used his live band Mulatto with music director Dustin Moore for concerts in Europe and Australia. After announcing a possible release in 2010, a follow-up compilation to The Lost Tapes (2002) was delayed indefinitely due to issues between him and Def Jam.", "After announcing a possible release in 2010, a follow-up compilation to The Lost Tapes (2002) was delayed indefinitely due to issues between him and Def Jam. His eleventh studio album, Life Is Good (2012) was produced primarily by Salaam Remi and No I.D, and released on July 13, 2012.", "His eleventh studio album, Life Is Good (2012) was produced primarily by Salaam Remi and No I.D, and released on July 13, 2012. Nas called the album a \"magic moment\" in his rap career.", "Nas called the album a \"magic moment\" in his rap career. In 2011, Nas announced that he would release collaboration albums with Mobb Deep, Common, and a third with DJ Premier. Common said of the project in a 2011 interview, \"At some point, we will do that.", "Common said of the project in a 2011 interview, \"At some point, we will do that. We'd talked about it and we had a good idea to call it Nas.Com. That was actually going to be a mixtape at one point. But we decided that we should make it an album.\"", "But we decided that we should make it an album.\" Life is Good would be nominated for Best Rap Album at the 2013 Grammy Awards. 2013–2019: Nasir and The Lost Tapes 2 In January 2013, Nas announced he had begun working on his twelfth studio album, which would be his final album for Def Jam.", "2013–2019: Nasir and The Lost Tapes 2 In January 2013, Nas announced he had begun working on his twelfth studio album, which would be his final album for Def Jam. The album was supposed to be released during 2015.", "The album was supposed to be released during 2015. In October 2013, DJ Premier said that his collaboration album with Nas, would be released following his twelfth studio album. In October 2013, Nas confirmed that a rumored song \"Sinatra in the Sands\" featuring Jay-Z, Justin Timberlake, and Timbaland would be featured on the album.", "In October 2013, Nas confirmed that a rumored song \"Sinatra in the Sands\" featuring Jay-Z, Justin Timberlake, and Timbaland would be featured on the album. On April 16, 2014, on the twentieth anniversary of Illmatic, the documentary Nas: Time Is Illmatic was premiered which recounted circumstances leading up to Nas's debut album.", "On April 16, 2014, on the twentieth anniversary of Illmatic, the documentary Nas: Time Is Illmatic was premiered which recounted circumstances leading up to Nas's debut album. It was reported on September 10, that Nas has finished his last album with Def Jam.", "It was reported on September 10, that Nas has finished his last album with Def Jam. On October 30, Nas released a song which might have been the first single on his new album, titled \"The Season\", produced by J Dilla.", "On October 30, Nas released a song which might have been the first single on his new album, titled \"The Season\", produced by J Dilla. Nas has also collaborated with the Australian hip-hop group, Bliss n Eso, in 2014. They released the track \"I Am Somebody\" in May 2014.", "They released the track \"I Am Somebody\" in May 2014. Nas was featured on the song \"We Are\" from Justin Bieber's fourth studio album, Purpose, released in November 2015.", "Nas was featured on the song \"We Are\" from Justin Bieber's fourth studio album, Purpose, released in November 2015. Nas was announced as one of the executive producers of the Netflix original series, The Get Down, prior to its release in August 2016. He narrated the series and rapped as adult Ezekiel of 1996.", "He narrated the series and rapped as adult Ezekiel of 1996. He also appeared on DJ Khaled's album Major Key, on a track simply titled \"Nas Album Done\", suggesting an upcoming album was not only completed, but also was imminent.", "He also appeared on DJ Khaled's album Major Key, on a track simply titled \"Nas Album Done\", suggesting an upcoming album was not only completed, but also was imminent. On October 16, 2016, he received the Jimmy Iovine Icon Award at 2016 REVOLT Music Conference for having a lasting impact and unique influence on music, numerous years in the rap business, his partnership with Hennessy, and Mass Appeal imprint by Puff Daddy.", "On October 16, 2016, he received the Jimmy Iovine Icon Award at 2016 REVOLT Music Conference for having a lasting impact and unique influence on music, numerous years in the rap business, his partnership with Hennessy, and Mass Appeal imprint by Puff Daddy. In November 2016, Nas collaborated with Lin-Manuel Miranda, Dave East and Aloe Blacc on a song called \"Wrote My Way Out\", which appears on The Hamilton Mixtape.", "In November 2016, Nas collaborated with Lin-Manuel Miranda, Dave East and Aloe Blacc on a song called \"Wrote My Way Out\", which appears on The Hamilton Mixtape. On April 12, 2017, Nas released the song Angel Dust as soundtrack for TV series The Getdown.", "On April 12, 2017, Nas released the song Angel Dust as soundtrack for TV series The Getdown. It contains a sample of the Gil Scott-Heron and Brian Jackson song Angel Dust.", "It contains a sample of the Gil Scott-Heron and Brian Jackson song Angel Dust. In June 2017, Nas appeared in the award-winning 2017 documentary The American Epic Sessions directed by Bernard MacMahon, where he recorded live direct-to-disc on the restored first electrical sound recording system from the 1920s.", "In June 2017, Nas appeared in the award-winning 2017 documentary The American Epic Sessions directed by Bernard MacMahon, where he recorded live direct-to-disc on the restored first electrical sound recording system from the 1920s. He performed \"On the Road Again\", a 1928 song by the Memphis Jug Band, which received universal acclaim with The Hollywood Reporter describing his performance as \"fantastic\" and the Financial Times praising his \"superb cover of the Memphis Jug Band's \"On the Road Again\", exposing the hip-hop blueprint within the 1928 stomper.\"", "He performed \"On the Road Again\", a 1928 song by the Memphis Jug Band, which received universal acclaim with The Hollywood Reporter describing his performance as \"fantastic\" and the Financial Times praising his \"superb cover of the Memphis Jug Band's \"On the Road Again\", exposing the hip-hop blueprint within the 1928 stomper.\" \"On the Road Again\", and a performance of \"One Mic\", were released on Music from The American Epic Sessions: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack on June 9, 2017.", "\"On the Road Again\", and a performance of \"One Mic\", were released on Music from The American Epic Sessions: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack on June 9, 2017. In April 2018, Kanye West announced on Twitter that Nas's twelfth studio album will be released on June 15, also serving as executive producer for the album.", "In April 2018, Kanye West announced on Twitter that Nas's twelfth studio album will be released on June 15, also serving as executive producer for the album. The album was announced the day before release, titled Nasir.", "The album was announced the day before release, titled Nasir. Following the release of Nasir, Nas confirmed he would return to completing a previous album, including production from Swizz Beatz and RZA.", "Following the release of Nasir, Nas confirmed he would return to completing a previous album, including production from Swizz Beatz and RZA. This project was released as The Lost Tapes 2 on July 19, 2019, which included production from Kanye West, Pharrell Williams, Swizz Beatz, The Alchemist, and RZA.", "This project was released as The Lost Tapes 2 on July 19, 2019, which included production from Kanye West, Pharrell Williams, Swizz Beatz, The Alchemist, and RZA. This album was a sequel to Nas's 2002 release, The Lost Tapes.", "This album was a sequel to Nas's 2002 release, The Lost Tapes. 2020–present: King's Disease series and Magic In August 2020, Nas announced that he would be releasing his 13th album. On August 13, he revealed the album's title, King's Disease.", "On August 13, he revealed the album's title, King's Disease. The album, executive-produced by Hit-Boy, was preceded by the lead single, \"Ultra Black\", a song detailing perseverance and pride \"despite the system\".", "The album, executive-produced by Hit-Boy, was preceded by the lead single, \"Ultra Black\", a song detailing perseverance and pride \"despite the system\". The album won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, becoming Nas' first Grammy.", "The album won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, becoming Nas' first Grammy. The sequel album, King's Disease II, was released on August 6, 2021 King's Disease II debuted at number-three on the US Billboard 200, becoming Nas's highest-charting album since 2012.", "The sequel album, King's Disease II, was released on August 6, 2021 King's Disease II debuted at number-three on the US Billboard 200, becoming Nas's highest-charting album since 2012. On December 24, Nas released the album Magic.", "On December 24, Nas released the album Magic. It is his third album executively produced by Hit-Boy, and includes guest appearances from ASAP Rocky and DJ Premier.", "It is his third album executively produced by Hit-Boy, and includes guest appearances from ASAP Rocky and DJ Premier. Artistry Nas has been praised for his ability to create a \"devastating match between lyrics and production\" by journalist Peter Shapiro, as well as creating a \"potent evocation of life on the street\", and he has even been compared to Rakim for his lyrical technique.", "Artistry Nas has been praised for his ability to create a \"devastating match between lyrics and production\" by journalist Peter Shapiro, as well as creating a \"potent evocation of life on the street\", and he has even been compared to Rakim for his lyrical technique. In his book Book of Rhymes: The Poetics of Hip Hop (2009), writer Adam Bradley states, \"Nas is perhaps contemporary rap's greatest innovator in storytelling.", "In his book Book of Rhymes: The Poetics of Hip Hop (2009), writer Adam Bradley states, \"Nas is perhaps contemporary rap's greatest innovator in storytelling. His catalog includes songs narrated before birth ('Fetus') and after death ('Amongst Kings'), biographies ('UBR [Unauthorized Biography of Rakim]') and autobiographies ('Doo Rags'), allegorical tales ('Money Is My Bitch') and epistolary ones ('One Love'), he's rapped in the voice of a woman ('Sekou Story') and even of a gun ('I Gave You Power').\"", "His catalog includes songs narrated before birth ('Fetus') and after death ('Amongst Kings'), biographies ('UBR [Unauthorized Biography of Rakim]') and autobiographies ('Doo Rags'), allegorical tales ('Money Is My Bitch') and epistolary ones ('One Love'), he's rapped in the voice of a woman ('Sekou Story') and even of a gun ('I Gave You Power').\" Robert Christgau writes that \"Nas has been transfiguring [gangsta rap] since Illmatic\".", "Robert Christgau writes that \"Nas has been transfiguring [gangsta rap] since Illmatic\". Kool Moe Dee notes that Nas has an \"off-beat conversational flow\" in his book There's a God on the Mic – he says: \"before Nas, every MC focused on rhyming with a cadence that ultimately put the words that rhymed on beat with the snare drum.", "Kool Moe Dee notes that Nas has an \"off-beat conversational flow\" in his book There's a God on the Mic – he says: \"before Nas, every MC focused on rhyming with a cadence that ultimately put the words that rhymed on beat with the snare drum. Nas created a style of rapping that was more conversational than ever before\".", "Nas created a style of rapping that was more conversational than ever before\". OC of D.I.T.C. comments in the book How to Rap: \"Nas did the song backwards ['Rewind']... that was a brilliant idea\".", "comments in the book How to Rap: \"Nas did the song backwards ['Rewind']... that was a brilliant idea\". Also in How to Rap, 2Mex of The Visionaries describes Nas's flow as \"effervescent\", Rah Digga says Nas's lyrics have \"intricacy\", Bootie Brown of The Pharcyde explains that Nas does not always have to make words rhyme as he is \"charismatic\", and Nas is also described as having a \"densely packed\" flow, with compound rhymes that \"run over from one beat into the next or even into another bar\".", "Also in How to Rap, 2Mex of The Visionaries describes Nas's flow as \"effervescent\", Rah Digga says Nas's lyrics have \"intricacy\", Bootie Brown of The Pharcyde explains that Nas does not always have to make words rhyme as he is \"charismatic\", and Nas is also described as having a \"densely packed\" flow, with compound rhymes that \"run over from one beat into the next or even into another bar\". About.com ranked him 1st on their list of the \"50 Greatest MCs of All Time\" in 2014, and a year later, Nas was featured on the \"10 Best Rappers of All Time\" list by Billboard.", "About.com ranked him 1st on their list of the \"50 Greatest MCs of All Time\" in 2014, and a year later, Nas was featured on the \"10 Best Rappers of All Time\" list by Billboard. The Source ranked him No. 2 on their list of the Top 50 Lyricists of All Time.", "2 on their list of the Top 50 Lyricists of All Time. In 2013, Nas was ranked fourth on MTV's \"Hottest MCs in the Game\" list. His debut Illmatic is widely considered among the greatest hip hop albums of all-time.", "His debut Illmatic is widely considered among the greatest hip hop albums of all-time. Controversies and feuds Jay-Z Initially friends, Nas and Jay-Z had met a number of times in the 1990s with no animosity between the two.", "Controversies and feuds Jay-Z Initially friends, Nas and Jay-Z had met a number of times in the 1990s with no animosity between the two. Jay-Z requested that Nas appear on his 1996 album Reasonable Doubt on the track \"Bring it On\"; however, Nas never showed up to the studio and was not included on the album.", "Jay-Z requested that Nas appear on his 1996 album Reasonable Doubt on the track \"Bring it On\"; however, Nas never showed up to the studio and was not included on the album. In response to this, Jay-Z asked producer Ski Beatz to sample a line from Nas's song The World is Yours, with the sample featured heavily in what went on to be Dead Presidents II.", "In response to this, Jay-Z asked producer Ski Beatz to sample a line from Nas's song The World is Yours, with the sample featured heavily in what went on to be Dead Presidents II. The two traded subliminal responses for the next couple of years, until the beef was escalated further in 2001 after Jay-Z publicly addressed Nas at the Summer Jam, performing what would go on to be known as Takeover, ending the performance by saying \"ask Nas, he don't want it with Hov\".", "The two traded subliminal responses for the next couple of years, until the beef was escalated further in 2001 after Jay-Z publicly addressed Nas at the Summer Jam, performing what would go on to be known as Takeover, ending the performance by saying \"ask Nas, he don't want it with Hov\". After Jay-Z eventually released the song on his 2001 album The Blueprint, Nas responded with the song \"Ether\", from his album Stillmatic, with both fans and critics saying that the song had effectively saved Nas's career and marked his return to prominence, and almost unanimously agreeing Nas had won their feud.", "After Jay-Z eventually released the song on his 2001 album The Blueprint, Nas responded with the song \"Ether\", from his album Stillmatic, with both fans and critics saying that the song had effectively saved Nas's career and marked his return to prominence, and almost unanimously agreeing Nas had won their feud. Jay-Z responded with a freestyle over the instrumental to Nas's \"Got Ur Self a Gun\", known as \"Supa Ugly\".", "Jay-Z responded with a freestyle over the instrumental to Nas's \"Got Ur Self a Gun\", known as \"Supa Ugly\". In the song, Jay-Z makes reference to Nas's girlfriend and daughter, going into graphic detail about having an affair with his girlfriend.", "In the song, Jay-Z makes reference to Nas's girlfriend and daughter, going into graphic detail about having an affair with his girlfriend. Jay-Z's mother was personally disgusted by the song, and demanded he apologise to Nas and his family, which he did in December 2001 on Hot 97.", "Jay-Z's mother was personally disgusted by the song, and demanded he apologise to Nas and his family, which he did in December 2001 on Hot 97. Supa Ugly marked the last direct diss song between Jay-Z and Nas, however, the two continued to trade subliminals on their subsequent releases.", "Supa Ugly marked the last direct diss song between Jay-Z and Nas, however, the two continued to trade subliminals on their subsequent releases. The feud was officially brought to an end in 2005, when Jay-Z and Nas performed on stage together in a surprise concert also featuring P Diddy, Kanye West and Beanie Sigel.", "The feud was officially brought to an end in 2005, when Jay-Z and Nas performed on stage together in a surprise concert also featuring P Diddy, Kanye West and Beanie Sigel. The following year, Nas signed with Def Jam Recordings, of which Jay-Z then served as president.", "The following year, Nas signed with Def Jam Recordings, of which Jay-Z then served as president. Cam'ron After Nas was removed from the 2002 Summer Jam lineup due to allegedly planning to perform the song Ether while a mock lynching of a Jay-Z effigy took place behind him, Cam'ron was announced as a last minute replacement and headlined the show instead.", "Cam'ron After Nas was removed from the 2002 Summer Jam lineup due to allegedly planning to perform the song Ether while a mock lynching of a Jay-Z effigy took place behind him, Cam'ron was announced as a last minute replacement and headlined the show instead. Nas appeared on Power 105.1 days later and addressed a number of fellow artists, including Nelly, Noreaga and Cam'ron himself.", "Nas appeared on Power 105.1 days later and addressed a number of fellow artists, including Nelly, Noreaga and Cam'ron himself. Nas praised Cam'ron as a good lyricist, but branded his album Come Home With Me as \"wack\".", "Nas praised Cam'ron as a good lyricist, but branded his album Come Home With Me as \"wack\". After Cam'ron heard of Nas's words, he appeared on Funkmaster Flex's Hot 97 and performed a freestyle diss over the beat to Nas's \"Hate Me Now\", making reference to Nas's mother, baby mother and daughter.", "After Cam'ron heard of Nas's words, he appeared on Funkmaster Flex's Hot 97 and performed a freestyle diss over the beat to Nas's \"Hate Me Now\", making reference to Nas's mother, baby mother and daughter. Nas did not respond directly but appeared on the radio days later, calling Cam'ron a \"dummy\" for supposedly being used by Hot 97 to generate ratings.", "Nas did not respond directly but appeared on the radio days later, calling Cam'ron a \"dummy\" for supposedly being used by Hot 97 to generate ratings. Nas eventually responded on his 2002 album God's Son on the song \"Zone Out\", claiming Cam'ron had HIV.", "Nas eventually responded on his 2002 album God's Son on the song \"Zone Out\", claiming Cam'ron had HIV. Cam'ron and the rest of The Diplomats, specifically Jim Jones continued to attack Nas throughout 2003, on numerous mixtapes, albums and radio freestyles, however, the feud between the two slowly died down and they eventually reconciled in 2014.", "Cam'ron and the rest of The Diplomats, specifically Jim Jones continued to attack Nas throughout 2003, on numerous mixtapes, albums and radio freestyles, however, the feud between the two slowly died down and they eventually reconciled in 2014. 2Pac After 2Pac interpreted lines directed to the Notorious B.I.G.", "2Pac After 2Pac interpreted lines directed to the Notorious B.I.G. on Nas's 1996 album It Was Written to be aimed towards him, he attacked Nas on the track \"Against All Odds\" from The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory.", "on Nas's 1996 album It Was Written to be aimed towards him, he attacked Nas on the track \"Against All Odds\" from The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory. Nas himself later admitted he was brought to tears when he heard the diss because he idolized 2Pac.", "Nas himself later admitted he was brought to tears when he heard the diss because he idolized 2Pac. The two later met in Central Park before the 1996 MTV Video Music Awards and ended their feud, with 2Pac promising to remove any disses aimed at Nas from the official album release; however, 2Pac was shot four times in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas, Nevada three days later on September 7, dying of his wounds on September 13, before any edits to the album could be made.", "The two later met in Central Park before the 1996 MTV Video Music Awards and ended their feud, with 2Pac promising to remove any disses aimed at Nas from the official album release; however, 2Pac was shot four times in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas, Nevada three days later on September 7, dying of his wounds on September 13, before any edits to the album could be made. Young Jeezy After Nas blamed Southern hip hop as the cause of the perceived artistic decline of the genre on his 2006 single \"Hip Hop Is Dead\", from the album of the same name, his then-Def Jam labelmate Young Jeezy took offense by claiming that Nas had \"no street credibility\" and vowing his album The Inspiration would outsell Hip Hop is Dead, which were released one week apart from each other in December 2006.", "Young Jeezy After Nas blamed Southern hip hop as the cause of the perceived artistic decline of the genre on his 2006 single \"Hip Hop Is Dead\", from the album of the same name, his then-Def Jam labelmate Young Jeezy took offense by claiming that Nas had \"no street credibility\" and vowing his album The Inspiration would outsell Hip Hop is Dead, which were released one week apart from each other in December 2006. After failing to do so, Young Jeezy took back his disses towards Nas, and the two later collaborated on the 2008 hit single \"My President\".", "After failing to do so, Young Jeezy took back his disses towards Nas, and the two later collaborated on the 2008 hit single \"My President\". Bill O'Reilly and Virginia Tech controversy On September 6, 2007, Nas performed at a free concert for the Virginia Tech student body and faculty, following the school shooting there.", "Bill O'Reilly and Virginia Tech controversy On September 6, 2007, Nas performed at a free concert for the Virginia Tech student body and faculty, following the school shooting there. He was joined by John Mayer, Alan Jackson, Phil Vassar, and Dave Matthews Band.", "He was joined by John Mayer, Alan Jackson, Phil Vassar, and Dave Matthews Band. When announced that Nas was to perform, political commentator Bill O'Reilly and Fox News denounced the concert and called for Nas's removal, citing \"violent\" lyrics on songs such as \"Shoot 'Em Up\", \"Got Urself a Gun\", and \"Made You Look\".", "When announced that Nas was to perform, political commentator Bill O'Reilly and Fox News denounced the concert and called for Nas's removal, citing \"violent\" lyrics on songs such as \"Shoot 'Em Up\", \"Got Urself a Gun\", and \"Made You Look\". During his Talking Points Memo segment for August 15, 2007, an argument erupted in which O'Reilly claimed that it was not only Nas's lyrical content that made him inappropriate for the event, citing the gun conviction on Nas's criminal record.", "During his Talking Points Memo segment for August 15, 2007, an argument erupted in which O'Reilly claimed that it was not only Nas's lyrical content that made him inappropriate for the event, citing the gun conviction on Nas's criminal record. On September 6, 2007, during his set at \"A Concert for Virginia Tech\", Nas twice referred to Bill O'Reilly as \"a chump\", prompting loud cheers by members of the crowd.", "On September 6, 2007, during his set at \"A Concert for Virginia Tech\", Nas twice referred to Bill O'Reilly as \"a chump\", prompting loud cheers by members of the crowd. About two weeks later, Nas was interviewed by Shaheem Reid of MTV News, where he criticised O'Reilly, calling him uncivilized and willing to go to extremes for publicity.", "About two weeks later, Nas was interviewed by Shaheem Reid of MTV News, where he criticised O'Reilly, calling him uncivilized and willing to go to extremes for publicity. Responding to O'Reilly, Nas, in an interview with MTV News, said: On July 23, 2008, Nas appeared on The Colbert Report to discuss his opinion of O'Reilly and Fox News, which he accused of bias against the African-American community and re-challenged O'Reilly to a debate.", "Responding to O'Reilly, Nas, in an interview with MTV News, said: On July 23, 2008, Nas appeared on The Colbert Report to discuss his opinion of O'Reilly and Fox News, which he accused of bias against the African-American community and re-challenged O'Reilly to a debate. During the appearance, Nas sat on boxes of more than 625,000 signatures gathered by online advocacy organisation Color of Change in support of a petition accusing Fox of race-baiting and fear-mongering.", "During the appearance, Nas sat on boxes of more than 625,000 signatures gathered by online advocacy organisation Color of Change in support of a petition accusing Fox of race-baiting and fear-mongering. Doja Cat In 2020, after Doja Cat faced accusations of participating in racist conversations on the internet, Nas referenced her in his song \"Ultra Black\", calling her \"the opposite of ultra black\".", "Doja Cat In 2020, after Doja Cat faced accusations of participating in racist conversations on the internet, Nas referenced her in his song \"Ultra Black\", calling her \"the opposite of ultra black\". The response to the lyric was mixed, with some defending his right to criticize her, and others resurfacing allegations that he verbally abused his ex-wife, Kelis.", "The response to the lyric was mixed, with some defending his right to criticize her, and others resurfacing allegations that he verbally abused his ex-wife, Kelis. Doja Cat shrugged off the namedrop, jokingly referencing the lyric in a TikTok video.", "Doja Cat shrugged off the namedrop, jokingly referencing the lyric in a TikTok video. In an interview with Fat Joe, Doja Cat said that she has no interest in \"beefing\" with Nas saying \"I fucking love Nas, thank fucking god he noticed me. I love Nas. So I don’t give a shit.", "So I don’t give a shit. He can say whatever he wants. I really don’t care\". Nas later claimed that the line was not meant to be perceived as a \"diss\", and that he was \"just trying to find another word that worked with the scheme of the song.\"", "Nas later claimed that the line was not meant to be perceived as a \"diss\", and that he was \"just trying to find another word that worked with the scheme of the song.\" Business ventures On April 10, 2013, Nas invested an undisclosed six-figure sum into Mass Appeal Magazine, where he went on to serve as the publication's associate publisher, joined by creative firm Decon and White Owl Capital Partners.", "Business ventures On April 10, 2013, Nas invested an undisclosed six-figure sum into Mass Appeal Magazine, where he went on to serve as the publication's associate publisher, joined by creative firm Decon and White Owl Capital Partners. In June 2013, he opened his own sneaker store.", "In June 2013, he opened his own sneaker store. In September 2013, he invested in a technology startup company, a job search appmaker called Proven. In 2014, Nas invested as part of a $2.8M round in viral video startup ViralGains another addition to Queens-bridge venture partners portfolio.", "In 2014, Nas invested as part of a $2.8M round in viral video startup ViralGains another addition to Queens-bridge venture partners portfolio. Nas has a partnership with Hennessy and has been working with their \"Wild Rabbit\" campaign.", "Nas has a partnership with Hennessy and has been working with their \"Wild Rabbit\" campaign. In May 2014, Nas partnered with job placement startup Koru to fund a scholarship for 10 college graduates to go through Koru's training program. Nas wil alsol be joining the startup as a guest coach.", "Nas wil alsol be joining the startup as a guest coach. Nas is a co-owner of a Cloud-based service LANDR, an automated, drag-and-drop digital audio postproduction tool which automates \"mastering\", the final stage in audio production. In June 2015, Nas joined forces with New York City soul food restaurant Sweet Chick.", "In June 2015, Nas joined forces with New York City soul food restaurant Sweet Chick. He plans to expand the restaurant brand nationally. The Los Angeles location opened in April 2017. He owns his own clothing line called HSTRY.", "He owns his own clothing line called HSTRY. In June 2018, Nas was paid $40 million after Amazon acquired the doorbell company Ring Inc. as well as PillPack - the latter of which he invested in via his investment firm, Queensbridge Venture Partners.", "In June 2018, Nas was paid $40 million after Amazon acquired the doorbell company Ring Inc. as well as PillPack - the latter of which he invested in via his investment firm, Queensbridge Venture Partners. He has continued to invest heavily in technology startups including Dropbox, Lyft, and Robinhood.", "He has continued to invest heavily in technology startups including Dropbox, Lyft, and Robinhood. Personal life Nas is a spokesperson and mentor for P'Tones Records, a non-profit after-school music program with the mission \"to create constructive opportunities for urban youth through no-cost music programs.\" He is a cousin of American actress Yara Shahidi.", "He is a cousin of American actress Yara Shahidi. On June 15, 1994, Nas's ex-fiancée Carmen Bryan gave birth to their daughter, Destiny.", "On June 15, 1994, Nas's ex-fiancée Carmen Bryan gave birth to their daughter, Destiny. She later confessed to Nas that she had a relationship with his then-rival rapper and nemesis Jay-Z, also accusing Jay-Z of putting subliminal messages in his lyrics about their relationship together, causing an even bigger rift in the feud between the two men.", "She later confessed to Nas that she had a relationship with his then-rival rapper and nemesis Jay-Z, also accusing Jay-Z of putting subliminal messages in his lyrics about their relationship together, causing an even bigger rift in the feud between the two men. Nas also briefly dated Mary J. Blige and Nicki Minaj respectively.", "Nas also briefly dated Mary J. Blige and Nicki Minaj respectively. In 2005, Nas married R&B singer Kelis in Atlanta after a two-year relationship. On April 30, 2009, a spokesperson confirmed that Kelis filed for divorce, citing irreconcilable differences.", "On April 30, 2009, a spokesperson confirmed that Kelis filed for divorce, citing irreconcilable differences. Kelis gave birth to Nas's first son on July 21, 2009, although the event was soured by a disagreement which ended in Nas announcing the birth of his son, Knight, at a gig in Queens, NY, against Kelis's wishes.", "Kelis gave birth to Nas's first son on July 21, 2009, although the event was soured by a disagreement which ended in Nas announcing the birth of his son, Knight, at a gig in Queens, NY, against Kelis's wishes. The birth was also announced by Nas via an online video.", "The birth was also announced by Nas via an online video. The couple's divorce was finalized on May 21, 2010. In 2018, Kelis accused Nas of being physically and mentally abusive during their marriage.", "In 2018, Kelis accused Nas of being physically and mentally abusive during their marriage. Nas replied to the accusations on social media, accusing Kelis of attempting to slander him in the time of a custody battle and accusing Kelis of abusing his daughter, Destiny.", "Nas replied to the accusations on social media, accusing Kelis of attempting to slander him in the time of a custody battle and accusing Kelis of abusing his daughter, Destiny. In January 2012, Nas was involved in a dispute with a concert promoter in Angola, having accepted $300,000 for a concert in Luanda, Angola's capital for New Year's Eve and then not showing up.", "In January 2012, Nas was involved in a dispute with a concert promoter in Angola, having accepted $300,000 for a concert in Luanda, Angola's capital for New Year's Eve and then not showing up. American promoter Patrick Allocco and his son, who arranged for Nas's concert, were detained at gunpoint and taken to an Angolan jail by the local promoter who fronted the $300,000 for the concert.", "American promoter Patrick Allocco and his son, who arranged for Nas's concert, were detained at gunpoint and taken to an Angolan jail by the local promoter who fronted the $300,000 for the concert. Only after the U.S. Embassy intervened were the promoter and his son allowed to leave jail—but were placed under house arrest at their hotel.", "Only after the U.S. Embassy intervened were the promoter and his son allowed to leave jail—but were placed under house arrest at their hotel. As of the end of the month Nas returned all $300,000 and after 49 days of travel ban Allocco and his son were both released.", "As of the end of the month Nas returned all $300,000 and after 49 days of travel ban Allocco and his son were both released. On March 15, 2012, Nas became the first rapper to have a personal verified account on Rap Genius where he explains all his own lyrics and commenting on the lyrics of other rappers he admires.", "On March 15, 2012, Nas became the first rapper to have a personal verified account on Rap Genius where he explains all his own lyrics and commenting on the lyrics of other rappers he admires. In September 2009 the U.S. Internal Revenue Service filed a federal tax lien against Nas for over $2.5 million, seeking unpaid taxes dating back to 2006.", "In September 2009 the U.S. Internal Revenue Service filed a federal tax lien against Nas for over $2.5 million, seeking unpaid taxes dating back to 2006. By early 2011 this figure had ballooned to over $6.4 million.", "By early 2011 this figure had ballooned to over $6.4 million. Early in 2012 reports emerged that the IRS had filed papers in Georgia to garnish a portion of Nas's earnings from material published under BMI and ASCAP, until his delinquent tax bill is settled.", "Early in 2012 reports emerged that the IRS had filed papers in Georgia to garnish a portion of Nas's earnings from material published under BMI and ASCAP, until his delinquent tax bill is settled. In May 2013, it was announced that Nas would open a sneaker store in Las Vegas called 12 am RUN (pronounced Midnight Run) as part of The LINQ retail development.", "In May 2013, it was announced that Nas would open a sneaker store in Las Vegas called 12 am RUN (pronounced Midnight Run) as part of The LINQ retail development. In July 2013, he was honored by Harvard University, as the institution established the Nasir Jones Hip-Hop Fellowship, which would serve to fund scholars and artists who show potential and creativity in the arts in connection to hip hop.", "In July 2013, he was honored by Harvard University, as the institution established the Nasir Jones Hip-Hop Fellowship, which would serve to fund scholars and artists who show potential and creativity in the arts in connection to hip hop. In an October 2014 episode of PBS's Finding Your Roots, Nas learned about five generations of his ancestry.", "In an October 2014 episode of PBS's Finding Your Roots, Nas learned about five generations of his ancestry. His great-great-great-grandmother, Pocahontas Little, was a slave who was sold for $830.", "His great-great-great-grandmother, Pocahontas Little, was a slave who was sold for $830. When host Henry Louis Gates showed Nas her bill of sale and told him more about the man who bought her, Nas remarked that he is considering buying the land where the slave owner lived.", "When host Henry Louis Gates showed Nas her bill of sale and told him more about the man who bought her, Nas remarked that he is considering buying the land where the slave owner lived. Nas is also shown the marriage certificate of his great-great-great-grandmother, Pocahontas, and great-great-great-grandfather, Calvin.", "Nas is also shown the marriage certificate of his great-great-great-grandmother, Pocahontas, and great-great-great-grandfather, Calvin. Nas is a fan of his hometown baseball team the New York Mets and English soccer team Everton FC.", "Nas is a fan of his hometown baseball team the New York Mets and English soccer team Everton FC. Discography Studio albums Illmatic (1994) It Was Written (1996) I Am... (1999) Nastradamus (1999) Stillmatic (2001) God's Son (2002) Street's Disciple (2004) Hip Hop Is Dead (2006) Untitled (2008) Life Is Good (2012) Nasir (2018) King's Disease (2020) King's Disease II (2021) Magic (2021) Collaboration albums The Album (with the Firm) (1997) Distant Relatives (with Damian Marley) (2010) Filmography Awards and nominations Grammy Awards The Grammy Awards are held annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences.", "Discography Studio albums Illmatic (1994) It Was Written (1996) I Am... (1999) Nastradamus (1999) Stillmatic (2001) God's Son (2002) Street's Disciple (2004) Hip Hop Is Dead (2006) Untitled (2008) Life Is Good (2012) Nasir (2018) King's Disease (2020) King's Disease II (2021) Magic (2021) Collaboration albums The Album (with the Firm) (1997) Distant Relatives (with Damian Marley) (2010) Filmography Awards and nominations Grammy Awards The Grammy Awards are held annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Nas has 15 Grammy nominations altogether.", "Nas has 15 Grammy nominations altogether. |- | rowspan=\"1\" | 1997 | \"If I Ruled the World (Imagine That)\" | Best Rap Solo Performance | |- | rowspan=\"1\" | 2000 | I Am... | Best Rap Album | |- | rowspan=\"2\" |2003 | \"One Mic\" | Best Music Video | |- | \"The Essence\" (with AZ) | rowspan=\"2\" |Best Rap Performance by a Duo or a Group | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 2008 | \"Better Than I've Ever Been\" (with Kanye West & KRS-One) | |- | rowspan=\"1\" | Hip Hop Is Dead | rowspan=\"2\" |Best Rap Album | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 2009 | rowspan=\"1\" | Nas | |- | \"N.I.G.G.E.R.", "|- | rowspan=\"1\" | 1997 | \"If I Ruled the World (Imagine That)\" | Best Rap Solo Performance | |- | rowspan=\"1\" | 2000 | I Am... | Best Rap Album | |- | rowspan=\"2\" |2003 | \"One Mic\" | Best Music Video | |- | \"The Essence\" (with AZ) | rowspan=\"2\" |Best Rap Performance by a Duo or a Group | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 2008 | \"Better Than I've Ever Been\" (with Kanye West & KRS-One) | |- | rowspan=\"1\" | Hip Hop Is Dead | rowspan=\"2\" |Best Rap Album | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 2009 | rowspan=\"1\" | Nas | |- | \"N.I.G.G.E.R. (The Slave and the Master)\" | Best Rap Solo Performance | |- | rowspan=\"1\" | 2010 | \"Too Many Rappers\" (with Beastie Boys) | Best Rap Performance by a Duo or a Group | |- |rowspan=\"4\"|2013 |rowspan=\"2\"|\"Daughters\" |Best Rap Performance | |- |Best Rap Song | |- |\"Cherry Wine\" (featuring Amy Winehouse) |Best Rap/Sung Collaboration | |- |Life Is Good |rowspan=\"3\"| Best Rap Album | |- | 2021 | King's Disease | |- |rowspan=\"2\"|2022 | King's Disease II | |- | \"Bath Salts\" (with DMX & Jay-Z) |Best Rap Song | |- MTV Video Music Awards |- | 1999 | \"Hate Me Now\" (featuring Puff Daddy) | Best Rap Video | |- |rowspan=\"2\"| 2002 |rowspan=\"2\"| \"One Mic\" | Video of the Year | |- |rowspan=\"3\"| Best Rap Video | |- |rowspan=\"2\"| 2003 | \"I Can\" | |- | \"Thugz Mansion\" (with Tupac Shakur and J. Phoenix) | |- | 2005 | \"Bridging the Gap\" (featuring Olu Dara) | Best Hip-Hop Video | |} BET Hip Hop Awards |- | 2006 | rowspan=\"2\" | Nas | I Am Hip-Hop Icon Award | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 2012 | Lyricist of the Year Award | |- | \"Daughters\" | Impact Track | |} Sports Emmy Award |- | 2011 | \"Survival 1\" |Outstanding Sports Documentary | |} References Further reading External links Nas on Spotify 1973 births Living people 20th-century American musicians 21st-century American businesspeople 21st-century American rappers African-American fashion designers American fashion designers African-American investors American investors African-American male rappers American retail chief executives American magazine publishers (people) American music industry executives American restaurateurs Businesspeople from Queens, New York Columbia Records artists Def Jam Recordings artists East Coast hip hop musicians Grammy Award winners Ill Will Records artists People from Long Island City, Queens Rappers from New York City Songwriters from New York (state) The Firm (hip hop group) members African-American songwriters" ]

[ "Y. A. Tittle", "Legacy" ]

[ "LaDonna Theresa Tittle (born March 13, 1946) is an American radio personality, actress and former model. Tittle is perhaps best known for her radio career from the mid–1970s until the early–2000s. Tittle most notable career stints were in Chicago at several stations; WBMX-FM, WJPC-AM alongside Tom Joyner and WGCI-AM. From 2018 until 2020, Tittle had a recurring role as Ethel Brown in the Showtime television series The Chi.\n\nBiography\n\nEarly life and education\nTittle was born the oldest of five children to Juanita (née Wiley; 1922–2000) and James Olden Tittle in the Bronzeville neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. Her mother owned a record shop and managed several businesses within the neighborhood. According to Tittle, Her mom served as part-time manager of WVON during the early 1960s. Her father was a businessman who owned several pool halls along East 47th street in the neighborhood. Sometime during her early childhood, Tittle and her brother attended school in Covert, Michigan. After her parents divorced in 1959, Tittle relocated to the Hyde Park neighborhood with her mother and siblings. As a child, Tittle sold candy at the Regal Theater during the late 1950s. During her teenage years, Tittle's family relocated to the Robert Taylor Homes public housing project; returning to the Bronzeville neighborhood. While a resident at Robert Taylor, Tittle began taking acting classes at the neighborhood club there. For high school, Tittle attended Dunbar Vocational High School; graduating in 1964. After high school, Tittle studied briefly at Loop College (now known as Harold Washington College) and later transferred to Chicago State University. At Chicago State University, Tittle majored in art education and drama with a minor in journalism; graduating in January 1971. Tittle was enrolled in the Master's of Art program at the Art Institute of Chicago shortly after graduating college but later dropped out.\n\nCareer\nPrior to graduating college, Tittle began doing modeling work with Shirley Hamilton Talent Inc along with the Mannequin Guild of Chicago. While working for Shirley Hamilton, Tittle modeled for department stores such as Marshall Fields. Tittle was offered a position to do public service announcements for WBEE-AM located in Harvey, Illinois; beginning her radio career in February 1971. Tittle later became a permeant radio personality for the station, playing jazz from 1PM until 2PM. During a break in her time at WBEE, Tittle temporarily moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin where she worked as a weekend radio personality at WNOV radio in 1972.\n\nTittle worked at WBEE radio station for two years, later returning to Chicago in May 1973. Shortly after returning to Chicago, Tittle became the midday and evening host of WBMX-FM radio, where R&B and soul music were showcased. Tittle started her career at the station reporting news and working overnight, eventually moving to weekday afternoons by 1974. Due to her growing popularity, Tittle was sought after by Johnson Publishing Company's WJPC-AM radio station. They offered to double her salary, an offer she accepted in 1978. Tittle co-hosted alongside Tom Joyner and DJ Bebe D'Banana, and later JoJo Bell. In April 1979, Tittle was featured as JET magazine's \"Beauty of the Week\" while wearing bathing suit made out of the radio station bumper stickers. Tittle began hosting the midday show from 10AM until 3PM, naming it \"Tittle In The Middle, Right In The Middle\" by April 1982. Tittle worked at WJPC until the station was sold in December 1989. Thereafter, Tittle worked part–time at WNUA-FM, a blues and smooth-jazz radio station located in Joliet, Illinois in 1991. After a year at WNUA, Tittle landed full–time work for Chicago's WGCI-AM in 1992. For the first few years, Tittle worked between the FM and AM stations until automated overnight broadcasts came into play, which resulted in her being laid off in 2000.\n\nAfter a year's hiatus from the public, Tittle launched The LaDonna Tittle TV/Radio Show on Chicago's CAN-TV in 2001. The show began as a platform to chat with entertainers until she decided to shift to cooking after viewing a soul food exhibit in 2003. Tittle also starred in R. Kelly's 2005 melodrama Trapped in the Closet, as Rosie the nosy neighbor. Tittle has received many Awards and Recognitions for her public community service, mentoring, educational self-esteem activities, and Culinary contributions. Tittle is \"radio-act-tive\"...\n\nPersonal life\nTittle was married once and had no children. Her only marriage was to Ronald Horton, a Vietnam army volunteer from 1967 until his death in 1973. Tittle dated John E. Johnson of the Johnson hair-care product family from the late–1970s until his death in 1981.\n\nReferences\n\n1946 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Chicago\nActresses from Chicago\nAfrican-American actresses\nAmerican television actresses\n20th-century American actresses\n21st-century American actresses\nRadio personalities from Chicago\n20th-century African-American women\n20th-century African-American people\n21st-century African-American women\n21st-century African-American people", "The Million Dollar Backfield was a National Football League (NFL) offensive backfield of the San Francisco 49ers from 1954 to 1956. Featuring quarterback Y. A. Tittle, halfbacks Hugh McElhenny and John Henry Johnson, and fullback Joe Perry, the backfield was also referred to as the \"Fabulous Foursome\" and \"Fearsome Foursome\" by sportswriters. Formed well before players earned six-figure salaries, the unit was named as such for its offensive prowess, and compiled record offensive statistics. It is regarded as one of the best backfields compiled in NFL history, and is the only full house backfield to have all four of its members enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.\n\nLine-up\n\nHistory\n\nThe 49ers in the 1950s used the T formation, sometimes referred to as a full house backfield, which deployed a quarterback, fullback, and two halfbacks. Such a formation was common at the time at both the college and professional levels, as teams sought to emulate the success the Chicago Bears had with the formation over the previous decade. The Million Dollar Backfield began its construction in 1948 with the team's signing of speedy fullback Joe Perry. In 1951 the 49ers drafted quarterback Y. A. Tittle. Tittle had played the previous three seasons with the Baltimore Colts, and became available in that year's draft after the Colts folded. The next year the 49ers drafted halfback Hugh McElhenny in the first round. McElhenny proved to be an explosive play-maker and was recognized as the NFL's rookie of the year in 1952. All three were invited to play in the Pro Bowl for 1953, comprising the starting offensive backfield for the West. The final piece came in 1954, when John Henry Johnson joined the team. Johnson became known for his powerful running and his blocking, which served to complement the finesse of Perry and McElhenny.\n\nThe \"Million Dollar Backfield\" moniker was first applied by 49ers public relations man Dan McGuire to describe the collective talent of the backfield. Despite the name, not even when combined did the players' salaries approach the million dollar figure. In reality, at the time, players often took off-season jobs to supplement their income; Tittle launched his own insurance agency while with the 49ers, and McElhenny worked as a salesman for the Granny Goose potato chip company. Johnson, who never made more than $40,000 ($361,000 in 2017 dollars) in a season, joked in 1987 that he was \"still looking for the million.\"\n\nFor three seasons, the backfield challenged opposing defenses with Tittle's arm, Johnson's power, the speed of Perry, and the elusiveness of McElhenny. \"There was no greater running backs than Hugh McElhenny, John Henry Johnson and Joe Perry in the same backfield,\" Tittle reminisced. \"It made quarterbacking so easy because I just get in the huddle and call anything and you have three Hall of Fame running backs ready to carry the ball.\" They achieved their greatest success during their first year together, in 1954, in which they shattered the team record for rushing yards in a season. The 49ers led the league with 2,498 rushing yards and 28 rushing touchdowns, and averaged 5.7 yards per carry and 208.2 rushing yards per game. Perry, McElhenny, and Johnson each finished the season in the top ten in rushing yards, with Perry and Johnson finishing first and second, respectively. McElhenny ranked eighth despite playing in only six games before being sidelined by a season-ending shoulder injury. Tittle, Perry, Johnson, and Detroit Lions halfback Doak Walker comprised the starting backfield in the 1955 Pro Bowl, and Perry was deemed the NFL's Player of the Year by the United Press. With the highly potent offense, many thought San Francisco was due to win an NFL championship, but defensive problems landed the 49ers in third place behind the Lions and Bears in 1954. Moreover, the offense struggled after McElhenny's injury.\n\nPerry, taking advantage of Johnson's blocking, became the first NFL player to rush for 1,000 yards in consecutive seasons when he did so in 1954 and 1955. Writing for Jet magazine in 1955, sportswriter A. S. \"Doc\" Young called Perry \"the bellwether of the greatest rushing backfield in pro football.\" McElhenny was a valuable asset in the passing game, becoming a favorite target of Tittle on screen passes. Tittle's 17 touchdown passes in 1955 led the league. In 1956, McElhenny became the team's leading ball carrier, recording career-highs with 185 carries for 916 yards and eight touchdowns. As the 49ers' defensive struggles continued, Johnson was traded to Detroit after the 1956 season in exchange for a defensive back, effectively disbanding the Million Dollar Backfield. The backfield of Tittle, Perry, and McElhenny remained intact through the 1960 season. The nearest the 49ers came to a championship in the 1950s was in 1957, when the team finished with an 8–4 record and was defeated by the Lions in that year's Western Conference playoff.\n\nLegacy\n\nThe 49ers' Million Dollar Backfield is regarded as one of the best backfields in NFL history, and is the only full-house backfield to have all four of its members enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. By virtue of their memberships in the pro hall of fame, all four were automatically inducted as charter members of the San Francisco 49ers Hall of Fame in 2009. Longtime 49ers coach Bill Walsh co-authored a book about the backfield in 2000 entitled The Million Dollar Backfield: The San Francisco 49ers in the 1950s. In 2014, a sculpture comprising the four players, crouched over as if in a huddle, was erected in Levi's Stadium.\n\nTittle played for the 49ers until 1960, after which he was traded to the New York Giants, with whom he had the most successful years of his career; he was named AP NFL MVP in 1963, led the team to three straight NFL championship games, and broke several passing records. Consequently, the trade of Tittle for guard Lou Cordileone is seen as one of the worst trades in 49ers franchise history. Tittle retired as the NFL's all-time leader in passing yards, passing touchdowns, completions, attempts, total offense, and games played. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1971.\n\nMcElhenny made five Pro Bowl appearances with the 49ers before being released by the team in 1960. He was then picked in the 1961 expansion draft by the Minnesota Vikings, with whom he made his final Pro Bowl appearance. He played for the Vikings for two seasons, then reunited with Tittle on the Giants in 1963, and played his final season in 1964 with the Detroit Lions. A member of the NFL's 1950s All-Decade Team, McElhenny retired having amassed the third most all-purpose yards of any player in NFL history. The 49ers retired his No. 39 jersey, and he was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1970.\n\nJohnson played only three seasons with the 49ers. Like Tittle, Johnson had a late-blooming career; his most productive years came with the Pittsburgh Steelers, well after his time in San Francisco. He remains the oldest player to rush for 1,000 yards in a single season, when he did so in 1964 at age 35. He retired in 1966 with the third most career rushing yards in the NFL. Johnson's induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame came in 1987, and was an honor that contemporaries felt was fifteen years overdue.\n\nPerry was with San Francisco for fourteen of his sixteen seasons as a pro, during which he became one of the first black stars in American football. Despite sharing carries with McElhenny and Johnson, Perry's greatest individual success came while playing in the Million Dollar Backfield. After a brief stint with the Baltimore Colts, Perry returned to the 49ers in 1963 for his final season, and he retired as the NFL's all-time leading rusher. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1969, his first year of eligibility, and the 49ers retired his No. 34 jersey in 1971.\n\nOn June 9, 2011, it was announced that Johnson and Perry, who died within months of each other, would have their brains examined by researchers at Boston University who are studying head injuries in sports. Both men were suspected of suffering from chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a disorder linked to repeated brain trauma.\n\nSee also\n History of the San Francisco 49ers\n Million Dollar Backfield (Chicago Cardinals)\n Four Horsemen (American football)\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n \n \n\nNicknamed groups of American football players\nSan Francisco 49ers" ]

[ "Yelberton Abraham Tittle Jr. (October 24, 1926 – October 8, 2017) was a professional American football quarterback. He played in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers, New York Giants, and Baltimore Colts, after spending two seasons with the Colts in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC).", "He played in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers, New York Giants, and Baltimore Colts, after spending two seasons with the Colts in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC). Known for his competitiveness, leadership, and striking profile, Tittle was the centerpiece of several prolific offenses throughout his 17-year professional career from 1948 to 1964.", "Known for his competitiveness, leadership, and striking profile, Tittle was the centerpiece of several prolific offenses throughout his 17-year professional career from 1948 to 1964. Tittle played college football for Louisiana State University, where he was a two-time All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) quarterback for the LSU Tigers football team.", "Tittle played college football for Louisiana State University, where he was a two-time All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) quarterback for the LSU Tigers football team. As a junior, he was named the most valuable player (MVP) of the infamous 1947 Cotton Bowl Classic—also known as the \"Ice Bowl\"—a scoreless tie between the Tigers and Arkansas Razorbacks in a snowstorm.", "As a junior, he was named the most valuable player (MVP) of the infamous 1947 Cotton Bowl Classic—also known as the \"Ice Bowl\"—a scoreless tie between the Tigers and Arkansas Razorbacks in a snowstorm. After college, he was drafted in the 1947 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions, but he instead chose to play in the AAFC for the Colts.", "After college, he was drafted in the 1947 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions, but he instead chose to play in the AAFC for the Colts. With the Colts, Tittle was named the AAFC Rookie of the Year in 1948 after leading the team to the AAFC playoffs.", "With the Colts, Tittle was named the AAFC Rookie of the Year in 1948 after leading the team to the AAFC playoffs. After consecutive one-win seasons, the Colts franchise folded, which allowed Tittle to be drafted in the 1951 NFL Draft by the 49ers.", "After consecutive one-win seasons, the Colts franchise folded, which allowed Tittle to be drafted in the 1951 NFL Draft by the 49ers. Through ten seasons in San Francisco, he was invited to four Pro Bowls, led the league in touchdown passes in 1955, and was named the NFL Player of the Year by the United Press in 1957.", "Through ten seasons in San Francisco, he was invited to four Pro Bowls, led the league in touchdown passes in 1955, and was named the NFL Player of the Year by the United Press in 1957. A groundbreaker, Tittle was part of the 49ers' famed Million Dollar Backfield, was the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated, and is credited with having coined \"alley-oop\" as a sports term.", "A groundbreaker, Tittle was part of the 49ers' famed Million Dollar Backfield, was the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated, and is credited with having coined \"alley-oop\" as a sports term. Considered washed-up, the 34-year-old Tittle was traded to the Giants following the 1960 season.", "Considered washed-up, the 34-year-old Tittle was traded to the Giants following the 1960 season. Over the next four seasons, he won several individual awards, twice set the league single-season record for touchdown passesincluding a 1962 game with a combined 7 touchdown passes and 500-yards passing with a near perfect (151.4 out of 158.33) passer rating, and led the Giants to three straight NFL championship games.", "Over the next four seasons, he won several individual awards, twice set the league single-season record for touchdown passesincluding a 1962 game with a combined 7 touchdown passes and 500-yards passing with a near perfect (151.4 out of 158.33) passer rating, and led the Giants to three straight NFL championship games. Although he was never able to deliver a championship to the team, Tittle's time in New York is regarded among the glory years of the franchise.", "Although he was never able to deliver a championship to the team, Tittle's time in New York is regarded among the glory years of the franchise. In his final season, Tittle was photographed bloodied and kneeling down in the end zone after a tackle by a defender left him helmetless.", "In his final season, Tittle was photographed bloodied and kneeling down in the end zone after a tackle by a defender left him helmetless. The photograph is considered one of the most iconic images in North American sports history.", "The photograph is considered one of the most iconic images in North American sports history. He retired as the NFL's all-time leader in passing yards, passing touchdowns, attempts, completions, and games played. Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1971, and his jersey number 14 is retired by the Giants.", "Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1971, and his jersey number 14 is retired by the Giants. Early years and college career Born and raised in Marshall, Texas, to Alma Tittle (née Allen) and Yelberton Abraham Tittle Sr., Tittle aspired to be a quarterback from a young age.", "Early years and college career Born and raised in Marshall, Texas, to Alma Tittle (née Allen) and Yelberton Abraham Tittle Sr., Tittle aspired to be a quarterback from a young age. He spent hours in his backyard throwing a football through a tire swing, emulating his fellow Texan and boyhood idol, Sammy Baugh.", "He spent hours in his backyard throwing a football through a tire swing, emulating his fellow Texan and boyhood idol, Sammy Baugh. Tittle played high school football at Marshall High School. In his senior year the team posted an undefeated record and reached the state finals.", "In his senior year the team posted an undefeated record and reached the state finals. After a recruiting battle between Louisiana State University and the University of Texas, Tittle chose to attend LSU in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and play for the LSU Tigers.", "After a recruiting battle between Louisiana State University and the University of Texas, Tittle chose to attend LSU in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and play for the LSU Tigers. He was part of a successful 1944 recruiting class under head coach Bernie Moore that included halfbacks Jim Cason, Dan Sandifer, and Ray Coates.", "He was part of a successful 1944 recruiting class under head coach Bernie Moore that included halfbacks Jim Cason, Dan Sandifer, and Ray Coates. Freshmen were eligible to play on the varsity during World War II, so Tittle saw playing time immediately.", "Freshmen were eligible to play on the varsity during World War II, so Tittle saw playing time immediately. He later said the finest moment of his four years at LSU was beating Tulane as a freshman, a game in which he set a school record with 238 passing yards.", "He later said the finest moment of his four years at LSU was beating Tulane as a freshman, a game in which he set a school record with 238 passing yards. It was one of two games the Tigers won that season.", "It was one of two games the Tigers won that season. Moore started Tittle at tailback in the single-wing formation his first year, but moved him to quarterback in the T formation during his sophomore season.", "Moore started Tittle at tailback in the single-wing formation his first year, but moved him to quarterback in the T formation during his sophomore season. As a junior in 1946, Tittle's three touchdown passes in a 41–27 rout of rival Tulane helped ensure LSU a spot in the Cotton Bowl Classic.", "As a junior in 1946, Tittle's three touchdown passes in a 41–27 rout of rival Tulane helped ensure LSU a spot in the Cotton Bowl Classic. Known notoriously as the \"Ice Bowl\", the 1947 Cotton Bowl pitted LSU against the Arkansas Razorbacks in sub-freezing temperatures on an ice-covered field in Dallas, Texas.", "Known notoriously as the \"Ice Bowl\", the 1947 Cotton Bowl pitted LSU against the Arkansas Razorbacks in sub-freezing temperatures on an ice-covered field in Dallas, Texas. LSU moved the ball much better than the Razorbacks, but neither team was able to score, and the game ended in a scoreless tie.", "LSU moved the ball much better than the Razorbacks, but neither team was able to score, and the game ended in a scoreless tie. Tittle and Arkansas end Alton Baldwin shared the game's MVP award. Following the season, United Press International (UPI) placed Tittle on its All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) first-team.", "Following the season, United Press International (UPI) placed Tittle on its All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) first-team. UPI again named Tittle its first-team All-SEC quarterback in 1947. In Tittle's day of iron man football, he played on both offense and defense.", "In Tittle's day of iron man football, he played on both offense and defense. While on defense during a 20–18 loss to SEC champion Ole Miss in his senior season, Tittle's belt buckle was torn off as he intercepted a pass from Charlie Conerly and broke a tackle.", "While on defense during a 20–18 loss to SEC champion Ole Miss in his senior season, Tittle's belt buckle was torn off as he intercepted a pass from Charlie Conerly and broke a tackle. He ran down the sideline with one arm cradling the ball and the other holding up his pants.", "He ran down the sideline with one arm cradling the ball and the other holding up his pants. At the Ole Miss 20-yard line, as he attempted to stiff-arm a defender,(#87 Jack Odom), Tittle's pants fell and he tripped and fell onto his face. The fall kept him from scoring the game-winning touchdown.", "The fall kept him from scoring the game-winning touchdown. In total, during his college career Tittle set school passing records with 162 completions out of 330 attempts for 2,525 yards and 23 touchdowns. He scored seven touchdowns himself as a runner. His passing totals remained unbroken until Bert Jones surpassed them in the 1970s.", "His passing totals remained unbroken until Bert Jones surpassed them in the 1970s. Professional career Baltimore Colts Tittle was the sixth overall selection of the 1948 NFL Draft, taken by the Detroit Lions. However, Tittle instead began his professional career with the Baltimore Colts of the All-America Football Conference in 1948.", "However, Tittle instead began his professional career with the Baltimore Colts of the All-America Football Conference in 1948. That season, already being described as a \"passing ace\", he was unanimously recognized as the AAFC Rookie of the Year by UPI after passing for 2,739 yards and leading the Colts to the brink of an Eastern Division championship.", "That season, already being described as a \"passing ace\", he was unanimously recognized as the AAFC Rookie of the Year by UPI after passing for 2,739 yards and leading the Colts to the brink of an Eastern Division championship. After a 1–11 win–loss record in 1949, the Colts joined the National Football League in 1950.", "After a 1–11 win–loss record in 1949, the Colts joined the National Football League in 1950. The team again posted a single win against eleven losses, and the franchise folded after the season due to financial difficulties. Players on the roster at the time of the fold were eligible to be drafted in the next NFL draft.", "Players on the roster at the time of the fold were eligible to be drafted in the next NFL draft. San Francisco 49ers Tittle was then drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the 1951 NFL Draft after the Colts folded.", "San Francisco 49ers Tittle was then drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the 1951 NFL Draft after the Colts folded. While many players at the time were unable to play immediately due to military duties, Tittle had received a class IV-F exemption due to physical ailments, so he was able to join the 49ers roster that season.", "While many players at the time were unable to play immediately due to military duties, Tittle had received a class IV-F exemption due to physical ailments, so he was able to join the 49ers roster that season. In 1951 and 1952, he shared time at quarterback with Frankie Albert.", "In 1951 and 1952, he shared time at quarterback with Frankie Albert. In 1953, his first full season as the 49ers' starter, he passed for 2,121 yards and 20 touchdowns and was invited to his first Pro Bowl.", "In 1953, his first full season as the 49ers' starter, he passed for 2,121 yards and 20 touchdowns and was invited to his first Pro Bowl. San Francisco finished with a 9–3 regular season record, which was good enough for second in the Western Conference, and led the league in points scored.", "San Francisco finished with a 9–3 regular season record, which was good enough for second in the Western Conference, and led the league in points scored. In 1954, the 49ers compiled their Million Dollar Backfield, which was composed of four future Hall of Famers: Tittle; fullbacks John Henry Johnson and Joe Perry; and halfback Hugh McElhenny.", "In 1954, the 49ers compiled their Million Dollar Backfield, which was composed of four future Hall of Famers: Tittle; fullbacks John Henry Johnson and Joe Perry; and halfback Hugh McElhenny. \"It made quarterbacking so easy because I just get in the huddle and call anything and you have three Hall of Fame running backs ready to carry the ball,\" Tittle reminisced in 2006.", "\"It made quarterbacking so easy because I just get in the huddle and call anything and you have three Hall of Fame running backs ready to carry the ball,\" Tittle reminisced in 2006. The team had aspirations for a championship run, but injuries, including McElhenny's separated shoulder in the sixth game of the season, ended those hopes and the 49ers finished third in the Western Division.", "The team had aspirations for a championship run, but injuries, including McElhenny's separated shoulder in the sixth game of the season, ended those hopes and the 49ers finished third in the Western Division. Tittle starred in his second straight Pro Bowl appearance as he threw two touchdown passes, including one to 49ers teammate Billy Wilson, who was named the game's MVP.", "Tittle starred in his second straight Pro Bowl appearance as he threw two touchdown passes, including one to 49ers teammate Billy Wilson, who was named the game's MVP. Tittle became the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated when he appeared on its 15th issue dated November 22, 1954, donning his 49ers uniform and helmet featuring an acrylic face mask distinct to the time period.", "Tittle became the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated when he appeared on its 15th issue dated November 22, 1954, donning his 49ers uniform and helmet featuring an acrylic face mask distinct to the time period. The cover photo also shows a metal bracket on the side of Tittle's helmet which served to protect his face by preventing the helmet from caving in.", "The cover photo also shows a metal bracket on the side of Tittle's helmet which served to protect his face by preventing the helmet from caving in. The 1954 cover was the first of four Sports Illustrated covers he graced during his career.", "The 1954 cover was the first of four Sports Illustrated covers he graced during his career. Tittle led the NFL in touchdown passes for the first time in 1955, with 17, while also leading the league with 28 interceptions thrown.", "Tittle led the NFL in touchdown passes for the first time in 1955, with 17, while also leading the league with 28 interceptions thrown. When the 49ers hired Frankie Albert as head coach in 1956, Tittle was pleased with the choice at first, figuring Albert would be a good mentor.", "When the 49ers hired Frankie Albert as head coach in 1956, Tittle was pleased with the choice at first, figuring Albert would be a good mentor. However, the team lost four of its first five games, and Albert replaced Tittle with rookie Earl Morrall.", "However, the team lost four of its first five games, and Albert replaced Tittle with rookie Earl Morrall. After a loss to the Los Angeles Rams brought San Francisco's record to 1–6, Tittle regained the starting role and the team finished undefeated with one tie through the season's final five games.", "After a loss to the Los Angeles Rams brought San Francisco's record to 1–6, Tittle regained the starting role and the team finished undefeated with one tie through the season's final five games. In 1957, Tittle and receiver R. C. Owens devised a pass play in which Tittle tossed the ball high into the air and the Owens leapt to retrieve it, typically resulting in a long gain or a touchdown.", "In 1957, Tittle and receiver R. C. Owens devised a pass play in which Tittle tossed the ball high into the air and the Owens leapt to retrieve it, typically resulting in a long gain or a touchdown. Tittle dubbed the play the \"alley-oop\"—the first usage of the term in sports—and it was highly successful when utilized.", "Tittle dubbed the play the \"alley-oop\"—the first usage of the term in sports—and it was highly successful when utilized. The 49ers finished the regular season with an 8–4 record and hosted the Detroit Lions in the Western Conference playoff.", "The 49ers finished the regular season with an 8–4 record and hosted the Detroit Lions in the Western Conference playoff. Against the Lions, Tittle passed for 248 yards and tossed three touchdown passes—one each to Owens, McElhenny, and Wilson—but Detroit overcame a 20-point third quarter deficit to win 31–27.", "Against the Lions, Tittle passed for 248 yards and tossed three touchdown passes—one each to Owens, McElhenny, and Wilson—but Detroit overcame a 20-point third quarter deficit to win 31–27. For the season, Tittle had a league-leading 63.1 completion percentage, threw for 2,157 yards and 13 touchdowns, and rushed for six more scores.", "For the season, Tittle had a league-leading 63.1 completion percentage, threw for 2,157 yards and 13 touchdowns, and rushed for six more scores. He was deemed \"pro player of the year\" by a United Press poll of members of the National Football Writers Association.", "He was deemed \"pro player of the year\" by a United Press poll of members of the National Football Writers Association. Additionally, he was named to his first All-Pro team and invited to his third Pro Bowl.", "Additionally, he was named to his first All-Pro team and invited to his third Pro Bowl. After a poor 1958 preseason by Tittle, Albert started John Brodie at quarterback for the 1958 season, a decision that proved unpopular with the fan base.", "After a poor 1958 preseason by Tittle, Albert started John Brodie at quarterback for the 1958 season, a decision that proved unpopular with the fan base. Tittle came in to relieve Brodie in a week six game against the Lions, with ten minutes left in the game and the 49ers down 21–17.", "Tittle came in to relieve Brodie in a week six game against the Lions, with ten minutes left in the game and the 49ers down 21–17. His appearance \"drew a roar of approval from the crowd of 59,213,\" after which he drove the team downfield and threw a 32-yard touchdown pass to McElhenny for the winning score.", "His appearance \"drew a roar of approval from the crowd of 59,213,\" after which he drove the team downfield and threw a 32-yard touchdown pass to McElhenny for the winning score. A right knee ligament injury against the Colts in week nine ended Tittle's season, and San Francisco finished with a 7–5 record, followed by Albert's resignation as coach.", "A right knee ligament injury against the Colts in week nine ended Tittle's season, and San Francisco finished with a 7–5 record, followed by Albert's resignation as coach. Tittle and Brodie continued to share time at quarterback over the next two seasons.", "Tittle and Brodie continued to share time at quarterback over the next two seasons. In his fourth and final Pro Bowl game with the 49ers in 1959, Tittle completed 13 of 17 passes for 178 yards and a touchdown. Under new head coach Red Hickey in 1960, the 49ers adopted the shotgun formation.", "Under new head coach Red Hickey in 1960, the 49ers adopted the shotgun formation. The first implementation of the shotgun was in week nine against the Colts, with Brodie at quarterback while Tittle nursed a groin injury.", "The first implementation of the shotgun was in week nine against the Colts, with Brodie at quarterback while Tittle nursed a groin injury. The 49ers scored a season-high thirty points, and with Brodie in the shotgun won three of their last four games to salvage a winning season at 7–5.", "The 49ers scored a season-high thirty points, and with Brodie in the shotgun won three of their last four games to salvage a winning season at 7–5. Though conflicted, Tittle decided to get into shape and prepare for the next season. He stated in his 2009 autobiography that at times he thought, \"The hell with it.", "He stated in his 2009 autobiography that at times he thought, \"The hell with it. Quit this damned game. You have been at it too long anyway.\" But then another voice within him would say, \"Come back for another year and show them you're still a good QB.", "But then another voice within him would say, \"Come back for another year and show them you're still a good QB. Don't let them shotgun you out of football!\" However, after the first preseason game of 1961, Hickey informed Tittle he had been traded to the New York Giants.", "However, after the first preseason game of 1961, Hickey informed Tittle he had been traded to the New York Giants. New York Giants In mid-August 1961, the 49ers traded the 34-year-old Tittle to the New York Giants for second-year guard Lou Cordileone.", "New York Giants In mid-August 1961, the 49ers traded the 34-year-old Tittle to the New York Giants for second-year guard Lou Cordileone. Cordileone, the 12th overall pick in the 1960 NFL Draft, was quoted as reacting \"Me, even up for Y. A. Tittle?", "A. Tittle? A. Tittle? You're kidding,\" and later remarked that the Giants traded him for \"a 42-year-old quarterback.\" Tittle's view of Cordileone was much the same, stating his dismay that the 49ers did not get a \"name ballplayer\" in return.", "Tittle's view of Cordileone was much the same, stating his dismay that the 49ers did not get a \"name ballplayer\" in return. He was also displeased with being traded to the East Coast, and said he would rather have been traded to the Los Angeles Rams.", "He was also displeased with being traded to the East Coast, and said he would rather have been traded to the Los Angeles Rams. Already considered washed up, Tittle was intended by the Giants to share quarterback duties with 40-year-old Charlie Conerly, who had been with the team since 1948.", "Already considered washed up, Tittle was intended by the Giants to share quarterback duties with 40-year-old Charlie Conerly, who had been with the team since 1948. The players at first remained loyal to Conerly, and treated Tittle with the cold shoulder. Tittle missed the season opener due to a back injury sustained before the season.", "Tittle missed the season opener due to a back injury sustained before the season. His first game with New York came in week two, against the Steelers, in which he and Conerly each threw a touchdown pass in the Giants' 17–14 win.", "His first game with New York came in week two, against the Steelers, in which he and Conerly each threw a touchdown pass in the Giants' 17–14 win. He became the team's primary starter for the remainder of the season and led the revitalized Giants to first place in the Eastern Conference.", "He became the team's primary starter for the remainder of the season and led the revitalized Giants to first place in the Eastern Conference. The Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA) awarded Tittle its Jim Thorpe Trophy as the NFL's players' choice of MVP.", "The Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA) awarded Tittle its Jim Thorpe Trophy as the NFL's players' choice of MVP. In the 1961 NFL Championship Game, the Giants were soundly defeated by Vince Lombardi's Green Bay Packers, as they were shut-out 37-0. Tittle completed six of 20 passes in the game and threw four interceptions.", "Tittle completed six of 20 passes in the game and threw four interceptions. In January 1962, Tittle stated his intention to retire following the 1962 season. After an off-season quarterback competition with Ralph Guglielmi, Tittle played and started in a career-high 14 games.", "After an off-season quarterback competition with Ralph Guglielmi, Tittle played and started in a career-high 14 games. He tied an NFL record by throwing seven touchdown passes in a game on October 28, 1962, in a 49–34 win over the Washington Redskins.", "He tied an NFL record by throwing seven touchdown passes in a game on October 28, 1962, in a 49–34 win over the Washington Redskins. Against the Dallas Cowboys in the regular season finale, Tittle threw six touchdown passes to set the single-season record with 33, which had been set the previous year by Sonny Jurgensen's 32.", "Against the Dallas Cowboys in the regular season finale, Tittle threw six touchdown passes to set the single-season record with 33, which had been set the previous year by Sonny Jurgensen's 32. He earned player of the year honors from the Washington D.C. Touchdown Club, UPI, and The Sporting News, and finished just behind Green Bay's Jim Taylor in voting for the AP NFL Most Valuable Player Award.", "He earned player of the year honors from the Washington D.C. Touchdown Club, UPI, and The Sporting News, and finished just behind Green Bay's Jim Taylor in voting for the AP NFL Most Valuable Player Award. The Giants again finished first in the Eastern Conference and faced the Packers in the 1962 NFL Championship Game.", "The Giants again finished first in the Eastern Conference and faced the Packers in the 1962 NFL Championship Game. In frigid, windy conditions at Yankee Stadium and facing a constant pass rush from the Packers' front seven, Tittle completed only 18 of his 41 attempts in the game.", "In frigid, windy conditions at Yankee Stadium and facing a constant pass rush from the Packers' front seven, Tittle completed only 18 of his 41 attempts in the game. The Packers won, 16–7, with New York's lone score coming on a blocked punt recovered in the end zone by Jim Collier.", "The Packers won, 16–7, with New York's lone score coming on a blocked punt recovered in the end zone by Jim Collier. Tittle returned to the Giants in 1963 and, at age 37, supplanted his single-season passing touchdowns record by throwing 36.", "Tittle returned to the Giants in 1963 and, at age 37, supplanted his single-season passing touchdowns record by throwing 36. He broke the record in the final game with three touchdowns against the Steelers, three days after being named NFL MVP by the AP.", "He broke the record in the final game with three touchdowns against the Steelers, three days after being named NFL MVP by the AP. The Giants led the league in scoring by a wide margin, and for the third time in as many years clinched the Eastern Conference title. The Western champions were George Halas' Chicago Bears.", "The Western champions were George Halas' Chicago Bears. The teams met in the 1963 NFL Championship Game at Wrigley Field. In the second quarter, Tittle injured his knee on a tackle by Larry Morris, and required a novocaine shot at halftime to continue playing.", "In the second quarter, Tittle injured his knee on a tackle by Larry Morris, and required a novocaine shot at halftime to continue playing. After holding a 10–7 halftime lead, The Giants were shutout in the second half, during which Tittle threw four interceptions.", "After holding a 10–7 halftime lead, The Giants were shutout in the second half, during which Tittle threw four interceptions. Playing through the knee injury, he completed 11 of 29 passes in the game for 147 yards, a touchdown, and five interceptions as the Bears won 14–10.", "Playing through the knee injury, he completed 11 of 29 passes in the game for 147 yards, a touchdown, and five interceptions as the Bears won 14–10. The following year in 1964, Tittle's final season, the Giants went 2–10–2 (), the worst record in the 14-team league.", "The following year in 1964, Tittle's final season, the Giants went 2–10–2 (), the worst record in the 14-team league. In the second game of the year, against Pittsburgh, he was blindsided by defensive end John Baker.", "In the second game of the year, against Pittsburgh, he was blindsided by defensive end John Baker. The tackle left Tittle with crushed cartilage in his ribs, a cracked sternum, and a concussion. However, he played in every game the rest of the season, but was relegated to a backup role later in the year.", "However, he played in every game the rest of the season, but was relegated to a backup role later in the year. After throwing only ten touchdowns with 22 interceptions, he retired after the season at age 39, saying rookie quarterback Gary Wood not only \"took my job away, but started to ask permission to date my daughter.\"", "After throwing only ten touchdowns with 22 interceptions, he retired after the season at age 39, saying rookie quarterback Gary Wood not only \"took my job away, but started to ask permission to date my daughter.\" Over 17 seasons as a professional, Tittle completed 2,427 out of 4,395 passes for 33,070 yards and 242 touchdowns, with 248 interceptions.", "Over 17 seasons as a professional, Tittle completed 2,427 out of 4,395 passes for 33,070 yards and 242 touchdowns, with 248 interceptions. He also rushed for 39 touchdowns.", "He also rushed for 39 touchdowns. Career statistics Profile and playing style Tittle threw the ball from a sidearm, almost underhand position, something novel at those times, though it was common practice in earlier decades. It was this seemingly underhand style that drew the curiosity and admiration of many fans.", "It was this seemingly underhand style that drew the curiosity and admiration of many fans. This, in tandem with his baldness—for which he was frequently referred to as the \"Bald Eagle\"—made him a very striking personality. Despite his throwing motion, he had a very strong and accurate arm with a quick release.", "Despite his throwing motion, he had a very strong and accurate arm with a quick release. His ability to read defenses made him one of the best screen passers in the NFL. He was a perfectionist and highly competitive, and he expected the same of his teammates.", "He was a perfectionist and highly competitive, and he expected the same of his teammates. He possessed rare leadership and game-planning skills, and played with great enthusiasm even in his later years. \"Tittle has the attitude of a high school kid, with the brain of a computer,\" said Giants teammate Frank Gifford.", "\"Tittle has the attitude of a high school kid, with the brain of a computer,\" said Giants teammate Frank Gifford. Baltimore Colts halfback Lenny Moore, when asked in 1963 to compare Tittle and Colts quarterback Johnny Unitas, said: I played with Tittle in the Pro Bowl two years ago, and I discovered he's quite a guy ...", "Baltimore Colts halfback Lenny Moore, when asked in 1963 to compare Tittle and Colts quarterback Johnny Unitas, said: I played with Tittle in the Pro Bowl two years ago, and I discovered he's quite a guy ... He and John, however, are entirely different types ... Tittle is a sort of 'con man' with his players ... he comes into a huddle and 'suggests' that maybe this or that will work on account of something he saw happen on a previous play ...", "He and John, however, are entirely different types ... Tittle is a sort of 'con man' with his players ... he comes into a huddle and 'suggests' that maybe this or that will work on account of something he saw happen on a previous play ... The way he puts it, you're convinced it's a good idea and maybe it will work.", "The way he puts it, you're convinced it's a good idea and maybe it will work. John, now, he's a take-charge guy ... you what the other guy's going to do, what he's going to do, and what he wants you to do.", "John, now, he's a take-charge guy ... you what the other guy's going to do, what he's going to do, and what he wants you to do. Tittle's most productive years came when he was well beyond his athletic prime.", "Tittle's most productive years came when he was well beyond his athletic prime. He credited his ability to improve with age to a feel for the game borne from years of league experience.", "He credited his ability to improve with age to a feel for the game borne from years of league experience. \"If you could learn it by studying movies, a good, smart college quarterback could learn all you've got to learn in three weeks and then come in and be as good as the old heads,\" he told Sports Illustrated in 1963.", "\"If you could learn it by studying movies, a good, smart college quarterback could learn all you've got to learn in three weeks and then come in and be as good as the old heads,\" he told Sports Illustrated in 1963. \"But they can't.\"", "\"But they can't.\" Legacy At the time of his retirement, Tittle held the following NFL records: Tittle was the fourth player to throw seven touchdown passes in a game, when he did so in 1962 against the Redskins.", "Legacy At the time of his retirement, Tittle held the following NFL records: Tittle was the fourth player to throw seven touchdown passes in a game, when he did so in 1962 against the Redskins. He followed Sid Luckman (1943), Adrian Burk (1954), and George Blanda (1961).", "He followed Sid Luckman (1943), Adrian Burk (1954), and George Blanda (1961). The feat has since been equaled by four more players: Joe Kapp (1969), Peyton Manning (2013), Nick Foles (2013), and Drew Brees (2015).", "The feat has since been equaled by four more players: Joe Kapp (1969), Peyton Manning (2013), Nick Foles (2013), and Drew Brees (2015). Tittle, Manning and Foles did it without an interception.", "Tittle, Manning and Foles did it without an interception. His 36 touchdown passes in 1963 set a record which stood for over two decades until it was surpassed by Dan Marino in 1984; as of 2016 it remains a Giants franchise record.", "His 36 touchdown passes in 1963 set a record which stood for over two decades until it was surpassed by Dan Marino in 1984; as of 2016 it remains a Giants franchise record. Despite record statistics and three straight championship game appearances, Tittle was never able to deliver a title to his team.", "Despite record statistics and three straight championship game appearances, Tittle was never able to deliver a title to his team. His record as a starter in postseason games was 0–4. He threw four touchdown passes against 14 interceptions and had a passer rating of 33.8 in his postseason career, far below his regular season passer rating of 74.3.", "He threw four touchdown passes against 14 interceptions and had a passer rating of 33.8 in his postseason career, far below his regular season passer rating of 74.3. Seth Wickersham, writing for ESPN The Magazine in 2014, noted the dichotomy in the 1960s between two of New York's major sports franchises: \"... Gifford, Huff and Tittle, a team of Hall of Famers known for losing championships as their peers on the Yankees—with whom they shared a stadium, a city, and many rounds of drinks—became renowned for winning them.\"", "Seth Wickersham, writing for ESPN The Magazine in 2014, noted the dichotomy in the 1960s between two of New York's major sports franchises: \"... Gifford, Huff and Tittle, a team of Hall of Famers known for losing championships as their peers on the Yankees—with whom they shared a stadium, a city, and many rounds of drinks—became renowned for winning them.\" The Giants struggled after Tittle's retirement, posting only two winning seasons from 1964 to 1980.", "The Giants struggled after Tittle's retirement, posting only two winning seasons from 1964 to 1980. He made seven Pro Bowls, four first-team All-Pro teams, and four times was named the NFL's Most Valuable Player or Player of the Year: in 1957 and 1962 by the UPI; in 1961 by the NEA; and in 1963 by the AP and NEA.", "He made seven Pro Bowls, four first-team All-Pro teams, and four times was named the NFL's Most Valuable Player or Player of the Year: in 1957 and 1962 by the UPI; in 1961 by the NEA; and in 1963 by the AP and NEA. In a sports column in 1963, George Strickler for the Chicago Tribune remarked Tittle had \"broken records that at one time appeared unassailable and he has been the hero of more second half rallies than Napoleon and the Harlem Globetrotters.\"", "In a sports column in 1963, George Strickler for the Chicago Tribune remarked Tittle had \"broken records that at one time appeared unassailable and he has been the hero of more second half rallies than Napoleon and the Harlem Globetrotters.\" He was featured on four Sports Illustrated covers: three during his playing career and one shortly after retirement.", "He was featured on four Sports Illustrated covers: three during his playing career and one shortly after retirement. His first was with the 49ers in 1954. With the Giants, he graced covers in November 1961, and he was on the season preview issue for 1964; a two-page fold-out photo from the 1963 title game.", "With the Giants, he graced covers in November 1961, and he was on the season preview issue for 1964; a two-page fold-out photo from the 1963 title game. Tittle was on a fourth cover in August 1965.", "Tittle was on a fourth cover in August 1965. The trade of Tittle for Lou Cordileone is seen as one of the worst trades in 49ers history; it is considered one of the best trades in Giants franchise history. Cordileone played just one season in San Francisco.", "Cordileone played just one season in San Francisco. Famous photo A photo of a dazed Tittle in the end zone taken by Morris Berman of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette on September 20, 1964, is regarded among the most iconic images in the history of American sports and journalism.", "Famous photo A photo of a dazed Tittle in the end zone taken by Morris Berman of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette on September 20, 1964, is regarded among the most iconic images in the history of American sports and journalism. Tittle, in his 17th and final season, was photographed helmet-less, bloodied and kneeling immediately after having been knocked to the ground by John Baker of the Pittsburgh Steelers and throwing an interception that was returned for a touchdown at the old Pitt Stadium.", "Tittle, in his 17th and final season, was photographed helmet-less, bloodied and kneeling immediately after having been knocked to the ground by John Baker of the Pittsburgh Steelers and throwing an interception that was returned for a touchdown at the old Pitt Stadium. He suffered a concussion and cracked sternum on the play, but went on to play the rest of the season.", "He suffered a concussion and cracked sternum on the play, but went on to play the rest of the season. Post-Gazette editors declined to publish the photo, looking for \"action shots\" instead, but Berman entered the image into contests where it took on a life of its own, winning a National Headliner Award.", "Post-Gazette editors declined to publish the photo, looking for \"action shots\" instead, but Berman entered the image into contests where it took on a life of its own, winning a National Headliner Award. It is regarded as having changed the way that photographers look at sports, having shown the power of capturing a moment of reaction.", "It is regarded as having changed the way that photographers look at sports, having shown the power of capturing a moment of reaction. It became one of three photos to hang in the lobby of the National Press Photographers Association headquarters, alongside Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima and the Hindenburg disaster.", "It became one of three photos to hang in the lobby of the National Press Photographers Association headquarters, alongside Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima and the Hindenburg disaster. A copy has hung in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.", "A copy has hung in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. A similar photo by Dozier Mobley of the Associated Press, which shows Tittle looking forward rather than down, was published in the October 2, 1964, issue of Life magazine.", "A similar photo by Dozier Mobley of the Associated Press, which shows Tittle looking forward rather than down, was published in the October 2, 1964, issue of Life magazine. After at first having failed to see the appeal of the image, Tittle eventually grew to embrace it, putting the Mobley version on the back cover of his 2009 autobiography.", "After at first having failed to see the appeal of the image, Tittle eventually grew to embrace it, putting the Mobley version on the back cover of his 2009 autobiography. \"That was the end of the road,\" he told the Los Angeles Times in 2008. \"It was the end of my dream.", "\"It was the end of my dream. It was over.\" Pittsburgh player John Baker, who hit Tittle right before the picture was taken, ran for sheriff in his native Wake County, North Carolina in 1978, and used the photo as a campaign tool. He was elected and went on to serve for 24 years.", "He was elected and went on to serve for 24 years. Tittle also held a fundraiser to assist Baker in his bid for a fourth term in 1989.", "Tittle also held a fundraiser to assist Baker in his bid for a fourth term in 1989. Honors In recognition of his high school and college careers, respectively, Tittle was inducted to the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1987 and the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame in 1972.", "Honors In recognition of his high school and college careers, respectively, Tittle was inducted to the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1987 and the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame in 1972. Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame with its 1971 class, which included contemporaries Jim Brown, Norm Van Brocklin, the late Vince Lombardi, and former Giants teammate Andy Robustelli.", "Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame with its 1971 class, which included contemporaries Jim Brown, Norm Van Brocklin, the late Vince Lombardi, and former Giants teammate Andy Robustelli. By virtue of his membership in the pro hall of fame, he was automatically inducted as a charter member of the San Francisco 49ers Hall of Fame in 2009.", "By virtue of his membership in the pro hall of fame, he was automatically inducted as a charter member of the San Francisco 49ers Hall of Fame in 2009. The Giants had originally retired the number 14 jersey in honor of Ward Cuff, but Tittle requested and was granted the jersey number by Giants owner Wellington Mara when he joined the team.", "The Giants had originally retired the number 14 jersey in honor of Ward Cuff, but Tittle requested and was granted the jersey number by Giants owner Wellington Mara when he joined the team. It was retired again immediately following his retirement, and is now retired in honor of both players.", "It was retired again immediately following his retirement, and is now retired in honor of both players. In 2010, Tittle became a charter member of the New York Giants Ring of Honor.", "In 2010, Tittle became a charter member of the New York Giants Ring of Honor. Personal life After his retirement, he rejoined the 49ers staff and served as an assistant coach before being hired by the Giants in 1970 as a quarterback mentor. During his NFL career, Tittle worked as an insurance salesman in the off-season.", "During his NFL career, Tittle worked as an insurance salesman in the off-season. After retiring, he founded his own company, Y. A. Tittle Insurance & Financial Services. Tittle appeared on the October 9, 1961 episode of To Tell the Truth as one of three challengers. Tittle claimed to be hair stylist-weekend pro wrestler Richard Smith.", "Tittle claimed to be hair stylist-weekend pro wrestler Richard Smith. Tittle received one vote from the four Celebrity Panelists (Johnny Carson). Until his death, Tittle resided in Atherton, California. His wife Minnette died in 2012. They had three sons: Michael, Patrick and John, and a daughter, Dianne Tittle de Laet.", "They had three sons: Michael, Patrick and John, and a daughter, Dianne Tittle de Laet. Their daughter is a harpist and poet, and in 1995 she published a biography of her father titled Giants & Heroes: A Daughter's Memories of Y. A. Tittle.", "A. Tittle. A. Tittle. In his later life, Tittle suffered from severe dementia, which adversely affected his memory and limited his conversation to a handful of topics. Tittle died on October 8, 2017, at a hospital in Stanford, California, of natural causes.", "Tittle died on October 8, 2017, at a hospital in Stanford, California, of natural causes. List of 500-yard passing games in the National Football League Notes References Further reading External links 1926 births 2017 deaths American football quarterbacks Baltimore Colts (1947–1950) players Deaths from dementia Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players LSU Tigers football players National Football League Most Valuable Player Award winners National Football League players with retired numbers Neurological disease deaths in California New York Giants players People from Atherton, California People from Marshall, Texas Players of American football from Texas Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees San Francisco 49ers players Western Conference Pro Bowl players" ]

[ "Y. A. Tittle", "Legacy", "What was Tittle's legacy?", "At the time of his retirement, Tittle held the following NFL records:" ]

[ "\"What I Need To Do\" is a song written by Tom Damphier and Bill Luther, and recorded by American country music artist Kenny Chesney. It was released in January 2000 as the fourth and final single from Chesney's 1999 album Everywhere We Go. The song peaked at number 8 in the United States and number 13 in Canada in 2000.\n\nContent\nThe song describes the narrator thinking about \"what [he] need[s] to do\" as he is driving away from his old hometown away from his former lover. He also thinks that he should \"turn [his] car around\" and go back to his lover, then hold her, and then tell her how sorry he is for what he did.\n\nChart positions\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences\n\n2000 singles\nKenny Chesney songs\nSong recordings produced by Buddy Cannon\nSong recordings produced by Norro Wilson\nBNA Records singles\nSongs written by Bill Luther (songwriter)\n1999 songs", "Lyceum is an album by The Orchids, released on Sarah Records in 1989.\n\nIt was the first album release by the group (and also by the label) and was originally only available as an 8 track, 10\" mini-album on vinyl. As was usual for albums on Sarah Records, no singles were released from it, although the later 2005 reissue contained all the early singles.\n\nIt was reviewed in Melody Maker as \"Another fountainhead of unqualified greatness\".\n\nTrack listing\n\"It's Only Obvious\" \n\"A Place Called Home\" \n\"Caveman\" \n\"York Song\" \n\"Carrole-Anne\" \n\"Hold On\" \n\"Blue Light\" \n\"If You Can't Find Love\"\n\n2005 re-issue\n\"It's Only Obvious\"\n\"A Place Called Home\" \n\"Caveman\" \n\"York Song\" \n\"Carrole-Anne\" \n\"Hold On\" \n\"Blue Light\" \n\"If You Can't Find Love\"\n\"I've Got a Habit\" – First single on Sarah Records, 1988\n\"Apologies\" – Single B-side\n\"Give Me Some Peppermint Freedom\" - from Shadow Factory compilation, Sarah Records 1989\n\"Defy the Law \" - From \"Underneath the Window\" EP, Sarah Records 1988\n\"Underneath the Window, Underneath the Sink\" - From \"Underneath the Window\" EP\n\"Tiny Words\" - From \"Underneath the Window\" EP\n\"Walter\" - From \"Underneath the Window\" EP\n\"What Will We Do Next\" - What Will We Do Next Single A-side Sarah Records 1989\n\"As Times Goes By\" - What Will We Do Next Single B-side \n\"Yawn\" - What Will We Do Next Single B-side \n\"Ill Wind That Blows\" - 7\" A-side, Caff 1990\n\"All Those Things\" - 7\" B-side, Caff 1990\n\n1989 albums\nThe Orchids albums\nSarah Records albums" ]

[ "Yelberton Abraham Tittle Jr. (October 24, 1926 – October 8, 2017) was a professional American football quarterback. He played in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers, New York Giants, and Baltimore Colts, after spending two seasons with the Colts in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC).", "He played in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers, New York Giants, and Baltimore Colts, after spending two seasons with the Colts in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC). Known for his competitiveness, leadership, and striking profile, Tittle was the centerpiece of several prolific offenses throughout his 17-year professional career from 1948 to 1964.", "Known for his competitiveness, leadership, and striking profile, Tittle was the centerpiece of several prolific offenses throughout his 17-year professional career from 1948 to 1964. Tittle played college football for Louisiana State University, where he was a two-time All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) quarterback for the LSU Tigers football team.", "Tittle played college football for Louisiana State University, where he was a two-time All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) quarterback for the LSU Tigers football team. As a junior, he was named the most valuable player (MVP) of the infamous 1947 Cotton Bowl Classic—also known as the \"Ice Bowl\"—a scoreless tie between the Tigers and Arkansas Razorbacks in a snowstorm.", "As a junior, he was named the most valuable player (MVP) of the infamous 1947 Cotton Bowl Classic—also known as the \"Ice Bowl\"—a scoreless tie between the Tigers and Arkansas Razorbacks in a snowstorm. After college, he was drafted in the 1947 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions, but he instead chose to play in the AAFC for the Colts.", "After college, he was drafted in the 1947 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions, but he instead chose to play in the AAFC for the Colts. With the Colts, Tittle was named the AAFC Rookie of the Year in 1948 after leading the team to the AAFC playoffs.", "With the Colts, Tittle was named the AAFC Rookie of the Year in 1948 after leading the team to the AAFC playoffs. After consecutive one-win seasons, the Colts franchise folded, which allowed Tittle to be drafted in the 1951 NFL Draft by the 49ers.", "After consecutive one-win seasons, the Colts franchise folded, which allowed Tittle to be drafted in the 1951 NFL Draft by the 49ers. Through ten seasons in San Francisco, he was invited to four Pro Bowls, led the league in touchdown passes in 1955, and was named the NFL Player of the Year by the United Press in 1957.", "Through ten seasons in San Francisco, he was invited to four Pro Bowls, led the league in touchdown passes in 1955, and was named the NFL Player of the Year by the United Press in 1957. A groundbreaker, Tittle was part of the 49ers' famed Million Dollar Backfield, was the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated, and is credited with having coined \"alley-oop\" as a sports term.", "A groundbreaker, Tittle was part of the 49ers' famed Million Dollar Backfield, was the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated, and is credited with having coined \"alley-oop\" as a sports term. Considered washed-up, the 34-year-old Tittle was traded to the Giants following the 1960 season.", "Considered washed-up, the 34-year-old Tittle was traded to the Giants following the 1960 season. Over the next four seasons, he won several individual awards, twice set the league single-season record for touchdown passesincluding a 1962 game with a combined 7 touchdown passes and 500-yards passing with a near perfect (151.4 out of 158.33) passer rating, and led the Giants to three straight NFL championship games.", "Over the next four seasons, he won several individual awards, twice set the league single-season record for touchdown passesincluding a 1962 game with a combined 7 touchdown passes and 500-yards passing with a near perfect (151.4 out of 158.33) passer rating, and led the Giants to three straight NFL championship games. Although he was never able to deliver a championship to the team, Tittle's time in New York is regarded among the glory years of the franchise.", "Although he was never able to deliver a championship to the team, Tittle's time in New York is regarded among the glory years of the franchise. In his final season, Tittle was photographed bloodied and kneeling down in the end zone after a tackle by a defender left him helmetless.", "In his final season, Tittle was photographed bloodied and kneeling down in the end zone after a tackle by a defender left him helmetless. The photograph is considered one of the most iconic images in North American sports history.", "The photograph is considered one of the most iconic images in North American sports history. He retired as the NFL's all-time leader in passing yards, passing touchdowns, attempts, completions, and games played. Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1971, and his jersey number 14 is retired by the Giants.", "Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1971, and his jersey number 14 is retired by the Giants. Early years and college career Born and raised in Marshall, Texas, to Alma Tittle (née Allen) and Yelberton Abraham Tittle Sr., Tittle aspired to be a quarterback from a young age.", "Early years and college career Born and raised in Marshall, Texas, to Alma Tittle (née Allen) and Yelberton Abraham Tittle Sr., Tittle aspired to be a quarterback from a young age. He spent hours in his backyard throwing a football through a tire swing, emulating his fellow Texan and boyhood idol, Sammy Baugh.", "He spent hours in his backyard throwing a football through a tire swing, emulating his fellow Texan and boyhood idol, Sammy Baugh. Tittle played high school football at Marshall High School. In his senior year the team posted an undefeated record and reached the state finals.", "In his senior year the team posted an undefeated record and reached the state finals. After a recruiting battle between Louisiana State University and the University of Texas, Tittle chose to attend LSU in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and play for the LSU Tigers.", "After a recruiting battle between Louisiana State University and the University of Texas, Tittle chose to attend LSU in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and play for the LSU Tigers. He was part of a successful 1944 recruiting class under head coach Bernie Moore that included halfbacks Jim Cason, Dan Sandifer, and Ray Coates.", "He was part of a successful 1944 recruiting class under head coach Bernie Moore that included halfbacks Jim Cason, Dan Sandifer, and Ray Coates. Freshmen were eligible to play on the varsity during World War II, so Tittle saw playing time immediately.", "Freshmen were eligible to play on the varsity during World War II, so Tittle saw playing time immediately. He later said the finest moment of his four years at LSU was beating Tulane as a freshman, a game in which he set a school record with 238 passing yards.", "He later said the finest moment of his four years at LSU was beating Tulane as a freshman, a game in which he set a school record with 238 passing yards. It was one of two games the Tigers won that season.", "It was one of two games the Tigers won that season. Moore started Tittle at tailback in the single-wing formation his first year, but moved him to quarterback in the T formation during his sophomore season.", "Moore started Tittle at tailback in the single-wing formation his first year, but moved him to quarterback in the T formation during his sophomore season. As a junior in 1946, Tittle's three touchdown passes in a 41–27 rout of rival Tulane helped ensure LSU a spot in the Cotton Bowl Classic.", "As a junior in 1946, Tittle's three touchdown passes in a 41–27 rout of rival Tulane helped ensure LSU a spot in the Cotton Bowl Classic. Known notoriously as the \"Ice Bowl\", the 1947 Cotton Bowl pitted LSU against the Arkansas Razorbacks in sub-freezing temperatures on an ice-covered field in Dallas, Texas.", "Known notoriously as the \"Ice Bowl\", the 1947 Cotton Bowl pitted LSU against the Arkansas Razorbacks in sub-freezing temperatures on an ice-covered field in Dallas, Texas. LSU moved the ball much better than the Razorbacks, but neither team was able to score, and the game ended in a scoreless tie.", "LSU moved the ball much better than the Razorbacks, but neither team was able to score, and the game ended in a scoreless tie. Tittle and Arkansas end Alton Baldwin shared the game's MVP award. Following the season, United Press International (UPI) placed Tittle on its All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) first-team.", "Following the season, United Press International (UPI) placed Tittle on its All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) first-team. UPI again named Tittle its first-team All-SEC quarterback in 1947. In Tittle's day of iron man football, he played on both offense and defense.", "In Tittle's day of iron man football, he played on both offense and defense. While on defense during a 20–18 loss to SEC champion Ole Miss in his senior season, Tittle's belt buckle was torn off as he intercepted a pass from Charlie Conerly and broke a tackle.", "While on defense during a 20–18 loss to SEC champion Ole Miss in his senior season, Tittle's belt buckle was torn off as he intercepted a pass from Charlie Conerly and broke a tackle. He ran down the sideline with one arm cradling the ball and the other holding up his pants.", "He ran down the sideline with one arm cradling the ball and the other holding up his pants. At the Ole Miss 20-yard line, as he attempted to stiff-arm a defender,(#87 Jack Odom), Tittle's pants fell and he tripped and fell onto his face. The fall kept him from scoring the game-winning touchdown.", "The fall kept him from scoring the game-winning touchdown. In total, during his college career Tittle set school passing records with 162 completions out of 330 attempts for 2,525 yards and 23 touchdowns. He scored seven touchdowns himself as a runner. His passing totals remained unbroken until Bert Jones surpassed them in the 1970s.", "His passing totals remained unbroken until Bert Jones surpassed them in the 1970s. Professional career Baltimore Colts Tittle was the sixth overall selection of the 1948 NFL Draft, taken by the Detroit Lions. However, Tittle instead began his professional career with the Baltimore Colts of the All-America Football Conference in 1948.", "However, Tittle instead began his professional career with the Baltimore Colts of the All-America Football Conference in 1948. That season, already being described as a \"passing ace\", he was unanimously recognized as the AAFC Rookie of the Year by UPI after passing for 2,739 yards and leading the Colts to the brink of an Eastern Division championship.", "That season, already being described as a \"passing ace\", he was unanimously recognized as the AAFC Rookie of the Year by UPI after passing for 2,739 yards and leading the Colts to the brink of an Eastern Division championship. After a 1–11 win–loss record in 1949, the Colts joined the National Football League in 1950.", "After a 1–11 win–loss record in 1949, the Colts joined the National Football League in 1950. The team again posted a single win against eleven losses, and the franchise folded after the season due to financial difficulties. Players on the roster at the time of the fold were eligible to be drafted in the next NFL draft.", "Players on the roster at the time of the fold were eligible to be drafted in the next NFL draft. San Francisco 49ers Tittle was then drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the 1951 NFL Draft after the Colts folded.", "San Francisco 49ers Tittle was then drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the 1951 NFL Draft after the Colts folded. While many players at the time were unable to play immediately due to military duties, Tittle had received a class IV-F exemption due to physical ailments, so he was able to join the 49ers roster that season.", "While many players at the time were unable to play immediately due to military duties, Tittle had received a class IV-F exemption due to physical ailments, so he was able to join the 49ers roster that season. In 1951 and 1952, he shared time at quarterback with Frankie Albert.", "In 1951 and 1952, he shared time at quarterback with Frankie Albert. In 1953, his first full season as the 49ers' starter, he passed for 2,121 yards and 20 touchdowns and was invited to his first Pro Bowl.", "In 1953, his first full season as the 49ers' starter, he passed for 2,121 yards and 20 touchdowns and was invited to his first Pro Bowl. San Francisco finished with a 9–3 regular season record, which was good enough for second in the Western Conference, and led the league in points scored.", "San Francisco finished with a 9–3 regular season record, which was good enough for second in the Western Conference, and led the league in points scored. In 1954, the 49ers compiled their Million Dollar Backfield, which was composed of four future Hall of Famers: Tittle; fullbacks John Henry Johnson and Joe Perry; and halfback Hugh McElhenny.", "In 1954, the 49ers compiled their Million Dollar Backfield, which was composed of four future Hall of Famers: Tittle; fullbacks John Henry Johnson and Joe Perry; and halfback Hugh McElhenny. \"It made quarterbacking so easy because I just get in the huddle and call anything and you have three Hall of Fame running backs ready to carry the ball,\" Tittle reminisced in 2006.", "\"It made quarterbacking so easy because I just get in the huddle and call anything and you have three Hall of Fame running backs ready to carry the ball,\" Tittle reminisced in 2006. The team had aspirations for a championship run, but injuries, including McElhenny's separated shoulder in the sixth game of the season, ended those hopes and the 49ers finished third in the Western Division.", "The team had aspirations for a championship run, but injuries, including McElhenny's separated shoulder in the sixth game of the season, ended those hopes and the 49ers finished third in the Western Division. Tittle starred in his second straight Pro Bowl appearance as he threw two touchdown passes, including one to 49ers teammate Billy Wilson, who was named the game's MVP.", "Tittle starred in his second straight Pro Bowl appearance as he threw two touchdown passes, including one to 49ers teammate Billy Wilson, who was named the game's MVP. Tittle became the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated when he appeared on its 15th issue dated November 22, 1954, donning his 49ers uniform and helmet featuring an acrylic face mask distinct to the time period.", "Tittle became the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated when he appeared on its 15th issue dated November 22, 1954, donning his 49ers uniform and helmet featuring an acrylic face mask distinct to the time period. The cover photo also shows a metal bracket on the side of Tittle's helmet which served to protect his face by preventing the helmet from caving in.", "The cover photo also shows a metal bracket on the side of Tittle's helmet which served to protect his face by preventing the helmet from caving in. The 1954 cover was the first of four Sports Illustrated covers he graced during his career.", "The 1954 cover was the first of four Sports Illustrated covers he graced during his career. Tittle led the NFL in touchdown passes for the first time in 1955, with 17, while also leading the league with 28 interceptions thrown.", "Tittle led the NFL in touchdown passes for the first time in 1955, with 17, while also leading the league with 28 interceptions thrown. When the 49ers hired Frankie Albert as head coach in 1956, Tittle was pleased with the choice at first, figuring Albert would be a good mentor.", "When the 49ers hired Frankie Albert as head coach in 1956, Tittle was pleased with the choice at first, figuring Albert would be a good mentor. However, the team lost four of its first five games, and Albert replaced Tittle with rookie Earl Morrall.", "However, the team lost four of its first five games, and Albert replaced Tittle with rookie Earl Morrall. After a loss to the Los Angeles Rams brought San Francisco's record to 1–6, Tittle regained the starting role and the team finished undefeated with one tie through the season's final five games.", "After a loss to the Los Angeles Rams brought San Francisco's record to 1–6, Tittle regained the starting role and the team finished undefeated with one tie through the season's final five games. In 1957, Tittle and receiver R. C. Owens devised a pass play in which Tittle tossed the ball high into the air and the Owens leapt to retrieve it, typically resulting in a long gain or a touchdown.", "In 1957, Tittle and receiver R. C. Owens devised a pass play in which Tittle tossed the ball high into the air and the Owens leapt to retrieve it, typically resulting in a long gain or a touchdown. Tittle dubbed the play the \"alley-oop\"—the first usage of the term in sports—and it was highly successful when utilized.", "Tittle dubbed the play the \"alley-oop\"—the first usage of the term in sports—and it was highly successful when utilized. The 49ers finished the regular season with an 8–4 record and hosted the Detroit Lions in the Western Conference playoff.", "The 49ers finished the regular season with an 8–4 record and hosted the Detroit Lions in the Western Conference playoff. Against the Lions, Tittle passed for 248 yards and tossed three touchdown passes—one each to Owens, McElhenny, and Wilson—but Detroit overcame a 20-point third quarter deficit to win 31–27.", "Against the Lions, Tittle passed for 248 yards and tossed three touchdown passes—one each to Owens, McElhenny, and Wilson—but Detroit overcame a 20-point third quarter deficit to win 31–27. For the season, Tittle had a league-leading 63.1 completion percentage, threw for 2,157 yards and 13 touchdowns, and rushed for six more scores.", "For the season, Tittle had a league-leading 63.1 completion percentage, threw for 2,157 yards and 13 touchdowns, and rushed for six more scores. He was deemed \"pro player of the year\" by a United Press poll of members of the National Football Writers Association.", "He was deemed \"pro player of the year\" by a United Press poll of members of the National Football Writers Association. Additionally, he was named to his first All-Pro team and invited to his third Pro Bowl.", "Additionally, he was named to his first All-Pro team and invited to his third Pro Bowl. After a poor 1958 preseason by Tittle, Albert started John Brodie at quarterback for the 1958 season, a decision that proved unpopular with the fan base.", "After a poor 1958 preseason by Tittle, Albert started John Brodie at quarterback for the 1958 season, a decision that proved unpopular with the fan base. Tittle came in to relieve Brodie in a week six game against the Lions, with ten minutes left in the game and the 49ers down 21–17.", "Tittle came in to relieve Brodie in a week six game against the Lions, with ten minutes left in the game and the 49ers down 21–17. His appearance \"drew a roar of approval from the crowd of 59,213,\" after which he drove the team downfield and threw a 32-yard touchdown pass to McElhenny for the winning score.", "His appearance \"drew a roar of approval from the crowd of 59,213,\" after which he drove the team downfield and threw a 32-yard touchdown pass to McElhenny for the winning score. A right knee ligament injury against the Colts in week nine ended Tittle's season, and San Francisco finished with a 7–5 record, followed by Albert's resignation as coach.", "A right knee ligament injury against the Colts in week nine ended Tittle's season, and San Francisco finished with a 7–5 record, followed by Albert's resignation as coach. Tittle and Brodie continued to share time at quarterback over the next two seasons.", "Tittle and Brodie continued to share time at quarterback over the next two seasons. In his fourth and final Pro Bowl game with the 49ers in 1959, Tittle completed 13 of 17 passes for 178 yards and a touchdown. Under new head coach Red Hickey in 1960, the 49ers adopted the shotgun formation.", "Under new head coach Red Hickey in 1960, the 49ers adopted the shotgun formation. The first implementation of the shotgun was in week nine against the Colts, with Brodie at quarterback while Tittle nursed a groin injury.", "The first implementation of the shotgun was in week nine against the Colts, with Brodie at quarterback while Tittle nursed a groin injury. The 49ers scored a season-high thirty points, and with Brodie in the shotgun won three of their last four games to salvage a winning season at 7–5.", "The 49ers scored a season-high thirty points, and with Brodie in the shotgun won three of their last four games to salvage a winning season at 7–5. Though conflicted, Tittle decided to get into shape and prepare for the next season. He stated in his 2009 autobiography that at times he thought, \"The hell with it.", "He stated in his 2009 autobiography that at times he thought, \"The hell with it. Quit this damned game. You have been at it too long anyway.\" But then another voice within him would say, \"Come back for another year and show them you're still a good QB.", "But then another voice within him would say, \"Come back for another year and show them you're still a good QB. Don't let them shotgun you out of football!\" However, after the first preseason game of 1961, Hickey informed Tittle he had been traded to the New York Giants.", "However, after the first preseason game of 1961, Hickey informed Tittle he had been traded to the New York Giants. New York Giants In mid-August 1961, the 49ers traded the 34-year-old Tittle to the New York Giants for second-year guard Lou Cordileone.", "New York Giants In mid-August 1961, the 49ers traded the 34-year-old Tittle to the New York Giants for second-year guard Lou Cordileone. Cordileone, the 12th overall pick in the 1960 NFL Draft, was quoted as reacting \"Me, even up for Y. A. Tittle?", "A. Tittle? A. Tittle? You're kidding,\" and later remarked that the Giants traded him for \"a 42-year-old quarterback.\" Tittle's view of Cordileone was much the same, stating his dismay that the 49ers did not get a \"name ballplayer\" in return.", "Tittle's view of Cordileone was much the same, stating his dismay that the 49ers did not get a \"name ballplayer\" in return. He was also displeased with being traded to the East Coast, and said he would rather have been traded to the Los Angeles Rams.", "He was also displeased with being traded to the East Coast, and said he would rather have been traded to the Los Angeles Rams. Already considered washed up, Tittle was intended by the Giants to share quarterback duties with 40-year-old Charlie Conerly, who had been with the team since 1948.", "Already considered washed up, Tittle was intended by the Giants to share quarterback duties with 40-year-old Charlie Conerly, who had been with the team since 1948. The players at first remained loyal to Conerly, and treated Tittle with the cold shoulder. Tittle missed the season opener due to a back injury sustained before the season.", "Tittle missed the season opener due to a back injury sustained before the season. His first game with New York came in week two, against the Steelers, in which he and Conerly each threw a touchdown pass in the Giants' 17–14 win.", "His first game with New York came in week two, against the Steelers, in which he and Conerly each threw a touchdown pass in the Giants' 17–14 win. He became the team's primary starter for the remainder of the season and led the revitalized Giants to first place in the Eastern Conference.", "He became the team's primary starter for the remainder of the season and led the revitalized Giants to first place in the Eastern Conference. The Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA) awarded Tittle its Jim Thorpe Trophy as the NFL's players' choice of MVP.", "The Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA) awarded Tittle its Jim Thorpe Trophy as the NFL's players' choice of MVP. In the 1961 NFL Championship Game, the Giants were soundly defeated by Vince Lombardi's Green Bay Packers, as they were shut-out 37-0. Tittle completed six of 20 passes in the game and threw four interceptions.", "Tittle completed six of 20 passes in the game and threw four interceptions. In January 1962, Tittle stated his intention to retire following the 1962 season. After an off-season quarterback competition with Ralph Guglielmi, Tittle played and started in a career-high 14 games.", "After an off-season quarterback competition with Ralph Guglielmi, Tittle played and started in a career-high 14 games. He tied an NFL record by throwing seven touchdown passes in a game on October 28, 1962, in a 49–34 win over the Washington Redskins.", "He tied an NFL record by throwing seven touchdown passes in a game on October 28, 1962, in a 49–34 win over the Washington Redskins. Against the Dallas Cowboys in the regular season finale, Tittle threw six touchdown passes to set the single-season record with 33, which had been set the previous year by Sonny Jurgensen's 32.", "Against the Dallas Cowboys in the regular season finale, Tittle threw six touchdown passes to set the single-season record with 33, which had been set the previous year by Sonny Jurgensen's 32. He earned player of the year honors from the Washington D.C. Touchdown Club, UPI, and The Sporting News, and finished just behind Green Bay's Jim Taylor in voting for the AP NFL Most Valuable Player Award.", "He earned player of the year honors from the Washington D.C. Touchdown Club, UPI, and The Sporting News, and finished just behind Green Bay's Jim Taylor in voting for the AP NFL Most Valuable Player Award. The Giants again finished first in the Eastern Conference and faced the Packers in the 1962 NFL Championship Game.", "The Giants again finished first in the Eastern Conference and faced the Packers in the 1962 NFL Championship Game. In frigid, windy conditions at Yankee Stadium and facing a constant pass rush from the Packers' front seven, Tittle completed only 18 of his 41 attempts in the game.", "In frigid, windy conditions at Yankee Stadium and facing a constant pass rush from the Packers' front seven, Tittle completed only 18 of his 41 attempts in the game. The Packers won, 16–7, with New York's lone score coming on a blocked punt recovered in the end zone by Jim Collier.", "The Packers won, 16–7, with New York's lone score coming on a blocked punt recovered in the end zone by Jim Collier. Tittle returned to the Giants in 1963 and, at age 37, supplanted his single-season passing touchdowns record by throwing 36.", "Tittle returned to the Giants in 1963 and, at age 37, supplanted his single-season passing touchdowns record by throwing 36. He broke the record in the final game with three touchdowns against the Steelers, three days after being named NFL MVP by the AP.", "He broke the record in the final game with three touchdowns against the Steelers, three days after being named NFL MVP by the AP. The Giants led the league in scoring by a wide margin, and for the third time in as many years clinched the Eastern Conference title. The Western champions were George Halas' Chicago Bears.", "The Western champions were George Halas' Chicago Bears. The teams met in the 1963 NFL Championship Game at Wrigley Field. In the second quarter, Tittle injured his knee on a tackle by Larry Morris, and required a novocaine shot at halftime to continue playing.", "In the second quarter, Tittle injured his knee on a tackle by Larry Morris, and required a novocaine shot at halftime to continue playing. After holding a 10–7 halftime lead, The Giants were shutout in the second half, during which Tittle threw four interceptions.", "After holding a 10–7 halftime lead, The Giants were shutout in the second half, during which Tittle threw four interceptions. Playing through the knee injury, he completed 11 of 29 passes in the game for 147 yards, a touchdown, and five interceptions as the Bears won 14–10.", "Playing through the knee injury, he completed 11 of 29 passes in the game for 147 yards, a touchdown, and five interceptions as the Bears won 14–10. The following year in 1964, Tittle's final season, the Giants went 2–10–2 (), the worst record in the 14-team league.", "The following year in 1964, Tittle's final season, the Giants went 2–10–2 (), the worst record in the 14-team league. In the second game of the year, against Pittsburgh, he was blindsided by defensive end John Baker.", "In the second game of the year, against Pittsburgh, he was blindsided by defensive end John Baker. The tackle left Tittle with crushed cartilage in his ribs, a cracked sternum, and a concussion. However, he played in every game the rest of the season, but was relegated to a backup role later in the year.", "However, he played in every game the rest of the season, but was relegated to a backup role later in the year. After throwing only ten touchdowns with 22 interceptions, he retired after the season at age 39, saying rookie quarterback Gary Wood not only \"took my job away, but started to ask permission to date my daughter.\"", "After throwing only ten touchdowns with 22 interceptions, he retired after the season at age 39, saying rookie quarterback Gary Wood not only \"took my job away, but started to ask permission to date my daughter.\" Over 17 seasons as a professional, Tittle completed 2,427 out of 4,395 passes for 33,070 yards and 242 touchdowns, with 248 interceptions.", "Over 17 seasons as a professional, Tittle completed 2,427 out of 4,395 passes for 33,070 yards and 242 touchdowns, with 248 interceptions. He also rushed for 39 touchdowns.", "He also rushed for 39 touchdowns. Career statistics Profile and playing style Tittle threw the ball from a sidearm, almost underhand position, something novel at those times, though it was common practice in earlier decades. It was this seemingly underhand style that drew the curiosity and admiration of many fans.", "It was this seemingly underhand style that drew the curiosity and admiration of many fans. This, in tandem with his baldness—for which he was frequently referred to as the \"Bald Eagle\"—made him a very striking personality. Despite his throwing motion, he had a very strong and accurate arm with a quick release.", "Despite his throwing motion, he had a very strong and accurate arm with a quick release. His ability to read defenses made him one of the best screen passers in the NFL. He was a perfectionist and highly competitive, and he expected the same of his teammates.", "He was a perfectionist and highly competitive, and he expected the same of his teammates. He possessed rare leadership and game-planning skills, and played with great enthusiasm even in his later years. \"Tittle has the attitude of a high school kid, with the brain of a computer,\" said Giants teammate Frank Gifford.", "\"Tittle has the attitude of a high school kid, with the brain of a computer,\" said Giants teammate Frank Gifford. Baltimore Colts halfback Lenny Moore, when asked in 1963 to compare Tittle and Colts quarterback Johnny Unitas, said: I played with Tittle in the Pro Bowl two years ago, and I discovered he's quite a guy ...", "Baltimore Colts halfback Lenny Moore, when asked in 1963 to compare Tittle and Colts quarterback Johnny Unitas, said: I played with Tittle in the Pro Bowl two years ago, and I discovered he's quite a guy ... He and John, however, are entirely different types ... Tittle is a sort of 'con man' with his players ... he comes into a huddle and 'suggests' that maybe this or that will work on account of something he saw happen on a previous play ...", "He and John, however, are entirely different types ... Tittle is a sort of 'con man' with his players ... he comes into a huddle and 'suggests' that maybe this or that will work on account of something he saw happen on a previous play ... The way he puts it, you're convinced it's a good idea and maybe it will work.", "The way he puts it, you're convinced it's a good idea and maybe it will work. John, now, he's a take-charge guy ... you what the other guy's going to do, what he's going to do, and what he wants you to do.", "John, now, he's a take-charge guy ... you what the other guy's going to do, what he's going to do, and what he wants you to do. Tittle's most productive years came when he was well beyond his athletic prime.", "Tittle's most productive years came when he was well beyond his athletic prime. He credited his ability to improve with age to a feel for the game borne from years of league experience.", "He credited his ability to improve with age to a feel for the game borne from years of league experience. \"If you could learn it by studying movies, a good, smart college quarterback could learn all you've got to learn in three weeks and then come in and be as good as the old heads,\" he told Sports Illustrated in 1963.", "\"If you could learn it by studying movies, a good, smart college quarterback could learn all you've got to learn in three weeks and then come in and be as good as the old heads,\" he told Sports Illustrated in 1963. \"But they can't.\"", "\"But they can't.\" Legacy At the time of his retirement, Tittle held the following NFL records: Tittle was the fourth player to throw seven touchdown passes in a game, when he did so in 1962 against the Redskins.", "Legacy At the time of his retirement, Tittle held the following NFL records: Tittle was the fourth player to throw seven touchdown passes in a game, when he did so in 1962 against the Redskins. He followed Sid Luckman (1943), Adrian Burk (1954), and George Blanda (1961).", "He followed Sid Luckman (1943), Adrian Burk (1954), and George Blanda (1961). The feat has since been equaled by four more players: Joe Kapp (1969), Peyton Manning (2013), Nick Foles (2013), and Drew Brees (2015).", "The feat has since been equaled by four more players: Joe Kapp (1969), Peyton Manning (2013), Nick Foles (2013), and Drew Brees (2015). Tittle, Manning and Foles did it without an interception.", "Tittle, Manning and Foles did it without an interception. His 36 touchdown passes in 1963 set a record which stood for over two decades until it was surpassed by Dan Marino in 1984; as of 2016 it remains a Giants franchise record.", "His 36 touchdown passes in 1963 set a record which stood for over two decades until it was surpassed by Dan Marino in 1984; as of 2016 it remains a Giants franchise record. Despite record statistics and three straight championship game appearances, Tittle was never able to deliver a title to his team.", "Despite record statistics and three straight championship game appearances, Tittle was never able to deliver a title to his team. His record as a starter in postseason games was 0–4. He threw four touchdown passes against 14 interceptions and had a passer rating of 33.8 in his postseason career, far below his regular season passer rating of 74.3.", "He threw four touchdown passes against 14 interceptions and had a passer rating of 33.8 in his postseason career, far below his regular season passer rating of 74.3. Seth Wickersham, writing for ESPN The Magazine in 2014, noted the dichotomy in the 1960s between two of New York's major sports franchises: \"... Gifford, Huff and Tittle, a team of Hall of Famers known for losing championships as their peers on the Yankees—with whom they shared a stadium, a city, and many rounds of drinks—became renowned for winning them.\"", "Seth Wickersham, writing for ESPN The Magazine in 2014, noted the dichotomy in the 1960s between two of New York's major sports franchises: \"... Gifford, Huff and Tittle, a team of Hall of Famers known for losing championships as their peers on the Yankees—with whom they shared a stadium, a city, and many rounds of drinks—became renowned for winning them.\" The Giants struggled after Tittle's retirement, posting only two winning seasons from 1964 to 1980.", "The Giants struggled after Tittle's retirement, posting only two winning seasons from 1964 to 1980. He made seven Pro Bowls, four first-team All-Pro teams, and four times was named the NFL's Most Valuable Player or Player of the Year: in 1957 and 1962 by the UPI; in 1961 by the NEA; and in 1963 by the AP and NEA.", "He made seven Pro Bowls, four first-team All-Pro teams, and four times was named the NFL's Most Valuable Player or Player of the Year: in 1957 and 1962 by the UPI; in 1961 by the NEA; and in 1963 by the AP and NEA. In a sports column in 1963, George Strickler for the Chicago Tribune remarked Tittle had \"broken records that at one time appeared unassailable and he has been the hero of more second half rallies than Napoleon and the Harlem Globetrotters.\"", "In a sports column in 1963, George Strickler for the Chicago Tribune remarked Tittle had \"broken records that at one time appeared unassailable and he has been the hero of more second half rallies than Napoleon and the Harlem Globetrotters.\" He was featured on four Sports Illustrated covers: three during his playing career and one shortly after retirement.", "He was featured on four Sports Illustrated covers: three during his playing career and one shortly after retirement. His first was with the 49ers in 1954. With the Giants, he graced covers in November 1961, and he was on the season preview issue for 1964; a two-page fold-out photo from the 1963 title game.", "With the Giants, he graced covers in November 1961, and he was on the season preview issue for 1964; a two-page fold-out photo from the 1963 title game. Tittle was on a fourth cover in August 1965.", "Tittle was on a fourth cover in August 1965. The trade of Tittle for Lou Cordileone is seen as one of the worst trades in 49ers history; it is considered one of the best trades in Giants franchise history. Cordileone played just one season in San Francisco.", "Cordileone played just one season in San Francisco. Famous photo A photo of a dazed Tittle in the end zone taken by Morris Berman of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette on September 20, 1964, is regarded among the most iconic images in the history of American sports and journalism.", "Famous photo A photo of a dazed Tittle in the end zone taken by Morris Berman of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette on September 20, 1964, is regarded among the most iconic images in the history of American sports and journalism. Tittle, in his 17th and final season, was photographed helmet-less, bloodied and kneeling immediately after having been knocked to the ground by John Baker of the Pittsburgh Steelers and throwing an interception that was returned for a touchdown at the old Pitt Stadium.", "Tittle, in his 17th and final season, was photographed helmet-less, bloodied and kneeling immediately after having been knocked to the ground by John Baker of the Pittsburgh Steelers and throwing an interception that was returned for a touchdown at the old Pitt Stadium. He suffered a concussion and cracked sternum on the play, but went on to play the rest of the season.", "He suffered a concussion and cracked sternum on the play, but went on to play the rest of the season. Post-Gazette editors declined to publish the photo, looking for \"action shots\" instead, but Berman entered the image into contests where it took on a life of its own, winning a National Headliner Award.", "Post-Gazette editors declined to publish the photo, looking for \"action shots\" instead, but Berman entered the image into contests where it took on a life of its own, winning a National Headliner Award. It is regarded as having changed the way that photographers look at sports, having shown the power of capturing a moment of reaction.", "It is regarded as having changed the way that photographers look at sports, having shown the power of capturing a moment of reaction. It became one of three photos to hang in the lobby of the National Press Photographers Association headquarters, alongside Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima and the Hindenburg disaster.", "It became one of three photos to hang in the lobby of the National Press Photographers Association headquarters, alongside Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima and the Hindenburg disaster. A copy has hung in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.", "A copy has hung in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. A similar photo by Dozier Mobley of the Associated Press, which shows Tittle looking forward rather than down, was published in the October 2, 1964, issue of Life magazine.", "A similar photo by Dozier Mobley of the Associated Press, which shows Tittle looking forward rather than down, was published in the October 2, 1964, issue of Life magazine. After at first having failed to see the appeal of the image, Tittle eventually grew to embrace it, putting the Mobley version on the back cover of his 2009 autobiography.", "After at first having failed to see the appeal of the image, Tittle eventually grew to embrace it, putting the Mobley version on the back cover of his 2009 autobiography. \"That was the end of the road,\" he told the Los Angeles Times in 2008. \"It was the end of my dream.", "\"It was the end of my dream. It was over.\" Pittsburgh player John Baker, who hit Tittle right before the picture was taken, ran for sheriff in his native Wake County, North Carolina in 1978, and used the photo as a campaign tool. He was elected and went on to serve for 24 years.", "He was elected and went on to serve for 24 years. Tittle also held a fundraiser to assist Baker in his bid for a fourth term in 1989.", "Tittle also held a fundraiser to assist Baker in his bid for a fourth term in 1989. Honors In recognition of his high school and college careers, respectively, Tittle was inducted to the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1987 and the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame in 1972.", "Honors In recognition of his high school and college careers, respectively, Tittle was inducted to the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1987 and the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame in 1972. Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame with its 1971 class, which included contemporaries Jim Brown, Norm Van Brocklin, the late Vince Lombardi, and former Giants teammate Andy Robustelli.", "Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame with its 1971 class, which included contemporaries Jim Brown, Norm Van Brocklin, the late Vince Lombardi, and former Giants teammate Andy Robustelli. By virtue of his membership in the pro hall of fame, he was automatically inducted as a charter member of the San Francisco 49ers Hall of Fame in 2009.", "By virtue of his membership in the pro hall of fame, he was automatically inducted as a charter member of the San Francisco 49ers Hall of Fame in 2009. The Giants had originally retired the number 14 jersey in honor of Ward Cuff, but Tittle requested and was granted the jersey number by Giants owner Wellington Mara when he joined the team.", "The Giants had originally retired the number 14 jersey in honor of Ward Cuff, but Tittle requested and was granted the jersey number by Giants owner Wellington Mara when he joined the team. It was retired again immediately following his retirement, and is now retired in honor of both players.", "It was retired again immediately following his retirement, and is now retired in honor of both players. In 2010, Tittle became a charter member of the New York Giants Ring of Honor.", "In 2010, Tittle became a charter member of the New York Giants Ring of Honor. Personal life After his retirement, he rejoined the 49ers staff and served as an assistant coach before being hired by the Giants in 1970 as a quarterback mentor. During his NFL career, Tittle worked as an insurance salesman in the off-season.", "During his NFL career, Tittle worked as an insurance salesman in the off-season. After retiring, he founded his own company, Y. A. Tittle Insurance & Financial Services. Tittle appeared on the October 9, 1961 episode of To Tell the Truth as one of three challengers. Tittle claimed to be hair stylist-weekend pro wrestler Richard Smith.", "Tittle claimed to be hair stylist-weekend pro wrestler Richard Smith. Tittle received one vote from the four Celebrity Panelists (Johnny Carson). Until his death, Tittle resided in Atherton, California. His wife Minnette died in 2012. They had three sons: Michael, Patrick and John, and a daughter, Dianne Tittle de Laet.", "They had three sons: Michael, Patrick and John, and a daughter, Dianne Tittle de Laet. Their daughter is a harpist and poet, and in 1995 she published a biography of her father titled Giants & Heroes: A Daughter's Memories of Y. A. Tittle.", "A. Tittle. A. Tittle. In his later life, Tittle suffered from severe dementia, which adversely affected his memory and limited his conversation to a handful of topics. Tittle died on October 8, 2017, at a hospital in Stanford, California, of natural causes.", "Tittle died on October 8, 2017, at a hospital in Stanford, California, of natural causes. List of 500-yard passing games in the National Football League Notes References Further reading External links 1926 births 2017 deaths American football quarterbacks Baltimore Colts (1947–1950) players Deaths from dementia Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players LSU Tigers football players National Football League Most Valuable Player Award winners National Football League players with retired numbers Neurological disease deaths in California New York Giants players People from Atherton, California People from Marshall, Texas Players of American football from Texas Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees San Francisco 49ers players Western Conference Pro Bowl players" ]

[ "Y. A. Tittle", "Legacy", "What was Tittle's legacy?", "At the time of his retirement, Tittle held the following NFL records:", "What records did he hold?", "Tittle was the fourth player to throw seven touchdown passes in a game, when he did so in 1962 against the Redskins. He followed Sid Luckman (1943)," ]

[ "\"What I Need To Do\" is a song written by Tom Damphier and Bill Luther, and recorded by American country music artist Kenny Chesney. It was released in January 2000 as the fourth and final single from Chesney's 1999 album Everywhere We Go. The song peaked at number 8 in the United States and number 13 in Canada in 2000.\n\nContent\nThe song describes the narrator thinking about \"what [he] need[s] to do\" as he is driving away from his old hometown away from his former lover. He also thinks that he should \"turn [his] car around\" and go back to his lover, then hold her, and then tell her how sorry he is for what he did.\n\nChart positions\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences\n\n2000 singles\nKenny Chesney songs\nSong recordings produced by Buddy Cannon\nSong recordings produced by Norro Wilson\nBNA Records singles\nSongs written by Bill Luther (songwriter)\n1999 songs", "Lyceum is an album by The Orchids, released on Sarah Records in 1989.\n\nIt was the first album release by the group (and also by the label) and was originally only available as an 8 track, 10\" mini-album on vinyl. As was usual for albums on Sarah Records, no singles were released from it, although the later 2005 reissue contained all the early singles.\n\nIt was reviewed in Melody Maker as \"Another fountainhead of unqualified greatness\".\n\nTrack listing\n\"It's Only Obvious\" \n\"A Place Called Home\" \n\"Caveman\" \n\"York Song\" \n\"Carrole-Anne\" \n\"Hold On\" \n\"Blue Light\" \n\"If You Can't Find Love\"\n\n2005 re-issue\n\"It's Only Obvious\"\n\"A Place Called Home\" \n\"Caveman\" \n\"York Song\" \n\"Carrole-Anne\" \n\"Hold On\" \n\"Blue Light\" \n\"If You Can't Find Love\"\n\"I've Got a Habit\" – First single on Sarah Records, 1988\n\"Apologies\" – Single B-side\n\"Give Me Some Peppermint Freedom\" - from Shadow Factory compilation, Sarah Records 1989\n\"Defy the Law \" - From \"Underneath the Window\" EP, Sarah Records 1988\n\"Underneath the Window, Underneath the Sink\" - From \"Underneath the Window\" EP\n\"Tiny Words\" - From \"Underneath the Window\" EP\n\"Walter\" - From \"Underneath the Window\" EP\n\"What Will We Do Next\" - What Will We Do Next Single A-side Sarah Records 1989\n\"As Times Goes By\" - What Will We Do Next Single B-side \n\"Yawn\" - What Will We Do Next Single B-side \n\"Ill Wind That Blows\" - 7\" A-side, Caff 1990\n\"All Those Things\" - 7\" B-side, Caff 1990\n\n1989 albums\nThe Orchids albums\nSarah Records albums" ]

[ "Yelberton Abraham Tittle Jr. (October 24, 1926 – October 8, 2017) was a professional American football quarterback. He played in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers, New York Giants, and Baltimore Colts, after spending two seasons with the Colts in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC).", "He played in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers, New York Giants, and Baltimore Colts, after spending two seasons with the Colts in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC). Known for his competitiveness, leadership, and striking profile, Tittle was the centerpiece of several prolific offenses throughout his 17-year professional career from 1948 to 1964.", "Known for his competitiveness, leadership, and striking profile, Tittle was the centerpiece of several prolific offenses throughout his 17-year professional career from 1948 to 1964. Tittle played college football for Louisiana State University, where he was a two-time All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) quarterback for the LSU Tigers football team.", "Tittle played college football for Louisiana State University, where he was a two-time All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) quarterback for the LSU Tigers football team. As a junior, he was named the most valuable player (MVP) of the infamous 1947 Cotton Bowl Classic—also known as the \"Ice Bowl\"—a scoreless tie between the Tigers and Arkansas Razorbacks in a snowstorm.", "As a junior, he was named the most valuable player (MVP) of the infamous 1947 Cotton Bowl Classic—also known as the \"Ice Bowl\"—a scoreless tie between the Tigers and Arkansas Razorbacks in a snowstorm. After college, he was drafted in the 1947 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions, but he instead chose to play in the AAFC for the Colts.", "After college, he was drafted in the 1947 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions, but he instead chose to play in the AAFC for the Colts. With the Colts, Tittle was named the AAFC Rookie of the Year in 1948 after leading the team to the AAFC playoffs.", "With the Colts, Tittle was named the AAFC Rookie of the Year in 1948 after leading the team to the AAFC playoffs. After consecutive one-win seasons, the Colts franchise folded, which allowed Tittle to be drafted in the 1951 NFL Draft by the 49ers.", "After consecutive one-win seasons, the Colts franchise folded, which allowed Tittle to be drafted in the 1951 NFL Draft by the 49ers. Through ten seasons in San Francisco, he was invited to four Pro Bowls, led the league in touchdown passes in 1955, and was named the NFL Player of the Year by the United Press in 1957.", "Through ten seasons in San Francisco, he was invited to four Pro Bowls, led the league in touchdown passes in 1955, and was named the NFL Player of the Year by the United Press in 1957. A groundbreaker, Tittle was part of the 49ers' famed Million Dollar Backfield, was the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated, and is credited with having coined \"alley-oop\" as a sports term.", "A groundbreaker, Tittle was part of the 49ers' famed Million Dollar Backfield, was the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated, and is credited with having coined \"alley-oop\" as a sports term. Considered washed-up, the 34-year-old Tittle was traded to the Giants following the 1960 season.", "Considered washed-up, the 34-year-old Tittle was traded to the Giants following the 1960 season. Over the next four seasons, he won several individual awards, twice set the league single-season record for touchdown passesincluding a 1962 game with a combined 7 touchdown passes and 500-yards passing with a near perfect (151.4 out of 158.33) passer rating, and led the Giants to three straight NFL championship games.", "Over the next four seasons, he won several individual awards, twice set the league single-season record for touchdown passesincluding a 1962 game with a combined 7 touchdown passes and 500-yards passing with a near perfect (151.4 out of 158.33) passer rating, and led the Giants to three straight NFL championship games. Although he was never able to deliver a championship to the team, Tittle's time in New York is regarded among the glory years of the franchise.", "Although he was never able to deliver a championship to the team, Tittle's time in New York is regarded among the glory years of the franchise. In his final season, Tittle was photographed bloodied and kneeling down in the end zone after a tackle by a defender left him helmetless.", "In his final season, Tittle was photographed bloodied and kneeling down in the end zone after a tackle by a defender left him helmetless. The photograph is considered one of the most iconic images in North American sports history.", "The photograph is considered one of the most iconic images in North American sports history. He retired as the NFL's all-time leader in passing yards, passing touchdowns, attempts, completions, and games played. Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1971, and his jersey number 14 is retired by the Giants.", "Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1971, and his jersey number 14 is retired by the Giants. Early years and college career Born and raised in Marshall, Texas, to Alma Tittle (née Allen) and Yelberton Abraham Tittle Sr., Tittle aspired to be a quarterback from a young age.", "Early years and college career Born and raised in Marshall, Texas, to Alma Tittle (née Allen) and Yelberton Abraham Tittle Sr., Tittle aspired to be a quarterback from a young age. He spent hours in his backyard throwing a football through a tire swing, emulating his fellow Texan and boyhood idol, Sammy Baugh.", "He spent hours in his backyard throwing a football through a tire swing, emulating his fellow Texan and boyhood idol, Sammy Baugh. Tittle played high school football at Marshall High School. In his senior year the team posted an undefeated record and reached the state finals.", "In his senior year the team posted an undefeated record and reached the state finals. After a recruiting battle between Louisiana State University and the University of Texas, Tittle chose to attend LSU in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and play for the LSU Tigers.", "After a recruiting battle between Louisiana State University and the University of Texas, Tittle chose to attend LSU in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and play for the LSU Tigers. He was part of a successful 1944 recruiting class under head coach Bernie Moore that included halfbacks Jim Cason, Dan Sandifer, and Ray Coates.", "He was part of a successful 1944 recruiting class under head coach Bernie Moore that included halfbacks Jim Cason, Dan Sandifer, and Ray Coates. Freshmen were eligible to play on the varsity during World War II, so Tittle saw playing time immediately.", "Freshmen were eligible to play on the varsity during World War II, so Tittle saw playing time immediately. He later said the finest moment of his four years at LSU was beating Tulane as a freshman, a game in which he set a school record with 238 passing yards.", "He later said the finest moment of his four years at LSU was beating Tulane as a freshman, a game in which he set a school record with 238 passing yards. It was one of two games the Tigers won that season.", "It was one of two games the Tigers won that season. Moore started Tittle at tailback in the single-wing formation his first year, but moved him to quarterback in the T formation during his sophomore season.", "Moore started Tittle at tailback in the single-wing formation his first year, but moved him to quarterback in the T formation during his sophomore season. As a junior in 1946, Tittle's three touchdown passes in a 41–27 rout of rival Tulane helped ensure LSU a spot in the Cotton Bowl Classic.", "As a junior in 1946, Tittle's three touchdown passes in a 41–27 rout of rival Tulane helped ensure LSU a spot in the Cotton Bowl Classic. Known notoriously as the \"Ice Bowl\", the 1947 Cotton Bowl pitted LSU against the Arkansas Razorbacks in sub-freezing temperatures on an ice-covered field in Dallas, Texas.", "Known notoriously as the \"Ice Bowl\", the 1947 Cotton Bowl pitted LSU against the Arkansas Razorbacks in sub-freezing temperatures on an ice-covered field in Dallas, Texas. LSU moved the ball much better than the Razorbacks, but neither team was able to score, and the game ended in a scoreless tie.", "LSU moved the ball much better than the Razorbacks, but neither team was able to score, and the game ended in a scoreless tie. Tittle and Arkansas end Alton Baldwin shared the game's MVP award. Following the season, United Press International (UPI) placed Tittle on its All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) first-team.", "Following the season, United Press International (UPI) placed Tittle on its All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) first-team. UPI again named Tittle its first-team All-SEC quarterback in 1947. In Tittle's day of iron man football, he played on both offense and defense.", "In Tittle's day of iron man football, he played on both offense and defense. While on defense during a 20–18 loss to SEC champion Ole Miss in his senior season, Tittle's belt buckle was torn off as he intercepted a pass from Charlie Conerly and broke a tackle.", "While on defense during a 20–18 loss to SEC champion Ole Miss in his senior season, Tittle's belt buckle was torn off as he intercepted a pass from Charlie Conerly and broke a tackle. He ran down the sideline with one arm cradling the ball and the other holding up his pants.", "He ran down the sideline with one arm cradling the ball and the other holding up his pants. At the Ole Miss 20-yard line, as he attempted to stiff-arm a defender,(#87 Jack Odom), Tittle's pants fell and he tripped and fell onto his face. The fall kept him from scoring the game-winning touchdown.", "The fall kept him from scoring the game-winning touchdown. In total, during his college career Tittle set school passing records with 162 completions out of 330 attempts for 2,525 yards and 23 touchdowns. He scored seven touchdowns himself as a runner. His passing totals remained unbroken until Bert Jones surpassed them in the 1970s.", "His passing totals remained unbroken until Bert Jones surpassed them in the 1970s. Professional career Baltimore Colts Tittle was the sixth overall selection of the 1948 NFL Draft, taken by the Detroit Lions. However, Tittle instead began his professional career with the Baltimore Colts of the All-America Football Conference in 1948.", "However, Tittle instead began his professional career with the Baltimore Colts of the All-America Football Conference in 1948. That season, already being described as a \"passing ace\", he was unanimously recognized as the AAFC Rookie of the Year by UPI after passing for 2,739 yards and leading the Colts to the brink of an Eastern Division championship.", "That season, already being described as a \"passing ace\", he was unanimously recognized as the AAFC Rookie of the Year by UPI after passing for 2,739 yards and leading the Colts to the brink of an Eastern Division championship. After a 1–11 win–loss record in 1949, the Colts joined the National Football League in 1950.", "After a 1–11 win–loss record in 1949, the Colts joined the National Football League in 1950. The team again posted a single win against eleven losses, and the franchise folded after the season due to financial difficulties. Players on the roster at the time of the fold were eligible to be drafted in the next NFL draft.", "Players on the roster at the time of the fold were eligible to be drafted in the next NFL draft. San Francisco 49ers Tittle was then drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the 1951 NFL Draft after the Colts folded.", "San Francisco 49ers Tittle was then drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the 1951 NFL Draft after the Colts folded. While many players at the time were unable to play immediately due to military duties, Tittle had received a class IV-F exemption due to physical ailments, so he was able to join the 49ers roster that season.", "While many players at the time were unable to play immediately due to military duties, Tittle had received a class IV-F exemption due to physical ailments, so he was able to join the 49ers roster that season. In 1951 and 1952, he shared time at quarterback with Frankie Albert.", "In 1951 and 1952, he shared time at quarterback with Frankie Albert. In 1953, his first full season as the 49ers' starter, he passed for 2,121 yards and 20 touchdowns and was invited to his first Pro Bowl.", "In 1953, his first full season as the 49ers' starter, he passed for 2,121 yards and 20 touchdowns and was invited to his first Pro Bowl. San Francisco finished with a 9–3 regular season record, which was good enough for second in the Western Conference, and led the league in points scored.", "San Francisco finished with a 9–3 regular season record, which was good enough for second in the Western Conference, and led the league in points scored. In 1954, the 49ers compiled their Million Dollar Backfield, which was composed of four future Hall of Famers: Tittle; fullbacks John Henry Johnson and Joe Perry; and halfback Hugh McElhenny.", "In 1954, the 49ers compiled their Million Dollar Backfield, which was composed of four future Hall of Famers: Tittle; fullbacks John Henry Johnson and Joe Perry; and halfback Hugh McElhenny. \"It made quarterbacking so easy because I just get in the huddle and call anything and you have three Hall of Fame running backs ready to carry the ball,\" Tittle reminisced in 2006.", "\"It made quarterbacking so easy because I just get in the huddle and call anything and you have three Hall of Fame running backs ready to carry the ball,\" Tittle reminisced in 2006. The team had aspirations for a championship run, but injuries, including McElhenny's separated shoulder in the sixth game of the season, ended those hopes and the 49ers finished third in the Western Division.", "The team had aspirations for a championship run, but injuries, including McElhenny's separated shoulder in the sixth game of the season, ended those hopes and the 49ers finished third in the Western Division. Tittle starred in his second straight Pro Bowl appearance as he threw two touchdown passes, including one to 49ers teammate Billy Wilson, who was named the game's MVP.", "Tittle starred in his second straight Pro Bowl appearance as he threw two touchdown passes, including one to 49ers teammate Billy Wilson, who was named the game's MVP. Tittle became the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated when he appeared on its 15th issue dated November 22, 1954, donning his 49ers uniform and helmet featuring an acrylic face mask distinct to the time period.", "Tittle became the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated when he appeared on its 15th issue dated November 22, 1954, donning his 49ers uniform and helmet featuring an acrylic face mask distinct to the time period. The cover photo also shows a metal bracket on the side of Tittle's helmet which served to protect his face by preventing the helmet from caving in.", "The cover photo also shows a metal bracket on the side of Tittle's helmet which served to protect his face by preventing the helmet from caving in. The 1954 cover was the first of four Sports Illustrated covers he graced during his career.", "The 1954 cover was the first of four Sports Illustrated covers he graced during his career. Tittle led the NFL in touchdown passes for the first time in 1955, with 17, while also leading the league with 28 interceptions thrown.", "Tittle led the NFL in touchdown passes for the first time in 1955, with 17, while also leading the league with 28 interceptions thrown. When the 49ers hired Frankie Albert as head coach in 1956, Tittle was pleased with the choice at first, figuring Albert would be a good mentor.", "When the 49ers hired Frankie Albert as head coach in 1956, Tittle was pleased with the choice at first, figuring Albert would be a good mentor. However, the team lost four of its first five games, and Albert replaced Tittle with rookie Earl Morrall.", "However, the team lost four of its first five games, and Albert replaced Tittle with rookie Earl Morrall. After a loss to the Los Angeles Rams brought San Francisco's record to 1–6, Tittle regained the starting role and the team finished undefeated with one tie through the season's final five games.", "After a loss to the Los Angeles Rams brought San Francisco's record to 1–6, Tittle regained the starting role and the team finished undefeated with one tie through the season's final five games. In 1957, Tittle and receiver R. C. Owens devised a pass play in which Tittle tossed the ball high into the air and the Owens leapt to retrieve it, typically resulting in a long gain or a touchdown.", "In 1957, Tittle and receiver R. C. Owens devised a pass play in which Tittle tossed the ball high into the air and the Owens leapt to retrieve it, typically resulting in a long gain or a touchdown. Tittle dubbed the play the \"alley-oop\"—the first usage of the term in sports—and it was highly successful when utilized.", "Tittle dubbed the play the \"alley-oop\"—the first usage of the term in sports—and it was highly successful when utilized. The 49ers finished the regular season with an 8–4 record and hosted the Detroit Lions in the Western Conference playoff.", "The 49ers finished the regular season with an 8–4 record and hosted the Detroit Lions in the Western Conference playoff. Against the Lions, Tittle passed for 248 yards and tossed three touchdown passes—one each to Owens, McElhenny, and Wilson—but Detroit overcame a 20-point third quarter deficit to win 31–27.", "Against the Lions, Tittle passed for 248 yards and tossed three touchdown passes—one each to Owens, McElhenny, and Wilson—but Detroit overcame a 20-point third quarter deficit to win 31–27. For the season, Tittle had a league-leading 63.1 completion percentage, threw for 2,157 yards and 13 touchdowns, and rushed for six more scores.", "For the season, Tittle had a league-leading 63.1 completion percentage, threw for 2,157 yards and 13 touchdowns, and rushed for six more scores. He was deemed \"pro player of the year\" by a United Press poll of members of the National Football Writers Association.", "He was deemed \"pro player of the year\" by a United Press poll of members of the National Football Writers Association. Additionally, he was named to his first All-Pro team and invited to his third Pro Bowl.", "Additionally, he was named to his first All-Pro team and invited to his third Pro Bowl. After a poor 1958 preseason by Tittle, Albert started John Brodie at quarterback for the 1958 season, a decision that proved unpopular with the fan base.", "After a poor 1958 preseason by Tittle, Albert started John Brodie at quarterback for the 1958 season, a decision that proved unpopular with the fan base. Tittle came in to relieve Brodie in a week six game against the Lions, with ten minutes left in the game and the 49ers down 21–17.", "Tittle came in to relieve Brodie in a week six game against the Lions, with ten minutes left in the game and the 49ers down 21–17. His appearance \"drew a roar of approval from the crowd of 59,213,\" after which he drove the team downfield and threw a 32-yard touchdown pass to McElhenny for the winning score.", "His appearance \"drew a roar of approval from the crowd of 59,213,\" after which he drove the team downfield and threw a 32-yard touchdown pass to McElhenny for the winning score. A right knee ligament injury against the Colts in week nine ended Tittle's season, and San Francisco finished with a 7–5 record, followed by Albert's resignation as coach.", "A right knee ligament injury against the Colts in week nine ended Tittle's season, and San Francisco finished with a 7–5 record, followed by Albert's resignation as coach. Tittle and Brodie continued to share time at quarterback over the next two seasons.", "Tittle and Brodie continued to share time at quarterback over the next two seasons. In his fourth and final Pro Bowl game with the 49ers in 1959, Tittle completed 13 of 17 passes for 178 yards and a touchdown. Under new head coach Red Hickey in 1960, the 49ers adopted the shotgun formation.", "Under new head coach Red Hickey in 1960, the 49ers adopted the shotgun formation. The first implementation of the shotgun was in week nine against the Colts, with Brodie at quarterback while Tittle nursed a groin injury.", "The first implementation of the shotgun was in week nine against the Colts, with Brodie at quarterback while Tittle nursed a groin injury. The 49ers scored a season-high thirty points, and with Brodie in the shotgun won three of their last four games to salvage a winning season at 7–5.", "The 49ers scored a season-high thirty points, and with Brodie in the shotgun won three of their last four games to salvage a winning season at 7–5. Though conflicted, Tittle decided to get into shape and prepare for the next season. He stated in his 2009 autobiography that at times he thought, \"The hell with it.", "He stated in his 2009 autobiography that at times he thought, \"The hell with it. Quit this damned game. You have been at it too long anyway.\" But then another voice within him would say, \"Come back for another year and show them you're still a good QB.", "But then another voice within him would say, \"Come back for another year and show them you're still a good QB. Don't let them shotgun you out of football!\" However, after the first preseason game of 1961, Hickey informed Tittle he had been traded to the New York Giants.", "However, after the first preseason game of 1961, Hickey informed Tittle he had been traded to the New York Giants. New York Giants In mid-August 1961, the 49ers traded the 34-year-old Tittle to the New York Giants for second-year guard Lou Cordileone.", "New York Giants In mid-August 1961, the 49ers traded the 34-year-old Tittle to the New York Giants for second-year guard Lou Cordileone. Cordileone, the 12th overall pick in the 1960 NFL Draft, was quoted as reacting \"Me, even up for Y. A. Tittle?", "A. Tittle? A. Tittle? You're kidding,\" and later remarked that the Giants traded him for \"a 42-year-old quarterback.\" Tittle's view of Cordileone was much the same, stating his dismay that the 49ers did not get a \"name ballplayer\" in return.", "Tittle's view of Cordileone was much the same, stating his dismay that the 49ers did not get a \"name ballplayer\" in return. He was also displeased with being traded to the East Coast, and said he would rather have been traded to the Los Angeles Rams.", "He was also displeased with being traded to the East Coast, and said he would rather have been traded to the Los Angeles Rams. Already considered washed up, Tittle was intended by the Giants to share quarterback duties with 40-year-old Charlie Conerly, who had been with the team since 1948.", "Already considered washed up, Tittle was intended by the Giants to share quarterback duties with 40-year-old Charlie Conerly, who had been with the team since 1948. The players at first remained loyal to Conerly, and treated Tittle with the cold shoulder. Tittle missed the season opener due to a back injury sustained before the season.", "Tittle missed the season opener due to a back injury sustained before the season. His first game with New York came in week two, against the Steelers, in which he and Conerly each threw a touchdown pass in the Giants' 17–14 win.", "His first game with New York came in week two, against the Steelers, in which he and Conerly each threw a touchdown pass in the Giants' 17–14 win. He became the team's primary starter for the remainder of the season and led the revitalized Giants to first place in the Eastern Conference.", "He became the team's primary starter for the remainder of the season and led the revitalized Giants to first place in the Eastern Conference. The Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA) awarded Tittle its Jim Thorpe Trophy as the NFL's players' choice of MVP.", "The Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA) awarded Tittle its Jim Thorpe Trophy as the NFL's players' choice of MVP. In the 1961 NFL Championship Game, the Giants were soundly defeated by Vince Lombardi's Green Bay Packers, as they were shut-out 37-0. Tittle completed six of 20 passes in the game and threw four interceptions.", "Tittle completed six of 20 passes in the game and threw four interceptions. In January 1962, Tittle stated his intention to retire following the 1962 season. After an off-season quarterback competition with Ralph Guglielmi, Tittle played and started in a career-high 14 games.", "After an off-season quarterback competition with Ralph Guglielmi, Tittle played and started in a career-high 14 games. He tied an NFL record by throwing seven touchdown passes in a game on October 28, 1962, in a 49–34 win over the Washington Redskins.", "He tied an NFL record by throwing seven touchdown passes in a game on October 28, 1962, in a 49–34 win over the Washington Redskins. Against the Dallas Cowboys in the regular season finale, Tittle threw six touchdown passes to set the single-season record with 33, which had been set the previous year by Sonny Jurgensen's 32.", "Against the Dallas Cowboys in the regular season finale, Tittle threw six touchdown passes to set the single-season record with 33, which had been set the previous year by Sonny Jurgensen's 32. He earned player of the year honors from the Washington D.C. Touchdown Club, UPI, and The Sporting News, and finished just behind Green Bay's Jim Taylor in voting for the AP NFL Most Valuable Player Award.", "He earned player of the year honors from the Washington D.C. Touchdown Club, UPI, and The Sporting News, and finished just behind Green Bay's Jim Taylor in voting for the AP NFL Most Valuable Player Award. The Giants again finished first in the Eastern Conference and faced the Packers in the 1962 NFL Championship Game.", "The Giants again finished first in the Eastern Conference and faced the Packers in the 1962 NFL Championship Game. In frigid, windy conditions at Yankee Stadium and facing a constant pass rush from the Packers' front seven, Tittle completed only 18 of his 41 attempts in the game.", "In frigid, windy conditions at Yankee Stadium and facing a constant pass rush from the Packers' front seven, Tittle completed only 18 of his 41 attempts in the game. The Packers won, 16–7, with New York's lone score coming on a blocked punt recovered in the end zone by Jim Collier.", "The Packers won, 16–7, with New York's lone score coming on a blocked punt recovered in the end zone by Jim Collier. Tittle returned to the Giants in 1963 and, at age 37, supplanted his single-season passing touchdowns record by throwing 36.", "Tittle returned to the Giants in 1963 and, at age 37, supplanted his single-season passing touchdowns record by throwing 36. He broke the record in the final game with three touchdowns against the Steelers, three days after being named NFL MVP by the AP.", "He broke the record in the final game with three touchdowns against the Steelers, three days after being named NFL MVP by the AP. The Giants led the league in scoring by a wide margin, and for the third time in as many years clinched the Eastern Conference title. The Western champions were George Halas' Chicago Bears.", "The Western champions were George Halas' Chicago Bears. The teams met in the 1963 NFL Championship Game at Wrigley Field. In the second quarter, Tittle injured his knee on a tackle by Larry Morris, and required a novocaine shot at halftime to continue playing.", "In the second quarter, Tittle injured his knee on a tackle by Larry Morris, and required a novocaine shot at halftime to continue playing. After holding a 10–7 halftime lead, The Giants were shutout in the second half, during which Tittle threw four interceptions.", "After holding a 10–7 halftime lead, The Giants were shutout in the second half, during which Tittle threw four interceptions. Playing through the knee injury, he completed 11 of 29 passes in the game for 147 yards, a touchdown, and five interceptions as the Bears won 14–10.", "Playing through the knee injury, he completed 11 of 29 passes in the game for 147 yards, a touchdown, and five interceptions as the Bears won 14–10. The following year in 1964, Tittle's final season, the Giants went 2–10–2 (), the worst record in the 14-team league.", "The following year in 1964, Tittle's final season, the Giants went 2–10–2 (), the worst record in the 14-team league. In the second game of the year, against Pittsburgh, he was blindsided by defensive end John Baker.", "In the second game of the year, against Pittsburgh, he was blindsided by defensive end John Baker. The tackle left Tittle with crushed cartilage in his ribs, a cracked sternum, and a concussion. However, he played in every game the rest of the season, but was relegated to a backup role later in the year.", "However, he played in every game the rest of the season, but was relegated to a backup role later in the year. After throwing only ten touchdowns with 22 interceptions, he retired after the season at age 39, saying rookie quarterback Gary Wood not only \"took my job away, but started to ask permission to date my daughter.\"", "After throwing only ten touchdowns with 22 interceptions, he retired after the season at age 39, saying rookie quarterback Gary Wood not only \"took my job away, but started to ask permission to date my daughter.\" Over 17 seasons as a professional, Tittle completed 2,427 out of 4,395 passes for 33,070 yards and 242 touchdowns, with 248 interceptions.", "Over 17 seasons as a professional, Tittle completed 2,427 out of 4,395 passes for 33,070 yards and 242 touchdowns, with 248 interceptions. He also rushed for 39 touchdowns.", "He also rushed for 39 touchdowns. Career statistics Profile and playing style Tittle threw the ball from a sidearm, almost underhand position, something novel at those times, though it was common practice in earlier decades. It was this seemingly underhand style that drew the curiosity and admiration of many fans.", "It was this seemingly underhand style that drew the curiosity and admiration of many fans. This, in tandem with his baldness—for which he was frequently referred to as the \"Bald Eagle\"—made him a very striking personality. Despite his throwing motion, he had a very strong and accurate arm with a quick release.", "Despite his throwing motion, he had a very strong and accurate arm with a quick release. His ability to read defenses made him one of the best screen passers in the NFL. He was a perfectionist and highly competitive, and he expected the same of his teammates.", "He was a perfectionist and highly competitive, and he expected the same of his teammates. He possessed rare leadership and game-planning skills, and played with great enthusiasm even in his later years. \"Tittle has the attitude of a high school kid, with the brain of a computer,\" said Giants teammate Frank Gifford.", "\"Tittle has the attitude of a high school kid, with the brain of a computer,\" said Giants teammate Frank Gifford. Baltimore Colts halfback Lenny Moore, when asked in 1963 to compare Tittle and Colts quarterback Johnny Unitas, said: I played with Tittle in the Pro Bowl two years ago, and I discovered he's quite a guy ...", "Baltimore Colts halfback Lenny Moore, when asked in 1963 to compare Tittle and Colts quarterback Johnny Unitas, said: I played with Tittle in the Pro Bowl two years ago, and I discovered he's quite a guy ... He and John, however, are entirely different types ... Tittle is a sort of 'con man' with his players ... he comes into a huddle and 'suggests' that maybe this or that will work on account of something he saw happen on a previous play ...", "He and John, however, are entirely different types ... Tittle is a sort of 'con man' with his players ... he comes into a huddle and 'suggests' that maybe this or that will work on account of something he saw happen on a previous play ... The way he puts it, you're convinced it's a good idea and maybe it will work.", "The way he puts it, you're convinced it's a good idea and maybe it will work. John, now, he's a take-charge guy ... you what the other guy's going to do, what he's going to do, and what he wants you to do.", "John, now, he's a take-charge guy ... you what the other guy's going to do, what he's going to do, and what he wants you to do. Tittle's most productive years came when he was well beyond his athletic prime.", "Tittle's most productive years came when he was well beyond his athletic prime. He credited his ability to improve with age to a feel for the game borne from years of league experience.", "He credited his ability to improve with age to a feel for the game borne from years of league experience. \"If you could learn it by studying movies, a good, smart college quarterback could learn all you've got to learn in three weeks and then come in and be as good as the old heads,\" he told Sports Illustrated in 1963.", "\"If you could learn it by studying movies, a good, smart college quarterback could learn all you've got to learn in three weeks and then come in and be as good as the old heads,\" he told Sports Illustrated in 1963. \"But they can't.\"", "\"But they can't.\" Legacy At the time of his retirement, Tittle held the following NFL records: Tittle was the fourth player to throw seven touchdown passes in a game, when he did so in 1962 against the Redskins.", "Legacy At the time of his retirement, Tittle held the following NFL records: Tittle was the fourth player to throw seven touchdown passes in a game, when he did so in 1962 against the Redskins. He followed Sid Luckman (1943), Adrian Burk (1954), and George Blanda (1961).", "He followed Sid Luckman (1943), Adrian Burk (1954), and George Blanda (1961). The feat has since been equaled by four more players: Joe Kapp (1969), Peyton Manning (2013), Nick Foles (2013), and Drew Brees (2015).", "The feat has since been equaled by four more players: Joe Kapp (1969), Peyton Manning (2013), Nick Foles (2013), and Drew Brees (2015). Tittle, Manning and Foles did it without an interception.", "Tittle, Manning and Foles did it without an interception. His 36 touchdown passes in 1963 set a record which stood for over two decades until it was surpassed by Dan Marino in 1984; as of 2016 it remains a Giants franchise record.", "His 36 touchdown passes in 1963 set a record which stood for over two decades until it was surpassed by Dan Marino in 1984; as of 2016 it remains a Giants franchise record. Despite record statistics and three straight championship game appearances, Tittle was never able to deliver a title to his team.", "Despite record statistics and three straight championship game appearances, Tittle was never able to deliver a title to his team. His record as a starter in postseason games was 0–4. He threw four touchdown passes against 14 interceptions and had a passer rating of 33.8 in his postseason career, far below his regular season passer rating of 74.3.", "He threw four touchdown passes against 14 interceptions and had a passer rating of 33.8 in his postseason career, far below his regular season passer rating of 74.3. Seth Wickersham, writing for ESPN The Magazine in 2014, noted the dichotomy in the 1960s between two of New York's major sports franchises: \"... Gifford, Huff and Tittle, a team of Hall of Famers known for losing championships as their peers on the Yankees—with whom they shared a stadium, a city, and many rounds of drinks—became renowned for winning them.\"", "Seth Wickersham, writing for ESPN The Magazine in 2014, noted the dichotomy in the 1960s between two of New York's major sports franchises: \"... Gifford, Huff and Tittle, a team of Hall of Famers known for losing championships as their peers on the Yankees—with whom they shared a stadium, a city, and many rounds of drinks—became renowned for winning them.\" The Giants struggled after Tittle's retirement, posting only two winning seasons from 1964 to 1980.", "The Giants struggled after Tittle's retirement, posting only two winning seasons from 1964 to 1980. He made seven Pro Bowls, four first-team All-Pro teams, and four times was named the NFL's Most Valuable Player or Player of the Year: in 1957 and 1962 by the UPI; in 1961 by the NEA; and in 1963 by the AP and NEA.", "He made seven Pro Bowls, four first-team All-Pro teams, and four times was named the NFL's Most Valuable Player or Player of the Year: in 1957 and 1962 by the UPI; in 1961 by the NEA; and in 1963 by the AP and NEA. In a sports column in 1963, George Strickler for the Chicago Tribune remarked Tittle had \"broken records that at one time appeared unassailable and he has been the hero of more second half rallies than Napoleon and the Harlem Globetrotters.\"", "In a sports column in 1963, George Strickler for the Chicago Tribune remarked Tittle had \"broken records that at one time appeared unassailable and he has been the hero of more second half rallies than Napoleon and the Harlem Globetrotters.\" He was featured on four Sports Illustrated covers: three during his playing career and one shortly after retirement.", "He was featured on four Sports Illustrated covers: three during his playing career and one shortly after retirement. His first was with the 49ers in 1954. With the Giants, he graced covers in November 1961, and he was on the season preview issue for 1964; a two-page fold-out photo from the 1963 title game.", "With the Giants, he graced covers in November 1961, and he was on the season preview issue for 1964; a two-page fold-out photo from the 1963 title game. Tittle was on a fourth cover in August 1965.", "Tittle was on a fourth cover in August 1965. The trade of Tittle for Lou Cordileone is seen as one of the worst trades in 49ers history; it is considered one of the best trades in Giants franchise history. Cordileone played just one season in San Francisco.", "Cordileone played just one season in San Francisco. Famous photo A photo of a dazed Tittle in the end zone taken by Morris Berman of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette on September 20, 1964, is regarded among the most iconic images in the history of American sports and journalism.", "Famous photo A photo of a dazed Tittle in the end zone taken by Morris Berman of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette on September 20, 1964, is regarded among the most iconic images in the history of American sports and journalism. Tittle, in his 17th and final season, was photographed helmet-less, bloodied and kneeling immediately after having been knocked to the ground by John Baker of the Pittsburgh Steelers and throwing an interception that was returned for a touchdown at the old Pitt Stadium.", "Tittle, in his 17th and final season, was photographed helmet-less, bloodied and kneeling immediately after having been knocked to the ground by John Baker of the Pittsburgh Steelers and throwing an interception that was returned for a touchdown at the old Pitt Stadium. He suffered a concussion and cracked sternum on the play, but went on to play the rest of the season.", "He suffered a concussion and cracked sternum on the play, but went on to play the rest of the season. Post-Gazette editors declined to publish the photo, looking for \"action shots\" instead, but Berman entered the image into contests where it took on a life of its own, winning a National Headliner Award.", "Post-Gazette editors declined to publish the photo, looking for \"action shots\" instead, but Berman entered the image into contests where it took on a life of its own, winning a National Headliner Award. It is regarded as having changed the way that photographers look at sports, having shown the power of capturing a moment of reaction.", "It is regarded as having changed the way that photographers look at sports, having shown the power of capturing a moment of reaction. It became one of three photos to hang in the lobby of the National Press Photographers Association headquarters, alongside Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima and the Hindenburg disaster.", "It became one of three photos to hang in the lobby of the National Press Photographers Association headquarters, alongside Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima and the Hindenburg disaster. A copy has hung in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.", "A copy has hung in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. A similar photo by Dozier Mobley of the Associated Press, which shows Tittle looking forward rather than down, was published in the October 2, 1964, issue of Life magazine.", "A similar photo by Dozier Mobley of the Associated Press, which shows Tittle looking forward rather than down, was published in the October 2, 1964, issue of Life magazine. After at first having failed to see the appeal of the image, Tittle eventually grew to embrace it, putting the Mobley version on the back cover of his 2009 autobiography.", "After at first having failed to see the appeal of the image, Tittle eventually grew to embrace it, putting the Mobley version on the back cover of his 2009 autobiography. \"That was the end of the road,\" he told the Los Angeles Times in 2008. \"It was the end of my dream.", "\"It was the end of my dream. It was over.\" Pittsburgh player John Baker, who hit Tittle right before the picture was taken, ran for sheriff in his native Wake County, North Carolina in 1978, and used the photo as a campaign tool. He was elected and went on to serve for 24 years.", "He was elected and went on to serve for 24 years. Tittle also held a fundraiser to assist Baker in his bid for a fourth term in 1989.", "Tittle also held a fundraiser to assist Baker in his bid for a fourth term in 1989. Honors In recognition of his high school and college careers, respectively, Tittle was inducted to the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1987 and the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame in 1972.", "Honors In recognition of his high school and college careers, respectively, Tittle was inducted to the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1987 and the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame in 1972. Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame with its 1971 class, which included contemporaries Jim Brown, Norm Van Brocklin, the late Vince Lombardi, and former Giants teammate Andy Robustelli.", "Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame with its 1971 class, which included contemporaries Jim Brown, Norm Van Brocklin, the late Vince Lombardi, and former Giants teammate Andy Robustelli. By virtue of his membership in the pro hall of fame, he was automatically inducted as a charter member of the San Francisco 49ers Hall of Fame in 2009.", "By virtue of his membership in the pro hall of fame, he was automatically inducted as a charter member of the San Francisco 49ers Hall of Fame in 2009. The Giants had originally retired the number 14 jersey in honor of Ward Cuff, but Tittle requested and was granted the jersey number by Giants owner Wellington Mara when he joined the team.", "The Giants had originally retired the number 14 jersey in honor of Ward Cuff, but Tittle requested and was granted the jersey number by Giants owner Wellington Mara when he joined the team. It was retired again immediately following his retirement, and is now retired in honor of both players.", "It was retired again immediately following his retirement, and is now retired in honor of both players. In 2010, Tittle became a charter member of the New York Giants Ring of Honor.", "In 2010, Tittle became a charter member of the New York Giants Ring of Honor. Personal life After his retirement, he rejoined the 49ers staff and served as an assistant coach before being hired by the Giants in 1970 as a quarterback mentor. During his NFL career, Tittle worked as an insurance salesman in the off-season.", "During his NFL career, Tittle worked as an insurance salesman in the off-season. After retiring, he founded his own company, Y. A. Tittle Insurance & Financial Services. Tittle appeared on the October 9, 1961 episode of To Tell the Truth as one of three challengers. Tittle claimed to be hair stylist-weekend pro wrestler Richard Smith.", "Tittle claimed to be hair stylist-weekend pro wrestler Richard Smith. Tittle received one vote from the four Celebrity Panelists (Johnny Carson). Until his death, Tittle resided in Atherton, California. His wife Minnette died in 2012. They had three sons: Michael, Patrick and John, and a daughter, Dianne Tittle de Laet.", "They had three sons: Michael, Patrick and John, and a daughter, Dianne Tittle de Laet. Their daughter is a harpist and poet, and in 1995 she published a biography of her father titled Giants & Heroes: A Daughter's Memories of Y. A. Tittle.", "A. Tittle. A. Tittle. In his later life, Tittle suffered from severe dementia, which adversely affected his memory and limited his conversation to a handful of topics. Tittle died on October 8, 2017, at a hospital in Stanford, California, of natural causes.", "Tittle died on October 8, 2017, at a hospital in Stanford, California, of natural causes. List of 500-yard passing games in the National Football League Notes References Further reading External links 1926 births 2017 deaths American football quarterbacks Baltimore Colts (1947–1950) players Deaths from dementia Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players LSU Tigers football players National Football League Most Valuable Player Award winners National Football League players with retired numbers Neurological disease deaths in California New York Giants players People from Atherton, California People from Marshall, Texas Players of American football from Texas Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees San Francisco 49ers players Western Conference Pro Bowl players" ]

[ "Y. A. Tittle", "Legacy", "What was Tittle's legacy?", "At the time of his retirement, Tittle held the following NFL records:", "What records did he hold?", "Tittle was the fourth player to throw seven touchdown passes in a game, when he did so in 1962 against the Redskins. He followed Sid Luckman (1943),", "What other records did he hold?", "Tittle, Manning and Foles did it without an interception. His 36 touchdown passes in 1963 set a record which stood for over two decades until it was surpassed" ]

[ "T. I. and Power was a football club from Bhutan, based at Changlimithang, who played in the inaugural Bhutan A-Division, then the top level of football in Bhutan, but since replaced by a full national league.\n\nHistory\nThey finished eighth in the inaugural season, with just a single victory over Health School and two draws against Public Works Department and Education to their name. They scored eleven goals in the whole competition, more than any other team outside the top three, but were defensively the weakest in the league, conceding twenty goals in total. There are no records available for any competitions held between 1987–1995 so it is not known whether they competed again, and there is no record of them competing in any future season for which records exist.\n\nReferences\n\nFootball clubs in Bhutan\nSport in Thimphu", "\"(If There Was) Any Other Way\" is a song by Canadian singer Celine Dion. It was included on her first English-language album, Unison (1990). \"(If There Was) Any Other Way\" was released by Columbia Records as the album's lead single in Canada on 26 March 1990. The next year, it was issued as the second single in other countries. The song was written by Paul Bliss, while production was handled by Christopher Neil.\n\nAfter its release, \"(If There Was) Any Other Way\" received positive reviews from music critics. The song peaked at number 23 in Canada and number 35 on the US Billboard Hot 100. Additionally, it became a success on the adult contemporary charts, reaching number eight in the United States and number 12 in Canada. Two accompanying music videos for the song were filmed. Dion performed \"(If There Was) Any Other Way\" during her Unison Tour (1990–91).\n\nBackground and release\nIn 1990, Dion was preparing to issue her first English-language album, Unison. After releasing various French-language albums in Canada and France in the '80s, she recorded new English songs in London, Los Angeles and New York. At first, Unison was released in Canada, and \"(If There Was) Any Other Way\" was chosen as its lead single. Written by British musician, Paul Bliss, and produced by British record producer, Christopher Neil, it was issued on 26 March 1990.\n\nOne year later on 18 March 1991, \"(If There Was) Any Other Way\" was released as the second single in the United States after \"Where Does My Heart Beat Now\". For the US market the single was remixed by Walter Afanasieff. This US version features a different audio mix from the Canadian single version and the album version: reverb has been applied throughout (most noticeably to Dion's vocal track), the guitars have been rebalanced so that they are less audible in some places in the song and more prominent in others, the drum track features \"rimshot\" effects during the chorus, additional synthesizer lines have been overdubbed onto the existing keyboard track (most noticeably in the bar before the instrumental break), and the fadeout has been slightly extended in length. It was also used in the American music video of the song that year. Additionally \"(If There Was) Any Other Way\" was remixed by Daniel Abraham, a French record producer living in New York. His dance remixes appeared on a promotional US single.\n\n\"(If There Was) Any Other Way\" was also released as a single in selected European countries, Australia, and Japan in June 1991.\n\nCritical reception\nAllMusic's senior editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine picked the song as an album standout along with \"Where Does My Heart Beat Now\". Larry Flick from Billboard noted that Dion \"continues to soar\" with a \"spirited, up-tempo\" song. He complimented the \"crystalline production and shimmering backup vocal support combined with a passionate lead performance\". Dave Sholin from the Gavin Report wrote about the song: \"Nothing like witnessing the growth and development of a genuine artist. Celine definitely falls into that category, capturing the hearts of Americans the way she's been doing in her native Canada for the past several years. Switching from torch song to snappy rhythm affords listeners an opportunity to hear another side of this wonderful talent\". Music & Media noted that \"talented Canadian chanteuse enters the Whitney Houston racket\" and described it as \"satisfying AC pop.\" Christopher Smith from TalkAboutPopMusic described it as a \"pop-soft rock mid tempo number\".\n\nCommercial performance\nIn Canada \"(If There Was) Any Other Way\" entered the RPM Top Singles chart on 31 March 1990 and peaked at number twenty-three on 9 June 1990. The song also entered the RPM Adult Contemporary chart on 24 March 1990 and reached number twelve there. In the United States \"(If There Was) Any Other Way\" debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, dated 6 April 1991, and peaked at number thirty-five on 1 June 1991. The track also entered Billboards Adult Contemporary chart dated 30 March 1991, reaching number eight.\n\nMusic video\nThere were two music videos made for the song. The first one was directed by Derek Case and released in March 1990 for the Canadian market. The second one was filmed for the US market in Los Angeles, California, and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It was directed by Dominic Orlando and premiered in March 1991. The two videos were included separately on Dion's 1991 home video Unison, depending on the Canadian or US release.\n\nLive performances\nDion performed \"(If There Was) Any Other Way\" on a few Canadian television shows in 1990. She also sang it on the Canadian/US variety show, Super Dave and performed it in Norway in 1991. It was included in her Unison Tour as well.\n\nTrack listings and formatsAustralian 7\", cassette, CD / Canadian 7\" single\"(If There Was) Any Other Way\" – 3:59\n\"(If There Was) Any Other Way\" (Instrumental) – 3:59Canadian cassette / European 3\", 7\" / Japanese 3\" single\"(If There Was) Any Other Way\" – 3:59\n\"I'm Loving Every Moment With You\" – 4:08European 12\", CD single\"(If There Was) Any Other Way\" – 3:59\n\"I'm Loving Every Moment With You\" – 4:08\n\"If We Could Start Over\" – 4:23US 7\" single\"(If There Was) Any Other Way\" – 3:59\n\"Where Does My Heart Beat Now\" – 4:33US cassette single\"(If There Was) Any Other Way\" (Walter Afanasieff Remix) – 4:13\n\"Where Does My Heart Beat Now\" – 4:33US promotional CD single'\n\"(If There Was) Any Other Way\" (Daniel Abraham's 7\" Remix) – 3:54\n\"(If There Was) Any Other Way\" (Daniel Abraham's 12\" Remix) – 5:39\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCredits and personnel\nRecording\nRecorded at West Side Studios, London\n\nPersonnel\nCeline Dion – lead and backing vocals\nChristopher Neil – producer, backing vocals\nPhil Palmer – guitars\nPaul Bliss – songwriter, drums, keyboard programming, backing vocals\nSimon Hurrell – engineer\nWalter Afanasieff – additional producer, keyboards, percussion (Remix only)\nDaniel Abraham – additional producer (Dance Remix only)\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1990 singles\n1990 songs\nCeline Dion songs\nColumbia Records singles\nDance-pop songs\nEpic Records singles\nSong recordings produced by Christopher Neil" ]

[ "Yelberton Abraham Tittle Jr. (October 24, 1926 – October 8, 2017) was a professional American football quarterback. He played in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers, New York Giants, and Baltimore Colts, after spending two seasons with the Colts in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC).", "He played in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers, New York Giants, and Baltimore Colts, after spending two seasons with the Colts in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC). Known for his competitiveness, leadership, and striking profile, Tittle was the centerpiece of several prolific offenses throughout his 17-year professional career from 1948 to 1964.", "Known for his competitiveness, leadership, and striking profile, Tittle was the centerpiece of several prolific offenses throughout his 17-year professional career from 1948 to 1964. Tittle played college football for Louisiana State University, where he was a two-time All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) quarterback for the LSU Tigers football team.", "Tittle played college football for Louisiana State University, where he was a two-time All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) quarterback for the LSU Tigers football team. As a junior, he was named the most valuable player (MVP) of the infamous 1947 Cotton Bowl Classic—also known as the \"Ice Bowl\"—a scoreless tie between the Tigers and Arkansas Razorbacks in a snowstorm.", "As a junior, he was named the most valuable player (MVP) of the infamous 1947 Cotton Bowl Classic—also known as the \"Ice Bowl\"—a scoreless tie between the Tigers and Arkansas Razorbacks in a snowstorm. After college, he was drafted in the 1947 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions, but he instead chose to play in the AAFC for the Colts.", "After college, he was drafted in the 1947 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions, but he instead chose to play in the AAFC for the Colts. With the Colts, Tittle was named the AAFC Rookie of the Year in 1948 after leading the team to the AAFC playoffs.", "With the Colts, Tittle was named the AAFC Rookie of the Year in 1948 after leading the team to the AAFC playoffs. After consecutive one-win seasons, the Colts franchise folded, which allowed Tittle to be drafted in the 1951 NFL Draft by the 49ers.", "After consecutive one-win seasons, the Colts franchise folded, which allowed Tittle to be drafted in the 1951 NFL Draft by the 49ers. Through ten seasons in San Francisco, he was invited to four Pro Bowls, led the league in touchdown passes in 1955, and was named the NFL Player of the Year by the United Press in 1957.", "Through ten seasons in San Francisco, he was invited to four Pro Bowls, led the league in touchdown passes in 1955, and was named the NFL Player of the Year by the United Press in 1957. A groundbreaker, Tittle was part of the 49ers' famed Million Dollar Backfield, was the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated, and is credited with having coined \"alley-oop\" as a sports term.", "A groundbreaker, Tittle was part of the 49ers' famed Million Dollar Backfield, was the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated, and is credited with having coined \"alley-oop\" as a sports term. Considered washed-up, the 34-year-old Tittle was traded to the Giants following the 1960 season.", "Considered washed-up, the 34-year-old Tittle was traded to the Giants following the 1960 season. Over the next four seasons, he won several individual awards, twice set the league single-season record for touchdown passesincluding a 1962 game with a combined 7 touchdown passes and 500-yards passing with a near perfect (151.4 out of 158.33) passer rating, and led the Giants to three straight NFL championship games.", "Over the next four seasons, he won several individual awards, twice set the league single-season record for touchdown passesincluding a 1962 game with a combined 7 touchdown passes and 500-yards passing with a near perfect (151.4 out of 158.33) passer rating, and led the Giants to three straight NFL championship games. Although he was never able to deliver a championship to the team, Tittle's time in New York is regarded among the glory years of the franchise.", "Although he was never able to deliver a championship to the team, Tittle's time in New York is regarded among the glory years of the franchise. In his final season, Tittle was photographed bloodied and kneeling down in the end zone after a tackle by a defender left him helmetless.", "In his final season, Tittle was photographed bloodied and kneeling down in the end zone after a tackle by a defender left him helmetless. The photograph is considered one of the most iconic images in North American sports history.", "The photograph is considered one of the most iconic images in North American sports history. He retired as the NFL's all-time leader in passing yards, passing touchdowns, attempts, completions, and games played. Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1971, and his jersey number 14 is retired by the Giants.", "Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1971, and his jersey number 14 is retired by the Giants. Early years and college career Born and raised in Marshall, Texas, to Alma Tittle (née Allen) and Yelberton Abraham Tittle Sr., Tittle aspired to be a quarterback from a young age.", "Early years and college career Born and raised in Marshall, Texas, to Alma Tittle (née Allen) and Yelberton Abraham Tittle Sr., Tittle aspired to be a quarterback from a young age. He spent hours in his backyard throwing a football through a tire swing, emulating his fellow Texan and boyhood idol, Sammy Baugh.", "He spent hours in his backyard throwing a football through a tire swing, emulating his fellow Texan and boyhood idol, Sammy Baugh. Tittle played high school football at Marshall High School. In his senior year the team posted an undefeated record and reached the state finals.", "In his senior year the team posted an undefeated record and reached the state finals. After a recruiting battle between Louisiana State University and the University of Texas, Tittle chose to attend LSU in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and play for the LSU Tigers.", "After a recruiting battle between Louisiana State University and the University of Texas, Tittle chose to attend LSU in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and play for the LSU Tigers. He was part of a successful 1944 recruiting class under head coach Bernie Moore that included halfbacks Jim Cason, Dan Sandifer, and Ray Coates.", "He was part of a successful 1944 recruiting class under head coach Bernie Moore that included halfbacks Jim Cason, Dan Sandifer, and Ray Coates. Freshmen were eligible to play on the varsity during World War II, so Tittle saw playing time immediately.", "Freshmen were eligible to play on the varsity during World War II, so Tittle saw playing time immediately. He later said the finest moment of his four years at LSU was beating Tulane as a freshman, a game in which he set a school record with 238 passing yards.", "He later said the finest moment of his four years at LSU was beating Tulane as a freshman, a game in which he set a school record with 238 passing yards. It was one of two games the Tigers won that season.", "It was one of two games the Tigers won that season. Moore started Tittle at tailback in the single-wing formation his first year, but moved him to quarterback in the T formation during his sophomore season.", "Moore started Tittle at tailback in the single-wing formation his first year, but moved him to quarterback in the T formation during his sophomore season. As a junior in 1946, Tittle's three touchdown passes in a 41–27 rout of rival Tulane helped ensure LSU a spot in the Cotton Bowl Classic.", "As a junior in 1946, Tittle's three touchdown passes in a 41–27 rout of rival Tulane helped ensure LSU a spot in the Cotton Bowl Classic. Known notoriously as the \"Ice Bowl\", the 1947 Cotton Bowl pitted LSU against the Arkansas Razorbacks in sub-freezing temperatures on an ice-covered field in Dallas, Texas.", "Known notoriously as the \"Ice Bowl\", the 1947 Cotton Bowl pitted LSU against the Arkansas Razorbacks in sub-freezing temperatures on an ice-covered field in Dallas, Texas. LSU moved the ball much better than the Razorbacks, but neither team was able to score, and the game ended in a scoreless tie.", "LSU moved the ball much better than the Razorbacks, but neither team was able to score, and the game ended in a scoreless tie. Tittle and Arkansas end Alton Baldwin shared the game's MVP award. Following the season, United Press International (UPI) placed Tittle on its All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) first-team.", "Following the season, United Press International (UPI) placed Tittle on its All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) first-team. UPI again named Tittle its first-team All-SEC quarterback in 1947. In Tittle's day of iron man football, he played on both offense and defense.", "In Tittle's day of iron man football, he played on both offense and defense. While on defense during a 20–18 loss to SEC champion Ole Miss in his senior season, Tittle's belt buckle was torn off as he intercepted a pass from Charlie Conerly and broke a tackle.", "While on defense during a 20–18 loss to SEC champion Ole Miss in his senior season, Tittle's belt buckle was torn off as he intercepted a pass from Charlie Conerly and broke a tackle. He ran down the sideline with one arm cradling the ball and the other holding up his pants.", "He ran down the sideline with one arm cradling the ball and the other holding up his pants. At the Ole Miss 20-yard line, as he attempted to stiff-arm a defender,(#87 Jack Odom), Tittle's pants fell and he tripped and fell onto his face. The fall kept him from scoring the game-winning touchdown.", "The fall kept him from scoring the game-winning touchdown. In total, during his college career Tittle set school passing records with 162 completions out of 330 attempts for 2,525 yards and 23 touchdowns. He scored seven touchdowns himself as a runner. His passing totals remained unbroken until Bert Jones surpassed them in the 1970s.", "His passing totals remained unbroken until Bert Jones surpassed them in the 1970s. Professional career Baltimore Colts Tittle was the sixth overall selection of the 1948 NFL Draft, taken by the Detroit Lions. However, Tittle instead began his professional career with the Baltimore Colts of the All-America Football Conference in 1948.", "However, Tittle instead began his professional career with the Baltimore Colts of the All-America Football Conference in 1948. That season, already being described as a \"passing ace\", he was unanimously recognized as the AAFC Rookie of the Year by UPI after passing for 2,739 yards and leading the Colts to the brink of an Eastern Division championship.", "That season, already being described as a \"passing ace\", he was unanimously recognized as the AAFC Rookie of the Year by UPI after passing for 2,739 yards and leading the Colts to the brink of an Eastern Division championship. After a 1–11 win–loss record in 1949, the Colts joined the National Football League in 1950.", "After a 1–11 win–loss record in 1949, the Colts joined the National Football League in 1950. The team again posted a single win against eleven losses, and the franchise folded after the season due to financial difficulties. Players on the roster at the time of the fold were eligible to be drafted in the next NFL draft.", "Players on the roster at the time of the fold were eligible to be drafted in the next NFL draft. San Francisco 49ers Tittle was then drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the 1951 NFL Draft after the Colts folded.", "San Francisco 49ers Tittle was then drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the 1951 NFL Draft after the Colts folded. While many players at the time were unable to play immediately due to military duties, Tittle had received a class IV-F exemption due to physical ailments, so he was able to join the 49ers roster that season.", "While many players at the time were unable to play immediately due to military duties, Tittle had received a class IV-F exemption due to physical ailments, so he was able to join the 49ers roster that season. In 1951 and 1952, he shared time at quarterback with Frankie Albert.", "In 1951 and 1952, he shared time at quarterback with Frankie Albert. In 1953, his first full season as the 49ers' starter, he passed for 2,121 yards and 20 touchdowns and was invited to his first Pro Bowl.", "In 1953, his first full season as the 49ers' starter, he passed for 2,121 yards and 20 touchdowns and was invited to his first Pro Bowl. San Francisco finished with a 9–3 regular season record, which was good enough for second in the Western Conference, and led the league in points scored.", "San Francisco finished with a 9–3 regular season record, which was good enough for second in the Western Conference, and led the league in points scored. In 1954, the 49ers compiled their Million Dollar Backfield, which was composed of four future Hall of Famers: Tittle; fullbacks John Henry Johnson and Joe Perry; and halfback Hugh McElhenny.", "In 1954, the 49ers compiled their Million Dollar Backfield, which was composed of four future Hall of Famers: Tittle; fullbacks John Henry Johnson and Joe Perry; and halfback Hugh McElhenny. \"It made quarterbacking so easy because I just get in the huddle and call anything and you have three Hall of Fame running backs ready to carry the ball,\" Tittle reminisced in 2006.", "\"It made quarterbacking so easy because I just get in the huddle and call anything and you have three Hall of Fame running backs ready to carry the ball,\" Tittle reminisced in 2006. The team had aspirations for a championship run, but injuries, including McElhenny's separated shoulder in the sixth game of the season, ended those hopes and the 49ers finished third in the Western Division.", "The team had aspirations for a championship run, but injuries, including McElhenny's separated shoulder in the sixth game of the season, ended those hopes and the 49ers finished third in the Western Division. Tittle starred in his second straight Pro Bowl appearance as he threw two touchdown passes, including one to 49ers teammate Billy Wilson, who was named the game's MVP.", "Tittle starred in his second straight Pro Bowl appearance as he threw two touchdown passes, including one to 49ers teammate Billy Wilson, who was named the game's MVP. Tittle became the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated when he appeared on its 15th issue dated November 22, 1954, donning his 49ers uniform and helmet featuring an acrylic face mask distinct to the time period.", "Tittle became the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated when he appeared on its 15th issue dated November 22, 1954, donning his 49ers uniform and helmet featuring an acrylic face mask distinct to the time period. The cover photo also shows a metal bracket on the side of Tittle's helmet which served to protect his face by preventing the helmet from caving in.", "The cover photo also shows a metal bracket on the side of Tittle's helmet which served to protect his face by preventing the helmet from caving in. The 1954 cover was the first of four Sports Illustrated covers he graced during his career.", "The 1954 cover was the first of four Sports Illustrated covers he graced during his career. Tittle led the NFL in touchdown passes for the first time in 1955, with 17, while also leading the league with 28 interceptions thrown.", "Tittle led the NFL in touchdown passes for the first time in 1955, with 17, while also leading the league with 28 interceptions thrown. When the 49ers hired Frankie Albert as head coach in 1956, Tittle was pleased with the choice at first, figuring Albert would be a good mentor.", "When the 49ers hired Frankie Albert as head coach in 1956, Tittle was pleased with the choice at first, figuring Albert would be a good mentor. However, the team lost four of its first five games, and Albert replaced Tittle with rookie Earl Morrall.", "However, the team lost four of its first five games, and Albert replaced Tittle with rookie Earl Morrall. After a loss to the Los Angeles Rams brought San Francisco's record to 1–6, Tittle regained the starting role and the team finished undefeated with one tie through the season's final five games.", "After a loss to the Los Angeles Rams brought San Francisco's record to 1–6, Tittle regained the starting role and the team finished undefeated with one tie through the season's final five games. In 1957, Tittle and receiver R. C. Owens devised a pass play in which Tittle tossed the ball high into the air and the Owens leapt to retrieve it, typically resulting in a long gain or a touchdown.", "In 1957, Tittle and receiver R. C. Owens devised a pass play in which Tittle tossed the ball high into the air and the Owens leapt to retrieve it, typically resulting in a long gain or a touchdown. Tittle dubbed the play the \"alley-oop\"—the first usage of the term in sports—and it was highly successful when utilized.", "Tittle dubbed the play the \"alley-oop\"—the first usage of the term in sports—and it was highly successful when utilized. The 49ers finished the regular season with an 8–4 record and hosted the Detroit Lions in the Western Conference playoff.", "The 49ers finished the regular season with an 8–4 record and hosted the Detroit Lions in the Western Conference playoff. Against the Lions, Tittle passed for 248 yards and tossed three touchdown passes—one each to Owens, McElhenny, and Wilson—but Detroit overcame a 20-point third quarter deficit to win 31–27.", "Against the Lions, Tittle passed for 248 yards and tossed three touchdown passes—one each to Owens, McElhenny, and Wilson—but Detroit overcame a 20-point third quarter deficit to win 31–27. For the season, Tittle had a league-leading 63.1 completion percentage, threw for 2,157 yards and 13 touchdowns, and rushed for six more scores.", "For the season, Tittle had a league-leading 63.1 completion percentage, threw for 2,157 yards and 13 touchdowns, and rushed for six more scores. He was deemed \"pro player of the year\" by a United Press poll of members of the National Football Writers Association.", "He was deemed \"pro player of the year\" by a United Press poll of members of the National Football Writers Association. Additionally, he was named to his first All-Pro team and invited to his third Pro Bowl.", "Additionally, he was named to his first All-Pro team and invited to his third Pro Bowl. After a poor 1958 preseason by Tittle, Albert started John Brodie at quarterback for the 1958 season, a decision that proved unpopular with the fan base.", "After a poor 1958 preseason by Tittle, Albert started John Brodie at quarterback for the 1958 season, a decision that proved unpopular with the fan base. Tittle came in to relieve Brodie in a week six game against the Lions, with ten minutes left in the game and the 49ers down 21–17.", "Tittle came in to relieve Brodie in a week six game against the Lions, with ten minutes left in the game and the 49ers down 21–17. His appearance \"drew a roar of approval from the crowd of 59,213,\" after which he drove the team downfield and threw a 32-yard touchdown pass to McElhenny for the winning score.", "His appearance \"drew a roar of approval from the crowd of 59,213,\" after which he drove the team downfield and threw a 32-yard touchdown pass to McElhenny for the winning score. A right knee ligament injury against the Colts in week nine ended Tittle's season, and San Francisco finished with a 7–5 record, followed by Albert's resignation as coach.", "A right knee ligament injury against the Colts in week nine ended Tittle's season, and San Francisco finished with a 7–5 record, followed by Albert's resignation as coach. Tittle and Brodie continued to share time at quarterback over the next two seasons.", "Tittle and Brodie continued to share time at quarterback over the next two seasons. In his fourth and final Pro Bowl game with the 49ers in 1959, Tittle completed 13 of 17 passes for 178 yards and a touchdown. Under new head coach Red Hickey in 1960, the 49ers adopted the shotgun formation.", "Under new head coach Red Hickey in 1960, the 49ers adopted the shotgun formation. The first implementation of the shotgun was in week nine against the Colts, with Brodie at quarterback while Tittle nursed a groin injury.", "The first implementation of the shotgun was in week nine against the Colts, with Brodie at quarterback while Tittle nursed a groin injury. The 49ers scored a season-high thirty points, and with Brodie in the shotgun won three of their last four games to salvage a winning season at 7–5.", "The 49ers scored a season-high thirty points, and with Brodie in the shotgun won three of their last four games to salvage a winning season at 7–5. Though conflicted, Tittle decided to get into shape and prepare for the next season. He stated in his 2009 autobiography that at times he thought, \"The hell with it.", "He stated in his 2009 autobiography that at times he thought, \"The hell with it. Quit this damned game. You have been at it too long anyway.\" But then another voice within him would say, \"Come back for another year and show them you're still a good QB.", "But then another voice within him would say, \"Come back for another year and show them you're still a good QB. Don't let them shotgun you out of football!\" However, after the first preseason game of 1961, Hickey informed Tittle he had been traded to the New York Giants.", "However, after the first preseason game of 1961, Hickey informed Tittle he had been traded to the New York Giants. New York Giants In mid-August 1961, the 49ers traded the 34-year-old Tittle to the New York Giants for second-year guard Lou Cordileone.", "New York Giants In mid-August 1961, the 49ers traded the 34-year-old Tittle to the New York Giants for second-year guard Lou Cordileone. Cordileone, the 12th overall pick in the 1960 NFL Draft, was quoted as reacting \"Me, even up for Y. A. Tittle?", "A. Tittle? A. Tittle? You're kidding,\" and later remarked that the Giants traded him for \"a 42-year-old quarterback.\" Tittle's view of Cordileone was much the same, stating his dismay that the 49ers did not get a \"name ballplayer\" in return.", "Tittle's view of Cordileone was much the same, stating his dismay that the 49ers did not get a \"name ballplayer\" in return. He was also displeased with being traded to the East Coast, and said he would rather have been traded to the Los Angeles Rams.", "He was also displeased with being traded to the East Coast, and said he would rather have been traded to the Los Angeles Rams. Already considered washed up, Tittle was intended by the Giants to share quarterback duties with 40-year-old Charlie Conerly, who had been with the team since 1948.", "Already considered washed up, Tittle was intended by the Giants to share quarterback duties with 40-year-old Charlie Conerly, who had been with the team since 1948. The players at first remained loyal to Conerly, and treated Tittle with the cold shoulder. Tittle missed the season opener due to a back injury sustained before the season.", "Tittle missed the season opener due to a back injury sustained before the season. His first game with New York came in week two, against the Steelers, in which he and Conerly each threw a touchdown pass in the Giants' 17–14 win.", "His first game with New York came in week two, against the Steelers, in which he and Conerly each threw a touchdown pass in the Giants' 17–14 win. He became the team's primary starter for the remainder of the season and led the revitalized Giants to first place in the Eastern Conference.", "He became the team's primary starter for the remainder of the season and led the revitalized Giants to first place in the Eastern Conference. The Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA) awarded Tittle its Jim Thorpe Trophy as the NFL's players' choice of MVP.", "The Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA) awarded Tittle its Jim Thorpe Trophy as the NFL's players' choice of MVP. In the 1961 NFL Championship Game, the Giants were soundly defeated by Vince Lombardi's Green Bay Packers, as they were shut-out 37-0. Tittle completed six of 20 passes in the game and threw four interceptions.", "Tittle completed six of 20 passes in the game and threw four interceptions. In January 1962, Tittle stated his intention to retire following the 1962 season. After an off-season quarterback competition with Ralph Guglielmi, Tittle played and started in a career-high 14 games.", "After an off-season quarterback competition with Ralph Guglielmi, Tittle played and started in a career-high 14 games. He tied an NFL record by throwing seven touchdown passes in a game on October 28, 1962, in a 49–34 win over the Washington Redskins.", "He tied an NFL record by throwing seven touchdown passes in a game on October 28, 1962, in a 49–34 win over the Washington Redskins. Against the Dallas Cowboys in the regular season finale, Tittle threw six touchdown passes to set the single-season record with 33, which had been set the previous year by Sonny Jurgensen's 32.", "Against the Dallas Cowboys in the regular season finale, Tittle threw six touchdown passes to set the single-season record with 33, which had been set the previous year by Sonny Jurgensen's 32. He earned player of the year honors from the Washington D.C. Touchdown Club, UPI, and The Sporting News, and finished just behind Green Bay's Jim Taylor in voting for the AP NFL Most Valuable Player Award.", "He earned player of the year honors from the Washington D.C. Touchdown Club, UPI, and The Sporting News, and finished just behind Green Bay's Jim Taylor in voting for the AP NFL Most Valuable Player Award. The Giants again finished first in the Eastern Conference and faced the Packers in the 1962 NFL Championship Game.", "The Giants again finished first in the Eastern Conference and faced the Packers in the 1962 NFL Championship Game. In frigid, windy conditions at Yankee Stadium and facing a constant pass rush from the Packers' front seven, Tittle completed only 18 of his 41 attempts in the game.", "In frigid, windy conditions at Yankee Stadium and facing a constant pass rush from the Packers' front seven, Tittle completed only 18 of his 41 attempts in the game. The Packers won, 16–7, with New York's lone score coming on a blocked punt recovered in the end zone by Jim Collier.", "The Packers won, 16–7, with New York's lone score coming on a blocked punt recovered in the end zone by Jim Collier. Tittle returned to the Giants in 1963 and, at age 37, supplanted his single-season passing touchdowns record by throwing 36.", "Tittle returned to the Giants in 1963 and, at age 37, supplanted his single-season passing touchdowns record by throwing 36. He broke the record in the final game with three touchdowns against the Steelers, three days after being named NFL MVP by the AP.", "He broke the record in the final game with three touchdowns against the Steelers, three days after being named NFL MVP by the AP. The Giants led the league in scoring by a wide margin, and for the third time in as many years clinched the Eastern Conference title. The Western champions were George Halas' Chicago Bears.", "The Western champions were George Halas' Chicago Bears. The teams met in the 1963 NFL Championship Game at Wrigley Field. In the second quarter, Tittle injured his knee on a tackle by Larry Morris, and required a novocaine shot at halftime to continue playing.", "In the second quarter, Tittle injured his knee on a tackle by Larry Morris, and required a novocaine shot at halftime to continue playing. After holding a 10–7 halftime lead, The Giants were shutout in the second half, during which Tittle threw four interceptions.", "After holding a 10–7 halftime lead, The Giants were shutout in the second half, during which Tittle threw four interceptions. Playing through the knee injury, he completed 11 of 29 passes in the game for 147 yards, a touchdown, and five interceptions as the Bears won 14–10.", "Playing through the knee injury, he completed 11 of 29 passes in the game for 147 yards, a touchdown, and five interceptions as the Bears won 14–10. The following year in 1964, Tittle's final season, the Giants went 2–10–2 (), the worst record in the 14-team league.", "The following year in 1964, Tittle's final season, the Giants went 2–10–2 (), the worst record in the 14-team league. In the second game of the year, against Pittsburgh, he was blindsided by defensive end John Baker.", "In the second game of the year, against Pittsburgh, he was blindsided by defensive end John Baker. The tackle left Tittle with crushed cartilage in his ribs, a cracked sternum, and a concussion. However, he played in every game the rest of the season, but was relegated to a backup role later in the year.", "However, he played in every game the rest of the season, but was relegated to a backup role later in the year. After throwing only ten touchdowns with 22 interceptions, he retired after the season at age 39, saying rookie quarterback Gary Wood not only \"took my job away, but started to ask permission to date my daughter.\"", "After throwing only ten touchdowns with 22 interceptions, he retired after the season at age 39, saying rookie quarterback Gary Wood not only \"took my job away, but started to ask permission to date my daughter.\" Over 17 seasons as a professional, Tittle completed 2,427 out of 4,395 passes for 33,070 yards and 242 touchdowns, with 248 interceptions.", "Over 17 seasons as a professional, Tittle completed 2,427 out of 4,395 passes for 33,070 yards and 242 touchdowns, with 248 interceptions. He also rushed for 39 touchdowns.", "He also rushed for 39 touchdowns. Career statistics Profile and playing style Tittle threw the ball from a sidearm, almost underhand position, something novel at those times, though it was common practice in earlier decades. It was this seemingly underhand style that drew the curiosity and admiration of many fans.", "It was this seemingly underhand style that drew the curiosity and admiration of many fans. This, in tandem with his baldness—for which he was frequently referred to as the \"Bald Eagle\"—made him a very striking personality. Despite his throwing motion, he had a very strong and accurate arm with a quick release.", "Despite his throwing motion, he had a very strong and accurate arm with a quick release. His ability to read defenses made him one of the best screen passers in the NFL. He was a perfectionist and highly competitive, and he expected the same of his teammates.", "He was a perfectionist and highly competitive, and he expected the same of his teammates. He possessed rare leadership and game-planning skills, and played with great enthusiasm even in his later years. \"Tittle has the attitude of a high school kid, with the brain of a computer,\" said Giants teammate Frank Gifford.", "\"Tittle has the attitude of a high school kid, with the brain of a computer,\" said Giants teammate Frank Gifford. Baltimore Colts halfback Lenny Moore, when asked in 1963 to compare Tittle and Colts quarterback Johnny Unitas, said: I played with Tittle in the Pro Bowl two years ago, and I discovered he's quite a guy ...", "Baltimore Colts halfback Lenny Moore, when asked in 1963 to compare Tittle and Colts quarterback Johnny Unitas, said: I played with Tittle in the Pro Bowl two years ago, and I discovered he's quite a guy ... He and John, however, are entirely different types ... Tittle is a sort of 'con man' with his players ... he comes into a huddle and 'suggests' that maybe this or that will work on account of something he saw happen on a previous play ...", "He and John, however, are entirely different types ... Tittle is a sort of 'con man' with his players ... he comes into a huddle and 'suggests' that maybe this or that will work on account of something he saw happen on a previous play ... The way he puts it, you're convinced it's a good idea and maybe it will work.", "The way he puts it, you're convinced it's a good idea and maybe it will work. John, now, he's a take-charge guy ... you what the other guy's going to do, what he's going to do, and what he wants you to do.", "John, now, he's a take-charge guy ... you what the other guy's going to do, what he's going to do, and what he wants you to do. Tittle's most productive years came when he was well beyond his athletic prime.", "Tittle's most productive years came when he was well beyond his athletic prime. He credited his ability to improve with age to a feel for the game borne from years of league experience.", "He credited his ability to improve with age to a feel for the game borne from years of league experience. \"If you could learn it by studying movies, a good, smart college quarterback could learn all you've got to learn in three weeks and then come in and be as good as the old heads,\" he told Sports Illustrated in 1963.", "\"If you could learn it by studying movies, a good, smart college quarterback could learn all you've got to learn in three weeks and then come in and be as good as the old heads,\" he told Sports Illustrated in 1963. \"But they can't.\"", "\"But they can't.\" Legacy At the time of his retirement, Tittle held the following NFL records: Tittle was the fourth player to throw seven touchdown passes in a game, when he did so in 1962 against the Redskins.", "Legacy At the time of his retirement, Tittle held the following NFL records: Tittle was the fourth player to throw seven touchdown passes in a game, when he did so in 1962 against the Redskins. He followed Sid Luckman (1943), Adrian Burk (1954), and George Blanda (1961).", "He followed Sid Luckman (1943), Adrian Burk (1954), and George Blanda (1961). The feat has since been equaled by four more players: Joe Kapp (1969), Peyton Manning (2013), Nick Foles (2013), and Drew Brees (2015).", "The feat has since been equaled by four more players: Joe Kapp (1969), Peyton Manning (2013), Nick Foles (2013), and Drew Brees (2015). Tittle, Manning and Foles did it without an interception.", "Tittle, Manning and Foles did it without an interception. His 36 touchdown passes in 1963 set a record which stood for over two decades until it was surpassed by Dan Marino in 1984; as of 2016 it remains a Giants franchise record.", "His 36 touchdown passes in 1963 set a record which stood for over two decades until it was surpassed by Dan Marino in 1984; as of 2016 it remains a Giants franchise record. Despite record statistics and three straight championship game appearances, Tittle was never able to deliver a title to his team.", "Despite record statistics and three straight championship game appearances, Tittle was never able to deliver a title to his team. His record as a starter in postseason games was 0–4. He threw four touchdown passes against 14 interceptions and had a passer rating of 33.8 in his postseason career, far below his regular season passer rating of 74.3.", "He threw four touchdown passes against 14 interceptions and had a passer rating of 33.8 in his postseason career, far below his regular season passer rating of 74.3. Seth Wickersham, writing for ESPN The Magazine in 2014, noted the dichotomy in the 1960s between two of New York's major sports franchises: \"... Gifford, Huff and Tittle, a team of Hall of Famers known for losing championships as their peers on the Yankees—with whom they shared a stadium, a city, and many rounds of drinks—became renowned for winning them.\"", "Seth Wickersham, writing for ESPN The Magazine in 2014, noted the dichotomy in the 1960s between two of New York's major sports franchises: \"... Gifford, Huff and Tittle, a team of Hall of Famers known for losing championships as their peers on the Yankees—with whom they shared a stadium, a city, and many rounds of drinks—became renowned for winning them.\" The Giants struggled after Tittle's retirement, posting only two winning seasons from 1964 to 1980.", "The Giants struggled after Tittle's retirement, posting only two winning seasons from 1964 to 1980. He made seven Pro Bowls, four first-team All-Pro teams, and four times was named the NFL's Most Valuable Player or Player of the Year: in 1957 and 1962 by the UPI; in 1961 by the NEA; and in 1963 by the AP and NEA.", "He made seven Pro Bowls, four first-team All-Pro teams, and four times was named the NFL's Most Valuable Player or Player of the Year: in 1957 and 1962 by the UPI; in 1961 by the NEA; and in 1963 by the AP and NEA. In a sports column in 1963, George Strickler for the Chicago Tribune remarked Tittle had \"broken records that at one time appeared unassailable and he has been the hero of more second half rallies than Napoleon and the Harlem Globetrotters.\"", "In a sports column in 1963, George Strickler for the Chicago Tribune remarked Tittle had \"broken records that at one time appeared unassailable and he has been the hero of more second half rallies than Napoleon and the Harlem Globetrotters.\" He was featured on four Sports Illustrated covers: three during his playing career and one shortly after retirement.", "He was featured on four Sports Illustrated covers: three during his playing career and one shortly after retirement. His first was with the 49ers in 1954. With the Giants, he graced covers in November 1961, and he was on the season preview issue for 1964; a two-page fold-out photo from the 1963 title game.", "With the Giants, he graced covers in November 1961, and he was on the season preview issue for 1964; a two-page fold-out photo from the 1963 title game. Tittle was on a fourth cover in August 1965.", "Tittle was on a fourth cover in August 1965. The trade of Tittle for Lou Cordileone is seen as one of the worst trades in 49ers history; it is considered one of the best trades in Giants franchise history. Cordileone played just one season in San Francisco.", "Cordileone played just one season in San Francisco. Famous photo A photo of a dazed Tittle in the end zone taken by Morris Berman of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette on September 20, 1964, is regarded among the most iconic images in the history of American sports and journalism.", "Famous photo A photo of a dazed Tittle in the end zone taken by Morris Berman of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette on September 20, 1964, is regarded among the most iconic images in the history of American sports and journalism. Tittle, in his 17th and final season, was photographed helmet-less, bloodied and kneeling immediately after having been knocked to the ground by John Baker of the Pittsburgh Steelers and throwing an interception that was returned for a touchdown at the old Pitt Stadium.", "Tittle, in his 17th and final season, was photographed helmet-less, bloodied and kneeling immediately after having been knocked to the ground by John Baker of the Pittsburgh Steelers and throwing an interception that was returned for a touchdown at the old Pitt Stadium. He suffered a concussion and cracked sternum on the play, but went on to play the rest of the season.", "He suffered a concussion and cracked sternum on the play, but went on to play the rest of the season. Post-Gazette editors declined to publish the photo, looking for \"action shots\" instead, but Berman entered the image into contests where it took on a life of its own, winning a National Headliner Award.", "Post-Gazette editors declined to publish the photo, looking for \"action shots\" instead, but Berman entered the image into contests where it took on a life of its own, winning a National Headliner Award. It is regarded as having changed the way that photographers look at sports, having shown the power of capturing a moment of reaction.", "It is regarded as having changed the way that photographers look at sports, having shown the power of capturing a moment of reaction. It became one of three photos to hang in the lobby of the National Press Photographers Association headquarters, alongside Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima and the Hindenburg disaster.", "It became one of three photos to hang in the lobby of the National Press Photographers Association headquarters, alongside Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima and the Hindenburg disaster. A copy has hung in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.", "A copy has hung in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. A similar photo by Dozier Mobley of the Associated Press, which shows Tittle looking forward rather than down, was published in the October 2, 1964, issue of Life magazine.", "A similar photo by Dozier Mobley of the Associated Press, which shows Tittle looking forward rather than down, was published in the October 2, 1964, issue of Life magazine. After at first having failed to see the appeal of the image, Tittle eventually grew to embrace it, putting the Mobley version on the back cover of his 2009 autobiography.", "After at first having failed to see the appeal of the image, Tittle eventually grew to embrace it, putting the Mobley version on the back cover of his 2009 autobiography. \"That was the end of the road,\" he told the Los Angeles Times in 2008. \"It was the end of my dream.", "\"It was the end of my dream. It was over.\" Pittsburgh player John Baker, who hit Tittle right before the picture was taken, ran for sheriff in his native Wake County, North Carolina in 1978, and used the photo as a campaign tool. He was elected and went on to serve for 24 years.", "He was elected and went on to serve for 24 years. Tittle also held a fundraiser to assist Baker in his bid for a fourth term in 1989.", "Tittle also held a fundraiser to assist Baker in his bid for a fourth term in 1989. Honors In recognition of his high school and college careers, respectively, Tittle was inducted to the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1987 and the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame in 1972.", "Honors In recognition of his high school and college careers, respectively, Tittle was inducted to the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1987 and the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame in 1972. Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame with its 1971 class, which included contemporaries Jim Brown, Norm Van Brocklin, the late Vince Lombardi, and former Giants teammate Andy Robustelli.", "Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame with its 1971 class, which included contemporaries Jim Brown, Norm Van Brocklin, the late Vince Lombardi, and former Giants teammate Andy Robustelli. By virtue of his membership in the pro hall of fame, he was automatically inducted as a charter member of the San Francisco 49ers Hall of Fame in 2009.", "By virtue of his membership in the pro hall of fame, he was automatically inducted as a charter member of the San Francisco 49ers Hall of Fame in 2009. The Giants had originally retired the number 14 jersey in honor of Ward Cuff, but Tittle requested and was granted the jersey number by Giants owner Wellington Mara when he joined the team.", "The Giants had originally retired the number 14 jersey in honor of Ward Cuff, but Tittle requested and was granted the jersey number by Giants owner Wellington Mara when he joined the team. It was retired again immediately following his retirement, and is now retired in honor of both players.", "It was retired again immediately following his retirement, and is now retired in honor of both players. In 2010, Tittle became a charter member of the New York Giants Ring of Honor.", "In 2010, Tittle became a charter member of the New York Giants Ring of Honor. Personal life After his retirement, he rejoined the 49ers staff and served as an assistant coach before being hired by the Giants in 1970 as a quarterback mentor. During his NFL career, Tittle worked as an insurance salesman in the off-season.", "During his NFL career, Tittle worked as an insurance salesman in the off-season. After retiring, he founded his own company, Y. A. Tittle Insurance & Financial Services. Tittle appeared on the October 9, 1961 episode of To Tell the Truth as one of three challengers. Tittle claimed to be hair stylist-weekend pro wrestler Richard Smith.", "Tittle claimed to be hair stylist-weekend pro wrestler Richard Smith. Tittle received one vote from the four Celebrity Panelists (Johnny Carson). Until his death, Tittle resided in Atherton, California. His wife Minnette died in 2012. They had three sons: Michael, Patrick and John, and a daughter, Dianne Tittle de Laet.", "They had three sons: Michael, Patrick and John, and a daughter, Dianne Tittle de Laet. Their daughter is a harpist and poet, and in 1995 she published a biography of her father titled Giants & Heroes: A Daughter's Memories of Y. A. Tittle.", "A. Tittle. A. Tittle. In his later life, Tittle suffered from severe dementia, which adversely affected his memory and limited his conversation to a handful of topics. Tittle died on October 8, 2017, at a hospital in Stanford, California, of natural causes.", "Tittle died on October 8, 2017, at a hospital in Stanford, California, of natural causes. List of 500-yard passing games in the National Football League Notes References Further reading External links 1926 births 2017 deaths American football quarterbacks Baltimore Colts (1947–1950) players Deaths from dementia Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players LSU Tigers football players National Football League Most Valuable Player Award winners National Football League players with retired numbers Neurological disease deaths in California New York Giants players People from Atherton, California People from Marshall, Texas Players of American football from Texas Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees San Francisco 49ers players Western Conference Pro Bowl players" ]

[ "Y. A. Tittle", "Legacy", "What was Tittle's legacy?", "At the time of his retirement, Tittle held the following NFL records:", "What records did he hold?", "Tittle was the fourth player to throw seven touchdown passes in a game, when he did so in 1962 against the Redskins. He followed Sid Luckman (1943),", "What other records did he hold?", "Tittle, Manning and Foles did it without an interception. His 36 touchdown passes in 1963 set a record which stood for over two decades until it was surpassed", "Were there any other records?", "Despite record statistics and three straight championship game appearances, Tittle was never able to deliver a title to his team.", "Did he get into the Hall of Fame?", "Gifford, Huff and Tittle, a team of Hall of Famers known for losing championships as their peers on the Yankees--with whom they shared a stadium, a city, and" ]

[ "The Wrestling Observer Newsletter (WON) Hall of Fame is a professional wrestling hall of fame that recognizes people who make significant contributions to their professions. It was founded in 1996 by Dave Meltzer, editor of the newsletter, the Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Like many other wrestling halls of fame, such as the WWE, Impact, ROH and WCW halls of fame, the Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame is not contained in a building, and there are no ceremonies for inductions other than a highly detailed biographical documentation of their career in the newsletter. Inductees include wrestlers/fighters, managers, promoters, trainers, and commentators. On eight occasions, tag teams have been inducted rather than the individual members of the team. This first occurred in 1996, when The Dusek family, The Fabulous Kangaroos, and The Road Warriors entered the hall. The Fabulous Freebirds, The Midnight Express, The Rock 'n' Roll Express, The Assassins and The Sharpe Brothers have also been inducted as groups. In addition; the first trio was inducted in 2019, when Los Misioneros de la Muerte were voted in. \n\nMeltzer began the Hall of Fame by choosing a list of 122 inaugural inductees in 1996. Since then, wrestlers from past and present, others employed in the professional wrestling industry, and wrestling journalists and historians have been selected by Meltzer to cast secret ballots to determine annual groups of inductees. Voting criteria include the length of time spent in wrestling, historical significance, ability to attract viewers, and wrestling ability. Inductees must have at least 15 years of experience in the wrestling business or be over 35 years old and have 10 years of experience. To gain membership in the hall, potential inductees must receive 60% support on the ballots from their geographic region. Any person that gets less than 10% of the vote is eliminated from the ballot. If a person fails to get inducted 15 years after being put on the ballot, they must get 50% of the vote or be eliminated. There are 236 inductees, including the eight tag teams and one trio. \n\nIn 2008, a recall vote was held asking if 2003 inductee Chris Benoit, who killed his wife and son before committing suicide in June 2007, should remain in the hall. To have Benoit removed, Meltzer required that 60% of voters must agree with the proposal. Although the majority voted for Benoit's removal, they only represented 53.6% of the votes, falling short of the number required. Benoit remains on the list of inductees.\n\nInductees\n\nFootnotes\n\nReferences \n General\n \n Specific\n\nExternal links \n Online listing of the WON Hall of Fame\n\n1996 establishments in the United States\nAwards established in 1996\nProfessional wrestling halls of fame\nSports hall of fame inductees\nHalls of fame in California\nHall of Fame", "The Global Business Hall of Fame, powered by JA Worldwide, was established by Junior Achievement in 1975 as the U.S. Business Hall of Fame, the result of an idea by Willard F. Rockwell, Jr. (former chairman and CEO of Rockwell International) and Alan Hilburg (assisting W. F. Rockwell as a representative of Junior Achievement). Rockwell and Hilburg approached Pat Lenahan and Charles Whittingham (publisher and associate publisher of Fortune magazine) with the idea. Together they engaged the Board of Editors of Fortune to independently select the honorees. The originating idea was to align the principles of Junior Achievement with the lives of the inductees to promote examples of what it considers exemplary business leadership.\n\nThe U.S. Business Hall of Fame did not induct any new laureates from 2009 to 2019, when it was resurrected by the global Junior Achievement organization, JA Worldwide, and renamed the Global Business Hall of Fame, which seeks to be more global and more gender-balanced in its laureates going forward, in order to serve as a role model for young entrepreneurs. The Global Business Hall of Fame nomination process has been designed, with support from PwC, to engage diverse stakeholders from around the world and to ensure protocols are followed in the selection of laureates. Nominees are vetted throughout the process by two committees and final voting jury.\n\nLocation\nThe Business Hall of Fame, previously exhibited at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, Illinois, US., is a virtual, online hall of fame, accessible from anywhere in the world at https://businesshalloffame.org.\n\nInductees\nMore than 270 laureates, made up of accomplished global businesspeople and entrepreneurs, have been inducted into the Global Business Hall of Fame, with four new laureates added in 2020.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Global Business Hall of Fame webpage (powered by JA Worldwide)\n\nAwards established in 1975\nBusinesspeople halls of fame\nJunior Achievement" ]

[ "Yelberton Abraham Tittle Jr. (October 24, 1926 – October 8, 2017) was a professional American football quarterback. He played in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers, New York Giants, and Baltimore Colts, after spending two seasons with the Colts in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC).", "He played in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers, New York Giants, and Baltimore Colts, after spending two seasons with the Colts in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC). Known for his competitiveness, leadership, and striking profile, Tittle was the centerpiece of several prolific offenses throughout his 17-year professional career from 1948 to 1964.", "Known for his competitiveness, leadership, and striking profile, Tittle was the centerpiece of several prolific offenses throughout his 17-year professional career from 1948 to 1964. Tittle played college football for Louisiana State University, where he was a two-time All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) quarterback for the LSU Tigers football team.", "Tittle played college football for Louisiana State University, where he was a two-time All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) quarterback for the LSU Tigers football team. As a junior, he was named the most valuable player (MVP) of the infamous 1947 Cotton Bowl Classic—also known as the \"Ice Bowl\"—a scoreless tie between the Tigers and Arkansas Razorbacks in a snowstorm.", "As a junior, he was named the most valuable player (MVP) of the infamous 1947 Cotton Bowl Classic—also known as the \"Ice Bowl\"—a scoreless tie between the Tigers and Arkansas Razorbacks in a snowstorm. After college, he was drafted in the 1947 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions, but he instead chose to play in the AAFC for the Colts.", "After college, he was drafted in the 1947 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions, but he instead chose to play in the AAFC for the Colts. With the Colts, Tittle was named the AAFC Rookie of the Year in 1948 after leading the team to the AAFC playoffs.", "With the Colts, Tittle was named the AAFC Rookie of the Year in 1948 after leading the team to the AAFC playoffs. After consecutive one-win seasons, the Colts franchise folded, which allowed Tittle to be drafted in the 1951 NFL Draft by the 49ers.", "After consecutive one-win seasons, the Colts franchise folded, which allowed Tittle to be drafted in the 1951 NFL Draft by the 49ers. Through ten seasons in San Francisco, he was invited to four Pro Bowls, led the league in touchdown passes in 1955, and was named the NFL Player of the Year by the United Press in 1957.", "Through ten seasons in San Francisco, he was invited to four Pro Bowls, led the league in touchdown passes in 1955, and was named the NFL Player of the Year by the United Press in 1957. A groundbreaker, Tittle was part of the 49ers' famed Million Dollar Backfield, was the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated, and is credited with having coined \"alley-oop\" as a sports term.", "A groundbreaker, Tittle was part of the 49ers' famed Million Dollar Backfield, was the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated, and is credited with having coined \"alley-oop\" as a sports term. Considered washed-up, the 34-year-old Tittle was traded to the Giants following the 1960 season.", "Considered washed-up, the 34-year-old Tittle was traded to the Giants following the 1960 season. Over the next four seasons, he won several individual awards, twice set the league single-season record for touchdown passesincluding a 1962 game with a combined 7 touchdown passes and 500-yards passing with a near perfect (151.4 out of 158.33) passer rating, and led the Giants to three straight NFL championship games.", "Over the next four seasons, he won several individual awards, twice set the league single-season record for touchdown passesincluding a 1962 game with a combined 7 touchdown passes and 500-yards passing with a near perfect (151.4 out of 158.33) passer rating, and led the Giants to three straight NFL championship games. Although he was never able to deliver a championship to the team, Tittle's time in New York is regarded among the glory years of the franchise.", "Although he was never able to deliver a championship to the team, Tittle's time in New York is regarded among the glory years of the franchise. In his final season, Tittle was photographed bloodied and kneeling down in the end zone after a tackle by a defender left him helmetless.", "In his final season, Tittle was photographed bloodied and kneeling down in the end zone after a tackle by a defender left him helmetless. The photograph is considered one of the most iconic images in North American sports history.", "The photograph is considered one of the most iconic images in North American sports history. He retired as the NFL's all-time leader in passing yards, passing touchdowns, attempts, completions, and games played. Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1971, and his jersey number 14 is retired by the Giants.", "Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1971, and his jersey number 14 is retired by the Giants. Early years and college career Born and raised in Marshall, Texas, to Alma Tittle (née Allen) and Yelberton Abraham Tittle Sr., Tittle aspired to be a quarterback from a young age.", "Early years and college career Born and raised in Marshall, Texas, to Alma Tittle (née Allen) and Yelberton Abraham Tittle Sr., Tittle aspired to be a quarterback from a young age. He spent hours in his backyard throwing a football through a tire swing, emulating his fellow Texan and boyhood idol, Sammy Baugh.", "He spent hours in his backyard throwing a football through a tire swing, emulating his fellow Texan and boyhood idol, Sammy Baugh. Tittle played high school football at Marshall High School. In his senior year the team posted an undefeated record and reached the state finals.", "In his senior year the team posted an undefeated record and reached the state finals. After a recruiting battle between Louisiana State University and the University of Texas, Tittle chose to attend LSU in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and play for the LSU Tigers.", "After a recruiting battle between Louisiana State University and the University of Texas, Tittle chose to attend LSU in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and play for the LSU Tigers. He was part of a successful 1944 recruiting class under head coach Bernie Moore that included halfbacks Jim Cason, Dan Sandifer, and Ray Coates.", "He was part of a successful 1944 recruiting class under head coach Bernie Moore that included halfbacks Jim Cason, Dan Sandifer, and Ray Coates. Freshmen were eligible to play on the varsity during World War II, so Tittle saw playing time immediately.", "Freshmen were eligible to play on the varsity during World War II, so Tittle saw playing time immediately. He later said the finest moment of his four years at LSU was beating Tulane as a freshman, a game in which he set a school record with 238 passing yards.", "He later said the finest moment of his four years at LSU was beating Tulane as a freshman, a game in which he set a school record with 238 passing yards. It was one of two games the Tigers won that season.", "It was one of two games the Tigers won that season. Moore started Tittle at tailback in the single-wing formation his first year, but moved him to quarterback in the T formation during his sophomore season.", "Moore started Tittle at tailback in the single-wing formation his first year, but moved him to quarterback in the T formation during his sophomore season. As a junior in 1946, Tittle's three touchdown passes in a 41–27 rout of rival Tulane helped ensure LSU a spot in the Cotton Bowl Classic.", "As a junior in 1946, Tittle's three touchdown passes in a 41–27 rout of rival Tulane helped ensure LSU a spot in the Cotton Bowl Classic. Known notoriously as the \"Ice Bowl\", the 1947 Cotton Bowl pitted LSU against the Arkansas Razorbacks in sub-freezing temperatures on an ice-covered field in Dallas, Texas.", "Known notoriously as the \"Ice Bowl\", the 1947 Cotton Bowl pitted LSU against the Arkansas Razorbacks in sub-freezing temperatures on an ice-covered field in Dallas, Texas. LSU moved the ball much better than the Razorbacks, but neither team was able to score, and the game ended in a scoreless tie.", "LSU moved the ball much better than the Razorbacks, but neither team was able to score, and the game ended in a scoreless tie. Tittle and Arkansas end Alton Baldwin shared the game's MVP award. Following the season, United Press International (UPI) placed Tittle on its All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) first-team.", "Following the season, United Press International (UPI) placed Tittle on its All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) first-team. UPI again named Tittle its first-team All-SEC quarterback in 1947. In Tittle's day of iron man football, he played on both offense and defense.", "In Tittle's day of iron man football, he played on both offense and defense. While on defense during a 20–18 loss to SEC champion Ole Miss in his senior season, Tittle's belt buckle was torn off as he intercepted a pass from Charlie Conerly and broke a tackle.", "While on defense during a 20–18 loss to SEC champion Ole Miss in his senior season, Tittle's belt buckle was torn off as he intercepted a pass from Charlie Conerly and broke a tackle. He ran down the sideline with one arm cradling the ball and the other holding up his pants.", "He ran down the sideline with one arm cradling the ball and the other holding up his pants. At the Ole Miss 20-yard line, as he attempted to stiff-arm a defender,(#87 Jack Odom), Tittle's pants fell and he tripped and fell onto his face. The fall kept him from scoring the game-winning touchdown.", "The fall kept him from scoring the game-winning touchdown. In total, during his college career Tittle set school passing records with 162 completions out of 330 attempts for 2,525 yards and 23 touchdowns. He scored seven touchdowns himself as a runner. His passing totals remained unbroken until Bert Jones surpassed them in the 1970s.", "His passing totals remained unbroken until Bert Jones surpassed them in the 1970s. Professional career Baltimore Colts Tittle was the sixth overall selection of the 1948 NFL Draft, taken by the Detroit Lions. However, Tittle instead began his professional career with the Baltimore Colts of the All-America Football Conference in 1948.", "However, Tittle instead began his professional career with the Baltimore Colts of the All-America Football Conference in 1948. That season, already being described as a \"passing ace\", he was unanimously recognized as the AAFC Rookie of the Year by UPI after passing for 2,739 yards and leading the Colts to the brink of an Eastern Division championship.", "That season, already being described as a \"passing ace\", he was unanimously recognized as the AAFC Rookie of the Year by UPI after passing for 2,739 yards and leading the Colts to the brink of an Eastern Division championship. After a 1–11 win–loss record in 1949, the Colts joined the National Football League in 1950.", "After a 1–11 win–loss record in 1949, the Colts joined the National Football League in 1950. The team again posted a single win against eleven losses, and the franchise folded after the season due to financial difficulties. Players on the roster at the time of the fold were eligible to be drafted in the next NFL draft.", "Players on the roster at the time of the fold were eligible to be drafted in the next NFL draft. San Francisco 49ers Tittle was then drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the 1951 NFL Draft after the Colts folded.", "San Francisco 49ers Tittle was then drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the 1951 NFL Draft after the Colts folded. While many players at the time were unable to play immediately due to military duties, Tittle had received a class IV-F exemption due to physical ailments, so he was able to join the 49ers roster that season.", "While many players at the time were unable to play immediately due to military duties, Tittle had received a class IV-F exemption due to physical ailments, so he was able to join the 49ers roster that season. In 1951 and 1952, he shared time at quarterback with Frankie Albert.", "In 1951 and 1952, he shared time at quarterback with Frankie Albert. In 1953, his first full season as the 49ers' starter, he passed for 2,121 yards and 20 touchdowns and was invited to his first Pro Bowl.", "In 1953, his first full season as the 49ers' starter, he passed for 2,121 yards and 20 touchdowns and was invited to his first Pro Bowl. San Francisco finished with a 9–3 regular season record, which was good enough for second in the Western Conference, and led the league in points scored.", "San Francisco finished with a 9–3 regular season record, which was good enough for second in the Western Conference, and led the league in points scored. In 1954, the 49ers compiled their Million Dollar Backfield, which was composed of four future Hall of Famers: Tittle; fullbacks John Henry Johnson and Joe Perry; and halfback Hugh McElhenny.", "In 1954, the 49ers compiled their Million Dollar Backfield, which was composed of four future Hall of Famers: Tittle; fullbacks John Henry Johnson and Joe Perry; and halfback Hugh McElhenny. \"It made quarterbacking so easy because I just get in the huddle and call anything and you have three Hall of Fame running backs ready to carry the ball,\" Tittle reminisced in 2006.", "\"It made quarterbacking so easy because I just get in the huddle and call anything and you have three Hall of Fame running backs ready to carry the ball,\" Tittle reminisced in 2006. The team had aspirations for a championship run, but injuries, including McElhenny's separated shoulder in the sixth game of the season, ended those hopes and the 49ers finished third in the Western Division.", "The team had aspirations for a championship run, but injuries, including McElhenny's separated shoulder in the sixth game of the season, ended those hopes and the 49ers finished third in the Western Division. Tittle starred in his second straight Pro Bowl appearance as he threw two touchdown passes, including one to 49ers teammate Billy Wilson, who was named the game's MVP.", "Tittle starred in his second straight Pro Bowl appearance as he threw two touchdown passes, including one to 49ers teammate Billy Wilson, who was named the game's MVP. Tittle became the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated when he appeared on its 15th issue dated November 22, 1954, donning his 49ers uniform and helmet featuring an acrylic face mask distinct to the time period.", "Tittle became the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated when he appeared on its 15th issue dated November 22, 1954, donning his 49ers uniform and helmet featuring an acrylic face mask distinct to the time period. The cover photo also shows a metal bracket on the side of Tittle's helmet which served to protect his face by preventing the helmet from caving in.", "The cover photo also shows a metal bracket on the side of Tittle's helmet which served to protect his face by preventing the helmet from caving in. The 1954 cover was the first of four Sports Illustrated covers he graced during his career.", "The 1954 cover was the first of four Sports Illustrated covers he graced during his career. Tittle led the NFL in touchdown passes for the first time in 1955, with 17, while also leading the league with 28 interceptions thrown.", "Tittle led the NFL in touchdown passes for the first time in 1955, with 17, while also leading the league with 28 interceptions thrown. When the 49ers hired Frankie Albert as head coach in 1956, Tittle was pleased with the choice at first, figuring Albert would be a good mentor.", "When the 49ers hired Frankie Albert as head coach in 1956, Tittle was pleased with the choice at first, figuring Albert would be a good mentor. However, the team lost four of its first five games, and Albert replaced Tittle with rookie Earl Morrall.", "However, the team lost four of its first five games, and Albert replaced Tittle with rookie Earl Morrall. After a loss to the Los Angeles Rams brought San Francisco's record to 1–6, Tittle regained the starting role and the team finished undefeated with one tie through the season's final five games.", "After a loss to the Los Angeles Rams brought San Francisco's record to 1–6, Tittle regained the starting role and the team finished undefeated with one tie through the season's final five games. In 1957, Tittle and receiver R. C. Owens devised a pass play in which Tittle tossed the ball high into the air and the Owens leapt to retrieve it, typically resulting in a long gain or a touchdown.", "In 1957, Tittle and receiver R. C. Owens devised a pass play in which Tittle tossed the ball high into the air and the Owens leapt to retrieve it, typically resulting in a long gain or a touchdown. Tittle dubbed the play the \"alley-oop\"—the first usage of the term in sports—and it was highly successful when utilized.", "Tittle dubbed the play the \"alley-oop\"—the first usage of the term in sports—and it was highly successful when utilized. The 49ers finished the regular season with an 8–4 record and hosted the Detroit Lions in the Western Conference playoff.", "The 49ers finished the regular season with an 8–4 record and hosted the Detroit Lions in the Western Conference playoff. Against the Lions, Tittle passed for 248 yards and tossed three touchdown passes—one each to Owens, McElhenny, and Wilson—but Detroit overcame a 20-point third quarter deficit to win 31–27.", "Against the Lions, Tittle passed for 248 yards and tossed three touchdown passes—one each to Owens, McElhenny, and Wilson—but Detroit overcame a 20-point third quarter deficit to win 31–27. For the season, Tittle had a league-leading 63.1 completion percentage, threw for 2,157 yards and 13 touchdowns, and rushed for six more scores.", "For the season, Tittle had a league-leading 63.1 completion percentage, threw for 2,157 yards and 13 touchdowns, and rushed for six more scores. He was deemed \"pro player of the year\" by a United Press poll of members of the National Football Writers Association.", "He was deemed \"pro player of the year\" by a United Press poll of members of the National Football Writers Association. Additionally, he was named to his first All-Pro team and invited to his third Pro Bowl.", "Additionally, he was named to his first All-Pro team and invited to his third Pro Bowl. After a poor 1958 preseason by Tittle, Albert started John Brodie at quarterback for the 1958 season, a decision that proved unpopular with the fan base.", "After a poor 1958 preseason by Tittle, Albert started John Brodie at quarterback for the 1958 season, a decision that proved unpopular with the fan base. Tittle came in to relieve Brodie in a week six game against the Lions, with ten minutes left in the game and the 49ers down 21–17.", "Tittle came in to relieve Brodie in a week six game against the Lions, with ten minutes left in the game and the 49ers down 21–17. His appearance \"drew a roar of approval from the crowd of 59,213,\" after which he drove the team downfield and threw a 32-yard touchdown pass to McElhenny for the winning score.", "His appearance \"drew a roar of approval from the crowd of 59,213,\" after which he drove the team downfield and threw a 32-yard touchdown pass to McElhenny for the winning score. A right knee ligament injury against the Colts in week nine ended Tittle's season, and San Francisco finished with a 7–5 record, followed by Albert's resignation as coach.", "A right knee ligament injury against the Colts in week nine ended Tittle's season, and San Francisco finished with a 7–5 record, followed by Albert's resignation as coach. Tittle and Brodie continued to share time at quarterback over the next two seasons.", "Tittle and Brodie continued to share time at quarterback over the next two seasons. In his fourth and final Pro Bowl game with the 49ers in 1959, Tittle completed 13 of 17 passes for 178 yards and a touchdown. Under new head coach Red Hickey in 1960, the 49ers adopted the shotgun formation.", "Under new head coach Red Hickey in 1960, the 49ers adopted the shotgun formation. The first implementation of the shotgun was in week nine against the Colts, with Brodie at quarterback while Tittle nursed a groin injury.", "The first implementation of the shotgun was in week nine against the Colts, with Brodie at quarterback while Tittle nursed a groin injury. The 49ers scored a season-high thirty points, and with Brodie in the shotgun won three of their last four games to salvage a winning season at 7–5.", "The 49ers scored a season-high thirty points, and with Brodie in the shotgun won three of their last four games to salvage a winning season at 7–5. Though conflicted, Tittle decided to get into shape and prepare for the next season. He stated in his 2009 autobiography that at times he thought, \"The hell with it.", "He stated in his 2009 autobiography that at times he thought, \"The hell with it. Quit this damned game. You have been at it too long anyway.\" But then another voice within him would say, \"Come back for another year and show them you're still a good QB.", "But then another voice within him would say, \"Come back for another year and show them you're still a good QB. Don't let them shotgun you out of football!\" However, after the first preseason game of 1961, Hickey informed Tittle he had been traded to the New York Giants.", "However, after the first preseason game of 1961, Hickey informed Tittle he had been traded to the New York Giants. New York Giants In mid-August 1961, the 49ers traded the 34-year-old Tittle to the New York Giants for second-year guard Lou Cordileone.", "New York Giants In mid-August 1961, the 49ers traded the 34-year-old Tittle to the New York Giants for second-year guard Lou Cordileone. Cordileone, the 12th overall pick in the 1960 NFL Draft, was quoted as reacting \"Me, even up for Y. A. Tittle?", "A. Tittle? A. Tittle? You're kidding,\" and later remarked that the Giants traded him for \"a 42-year-old quarterback.\" Tittle's view of Cordileone was much the same, stating his dismay that the 49ers did not get a \"name ballplayer\" in return.", "Tittle's view of Cordileone was much the same, stating his dismay that the 49ers did not get a \"name ballplayer\" in return. He was also displeased with being traded to the East Coast, and said he would rather have been traded to the Los Angeles Rams.", "He was also displeased with being traded to the East Coast, and said he would rather have been traded to the Los Angeles Rams. Already considered washed up, Tittle was intended by the Giants to share quarterback duties with 40-year-old Charlie Conerly, who had been with the team since 1948.", "Already considered washed up, Tittle was intended by the Giants to share quarterback duties with 40-year-old Charlie Conerly, who had been with the team since 1948. The players at first remained loyal to Conerly, and treated Tittle with the cold shoulder. Tittle missed the season opener due to a back injury sustained before the season.", "Tittle missed the season opener due to a back injury sustained before the season. His first game with New York came in week two, against the Steelers, in which he and Conerly each threw a touchdown pass in the Giants' 17–14 win.", "His first game with New York came in week two, against the Steelers, in which he and Conerly each threw a touchdown pass in the Giants' 17–14 win. He became the team's primary starter for the remainder of the season and led the revitalized Giants to first place in the Eastern Conference.", "He became the team's primary starter for the remainder of the season and led the revitalized Giants to first place in the Eastern Conference. The Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA) awarded Tittle its Jim Thorpe Trophy as the NFL's players' choice of MVP.", "The Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA) awarded Tittle its Jim Thorpe Trophy as the NFL's players' choice of MVP. In the 1961 NFL Championship Game, the Giants were soundly defeated by Vince Lombardi's Green Bay Packers, as they were shut-out 37-0. Tittle completed six of 20 passes in the game and threw four interceptions.", "Tittle completed six of 20 passes in the game and threw four interceptions. In January 1962, Tittle stated his intention to retire following the 1962 season. After an off-season quarterback competition with Ralph Guglielmi, Tittle played and started in a career-high 14 games.", "After an off-season quarterback competition with Ralph Guglielmi, Tittle played and started in a career-high 14 games. He tied an NFL record by throwing seven touchdown passes in a game on October 28, 1962, in a 49–34 win over the Washington Redskins.", "He tied an NFL record by throwing seven touchdown passes in a game on October 28, 1962, in a 49–34 win over the Washington Redskins. Against the Dallas Cowboys in the regular season finale, Tittle threw six touchdown passes to set the single-season record with 33, which had been set the previous year by Sonny Jurgensen's 32.", "Against the Dallas Cowboys in the regular season finale, Tittle threw six touchdown passes to set the single-season record with 33, which had been set the previous year by Sonny Jurgensen's 32. He earned player of the year honors from the Washington D.C. Touchdown Club, UPI, and The Sporting News, and finished just behind Green Bay's Jim Taylor in voting for the AP NFL Most Valuable Player Award.", "He earned player of the year honors from the Washington D.C. Touchdown Club, UPI, and The Sporting News, and finished just behind Green Bay's Jim Taylor in voting for the AP NFL Most Valuable Player Award. The Giants again finished first in the Eastern Conference and faced the Packers in the 1962 NFL Championship Game.", "The Giants again finished first in the Eastern Conference and faced the Packers in the 1962 NFL Championship Game. In frigid, windy conditions at Yankee Stadium and facing a constant pass rush from the Packers' front seven, Tittle completed only 18 of his 41 attempts in the game.", "In frigid, windy conditions at Yankee Stadium and facing a constant pass rush from the Packers' front seven, Tittle completed only 18 of his 41 attempts in the game. The Packers won, 16–7, with New York's lone score coming on a blocked punt recovered in the end zone by Jim Collier.", "The Packers won, 16–7, with New York's lone score coming on a blocked punt recovered in the end zone by Jim Collier. Tittle returned to the Giants in 1963 and, at age 37, supplanted his single-season passing touchdowns record by throwing 36.", "Tittle returned to the Giants in 1963 and, at age 37, supplanted his single-season passing touchdowns record by throwing 36. He broke the record in the final game with three touchdowns against the Steelers, three days after being named NFL MVP by the AP.", "He broke the record in the final game with three touchdowns against the Steelers, three days after being named NFL MVP by the AP. The Giants led the league in scoring by a wide margin, and for the third time in as many years clinched the Eastern Conference title. The Western champions were George Halas' Chicago Bears.", "The Western champions were George Halas' Chicago Bears. The teams met in the 1963 NFL Championship Game at Wrigley Field. In the second quarter, Tittle injured his knee on a tackle by Larry Morris, and required a novocaine shot at halftime to continue playing.", "In the second quarter, Tittle injured his knee on a tackle by Larry Morris, and required a novocaine shot at halftime to continue playing. After holding a 10–7 halftime lead, The Giants were shutout in the second half, during which Tittle threw four interceptions.", "After holding a 10–7 halftime lead, The Giants were shutout in the second half, during which Tittle threw four interceptions. Playing through the knee injury, he completed 11 of 29 passes in the game for 147 yards, a touchdown, and five interceptions as the Bears won 14–10.", "Playing through the knee injury, he completed 11 of 29 passes in the game for 147 yards, a touchdown, and five interceptions as the Bears won 14–10. The following year in 1964, Tittle's final season, the Giants went 2–10–2 (), the worst record in the 14-team league.", "The following year in 1964, Tittle's final season, the Giants went 2–10–2 (), the worst record in the 14-team league. In the second game of the year, against Pittsburgh, he was blindsided by defensive end John Baker.", "In the second game of the year, against Pittsburgh, he was blindsided by defensive end John Baker. The tackle left Tittle with crushed cartilage in his ribs, a cracked sternum, and a concussion. However, he played in every game the rest of the season, but was relegated to a backup role later in the year.", "However, he played in every game the rest of the season, but was relegated to a backup role later in the year. After throwing only ten touchdowns with 22 interceptions, he retired after the season at age 39, saying rookie quarterback Gary Wood not only \"took my job away, but started to ask permission to date my daughter.\"", "After throwing only ten touchdowns with 22 interceptions, he retired after the season at age 39, saying rookie quarterback Gary Wood not only \"took my job away, but started to ask permission to date my daughter.\" Over 17 seasons as a professional, Tittle completed 2,427 out of 4,395 passes for 33,070 yards and 242 touchdowns, with 248 interceptions.", "Over 17 seasons as a professional, Tittle completed 2,427 out of 4,395 passes for 33,070 yards and 242 touchdowns, with 248 interceptions. He also rushed for 39 touchdowns.", "He also rushed for 39 touchdowns. Career statistics Profile and playing style Tittle threw the ball from a sidearm, almost underhand position, something novel at those times, though it was common practice in earlier decades. It was this seemingly underhand style that drew the curiosity and admiration of many fans.", "It was this seemingly underhand style that drew the curiosity and admiration of many fans. This, in tandem with his baldness—for which he was frequently referred to as the \"Bald Eagle\"—made him a very striking personality. Despite his throwing motion, he had a very strong and accurate arm with a quick release.", "Despite his throwing motion, he had a very strong and accurate arm with a quick release. His ability to read defenses made him one of the best screen passers in the NFL. He was a perfectionist and highly competitive, and he expected the same of his teammates.", "He was a perfectionist and highly competitive, and he expected the same of his teammates. He possessed rare leadership and game-planning skills, and played with great enthusiasm even in his later years. \"Tittle has the attitude of a high school kid, with the brain of a computer,\" said Giants teammate Frank Gifford.", "\"Tittle has the attitude of a high school kid, with the brain of a computer,\" said Giants teammate Frank Gifford. Baltimore Colts halfback Lenny Moore, when asked in 1963 to compare Tittle and Colts quarterback Johnny Unitas, said: I played with Tittle in the Pro Bowl two years ago, and I discovered he's quite a guy ...", "Baltimore Colts halfback Lenny Moore, when asked in 1963 to compare Tittle and Colts quarterback Johnny Unitas, said: I played with Tittle in the Pro Bowl two years ago, and I discovered he's quite a guy ... He and John, however, are entirely different types ... Tittle is a sort of 'con man' with his players ... he comes into a huddle and 'suggests' that maybe this or that will work on account of something he saw happen on a previous play ...", "He and John, however, are entirely different types ... Tittle is a sort of 'con man' with his players ... he comes into a huddle and 'suggests' that maybe this or that will work on account of something he saw happen on a previous play ... The way he puts it, you're convinced it's a good idea and maybe it will work.", "The way he puts it, you're convinced it's a good idea and maybe it will work. John, now, he's a take-charge guy ... you what the other guy's going to do, what he's going to do, and what he wants you to do.", "John, now, he's a take-charge guy ... you what the other guy's going to do, what he's going to do, and what he wants you to do. Tittle's most productive years came when he was well beyond his athletic prime.", "Tittle's most productive years came when he was well beyond his athletic prime. He credited his ability to improve with age to a feel for the game borne from years of league experience.", "He credited his ability to improve with age to a feel for the game borne from years of league experience. \"If you could learn it by studying movies, a good, smart college quarterback could learn all you've got to learn in three weeks and then come in and be as good as the old heads,\" he told Sports Illustrated in 1963.", "\"If you could learn it by studying movies, a good, smart college quarterback could learn all you've got to learn in three weeks and then come in and be as good as the old heads,\" he told Sports Illustrated in 1963. \"But they can't.\"", "\"But they can't.\" Legacy At the time of his retirement, Tittle held the following NFL records: Tittle was the fourth player to throw seven touchdown passes in a game, when he did so in 1962 against the Redskins.", "Legacy At the time of his retirement, Tittle held the following NFL records: Tittle was the fourth player to throw seven touchdown passes in a game, when he did so in 1962 against the Redskins. He followed Sid Luckman (1943), Adrian Burk (1954), and George Blanda (1961).", "He followed Sid Luckman (1943), Adrian Burk (1954), and George Blanda (1961). The feat has since been equaled by four more players: Joe Kapp (1969), Peyton Manning (2013), Nick Foles (2013), and Drew Brees (2015).", "The feat has since been equaled by four more players: Joe Kapp (1969), Peyton Manning (2013), Nick Foles (2013), and Drew Brees (2015). Tittle, Manning and Foles did it without an interception.", "Tittle, Manning and Foles did it without an interception. His 36 touchdown passes in 1963 set a record which stood for over two decades until it was surpassed by Dan Marino in 1984; as of 2016 it remains a Giants franchise record.", "His 36 touchdown passes in 1963 set a record which stood for over two decades until it was surpassed by Dan Marino in 1984; as of 2016 it remains a Giants franchise record. Despite record statistics and three straight championship game appearances, Tittle was never able to deliver a title to his team.", "Despite record statistics and three straight championship game appearances, Tittle was never able to deliver a title to his team. His record as a starter in postseason games was 0–4. He threw four touchdown passes against 14 interceptions and had a passer rating of 33.8 in his postseason career, far below his regular season passer rating of 74.3.", "He threw four touchdown passes against 14 interceptions and had a passer rating of 33.8 in his postseason career, far below his regular season passer rating of 74.3. Seth Wickersham, writing for ESPN The Magazine in 2014, noted the dichotomy in the 1960s between two of New York's major sports franchises: \"... Gifford, Huff and Tittle, a team of Hall of Famers known for losing championships as their peers on the Yankees—with whom they shared a stadium, a city, and many rounds of drinks—became renowned for winning them.\"", "Seth Wickersham, writing for ESPN The Magazine in 2014, noted the dichotomy in the 1960s between two of New York's major sports franchises: \"... Gifford, Huff and Tittle, a team of Hall of Famers known for losing championships as their peers on the Yankees—with whom they shared a stadium, a city, and many rounds of drinks—became renowned for winning them.\" The Giants struggled after Tittle's retirement, posting only two winning seasons from 1964 to 1980.", "The Giants struggled after Tittle's retirement, posting only two winning seasons from 1964 to 1980. He made seven Pro Bowls, four first-team All-Pro teams, and four times was named the NFL's Most Valuable Player or Player of the Year: in 1957 and 1962 by the UPI; in 1961 by the NEA; and in 1963 by the AP and NEA.", "He made seven Pro Bowls, four first-team All-Pro teams, and four times was named the NFL's Most Valuable Player or Player of the Year: in 1957 and 1962 by the UPI; in 1961 by the NEA; and in 1963 by the AP and NEA. In a sports column in 1963, George Strickler for the Chicago Tribune remarked Tittle had \"broken records that at one time appeared unassailable and he has been the hero of more second half rallies than Napoleon and the Harlem Globetrotters.\"", "In a sports column in 1963, George Strickler for the Chicago Tribune remarked Tittle had \"broken records that at one time appeared unassailable and he has been the hero of more second half rallies than Napoleon and the Harlem Globetrotters.\" He was featured on four Sports Illustrated covers: three during his playing career and one shortly after retirement.", "He was featured on four Sports Illustrated covers: three during his playing career and one shortly after retirement. His first was with the 49ers in 1954. With the Giants, he graced covers in November 1961, and he was on the season preview issue for 1964; a two-page fold-out photo from the 1963 title game.", "With the Giants, he graced covers in November 1961, and he was on the season preview issue for 1964; a two-page fold-out photo from the 1963 title game. Tittle was on a fourth cover in August 1965.", "Tittle was on a fourth cover in August 1965. The trade of Tittle for Lou Cordileone is seen as one of the worst trades in 49ers history; it is considered one of the best trades in Giants franchise history. Cordileone played just one season in San Francisco.", "Cordileone played just one season in San Francisco. Famous photo A photo of a dazed Tittle in the end zone taken by Morris Berman of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette on September 20, 1964, is regarded among the most iconic images in the history of American sports and journalism.", "Famous photo A photo of a dazed Tittle in the end zone taken by Morris Berman of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette on September 20, 1964, is regarded among the most iconic images in the history of American sports and journalism. Tittle, in his 17th and final season, was photographed helmet-less, bloodied and kneeling immediately after having been knocked to the ground by John Baker of the Pittsburgh Steelers and throwing an interception that was returned for a touchdown at the old Pitt Stadium.", "Tittle, in his 17th and final season, was photographed helmet-less, bloodied and kneeling immediately after having been knocked to the ground by John Baker of the Pittsburgh Steelers and throwing an interception that was returned for a touchdown at the old Pitt Stadium. He suffered a concussion and cracked sternum on the play, but went on to play the rest of the season.", "He suffered a concussion and cracked sternum on the play, but went on to play the rest of the season. Post-Gazette editors declined to publish the photo, looking for \"action shots\" instead, but Berman entered the image into contests where it took on a life of its own, winning a National Headliner Award.", "Post-Gazette editors declined to publish the photo, looking for \"action shots\" instead, but Berman entered the image into contests where it took on a life of its own, winning a National Headliner Award. It is regarded as having changed the way that photographers look at sports, having shown the power of capturing a moment of reaction.", "It is regarded as having changed the way that photographers look at sports, having shown the power of capturing a moment of reaction. It became one of three photos to hang in the lobby of the National Press Photographers Association headquarters, alongside Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima and the Hindenburg disaster.", "It became one of three photos to hang in the lobby of the National Press Photographers Association headquarters, alongside Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima and the Hindenburg disaster. A copy has hung in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.", "A copy has hung in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. A similar photo by Dozier Mobley of the Associated Press, which shows Tittle looking forward rather than down, was published in the October 2, 1964, issue of Life magazine.", "A similar photo by Dozier Mobley of the Associated Press, which shows Tittle looking forward rather than down, was published in the October 2, 1964, issue of Life magazine. After at first having failed to see the appeal of the image, Tittle eventually grew to embrace it, putting the Mobley version on the back cover of his 2009 autobiography.", "After at first having failed to see the appeal of the image, Tittle eventually grew to embrace it, putting the Mobley version on the back cover of his 2009 autobiography. \"That was the end of the road,\" he told the Los Angeles Times in 2008. \"It was the end of my dream.", "\"It was the end of my dream. It was over.\" Pittsburgh player John Baker, who hit Tittle right before the picture was taken, ran for sheriff in his native Wake County, North Carolina in 1978, and used the photo as a campaign tool. He was elected and went on to serve for 24 years.", "He was elected and went on to serve for 24 years. Tittle also held a fundraiser to assist Baker in his bid for a fourth term in 1989.", "Tittle also held a fundraiser to assist Baker in his bid for a fourth term in 1989. Honors In recognition of his high school and college careers, respectively, Tittle was inducted to the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1987 and the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame in 1972.", "Honors In recognition of his high school and college careers, respectively, Tittle was inducted to the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1987 and the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame in 1972. Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame with its 1971 class, which included contemporaries Jim Brown, Norm Van Brocklin, the late Vince Lombardi, and former Giants teammate Andy Robustelli.", "Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame with its 1971 class, which included contemporaries Jim Brown, Norm Van Brocklin, the late Vince Lombardi, and former Giants teammate Andy Robustelli. By virtue of his membership in the pro hall of fame, he was automatically inducted as a charter member of the San Francisco 49ers Hall of Fame in 2009.", "By virtue of his membership in the pro hall of fame, he was automatically inducted as a charter member of the San Francisco 49ers Hall of Fame in 2009. The Giants had originally retired the number 14 jersey in honor of Ward Cuff, but Tittle requested and was granted the jersey number by Giants owner Wellington Mara when he joined the team.", "The Giants had originally retired the number 14 jersey in honor of Ward Cuff, but Tittle requested and was granted the jersey number by Giants owner Wellington Mara when he joined the team. It was retired again immediately following his retirement, and is now retired in honor of both players.", "It was retired again immediately following his retirement, and is now retired in honor of both players. In 2010, Tittle became a charter member of the New York Giants Ring of Honor.", "In 2010, Tittle became a charter member of the New York Giants Ring of Honor. Personal life After his retirement, he rejoined the 49ers staff and served as an assistant coach before being hired by the Giants in 1970 as a quarterback mentor. During his NFL career, Tittle worked as an insurance salesman in the off-season.", "During his NFL career, Tittle worked as an insurance salesman in the off-season. After retiring, he founded his own company, Y. A. Tittle Insurance & Financial Services. Tittle appeared on the October 9, 1961 episode of To Tell the Truth as one of three challengers. Tittle claimed to be hair stylist-weekend pro wrestler Richard Smith.", "Tittle claimed to be hair stylist-weekend pro wrestler Richard Smith. Tittle received one vote from the four Celebrity Panelists (Johnny Carson). Until his death, Tittle resided in Atherton, California. His wife Minnette died in 2012. They had three sons: Michael, Patrick and John, and a daughter, Dianne Tittle de Laet.", "They had three sons: Michael, Patrick and John, and a daughter, Dianne Tittle de Laet. Their daughter is a harpist and poet, and in 1995 she published a biography of her father titled Giants & Heroes: A Daughter's Memories of Y. A. Tittle.", "A. Tittle. A. Tittle. In his later life, Tittle suffered from severe dementia, which adversely affected his memory and limited his conversation to a handful of topics. Tittle died on October 8, 2017, at a hospital in Stanford, California, of natural causes.", "Tittle died on October 8, 2017, at a hospital in Stanford, California, of natural causes. List of 500-yard passing games in the National Football League Notes References Further reading External links 1926 births 2017 deaths American football quarterbacks Baltimore Colts (1947–1950) players Deaths from dementia Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players LSU Tigers football players National Football League Most Valuable Player Award winners National Football League players with retired numbers Neurological disease deaths in California New York Giants players People from Atherton, California People from Marshall, Texas Players of American football from Texas Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees San Francisco 49ers players Western Conference Pro Bowl players" ]

[ "Y. A. Tittle", "Legacy", "What was Tittle's legacy?", "At the time of his retirement, Tittle held the following NFL records:", "What records did he hold?", "Tittle was the fourth player to throw seven touchdown passes in a game, when he did so in 1962 against the Redskins. He followed Sid Luckman (1943),", "What other records did he hold?", "Tittle, Manning and Foles did it without an interception. His 36 touchdown passes in 1963 set a record which stood for over two decades until it was surpassed", "Were there any other records?", "Despite record statistics and three straight championship game appearances, Tittle was never able to deliver a title to his team.", "Did he get into the Hall of Fame?", "Gifford, Huff and Tittle, a team of Hall of Famers known for losing championships as their peers on the Yankees--with whom they shared a stadium, a city, and", "When did they get into the Hall of Fame?", "1960s", "Did he say anything interesting at the induction ceremony?", "I don't know." ]

[ "A tittle or superscript dot is a small distinguishing mark, such as a diacritic in the form of a dot on a lowercase i or j. The tittle is an integral part of the glyph of i and j, but diacritic dots can appear over other letters in various languages. In most languages, the tittle of i or j is omitted when a diacritic is placed in the tittle's usual position (as í or ĵ), but not when the diacritic appears elsewhere (as į, ɉ).\n\nUse\nThe word tittle is rarely used. One notable occurrence is in the King James Bible at Matthew 5:18: \"For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled\" (KJV). The quotation uses \"jot and tittle\" as examples of extremely small graphic details in \"the Law,\" presumably referring to the Hebrew text of the Torah. In English the phrase \"jot and tittle\" indicates that every small detail has received attention.\n\nThe Greek terms translated in English as \"jot\" and \"tittle\" in Matthew 5:18 are iota and keraia (). Iota is the smallest letter of the Greek alphabet (ι); the even smaller iota subscript was a medieval innovation. Alternatively, iota may represent yodh (י), the smallest letter of the Hebrew and Aramaic alphabets (to which iota is related). \"Keraia\" is a hook or serif, and in Matthew 5:18 may refer to Greek diacritics, or, if the reference is to the Hebrew text of the Torah, possibly refers to the pen strokes that distinguish between similar Hebrew letters, e.g., ב (Bet) versus כ (Kaph), or to ornamental pen strokes attached to certain Hebrew letters, or to the Hebrew letter Vav, since in Hebrew vav also means \"hook.\" \"Keraia\" in Matt. 5:18 cannot refer to vowel marks known as Niqqud which developed later than the date of Matthew's composition. Others have suggested that \"Keraia\" refers to markings in cursive scripts of languages derived from Aramaic, such as Syriac, written in Serṭā (, 'short line'). In printing modern Greek numerals a keraia is used.\n\nDotless and dotted i\n\nA number of alphabets use dotted and dotless I, both upper and lower case.\n\nIn the modern Turkish alphabet, the absence or presence of a tittle distinguishes two different letters representing two different phonemes: the letter \"I\" / \"ı\", with the absence of a tittle also on the lower case letter, represents the close back unrounded vowel , while \"İ\" / \"i\", with the inclusion of a tittle even on the capital letter, represents the close front unrounded vowel . This practice has carried over to several other Turkic languages, like the Azerbaijani alphabet, Crimean Tatar alphabet, and Tatar alphabet.\n\nIn some of the Dene languages of the Northwest Territories in Canada, specifically North Slavey, South Slavey, Tłı̨chǫ and Dëne Sųłıné, all instances of i are undotted to avoid confusion with tone-marked vowels í or ì. The other Dene language of the Northwest Territories, Gwich’in, always includes the tittle on lowercase i.\n\nThere is only one letter I in Irish, but i is undotted in the traditional uncial Gaelic script to avoid confusion of the tittle with the buailte overdot found over consonants. Modern texts replace the buailte with an h, and use the same antiqua-descendant fonts, which have a tittle, as other Latin-alphabet languages. However, bilingual road signs use dotless i in lowercase Irish text to better distinguish i from í. The letter \"j\" is not used in Irish other than in foreign words.\n\nIn most Latin-based orthographies, the lowercase letter i conventionally has its dot replaced when a diacritical mark atop the letter, such as an acute or grave accent, is placed. The tittle is sometimes retained in some languages. In some Baltic languages sources, the lowercase letter i sometimes retains a tittle when accented. In Vietnamese in the 17th century, the tittle is preserved atop ỉ and ị but not ì and í, as seen in the seminal quốc ngữ reference Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum. In modern Vietnamese, a tittle can be seen in ì, ỉ, ĩ, and í in cursive handwriting and some signage. This detail rarely occurs in computers and on the Internet, due to the obscurity of language-specific fonts. In any case, the tittle is always retained in ị.\n\nPhrases\n It is thought that the phrase \"to a T\" is derived from the word tittle because long before \"to a T\" became popular, the phrase \"to a tittle\" was used.\n The phrase \"to dot one's I's and cross one's T's\" is used figuratively to mean \"to put the finishing touches to\" or \"to be thorough\".\n\nReferences\n\nSources\nDictionary.com – Tittle\n\nExternal links\n\nHenry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon\n\"Tittle\" on Everything2\n\nDiacritics\nChristian terminology\nWriting systems", "Tittle is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:\n\n Ian Tittle (born 1973), West Indian cricket player\n LaDonna Tittle (born 1946), American radio personality, model and actress\n Minnie Tittle (1875–1974) American actress, better known under her stage name of Minnie Tittell Brune \n Steve Tittle (born 1935), Canadian composer and teacher\n Y. A. Tittle (1926-2017), American football quarterback\n\nEnglish-language surnames" ]

[ "Yelberton Abraham Tittle Jr. (October 24, 1926 – October 8, 2017) was a professional American football quarterback. He played in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers, New York Giants, and Baltimore Colts, after spending two seasons with the Colts in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC).", "He played in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers, New York Giants, and Baltimore Colts, after spending two seasons with the Colts in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC). Known for his competitiveness, leadership, and striking profile, Tittle was the centerpiece of several prolific offenses throughout his 17-year professional career from 1948 to 1964.", "Known for his competitiveness, leadership, and striking profile, Tittle was the centerpiece of several prolific offenses throughout his 17-year professional career from 1948 to 1964. Tittle played college football for Louisiana State University, where he was a two-time All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) quarterback for the LSU Tigers football team.", "Tittle played college football for Louisiana State University, where he was a two-time All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) quarterback for the LSU Tigers football team. As a junior, he was named the most valuable player (MVP) of the infamous 1947 Cotton Bowl Classic—also known as the \"Ice Bowl\"—a scoreless tie between the Tigers and Arkansas Razorbacks in a snowstorm.", "As a junior, he was named the most valuable player (MVP) of the infamous 1947 Cotton Bowl Classic—also known as the \"Ice Bowl\"—a scoreless tie between the Tigers and Arkansas Razorbacks in a snowstorm. After college, he was drafted in the 1947 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions, but he instead chose to play in the AAFC for the Colts.", "After college, he was drafted in the 1947 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions, but he instead chose to play in the AAFC for the Colts. With the Colts, Tittle was named the AAFC Rookie of the Year in 1948 after leading the team to the AAFC playoffs.", "With the Colts, Tittle was named the AAFC Rookie of the Year in 1948 after leading the team to the AAFC playoffs. After consecutive one-win seasons, the Colts franchise folded, which allowed Tittle to be drafted in the 1951 NFL Draft by the 49ers.", "After consecutive one-win seasons, the Colts franchise folded, which allowed Tittle to be drafted in the 1951 NFL Draft by the 49ers. Through ten seasons in San Francisco, he was invited to four Pro Bowls, led the league in touchdown passes in 1955, and was named the NFL Player of the Year by the United Press in 1957.", "Through ten seasons in San Francisco, he was invited to four Pro Bowls, led the league in touchdown passes in 1955, and was named the NFL Player of the Year by the United Press in 1957. A groundbreaker, Tittle was part of the 49ers' famed Million Dollar Backfield, was the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated, and is credited with having coined \"alley-oop\" as a sports term.", "A groundbreaker, Tittle was part of the 49ers' famed Million Dollar Backfield, was the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated, and is credited with having coined \"alley-oop\" as a sports term. Considered washed-up, the 34-year-old Tittle was traded to the Giants following the 1960 season.", "Considered washed-up, the 34-year-old Tittle was traded to the Giants following the 1960 season. Over the next four seasons, he won several individual awards, twice set the league single-season record for touchdown passesincluding a 1962 game with a combined 7 touchdown passes and 500-yards passing with a near perfect (151.4 out of 158.33) passer rating, and led the Giants to three straight NFL championship games.", "Over the next four seasons, he won several individual awards, twice set the league single-season record for touchdown passesincluding a 1962 game with a combined 7 touchdown passes and 500-yards passing with a near perfect (151.4 out of 158.33) passer rating, and led the Giants to three straight NFL championship games. Although he was never able to deliver a championship to the team, Tittle's time in New York is regarded among the glory years of the franchise.", "Although he was never able to deliver a championship to the team, Tittle's time in New York is regarded among the glory years of the franchise. In his final season, Tittle was photographed bloodied and kneeling down in the end zone after a tackle by a defender left him helmetless.", "In his final season, Tittle was photographed bloodied and kneeling down in the end zone after a tackle by a defender left him helmetless. The photograph is considered one of the most iconic images in North American sports history.", "The photograph is considered one of the most iconic images in North American sports history. He retired as the NFL's all-time leader in passing yards, passing touchdowns, attempts, completions, and games played. Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1971, and his jersey number 14 is retired by the Giants.", "Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1971, and his jersey number 14 is retired by the Giants. Early years and college career Born and raised in Marshall, Texas, to Alma Tittle (née Allen) and Yelberton Abraham Tittle Sr., Tittle aspired to be a quarterback from a young age.", "Early years and college career Born and raised in Marshall, Texas, to Alma Tittle (née Allen) and Yelberton Abraham Tittle Sr., Tittle aspired to be a quarterback from a young age. He spent hours in his backyard throwing a football through a tire swing, emulating his fellow Texan and boyhood idol, Sammy Baugh.", "He spent hours in his backyard throwing a football through a tire swing, emulating his fellow Texan and boyhood idol, Sammy Baugh. Tittle played high school football at Marshall High School. In his senior year the team posted an undefeated record and reached the state finals.", "In his senior year the team posted an undefeated record and reached the state finals. After a recruiting battle between Louisiana State University and the University of Texas, Tittle chose to attend LSU in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and play for the LSU Tigers.", "After a recruiting battle between Louisiana State University and the University of Texas, Tittle chose to attend LSU in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and play for the LSU Tigers. He was part of a successful 1944 recruiting class under head coach Bernie Moore that included halfbacks Jim Cason, Dan Sandifer, and Ray Coates.", "He was part of a successful 1944 recruiting class under head coach Bernie Moore that included halfbacks Jim Cason, Dan Sandifer, and Ray Coates. Freshmen were eligible to play on the varsity during World War II, so Tittle saw playing time immediately.", "Freshmen were eligible to play on the varsity during World War II, so Tittle saw playing time immediately. He later said the finest moment of his four years at LSU was beating Tulane as a freshman, a game in which he set a school record with 238 passing yards.", "He later said the finest moment of his four years at LSU was beating Tulane as a freshman, a game in which he set a school record with 238 passing yards. It was one of two games the Tigers won that season.", "It was one of two games the Tigers won that season. Moore started Tittle at tailback in the single-wing formation his first year, but moved him to quarterback in the T formation during his sophomore season.", "Moore started Tittle at tailback in the single-wing formation his first year, but moved him to quarterback in the T formation during his sophomore season. As a junior in 1946, Tittle's three touchdown passes in a 41–27 rout of rival Tulane helped ensure LSU a spot in the Cotton Bowl Classic.", "As a junior in 1946, Tittle's three touchdown passes in a 41–27 rout of rival Tulane helped ensure LSU a spot in the Cotton Bowl Classic. Known notoriously as the \"Ice Bowl\", the 1947 Cotton Bowl pitted LSU against the Arkansas Razorbacks in sub-freezing temperatures on an ice-covered field in Dallas, Texas.", "Known notoriously as the \"Ice Bowl\", the 1947 Cotton Bowl pitted LSU against the Arkansas Razorbacks in sub-freezing temperatures on an ice-covered field in Dallas, Texas. LSU moved the ball much better than the Razorbacks, but neither team was able to score, and the game ended in a scoreless tie.", "LSU moved the ball much better than the Razorbacks, but neither team was able to score, and the game ended in a scoreless tie. Tittle and Arkansas end Alton Baldwin shared the game's MVP award. Following the season, United Press International (UPI) placed Tittle on its All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) first-team.", "Following the season, United Press International (UPI) placed Tittle on its All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) first-team. UPI again named Tittle its first-team All-SEC quarterback in 1947. In Tittle's day of iron man football, he played on both offense and defense.", "In Tittle's day of iron man football, he played on both offense and defense. While on defense during a 20–18 loss to SEC champion Ole Miss in his senior season, Tittle's belt buckle was torn off as he intercepted a pass from Charlie Conerly and broke a tackle.", "While on defense during a 20–18 loss to SEC champion Ole Miss in his senior season, Tittle's belt buckle was torn off as he intercepted a pass from Charlie Conerly and broke a tackle. He ran down the sideline with one arm cradling the ball and the other holding up his pants.", "He ran down the sideline with one arm cradling the ball and the other holding up his pants. At the Ole Miss 20-yard line, as he attempted to stiff-arm a defender,(#87 Jack Odom), Tittle's pants fell and he tripped and fell onto his face. The fall kept him from scoring the game-winning touchdown.", "The fall kept him from scoring the game-winning touchdown. In total, during his college career Tittle set school passing records with 162 completions out of 330 attempts for 2,525 yards and 23 touchdowns. He scored seven touchdowns himself as a runner. His passing totals remained unbroken until Bert Jones surpassed them in the 1970s.", "His passing totals remained unbroken until Bert Jones surpassed them in the 1970s. Professional career Baltimore Colts Tittle was the sixth overall selection of the 1948 NFL Draft, taken by the Detroit Lions. However, Tittle instead began his professional career with the Baltimore Colts of the All-America Football Conference in 1948.", "However, Tittle instead began his professional career with the Baltimore Colts of the All-America Football Conference in 1948. That season, already being described as a \"passing ace\", he was unanimously recognized as the AAFC Rookie of the Year by UPI after passing for 2,739 yards and leading the Colts to the brink of an Eastern Division championship.", "That season, already being described as a \"passing ace\", he was unanimously recognized as the AAFC Rookie of the Year by UPI after passing for 2,739 yards and leading the Colts to the brink of an Eastern Division championship. After a 1–11 win–loss record in 1949, the Colts joined the National Football League in 1950.", "After a 1–11 win–loss record in 1949, the Colts joined the National Football League in 1950. The team again posted a single win against eleven losses, and the franchise folded after the season due to financial difficulties. Players on the roster at the time of the fold were eligible to be drafted in the next NFL draft.", "Players on the roster at the time of the fold were eligible to be drafted in the next NFL draft. San Francisco 49ers Tittle was then drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the 1951 NFL Draft after the Colts folded.", "San Francisco 49ers Tittle was then drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the 1951 NFL Draft after the Colts folded. While many players at the time were unable to play immediately due to military duties, Tittle had received a class IV-F exemption due to physical ailments, so he was able to join the 49ers roster that season.", "While many players at the time were unable to play immediately due to military duties, Tittle had received a class IV-F exemption due to physical ailments, so he was able to join the 49ers roster that season. In 1951 and 1952, he shared time at quarterback with Frankie Albert.", "In 1951 and 1952, he shared time at quarterback with Frankie Albert. In 1953, his first full season as the 49ers' starter, he passed for 2,121 yards and 20 touchdowns and was invited to his first Pro Bowl.", "In 1953, his first full season as the 49ers' starter, he passed for 2,121 yards and 20 touchdowns and was invited to his first Pro Bowl. San Francisco finished with a 9–3 regular season record, which was good enough for second in the Western Conference, and led the league in points scored.", "San Francisco finished with a 9–3 regular season record, which was good enough for second in the Western Conference, and led the league in points scored. In 1954, the 49ers compiled their Million Dollar Backfield, which was composed of four future Hall of Famers: Tittle; fullbacks John Henry Johnson and Joe Perry; and halfback Hugh McElhenny.", "In 1954, the 49ers compiled their Million Dollar Backfield, which was composed of four future Hall of Famers: Tittle; fullbacks John Henry Johnson and Joe Perry; and halfback Hugh McElhenny. \"It made quarterbacking so easy because I just get in the huddle and call anything and you have three Hall of Fame running backs ready to carry the ball,\" Tittle reminisced in 2006.", "\"It made quarterbacking so easy because I just get in the huddle and call anything and you have three Hall of Fame running backs ready to carry the ball,\" Tittle reminisced in 2006. The team had aspirations for a championship run, but injuries, including McElhenny's separated shoulder in the sixth game of the season, ended those hopes and the 49ers finished third in the Western Division.", "The team had aspirations for a championship run, but injuries, including McElhenny's separated shoulder in the sixth game of the season, ended those hopes and the 49ers finished third in the Western Division. Tittle starred in his second straight Pro Bowl appearance as he threw two touchdown passes, including one to 49ers teammate Billy Wilson, who was named the game's MVP.", "Tittle starred in his second straight Pro Bowl appearance as he threw two touchdown passes, including one to 49ers teammate Billy Wilson, who was named the game's MVP. Tittle became the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated when he appeared on its 15th issue dated November 22, 1954, donning his 49ers uniform and helmet featuring an acrylic face mask distinct to the time period.", "Tittle became the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated when he appeared on its 15th issue dated November 22, 1954, donning his 49ers uniform and helmet featuring an acrylic face mask distinct to the time period. The cover photo also shows a metal bracket on the side of Tittle's helmet which served to protect his face by preventing the helmet from caving in.", "The cover photo also shows a metal bracket on the side of Tittle's helmet which served to protect his face by preventing the helmet from caving in. The 1954 cover was the first of four Sports Illustrated covers he graced during his career.", "The 1954 cover was the first of four Sports Illustrated covers he graced during his career. Tittle led the NFL in touchdown passes for the first time in 1955, with 17, while also leading the league with 28 interceptions thrown.", "Tittle led the NFL in touchdown passes for the first time in 1955, with 17, while also leading the league with 28 interceptions thrown. When the 49ers hired Frankie Albert as head coach in 1956, Tittle was pleased with the choice at first, figuring Albert would be a good mentor.", "When the 49ers hired Frankie Albert as head coach in 1956, Tittle was pleased with the choice at first, figuring Albert would be a good mentor. However, the team lost four of its first five games, and Albert replaced Tittle with rookie Earl Morrall.", "However, the team lost four of its first five games, and Albert replaced Tittle with rookie Earl Morrall. After a loss to the Los Angeles Rams brought San Francisco's record to 1–6, Tittle regained the starting role and the team finished undefeated with one tie through the season's final five games.", "After a loss to the Los Angeles Rams brought San Francisco's record to 1–6, Tittle regained the starting role and the team finished undefeated with one tie through the season's final five games. In 1957, Tittle and receiver R. C. Owens devised a pass play in which Tittle tossed the ball high into the air and the Owens leapt to retrieve it, typically resulting in a long gain or a touchdown.", "In 1957, Tittle and receiver R. C. Owens devised a pass play in which Tittle tossed the ball high into the air and the Owens leapt to retrieve it, typically resulting in a long gain or a touchdown. Tittle dubbed the play the \"alley-oop\"—the first usage of the term in sports—and it was highly successful when utilized.", "Tittle dubbed the play the \"alley-oop\"—the first usage of the term in sports—and it was highly successful when utilized. The 49ers finished the regular season with an 8–4 record and hosted the Detroit Lions in the Western Conference playoff.", "The 49ers finished the regular season with an 8–4 record and hosted the Detroit Lions in the Western Conference playoff. Against the Lions, Tittle passed for 248 yards and tossed three touchdown passes—one each to Owens, McElhenny, and Wilson—but Detroit overcame a 20-point third quarter deficit to win 31–27.", "Against the Lions, Tittle passed for 248 yards and tossed three touchdown passes—one each to Owens, McElhenny, and Wilson—but Detroit overcame a 20-point third quarter deficit to win 31–27. For the season, Tittle had a league-leading 63.1 completion percentage, threw for 2,157 yards and 13 touchdowns, and rushed for six more scores.", "For the season, Tittle had a league-leading 63.1 completion percentage, threw for 2,157 yards and 13 touchdowns, and rushed for six more scores. He was deemed \"pro player of the year\" by a United Press poll of members of the National Football Writers Association.", "He was deemed \"pro player of the year\" by a United Press poll of members of the National Football Writers Association. Additionally, he was named to his first All-Pro team and invited to his third Pro Bowl.", "Additionally, he was named to his first All-Pro team and invited to his third Pro Bowl. After a poor 1958 preseason by Tittle, Albert started John Brodie at quarterback for the 1958 season, a decision that proved unpopular with the fan base.", "After a poor 1958 preseason by Tittle, Albert started John Brodie at quarterback for the 1958 season, a decision that proved unpopular with the fan base. Tittle came in to relieve Brodie in a week six game against the Lions, with ten minutes left in the game and the 49ers down 21–17.", "Tittle came in to relieve Brodie in a week six game against the Lions, with ten minutes left in the game and the 49ers down 21–17. His appearance \"drew a roar of approval from the crowd of 59,213,\" after which he drove the team downfield and threw a 32-yard touchdown pass to McElhenny for the winning score.", "His appearance \"drew a roar of approval from the crowd of 59,213,\" after which he drove the team downfield and threw a 32-yard touchdown pass to McElhenny for the winning score. A right knee ligament injury against the Colts in week nine ended Tittle's season, and San Francisco finished with a 7–5 record, followed by Albert's resignation as coach.", "A right knee ligament injury against the Colts in week nine ended Tittle's season, and San Francisco finished with a 7–5 record, followed by Albert's resignation as coach. Tittle and Brodie continued to share time at quarterback over the next two seasons.", "Tittle and Brodie continued to share time at quarterback over the next two seasons. In his fourth and final Pro Bowl game with the 49ers in 1959, Tittle completed 13 of 17 passes for 178 yards and a touchdown. Under new head coach Red Hickey in 1960, the 49ers adopted the shotgun formation.", "Under new head coach Red Hickey in 1960, the 49ers adopted the shotgun formation. The first implementation of the shotgun was in week nine against the Colts, with Brodie at quarterback while Tittle nursed a groin injury.", "The first implementation of the shotgun was in week nine against the Colts, with Brodie at quarterback while Tittle nursed a groin injury. The 49ers scored a season-high thirty points, and with Brodie in the shotgun won three of their last four games to salvage a winning season at 7–5.", "The 49ers scored a season-high thirty points, and with Brodie in the shotgun won three of their last four games to salvage a winning season at 7–5. Though conflicted, Tittle decided to get into shape and prepare for the next season. He stated in his 2009 autobiography that at times he thought, \"The hell with it.", "He stated in his 2009 autobiography that at times he thought, \"The hell with it. Quit this damned game. You have been at it too long anyway.\" But then another voice within him would say, \"Come back for another year and show them you're still a good QB.", "But then another voice within him would say, \"Come back for another year and show them you're still a good QB. Don't let them shotgun you out of football!\" However, after the first preseason game of 1961, Hickey informed Tittle he had been traded to the New York Giants.", "However, after the first preseason game of 1961, Hickey informed Tittle he had been traded to the New York Giants. New York Giants In mid-August 1961, the 49ers traded the 34-year-old Tittle to the New York Giants for second-year guard Lou Cordileone.", "New York Giants In mid-August 1961, the 49ers traded the 34-year-old Tittle to the New York Giants for second-year guard Lou Cordileone. Cordileone, the 12th overall pick in the 1960 NFL Draft, was quoted as reacting \"Me, even up for Y. A. Tittle?", "A. Tittle? A. Tittle? You're kidding,\" and later remarked that the Giants traded him for \"a 42-year-old quarterback.\" Tittle's view of Cordileone was much the same, stating his dismay that the 49ers did not get a \"name ballplayer\" in return.", "Tittle's view of Cordileone was much the same, stating his dismay that the 49ers did not get a \"name ballplayer\" in return. He was also displeased with being traded to the East Coast, and said he would rather have been traded to the Los Angeles Rams.", "He was also displeased with being traded to the East Coast, and said he would rather have been traded to the Los Angeles Rams. Already considered washed up, Tittle was intended by the Giants to share quarterback duties with 40-year-old Charlie Conerly, who had been with the team since 1948.", "Already considered washed up, Tittle was intended by the Giants to share quarterback duties with 40-year-old Charlie Conerly, who had been with the team since 1948. The players at first remained loyal to Conerly, and treated Tittle with the cold shoulder. Tittle missed the season opener due to a back injury sustained before the season.", "Tittle missed the season opener due to a back injury sustained before the season. His first game with New York came in week two, against the Steelers, in which he and Conerly each threw a touchdown pass in the Giants' 17–14 win.", "His first game with New York came in week two, against the Steelers, in which he and Conerly each threw a touchdown pass in the Giants' 17–14 win. He became the team's primary starter for the remainder of the season and led the revitalized Giants to first place in the Eastern Conference.", "He became the team's primary starter for the remainder of the season and led the revitalized Giants to first place in the Eastern Conference. The Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA) awarded Tittle its Jim Thorpe Trophy as the NFL's players' choice of MVP.", "The Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA) awarded Tittle its Jim Thorpe Trophy as the NFL's players' choice of MVP. In the 1961 NFL Championship Game, the Giants were soundly defeated by Vince Lombardi's Green Bay Packers, as they were shut-out 37-0. Tittle completed six of 20 passes in the game and threw four interceptions.", "Tittle completed six of 20 passes in the game and threw four interceptions. In January 1962, Tittle stated his intention to retire following the 1962 season. After an off-season quarterback competition with Ralph Guglielmi, Tittle played and started in a career-high 14 games.", "After an off-season quarterback competition with Ralph Guglielmi, Tittle played and started in a career-high 14 games. He tied an NFL record by throwing seven touchdown passes in a game on October 28, 1962, in a 49–34 win over the Washington Redskins.", "He tied an NFL record by throwing seven touchdown passes in a game on October 28, 1962, in a 49–34 win over the Washington Redskins. Against the Dallas Cowboys in the regular season finale, Tittle threw six touchdown passes to set the single-season record with 33, which had been set the previous year by Sonny Jurgensen's 32.", "Against the Dallas Cowboys in the regular season finale, Tittle threw six touchdown passes to set the single-season record with 33, which had been set the previous year by Sonny Jurgensen's 32. He earned player of the year honors from the Washington D.C. Touchdown Club, UPI, and The Sporting News, and finished just behind Green Bay's Jim Taylor in voting for the AP NFL Most Valuable Player Award.", "He earned player of the year honors from the Washington D.C. Touchdown Club, UPI, and The Sporting News, and finished just behind Green Bay's Jim Taylor in voting for the AP NFL Most Valuable Player Award. The Giants again finished first in the Eastern Conference and faced the Packers in the 1962 NFL Championship Game.", "The Giants again finished first in the Eastern Conference and faced the Packers in the 1962 NFL Championship Game. In frigid, windy conditions at Yankee Stadium and facing a constant pass rush from the Packers' front seven, Tittle completed only 18 of his 41 attempts in the game.", "In frigid, windy conditions at Yankee Stadium and facing a constant pass rush from the Packers' front seven, Tittle completed only 18 of his 41 attempts in the game. The Packers won, 16–7, with New York's lone score coming on a blocked punt recovered in the end zone by Jim Collier.", "The Packers won, 16–7, with New York's lone score coming on a blocked punt recovered in the end zone by Jim Collier. Tittle returned to the Giants in 1963 and, at age 37, supplanted his single-season passing touchdowns record by throwing 36.", "Tittle returned to the Giants in 1963 and, at age 37, supplanted his single-season passing touchdowns record by throwing 36. He broke the record in the final game with three touchdowns against the Steelers, three days after being named NFL MVP by the AP.", "He broke the record in the final game with three touchdowns against the Steelers, three days after being named NFL MVP by the AP. The Giants led the league in scoring by a wide margin, and for the third time in as many years clinched the Eastern Conference title. The Western champions were George Halas' Chicago Bears.", "The Western champions were George Halas' Chicago Bears. The teams met in the 1963 NFL Championship Game at Wrigley Field. In the second quarter, Tittle injured his knee on a tackle by Larry Morris, and required a novocaine shot at halftime to continue playing.", "In the second quarter, Tittle injured his knee on a tackle by Larry Morris, and required a novocaine shot at halftime to continue playing. After holding a 10–7 halftime lead, The Giants were shutout in the second half, during which Tittle threw four interceptions.", "After holding a 10–7 halftime lead, The Giants were shutout in the second half, during which Tittle threw four interceptions. Playing through the knee injury, he completed 11 of 29 passes in the game for 147 yards, a touchdown, and five interceptions as the Bears won 14–10.", "Playing through the knee injury, he completed 11 of 29 passes in the game for 147 yards, a touchdown, and five interceptions as the Bears won 14–10. The following year in 1964, Tittle's final season, the Giants went 2–10–2 (), the worst record in the 14-team league.", "The following year in 1964, Tittle's final season, the Giants went 2–10–2 (), the worst record in the 14-team league. In the second game of the year, against Pittsburgh, he was blindsided by defensive end John Baker.", "In the second game of the year, against Pittsburgh, he was blindsided by defensive end John Baker. The tackle left Tittle with crushed cartilage in his ribs, a cracked sternum, and a concussion. However, he played in every game the rest of the season, but was relegated to a backup role later in the year.", "However, he played in every game the rest of the season, but was relegated to a backup role later in the year. After throwing only ten touchdowns with 22 interceptions, he retired after the season at age 39, saying rookie quarterback Gary Wood not only \"took my job away, but started to ask permission to date my daughter.\"", "After throwing only ten touchdowns with 22 interceptions, he retired after the season at age 39, saying rookie quarterback Gary Wood not only \"took my job away, but started to ask permission to date my daughter.\" Over 17 seasons as a professional, Tittle completed 2,427 out of 4,395 passes for 33,070 yards and 242 touchdowns, with 248 interceptions.", "Over 17 seasons as a professional, Tittle completed 2,427 out of 4,395 passes for 33,070 yards and 242 touchdowns, with 248 interceptions. He also rushed for 39 touchdowns.", "He also rushed for 39 touchdowns. Career statistics Profile and playing style Tittle threw the ball from a sidearm, almost underhand position, something novel at those times, though it was common practice in earlier decades. It was this seemingly underhand style that drew the curiosity and admiration of many fans.", "It was this seemingly underhand style that drew the curiosity and admiration of many fans. This, in tandem with his baldness—for which he was frequently referred to as the \"Bald Eagle\"—made him a very striking personality. Despite his throwing motion, he had a very strong and accurate arm with a quick release.", "Despite his throwing motion, he had a very strong and accurate arm with a quick release. His ability to read defenses made him one of the best screen passers in the NFL. He was a perfectionist and highly competitive, and he expected the same of his teammates.", "He was a perfectionist and highly competitive, and he expected the same of his teammates. He possessed rare leadership and game-planning skills, and played with great enthusiasm even in his later years. \"Tittle has the attitude of a high school kid, with the brain of a computer,\" said Giants teammate Frank Gifford.", "\"Tittle has the attitude of a high school kid, with the brain of a computer,\" said Giants teammate Frank Gifford. Baltimore Colts halfback Lenny Moore, when asked in 1963 to compare Tittle and Colts quarterback Johnny Unitas, said: I played with Tittle in the Pro Bowl two years ago, and I discovered he's quite a guy ...", "Baltimore Colts halfback Lenny Moore, when asked in 1963 to compare Tittle and Colts quarterback Johnny Unitas, said: I played with Tittle in the Pro Bowl two years ago, and I discovered he's quite a guy ... He and John, however, are entirely different types ... Tittle is a sort of 'con man' with his players ... he comes into a huddle and 'suggests' that maybe this or that will work on account of something he saw happen on a previous play ...", "He and John, however, are entirely different types ... Tittle is a sort of 'con man' with his players ... he comes into a huddle and 'suggests' that maybe this or that will work on account of something he saw happen on a previous play ... The way he puts it, you're convinced it's a good idea and maybe it will work.", "The way he puts it, you're convinced it's a good idea and maybe it will work. John, now, he's a take-charge guy ... you what the other guy's going to do, what he's going to do, and what he wants you to do.", "John, now, he's a take-charge guy ... you what the other guy's going to do, what he's going to do, and what he wants you to do. Tittle's most productive years came when he was well beyond his athletic prime.", "Tittle's most productive years came when he was well beyond his athletic prime. He credited his ability to improve with age to a feel for the game borne from years of league experience.", "He credited his ability to improve with age to a feel for the game borne from years of league experience. \"If you could learn it by studying movies, a good, smart college quarterback could learn all you've got to learn in three weeks and then come in and be as good as the old heads,\" he told Sports Illustrated in 1963.", "\"If you could learn it by studying movies, a good, smart college quarterback could learn all you've got to learn in three weeks and then come in and be as good as the old heads,\" he told Sports Illustrated in 1963. \"But they can't.\"", "\"But they can't.\" Legacy At the time of his retirement, Tittle held the following NFL records: Tittle was the fourth player to throw seven touchdown passes in a game, when he did so in 1962 against the Redskins.", "Legacy At the time of his retirement, Tittle held the following NFL records: Tittle was the fourth player to throw seven touchdown passes in a game, when he did so in 1962 against the Redskins. He followed Sid Luckman (1943), Adrian Burk (1954), and George Blanda (1961).", "He followed Sid Luckman (1943), Adrian Burk (1954), and George Blanda (1961). The feat has since been equaled by four more players: Joe Kapp (1969), Peyton Manning (2013), Nick Foles (2013), and Drew Brees (2015).", "The feat has since been equaled by four more players: Joe Kapp (1969), Peyton Manning (2013), Nick Foles (2013), and Drew Brees (2015). Tittle, Manning and Foles did it without an interception.", "Tittle, Manning and Foles did it without an interception. His 36 touchdown passes in 1963 set a record which stood for over two decades until it was surpassed by Dan Marino in 1984; as of 2016 it remains a Giants franchise record.", "His 36 touchdown passes in 1963 set a record which stood for over two decades until it was surpassed by Dan Marino in 1984; as of 2016 it remains a Giants franchise record. Despite record statistics and three straight championship game appearances, Tittle was never able to deliver a title to his team.", "Despite record statistics and three straight championship game appearances, Tittle was never able to deliver a title to his team. His record as a starter in postseason games was 0–4. He threw four touchdown passes against 14 interceptions and had a passer rating of 33.8 in his postseason career, far below his regular season passer rating of 74.3.", "He threw four touchdown passes against 14 interceptions and had a passer rating of 33.8 in his postseason career, far below his regular season passer rating of 74.3. Seth Wickersham, writing for ESPN The Magazine in 2014, noted the dichotomy in the 1960s between two of New York's major sports franchises: \"... Gifford, Huff and Tittle, a team of Hall of Famers known for losing championships as their peers on the Yankees—with whom they shared a stadium, a city, and many rounds of drinks—became renowned for winning them.\"", "Seth Wickersham, writing for ESPN The Magazine in 2014, noted the dichotomy in the 1960s between two of New York's major sports franchises: \"... Gifford, Huff and Tittle, a team of Hall of Famers known for losing championships as their peers on the Yankees—with whom they shared a stadium, a city, and many rounds of drinks—became renowned for winning them.\" The Giants struggled after Tittle's retirement, posting only two winning seasons from 1964 to 1980.", "The Giants struggled after Tittle's retirement, posting only two winning seasons from 1964 to 1980. He made seven Pro Bowls, four first-team All-Pro teams, and four times was named the NFL's Most Valuable Player or Player of the Year: in 1957 and 1962 by the UPI; in 1961 by the NEA; and in 1963 by the AP and NEA.", "He made seven Pro Bowls, four first-team All-Pro teams, and four times was named the NFL's Most Valuable Player or Player of the Year: in 1957 and 1962 by the UPI; in 1961 by the NEA; and in 1963 by the AP and NEA. In a sports column in 1963, George Strickler for the Chicago Tribune remarked Tittle had \"broken records that at one time appeared unassailable and he has been the hero of more second half rallies than Napoleon and the Harlem Globetrotters.\"", "In a sports column in 1963, George Strickler for the Chicago Tribune remarked Tittle had \"broken records that at one time appeared unassailable and he has been the hero of more second half rallies than Napoleon and the Harlem Globetrotters.\" He was featured on four Sports Illustrated covers: three during his playing career and one shortly after retirement.", "He was featured on four Sports Illustrated covers: three during his playing career and one shortly after retirement. His first was with the 49ers in 1954. With the Giants, he graced covers in November 1961, and he was on the season preview issue for 1964; a two-page fold-out photo from the 1963 title game.", "With the Giants, he graced covers in November 1961, and he was on the season preview issue for 1964; a two-page fold-out photo from the 1963 title game. Tittle was on a fourth cover in August 1965.", "Tittle was on a fourth cover in August 1965. The trade of Tittle for Lou Cordileone is seen as one of the worst trades in 49ers history; it is considered one of the best trades in Giants franchise history. Cordileone played just one season in San Francisco.", "Cordileone played just one season in San Francisco. Famous photo A photo of a dazed Tittle in the end zone taken by Morris Berman of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette on September 20, 1964, is regarded among the most iconic images in the history of American sports and journalism.", "Famous photo A photo of a dazed Tittle in the end zone taken by Morris Berman of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette on September 20, 1964, is regarded among the most iconic images in the history of American sports and journalism. Tittle, in his 17th and final season, was photographed helmet-less, bloodied and kneeling immediately after having been knocked to the ground by John Baker of the Pittsburgh Steelers and throwing an interception that was returned for a touchdown at the old Pitt Stadium.", "Tittle, in his 17th and final season, was photographed helmet-less, bloodied and kneeling immediately after having been knocked to the ground by John Baker of the Pittsburgh Steelers and throwing an interception that was returned for a touchdown at the old Pitt Stadium. He suffered a concussion and cracked sternum on the play, but went on to play the rest of the season.", "He suffered a concussion and cracked sternum on the play, but went on to play the rest of the season. Post-Gazette editors declined to publish the photo, looking for \"action shots\" instead, but Berman entered the image into contests where it took on a life of its own, winning a National Headliner Award.", "Post-Gazette editors declined to publish the photo, looking for \"action shots\" instead, but Berman entered the image into contests where it took on a life of its own, winning a National Headliner Award. It is regarded as having changed the way that photographers look at sports, having shown the power of capturing a moment of reaction.", "It is regarded as having changed the way that photographers look at sports, having shown the power of capturing a moment of reaction. It became one of three photos to hang in the lobby of the National Press Photographers Association headquarters, alongside Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima and the Hindenburg disaster.", "It became one of three photos to hang in the lobby of the National Press Photographers Association headquarters, alongside Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima and the Hindenburg disaster. A copy has hung in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.", "A copy has hung in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. A similar photo by Dozier Mobley of the Associated Press, which shows Tittle looking forward rather than down, was published in the October 2, 1964, issue of Life magazine.", "A similar photo by Dozier Mobley of the Associated Press, which shows Tittle looking forward rather than down, was published in the October 2, 1964, issue of Life magazine. After at first having failed to see the appeal of the image, Tittle eventually grew to embrace it, putting the Mobley version on the back cover of his 2009 autobiography.", "After at first having failed to see the appeal of the image, Tittle eventually grew to embrace it, putting the Mobley version on the back cover of his 2009 autobiography. \"That was the end of the road,\" he told the Los Angeles Times in 2008. \"It was the end of my dream.", "\"It was the end of my dream. It was over.\" Pittsburgh player John Baker, who hit Tittle right before the picture was taken, ran for sheriff in his native Wake County, North Carolina in 1978, and used the photo as a campaign tool. He was elected and went on to serve for 24 years.", "He was elected and went on to serve for 24 years. Tittle also held a fundraiser to assist Baker in his bid for a fourth term in 1989.", "Tittle also held a fundraiser to assist Baker in his bid for a fourth term in 1989. Honors In recognition of his high school and college careers, respectively, Tittle was inducted to the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1987 and the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame in 1972.", "Honors In recognition of his high school and college careers, respectively, Tittle was inducted to the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1987 and the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame in 1972. Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame with its 1971 class, which included contemporaries Jim Brown, Norm Van Brocklin, the late Vince Lombardi, and former Giants teammate Andy Robustelli.", "Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame with its 1971 class, which included contemporaries Jim Brown, Norm Van Brocklin, the late Vince Lombardi, and former Giants teammate Andy Robustelli. By virtue of his membership in the pro hall of fame, he was automatically inducted as a charter member of the San Francisco 49ers Hall of Fame in 2009.", "By virtue of his membership in the pro hall of fame, he was automatically inducted as a charter member of the San Francisco 49ers Hall of Fame in 2009. The Giants had originally retired the number 14 jersey in honor of Ward Cuff, but Tittle requested and was granted the jersey number by Giants owner Wellington Mara when he joined the team.", "The Giants had originally retired the number 14 jersey in honor of Ward Cuff, but Tittle requested and was granted the jersey number by Giants owner Wellington Mara when he joined the team. It was retired again immediately following his retirement, and is now retired in honor of both players.", "It was retired again immediately following his retirement, and is now retired in honor of both players. In 2010, Tittle became a charter member of the New York Giants Ring of Honor.", "In 2010, Tittle became a charter member of the New York Giants Ring of Honor. Personal life After his retirement, he rejoined the 49ers staff and served as an assistant coach before being hired by the Giants in 1970 as a quarterback mentor. During his NFL career, Tittle worked as an insurance salesman in the off-season.", "During his NFL career, Tittle worked as an insurance salesman in the off-season. After retiring, he founded his own company, Y. A. Tittle Insurance & Financial Services. Tittle appeared on the October 9, 1961 episode of To Tell the Truth as one of three challengers. Tittle claimed to be hair stylist-weekend pro wrestler Richard Smith.", "Tittle claimed to be hair stylist-weekend pro wrestler Richard Smith. Tittle received one vote from the four Celebrity Panelists (Johnny Carson). Until his death, Tittle resided in Atherton, California. His wife Minnette died in 2012. They had three sons: Michael, Patrick and John, and a daughter, Dianne Tittle de Laet.", "They had three sons: Michael, Patrick and John, and a daughter, Dianne Tittle de Laet. Their daughter is a harpist and poet, and in 1995 she published a biography of her father titled Giants & Heroes: A Daughter's Memories of Y. A. Tittle.", "A. Tittle. A. Tittle. In his later life, Tittle suffered from severe dementia, which adversely affected his memory and limited his conversation to a handful of topics. Tittle died on October 8, 2017, at a hospital in Stanford, California, of natural causes.", "Tittle died on October 8, 2017, at a hospital in Stanford, California, of natural causes. List of 500-yard passing games in the National Football League Notes References Further reading External links 1926 births 2017 deaths American football quarterbacks Baltimore Colts (1947–1950) players Deaths from dementia Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players LSU Tigers football players National Football League Most Valuable Player Award winners National Football League players with retired numbers Neurological disease deaths in California New York Giants players People from Atherton, California People from Marshall, Texas Players of American football from Texas Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees San Francisco 49ers players Western Conference Pro Bowl players" ]

[ "Y. A. Tittle", "Legacy", "What was Tittle's legacy?", "At the time of his retirement, Tittle held the following NFL records:", "What records did he hold?", "Tittle was the fourth player to throw seven touchdown passes in a game, when he did so in 1962 against the Redskins. He followed Sid Luckman (1943),", "What other records did he hold?", "Tittle, Manning and Foles did it without an interception. His 36 touchdown passes in 1963 set a record which stood for over two decades until it was surpassed", "Were there any other records?", "Despite record statistics and three straight championship game appearances, Tittle was never able to deliver a title to his team.", "Did he get into the Hall of Fame?", "Gifford, Huff and Tittle, a team of Hall of Famers known for losing championships as their peers on the Yankees--with whom they shared a stadium, a city, and", "When did they get into the Hall of Fame?", "1960s", "Did he say anything interesting at the induction ceremony?", "I don't know.", "What else is interesting about Tittle's legacy?", "He made seven Pro Bowls, four first-team All-Pro teams, and four times was named the NFL's Most Valuable Player or Player of the Year:", "Was he the best player of his generation?", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"Anyone of Us (Stupid Mistake)\" is the second single from English pop singer Gareth Gates' debut studio album, What My Heart Wants to Say (2002). It was written by Jörgen Elofsson, Per Magnusson, and David Kreuger and produced by Magnusson and Kreuger. The single was released on 8 July 2002, entering the UK Singles Chart at 1 and staying there for three weeks, going platinum for sales exceeding 600,000 copies. It was then released in mainland Europe in 2003, reaching No. 1 on the Dutch, Norwegian, and Swedish charts. The video for the single was filmed in Venice, Italy.\n\nTrack listings\n UK CD single\n \"Anyone of Us (Stupid Mistake)\" – 3:50\n \"Forever Blue\" – 2:56\n \"Anyone of Us (Stupid Mistake)\" (Video) – 3:50\n \"Anyone of Us (Stupid Mistake)\" (Behind The Scenes Footage) – 2:00\n\n German CD single\n \"Anyone of Us (Stupid Mistake)\" – 3:50\n \"Forever Blue\" – 2:56\n \"Unchained Melody\" – 3:53\n \"Unchained Melody\" (Music Video) – 3:53\n\n German Mini CD single\n \"Anyone of Us (Stupid Mistake)\" – 3:50\n \"Forever Blue\" – 2:56\n\n Australian CD single\n \"Anyone of Us (Stupid Mistake)\" – 3:50\n \"What My Heart Wants To Say\" (Single Remix) – 4:12\n \"Unchained Melody\" – 3:53\n \"Unchained Melody\" (Music Video) – 3:53\n\n Unchained Melody UK CD single\n \"Unchained Melody\" – 3:53\n \"Evergreen\" – 3:41\n \"Anything Is Possible\" – 4:05\n\n Unchained Melody German CD single\n \"Unchained Melody\" – 3:53\n \"What My Heart Wants To Say\" (Single Remix) – 4:12\n \"Anyone of Us (Stupid Mistake)\" (Live Version) – 4:09\n \"Anyone of Us (Stupid Mistake)\" (Video) – 3:50\n \"What My Heart Wants To Say\" (Video) – 4:12\n \"Anyone of Us (Stupid Mistake)\" (Behind The Scenes Footage) – 2:00\n\n Unchained Melody German Mini CD single\n \"Unchained Melody\" – 3:53\n \"Evergreen\" – 3:41\n\n Unchained Melody Australian CD single\n \"Unchained Melody\" (Australian Radio Mix) – 3:20\n \"Unchained Melody\" – 3:53\n \"Evergreen\" – 3:41\n \"Anything Is Possible\" – 4:05\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nDecade-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nCover versions\n In 2002, singer Mathias Holmgren covered the song as \"Något Som Kan Hända\", with Swedish lyrics by Ulf Georgsson.\n In 2003, German singer Jens Bogner released a version with German lyrics titled \"Das kann doch jedem mal passieren\" (That can happen to anyone) on his album \"Alles, was ich will\".\n Greek singer Sarbel made a Greek-language cover entitled \"Ένας από μας\".\n In 2018 \"Anyone of Us (Stupid Mistake)\" was included on the soundtrack of the Chinese series, Meteor Garden.\n\nReferences\n\n19 Recordings singles\n2002 singles\n2002 songs\nDutch Top 40 number-one singles\nGareth Gates songs\nNumber-one singles in Norway\nNumber-one singles in Scotland\nNumber-one singles in Sweden\nRCA Records singles\nSingle Top 100 number-one singles\nSongs about infidelity\nSongs written by David Kreuger\nSongs written by Jörgen Elofsson\nSongs written by Per Magnusson\nSyco Music singles\nUK Singles Chart number-one singles", "Say Anything is a board game designed by Dominic Crapuchettes and Satish Pillalamarri. It was released by North Star Games in 2008 as a follow-up to the award-winning Wits & Wagers.\n\nGameplay\nSay Anything is very similar to Wits & Wagers except players answer open-ended subjective questions instead of trivia questions. The goal of Say Anything is to get people talking about interesting things and laughing.\n\nEach round, one player will play the role of 'The Judge'. The Judge draws a card and then asks a question from it. Here are some sample questions:\n What would be the best thing to do on the moon?\n What would be the coolest thing to teach a monkey?\n What's the best action movie of all time?\n What's the most important invention of the past century?\n Who's the most annoying celebrity in show business?\n\nEach of the other players then writes an answer on a dry erase board and places it face-up on the table. Once all of the answers are on the table, the Judge secretly chooses their favorite response. Each other player has two tokens to bet on the answer they think the Judge chose as their favorite. Players receive 1 point for each correct bet. The game ends after a set number of rounds, usually 20 or so.\n\nReception\nSay Anything has won many awards including the BoardGameGeek 2008 Party Game of the Year, and an Origins Award for 2008 Best Children's, Family or Party Game.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nSay Anything played on Tabletop (from Geek & Sundry)\n\nBoard games introduced in 2008\nMensa Select winners\nOrigins Award winners\nParty board games" ]

[ "Yelberton Abraham Tittle Jr. (October 24, 1926 – October 8, 2017) was a professional American football quarterback. He played in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers, New York Giants, and Baltimore Colts, after spending two seasons with the Colts in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC).", "He played in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers, New York Giants, and Baltimore Colts, after spending two seasons with the Colts in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC). Known for his competitiveness, leadership, and striking profile, Tittle was the centerpiece of several prolific offenses throughout his 17-year professional career from 1948 to 1964.", "Known for his competitiveness, leadership, and striking profile, Tittle was the centerpiece of several prolific offenses throughout his 17-year professional career from 1948 to 1964. Tittle played college football for Louisiana State University, where he was a two-time All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) quarterback for the LSU Tigers football team.", "Tittle played college football for Louisiana State University, where he was a two-time All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) quarterback for the LSU Tigers football team. As a junior, he was named the most valuable player (MVP) of the infamous 1947 Cotton Bowl Classic—also known as the \"Ice Bowl\"—a scoreless tie between the Tigers and Arkansas Razorbacks in a snowstorm.", "As a junior, he was named the most valuable player (MVP) of the infamous 1947 Cotton Bowl Classic—also known as the \"Ice Bowl\"—a scoreless tie between the Tigers and Arkansas Razorbacks in a snowstorm. After college, he was drafted in the 1947 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions, but he instead chose to play in the AAFC for the Colts.", "After college, he was drafted in the 1947 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions, but he instead chose to play in the AAFC for the Colts. With the Colts, Tittle was named the AAFC Rookie of the Year in 1948 after leading the team to the AAFC playoffs.", "With the Colts, Tittle was named the AAFC Rookie of the Year in 1948 after leading the team to the AAFC playoffs. After consecutive one-win seasons, the Colts franchise folded, which allowed Tittle to be drafted in the 1951 NFL Draft by the 49ers.", "After consecutive one-win seasons, the Colts franchise folded, which allowed Tittle to be drafted in the 1951 NFL Draft by the 49ers. Through ten seasons in San Francisco, he was invited to four Pro Bowls, led the league in touchdown passes in 1955, and was named the NFL Player of the Year by the United Press in 1957.", "Through ten seasons in San Francisco, he was invited to four Pro Bowls, led the league in touchdown passes in 1955, and was named the NFL Player of the Year by the United Press in 1957. A groundbreaker, Tittle was part of the 49ers' famed Million Dollar Backfield, was the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated, and is credited with having coined \"alley-oop\" as a sports term.", "A groundbreaker, Tittle was part of the 49ers' famed Million Dollar Backfield, was the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated, and is credited with having coined \"alley-oop\" as a sports term. Considered washed-up, the 34-year-old Tittle was traded to the Giants following the 1960 season.", "Considered washed-up, the 34-year-old Tittle was traded to the Giants following the 1960 season. Over the next four seasons, he won several individual awards, twice set the league single-season record for touchdown passesincluding a 1962 game with a combined 7 touchdown passes and 500-yards passing with a near perfect (151.4 out of 158.33) passer rating, and led the Giants to three straight NFL championship games.", "Over the next four seasons, he won several individual awards, twice set the league single-season record for touchdown passesincluding a 1962 game with a combined 7 touchdown passes and 500-yards passing with a near perfect (151.4 out of 158.33) passer rating, and led the Giants to three straight NFL championship games. Although he was never able to deliver a championship to the team, Tittle's time in New York is regarded among the glory years of the franchise.", "Although he was never able to deliver a championship to the team, Tittle's time in New York is regarded among the glory years of the franchise. In his final season, Tittle was photographed bloodied and kneeling down in the end zone after a tackle by a defender left him helmetless.", "In his final season, Tittle was photographed bloodied and kneeling down in the end zone after a tackle by a defender left him helmetless. The photograph is considered one of the most iconic images in North American sports history.", "The photograph is considered one of the most iconic images in North American sports history. He retired as the NFL's all-time leader in passing yards, passing touchdowns, attempts, completions, and games played. Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1971, and his jersey number 14 is retired by the Giants.", "Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1971, and his jersey number 14 is retired by the Giants. Early years and college career Born and raised in Marshall, Texas, to Alma Tittle (née Allen) and Yelberton Abraham Tittle Sr., Tittle aspired to be a quarterback from a young age.", "Early years and college career Born and raised in Marshall, Texas, to Alma Tittle (née Allen) and Yelberton Abraham Tittle Sr., Tittle aspired to be a quarterback from a young age. He spent hours in his backyard throwing a football through a tire swing, emulating his fellow Texan and boyhood idol, Sammy Baugh.", "He spent hours in his backyard throwing a football through a tire swing, emulating his fellow Texan and boyhood idol, Sammy Baugh. Tittle played high school football at Marshall High School. In his senior year the team posted an undefeated record and reached the state finals.", "In his senior year the team posted an undefeated record and reached the state finals. After a recruiting battle between Louisiana State University and the University of Texas, Tittle chose to attend LSU in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and play for the LSU Tigers.", "After a recruiting battle between Louisiana State University and the University of Texas, Tittle chose to attend LSU in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and play for the LSU Tigers. He was part of a successful 1944 recruiting class under head coach Bernie Moore that included halfbacks Jim Cason, Dan Sandifer, and Ray Coates.", "He was part of a successful 1944 recruiting class under head coach Bernie Moore that included halfbacks Jim Cason, Dan Sandifer, and Ray Coates. Freshmen were eligible to play on the varsity during World War II, so Tittle saw playing time immediately.", "Freshmen were eligible to play on the varsity during World War II, so Tittle saw playing time immediately. He later said the finest moment of his four years at LSU was beating Tulane as a freshman, a game in which he set a school record with 238 passing yards.", "He later said the finest moment of his four years at LSU was beating Tulane as a freshman, a game in which he set a school record with 238 passing yards. It was one of two games the Tigers won that season.", "It was one of two games the Tigers won that season. Moore started Tittle at tailback in the single-wing formation his first year, but moved him to quarterback in the T formation during his sophomore season.", "Moore started Tittle at tailback in the single-wing formation his first year, but moved him to quarterback in the T formation during his sophomore season. As a junior in 1946, Tittle's three touchdown passes in a 41–27 rout of rival Tulane helped ensure LSU a spot in the Cotton Bowl Classic.", "As a junior in 1946, Tittle's three touchdown passes in a 41–27 rout of rival Tulane helped ensure LSU a spot in the Cotton Bowl Classic. Known notoriously as the \"Ice Bowl\", the 1947 Cotton Bowl pitted LSU against the Arkansas Razorbacks in sub-freezing temperatures on an ice-covered field in Dallas, Texas.", "Known notoriously as the \"Ice Bowl\", the 1947 Cotton Bowl pitted LSU against the Arkansas Razorbacks in sub-freezing temperatures on an ice-covered field in Dallas, Texas. LSU moved the ball much better than the Razorbacks, but neither team was able to score, and the game ended in a scoreless tie.", "LSU moved the ball much better than the Razorbacks, but neither team was able to score, and the game ended in a scoreless tie. Tittle and Arkansas end Alton Baldwin shared the game's MVP award. Following the season, United Press International (UPI) placed Tittle on its All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) first-team.", "Following the season, United Press International (UPI) placed Tittle on its All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) first-team. UPI again named Tittle its first-team All-SEC quarterback in 1947. In Tittle's day of iron man football, he played on both offense and defense.", "In Tittle's day of iron man football, he played on both offense and defense. While on defense during a 20–18 loss to SEC champion Ole Miss in his senior season, Tittle's belt buckle was torn off as he intercepted a pass from Charlie Conerly and broke a tackle.", "While on defense during a 20–18 loss to SEC champion Ole Miss in his senior season, Tittle's belt buckle was torn off as he intercepted a pass from Charlie Conerly and broke a tackle. He ran down the sideline with one arm cradling the ball and the other holding up his pants.", "He ran down the sideline with one arm cradling the ball and the other holding up his pants. At the Ole Miss 20-yard line, as he attempted to stiff-arm a defender,(#87 Jack Odom), Tittle's pants fell and he tripped and fell onto his face. The fall kept him from scoring the game-winning touchdown.", "The fall kept him from scoring the game-winning touchdown. In total, during his college career Tittle set school passing records with 162 completions out of 330 attempts for 2,525 yards and 23 touchdowns. He scored seven touchdowns himself as a runner. His passing totals remained unbroken until Bert Jones surpassed them in the 1970s.", "His passing totals remained unbroken until Bert Jones surpassed them in the 1970s. Professional career Baltimore Colts Tittle was the sixth overall selection of the 1948 NFL Draft, taken by the Detroit Lions. However, Tittle instead began his professional career with the Baltimore Colts of the All-America Football Conference in 1948.", "However, Tittle instead began his professional career with the Baltimore Colts of the All-America Football Conference in 1948. That season, already being described as a \"passing ace\", he was unanimously recognized as the AAFC Rookie of the Year by UPI after passing for 2,739 yards and leading the Colts to the brink of an Eastern Division championship.", "That season, already being described as a \"passing ace\", he was unanimously recognized as the AAFC Rookie of the Year by UPI after passing for 2,739 yards and leading the Colts to the brink of an Eastern Division championship. After a 1–11 win–loss record in 1949, the Colts joined the National Football League in 1950.", "After a 1–11 win–loss record in 1949, the Colts joined the National Football League in 1950. The team again posted a single win against eleven losses, and the franchise folded after the season due to financial difficulties. Players on the roster at the time of the fold were eligible to be drafted in the next NFL draft.", "Players on the roster at the time of the fold were eligible to be drafted in the next NFL draft. San Francisco 49ers Tittle was then drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the 1951 NFL Draft after the Colts folded.", "San Francisco 49ers Tittle was then drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the 1951 NFL Draft after the Colts folded. While many players at the time were unable to play immediately due to military duties, Tittle had received a class IV-F exemption due to physical ailments, so he was able to join the 49ers roster that season.", "While many players at the time were unable to play immediately due to military duties, Tittle had received a class IV-F exemption due to physical ailments, so he was able to join the 49ers roster that season. In 1951 and 1952, he shared time at quarterback with Frankie Albert.", "In 1951 and 1952, he shared time at quarterback with Frankie Albert. In 1953, his first full season as the 49ers' starter, he passed for 2,121 yards and 20 touchdowns and was invited to his first Pro Bowl.", "In 1953, his first full season as the 49ers' starter, he passed for 2,121 yards and 20 touchdowns and was invited to his first Pro Bowl. San Francisco finished with a 9–3 regular season record, which was good enough for second in the Western Conference, and led the league in points scored.", "San Francisco finished with a 9–3 regular season record, which was good enough for second in the Western Conference, and led the league in points scored. In 1954, the 49ers compiled their Million Dollar Backfield, which was composed of four future Hall of Famers: Tittle; fullbacks John Henry Johnson and Joe Perry; and halfback Hugh McElhenny.", "In 1954, the 49ers compiled their Million Dollar Backfield, which was composed of four future Hall of Famers: Tittle; fullbacks John Henry Johnson and Joe Perry; and halfback Hugh McElhenny. \"It made quarterbacking so easy because I just get in the huddle and call anything and you have three Hall of Fame running backs ready to carry the ball,\" Tittle reminisced in 2006.", "\"It made quarterbacking so easy because I just get in the huddle and call anything and you have three Hall of Fame running backs ready to carry the ball,\" Tittle reminisced in 2006. The team had aspirations for a championship run, but injuries, including McElhenny's separated shoulder in the sixth game of the season, ended those hopes and the 49ers finished third in the Western Division.", "The team had aspirations for a championship run, but injuries, including McElhenny's separated shoulder in the sixth game of the season, ended those hopes and the 49ers finished third in the Western Division. Tittle starred in his second straight Pro Bowl appearance as he threw two touchdown passes, including one to 49ers teammate Billy Wilson, who was named the game's MVP.", "Tittle starred in his second straight Pro Bowl appearance as he threw two touchdown passes, including one to 49ers teammate Billy Wilson, who was named the game's MVP. Tittle became the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated when he appeared on its 15th issue dated November 22, 1954, donning his 49ers uniform and helmet featuring an acrylic face mask distinct to the time period.", "Tittle became the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated when he appeared on its 15th issue dated November 22, 1954, donning his 49ers uniform and helmet featuring an acrylic face mask distinct to the time period. The cover photo also shows a metal bracket on the side of Tittle's helmet which served to protect his face by preventing the helmet from caving in.", "The cover photo also shows a metal bracket on the side of Tittle's helmet which served to protect his face by preventing the helmet from caving in. The 1954 cover was the first of four Sports Illustrated covers he graced during his career.", "The 1954 cover was the first of four Sports Illustrated covers he graced during his career. Tittle led the NFL in touchdown passes for the first time in 1955, with 17, while also leading the league with 28 interceptions thrown.", "Tittle led the NFL in touchdown passes for the first time in 1955, with 17, while also leading the league with 28 interceptions thrown. When the 49ers hired Frankie Albert as head coach in 1956, Tittle was pleased with the choice at first, figuring Albert would be a good mentor.", "When the 49ers hired Frankie Albert as head coach in 1956, Tittle was pleased with the choice at first, figuring Albert would be a good mentor. However, the team lost four of its first five games, and Albert replaced Tittle with rookie Earl Morrall.", "However, the team lost four of its first five games, and Albert replaced Tittle with rookie Earl Morrall. After a loss to the Los Angeles Rams brought San Francisco's record to 1–6, Tittle regained the starting role and the team finished undefeated with one tie through the season's final five games.", "After a loss to the Los Angeles Rams brought San Francisco's record to 1–6, Tittle regained the starting role and the team finished undefeated with one tie through the season's final five games. In 1957, Tittle and receiver R. C. Owens devised a pass play in which Tittle tossed the ball high into the air and the Owens leapt to retrieve it, typically resulting in a long gain or a touchdown.", "In 1957, Tittle and receiver R. C. Owens devised a pass play in which Tittle tossed the ball high into the air and the Owens leapt to retrieve it, typically resulting in a long gain or a touchdown. Tittle dubbed the play the \"alley-oop\"—the first usage of the term in sports—and it was highly successful when utilized.", "Tittle dubbed the play the \"alley-oop\"—the first usage of the term in sports—and it was highly successful when utilized. The 49ers finished the regular season with an 8–4 record and hosted the Detroit Lions in the Western Conference playoff.", "The 49ers finished the regular season with an 8–4 record and hosted the Detroit Lions in the Western Conference playoff. Against the Lions, Tittle passed for 248 yards and tossed three touchdown passes—one each to Owens, McElhenny, and Wilson—but Detroit overcame a 20-point third quarter deficit to win 31–27.", "Against the Lions, Tittle passed for 248 yards and tossed three touchdown passes—one each to Owens, McElhenny, and Wilson—but Detroit overcame a 20-point third quarter deficit to win 31–27. For the season, Tittle had a league-leading 63.1 completion percentage, threw for 2,157 yards and 13 touchdowns, and rushed for six more scores.", "For the season, Tittle had a league-leading 63.1 completion percentage, threw for 2,157 yards and 13 touchdowns, and rushed for six more scores. He was deemed \"pro player of the year\" by a United Press poll of members of the National Football Writers Association.", "He was deemed \"pro player of the year\" by a United Press poll of members of the National Football Writers Association. Additionally, he was named to his first All-Pro team and invited to his third Pro Bowl.", "Additionally, he was named to his first All-Pro team and invited to his third Pro Bowl. After a poor 1958 preseason by Tittle, Albert started John Brodie at quarterback for the 1958 season, a decision that proved unpopular with the fan base.", "After a poor 1958 preseason by Tittle, Albert started John Brodie at quarterback for the 1958 season, a decision that proved unpopular with the fan base. Tittle came in to relieve Brodie in a week six game against the Lions, with ten minutes left in the game and the 49ers down 21–17.", "Tittle came in to relieve Brodie in a week six game against the Lions, with ten minutes left in the game and the 49ers down 21–17. His appearance \"drew a roar of approval from the crowd of 59,213,\" after which he drove the team downfield and threw a 32-yard touchdown pass to McElhenny for the winning score.", "His appearance \"drew a roar of approval from the crowd of 59,213,\" after which he drove the team downfield and threw a 32-yard touchdown pass to McElhenny for the winning score. A right knee ligament injury against the Colts in week nine ended Tittle's season, and San Francisco finished with a 7–5 record, followed by Albert's resignation as coach.", "A right knee ligament injury against the Colts in week nine ended Tittle's season, and San Francisco finished with a 7–5 record, followed by Albert's resignation as coach. Tittle and Brodie continued to share time at quarterback over the next two seasons.", "Tittle and Brodie continued to share time at quarterback over the next two seasons. In his fourth and final Pro Bowl game with the 49ers in 1959, Tittle completed 13 of 17 passes for 178 yards and a touchdown. Under new head coach Red Hickey in 1960, the 49ers adopted the shotgun formation.", "Under new head coach Red Hickey in 1960, the 49ers adopted the shotgun formation. The first implementation of the shotgun was in week nine against the Colts, with Brodie at quarterback while Tittle nursed a groin injury.", "The first implementation of the shotgun was in week nine against the Colts, with Brodie at quarterback while Tittle nursed a groin injury. The 49ers scored a season-high thirty points, and with Brodie in the shotgun won three of their last four games to salvage a winning season at 7–5.", "The 49ers scored a season-high thirty points, and with Brodie in the shotgun won three of their last four games to salvage a winning season at 7–5. Though conflicted, Tittle decided to get into shape and prepare for the next season. He stated in his 2009 autobiography that at times he thought, \"The hell with it.", "He stated in his 2009 autobiography that at times he thought, \"The hell with it. Quit this damned game. You have been at it too long anyway.\" But then another voice within him would say, \"Come back for another year and show them you're still a good QB.", "But then another voice within him would say, \"Come back for another year and show them you're still a good QB. Don't let them shotgun you out of football!\" However, after the first preseason game of 1961, Hickey informed Tittle he had been traded to the New York Giants.", "However, after the first preseason game of 1961, Hickey informed Tittle he had been traded to the New York Giants. New York Giants In mid-August 1961, the 49ers traded the 34-year-old Tittle to the New York Giants for second-year guard Lou Cordileone.", "New York Giants In mid-August 1961, the 49ers traded the 34-year-old Tittle to the New York Giants for second-year guard Lou Cordileone. Cordileone, the 12th overall pick in the 1960 NFL Draft, was quoted as reacting \"Me, even up for Y. A. Tittle?", "A. Tittle? A. Tittle? You're kidding,\" and later remarked that the Giants traded him for \"a 42-year-old quarterback.\" Tittle's view of Cordileone was much the same, stating his dismay that the 49ers did not get a \"name ballplayer\" in return.", "Tittle's view of Cordileone was much the same, stating his dismay that the 49ers did not get a \"name ballplayer\" in return. He was also displeased with being traded to the East Coast, and said he would rather have been traded to the Los Angeles Rams.", "He was also displeased with being traded to the East Coast, and said he would rather have been traded to the Los Angeles Rams. Already considered washed up, Tittle was intended by the Giants to share quarterback duties with 40-year-old Charlie Conerly, who had been with the team since 1948.", "Already considered washed up, Tittle was intended by the Giants to share quarterback duties with 40-year-old Charlie Conerly, who had been with the team since 1948. The players at first remained loyal to Conerly, and treated Tittle with the cold shoulder. Tittle missed the season opener due to a back injury sustained before the season.", "Tittle missed the season opener due to a back injury sustained before the season. His first game with New York came in week two, against the Steelers, in which he and Conerly each threw a touchdown pass in the Giants' 17–14 win.", "His first game with New York came in week two, against the Steelers, in which he and Conerly each threw a touchdown pass in the Giants' 17–14 win. He became the team's primary starter for the remainder of the season and led the revitalized Giants to first place in the Eastern Conference.", "He became the team's primary starter for the remainder of the season and led the revitalized Giants to first place in the Eastern Conference. The Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA) awarded Tittle its Jim Thorpe Trophy as the NFL's players' choice of MVP.", "The Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA) awarded Tittle its Jim Thorpe Trophy as the NFL's players' choice of MVP. In the 1961 NFL Championship Game, the Giants were soundly defeated by Vince Lombardi's Green Bay Packers, as they were shut-out 37-0. Tittle completed six of 20 passes in the game and threw four interceptions.", "Tittle completed six of 20 passes in the game and threw four interceptions. In January 1962, Tittle stated his intention to retire following the 1962 season. After an off-season quarterback competition with Ralph Guglielmi, Tittle played and started in a career-high 14 games.", "After an off-season quarterback competition with Ralph Guglielmi, Tittle played and started in a career-high 14 games. He tied an NFL record by throwing seven touchdown passes in a game on October 28, 1962, in a 49–34 win over the Washington Redskins.", "He tied an NFL record by throwing seven touchdown passes in a game on October 28, 1962, in a 49–34 win over the Washington Redskins. Against the Dallas Cowboys in the regular season finale, Tittle threw six touchdown passes to set the single-season record with 33, which had been set the previous year by Sonny Jurgensen's 32.", "Against the Dallas Cowboys in the regular season finale, Tittle threw six touchdown passes to set the single-season record with 33, which had been set the previous year by Sonny Jurgensen's 32. He earned player of the year honors from the Washington D.C. Touchdown Club, UPI, and The Sporting News, and finished just behind Green Bay's Jim Taylor in voting for the AP NFL Most Valuable Player Award.", "He earned player of the year honors from the Washington D.C. Touchdown Club, UPI, and The Sporting News, and finished just behind Green Bay's Jim Taylor in voting for the AP NFL Most Valuable Player Award. The Giants again finished first in the Eastern Conference and faced the Packers in the 1962 NFL Championship Game.", "The Giants again finished first in the Eastern Conference and faced the Packers in the 1962 NFL Championship Game. In frigid, windy conditions at Yankee Stadium and facing a constant pass rush from the Packers' front seven, Tittle completed only 18 of his 41 attempts in the game.", "In frigid, windy conditions at Yankee Stadium and facing a constant pass rush from the Packers' front seven, Tittle completed only 18 of his 41 attempts in the game. The Packers won, 16–7, with New York's lone score coming on a blocked punt recovered in the end zone by Jim Collier.", "The Packers won, 16–7, with New York's lone score coming on a blocked punt recovered in the end zone by Jim Collier. Tittle returned to the Giants in 1963 and, at age 37, supplanted his single-season passing touchdowns record by throwing 36.", "Tittle returned to the Giants in 1963 and, at age 37, supplanted his single-season passing touchdowns record by throwing 36. He broke the record in the final game with three touchdowns against the Steelers, three days after being named NFL MVP by the AP.", "He broke the record in the final game with three touchdowns against the Steelers, three days after being named NFL MVP by the AP. The Giants led the league in scoring by a wide margin, and for the third time in as many years clinched the Eastern Conference title. The Western champions were George Halas' Chicago Bears.", "The Western champions were George Halas' Chicago Bears. The teams met in the 1963 NFL Championship Game at Wrigley Field. In the second quarter, Tittle injured his knee on a tackle by Larry Morris, and required a novocaine shot at halftime to continue playing.", "In the second quarter, Tittle injured his knee on a tackle by Larry Morris, and required a novocaine shot at halftime to continue playing. After holding a 10–7 halftime lead, The Giants were shutout in the second half, during which Tittle threw four interceptions.", "After holding a 10–7 halftime lead, The Giants were shutout in the second half, during which Tittle threw four interceptions. Playing through the knee injury, he completed 11 of 29 passes in the game for 147 yards, a touchdown, and five interceptions as the Bears won 14–10.", "Playing through the knee injury, he completed 11 of 29 passes in the game for 147 yards, a touchdown, and five interceptions as the Bears won 14–10. The following year in 1964, Tittle's final season, the Giants went 2–10–2 (), the worst record in the 14-team league.", "The following year in 1964, Tittle's final season, the Giants went 2–10–2 (), the worst record in the 14-team league. In the second game of the year, against Pittsburgh, he was blindsided by defensive end John Baker.", "In the second game of the year, against Pittsburgh, he was blindsided by defensive end John Baker. The tackle left Tittle with crushed cartilage in his ribs, a cracked sternum, and a concussion. However, he played in every game the rest of the season, but was relegated to a backup role later in the year.", "However, he played in every game the rest of the season, but was relegated to a backup role later in the year. After throwing only ten touchdowns with 22 interceptions, he retired after the season at age 39, saying rookie quarterback Gary Wood not only \"took my job away, but started to ask permission to date my daughter.\"", "After throwing only ten touchdowns with 22 interceptions, he retired after the season at age 39, saying rookie quarterback Gary Wood not only \"took my job away, but started to ask permission to date my daughter.\" Over 17 seasons as a professional, Tittle completed 2,427 out of 4,395 passes for 33,070 yards and 242 touchdowns, with 248 interceptions.", "Over 17 seasons as a professional, Tittle completed 2,427 out of 4,395 passes for 33,070 yards and 242 touchdowns, with 248 interceptions. He also rushed for 39 touchdowns.", "He also rushed for 39 touchdowns. Career statistics Profile and playing style Tittle threw the ball from a sidearm, almost underhand position, something novel at those times, though it was common practice in earlier decades. It was this seemingly underhand style that drew the curiosity and admiration of many fans.", "It was this seemingly underhand style that drew the curiosity and admiration of many fans. This, in tandem with his baldness—for which he was frequently referred to as the \"Bald Eagle\"—made him a very striking personality. Despite his throwing motion, he had a very strong and accurate arm with a quick release.", "Despite his throwing motion, he had a very strong and accurate arm with a quick release. His ability to read defenses made him one of the best screen passers in the NFL. He was a perfectionist and highly competitive, and he expected the same of his teammates.", "He was a perfectionist and highly competitive, and he expected the same of his teammates. He possessed rare leadership and game-planning skills, and played with great enthusiasm even in his later years. \"Tittle has the attitude of a high school kid, with the brain of a computer,\" said Giants teammate Frank Gifford.", "\"Tittle has the attitude of a high school kid, with the brain of a computer,\" said Giants teammate Frank Gifford. Baltimore Colts halfback Lenny Moore, when asked in 1963 to compare Tittle and Colts quarterback Johnny Unitas, said: I played with Tittle in the Pro Bowl two years ago, and I discovered he's quite a guy ...", "Baltimore Colts halfback Lenny Moore, when asked in 1963 to compare Tittle and Colts quarterback Johnny Unitas, said: I played with Tittle in the Pro Bowl two years ago, and I discovered he's quite a guy ... He and John, however, are entirely different types ... Tittle is a sort of 'con man' with his players ... he comes into a huddle and 'suggests' that maybe this or that will work on account of something he saw happen on a previous play ...", "He and John, however, are entirely different types ... Tittle is a sort of 'con man' with his players ... he comes into a huddle and 'suggests' that maybe this or that will work on account of something he saw happen on a previous play ... The way he puts it, you're convinced it's a good idea and maybe it will work.", "The way he puts it, you're convinced it's a good idea and maybe it will work. John, now, he's a take-charge guy ... you what the other guy's going to do, what he's going to do, and what he wants you to do.", "John, now, he's a take-charge guy ... you what the other guy's going to do, what he's going to do, and what he wants you to do. Tittle's most productive years came when he was well beyond his athletic prime.", "Tittle's most productive years came when he was well beyond his athletic prime. He credited his ability to improve with age to a feel for the game borne from years of league experience.", "He credited his ability to improve with age to a feel for the game borne from years of league experience. \"If you could learn it by studying movies, a good, smart college quarterback could learn all you've got to learn in three weeks and then come in and be as good as the old heads,\" he told Sports Illustrated in 1963.", "\"If you could learn it by studying movies, a good, smart college quarterback could learn all you've got to learn in three weeks and then come in and be as good as the old heads,\" he told Sports Illustrated in 1963. \"But they can't.\"", "\"But they can't.\" Legacy At the time of his retirement, Tittle held the following NFL records: Tittle was the fourth player to throw seven touchdown passes in a game, when he did so in 1962 against the Redskins.", "Legacy At the time of his retirement, Tittle held the following NFL records: Tittle was the fourth player to throw seven touchdown passes in a game, when he did so in 1962 against the Redskins. He followed Sid Luckman (1943), Adrian Burk (1954), and George Blanda (1961).", "He followed Sid Luckman (1943), Adrian Burk (1954), and George Blanda (1961). The feat has since been equaled by four more players: Joe Kapp (1969), Peyton Manning (2013), Nick Foles (2013), and Drew Brees (2015).", "The feat has since been equaled by four more players: Joe Kapp (1969), Peyton Manning (2013), Nick Foles (2013), and Drew Brees (2015). Tittle, Manning and Foles did it without an interception.", "Tittle, Manning and Foles did it without an interception. His 36 touchdown passes in 1963 set a record which stood for over two decades until it was surpassed by Dan Marino in 1984; as of 2016 it remains a Giants franchise record.", "His 36 touchdown passes in 1963 set a record which stood for over two decades until it was surpassed by Dan Marino in 1984; as of 2016 it remains a Giants franchise record. Despite record statistics and three straight championship game appearances, Tittle was never able to deliver a title to his team.", "Despite record statistics and three straight championship game appearances, Tittle was never able to deliver a title to his team. His record as a starter in postseason games was 0–4. He threw four touchdown passes against 14 interceptions and had a passer rating of 33.8 in his postseason career, far below his regular season passer rating of 74.3.", "He threw four touchdown passes against 14 interceptions and had a passer rating of 33.8 in his postseason career, far below his regular season passer rating of 74.3. Seth Wickersham, writing for ESPN The Magazine in 2014, noted the dichotomy in the 1960s between two of New York's major sports franchises: \"... Gifford, Huff and Tittle, a team of Hall of Famers known for losing championships as their peers on the Yankees—with whom they shared a stadium, a city, and many rounds of drinks—became renowned for winning them.\"", "Seth Wickersham, writing for ESPN The Magazine in 2014, noted the dichotomy in the 1960s between two of New York's major sports franchises: \"... Gifford, Huff and Tittle, a team of Hall of Famers known for losing championships as their peers on the Yankees—with whom they shared a stadium, a city, and many rounds of drinks—became renowned for winning them.\" The Giants struggled after Tittle's retirement, posting only two winning seasons from 1964 to 1980.", "The Giants struggled after Tittle's retirement, posting only two winning seasons from 1964 to 1980. He made seven Pro Bowls, four first-team All-Pro teams, and four times was named the NFL's Most Valuable Player or Player of the Year: in 1957 and 1962 by the UPI; in 1961 by the NEA; and in 1963 by the AP and NEA.", "He made seven Pro Bowls, four first-team All-Pro teams, and four times was named the NFL's Most Valuable Player or Player of the Year: in 1957 and 1962 by the UPI; in 1961 by the NEA; and in 1963 by the AP and NEA. In a sports column in 1963, George Strickler for the Chicago Tribune remarked Tittle had \"broken records that at one time appeared unassailable and he has been the hero of more second half rallies than Napoleon and the Harlem Globetrotters.\"", "In a sports column in 1963, George Strickler for the Chicago Tribune remarked Tittle had \"broken records that at one time appeared unassailable and he has been the hero of more second half rallies than Napoleon and the Harlem Globetrotters.\" He was featured on four Sports Illustrated covers: three during his playing career and one shortly after retirement.", "He was featured on four Sports Illustrated covers: three during his playing career and one shortly after retirement. His first was with the 49ers in 1954. With the Giants, he graced covers in November 1961, and he was on the season preview issue for 1964; a two-page fold-out photo from the 1963 title game.", "With the Giants, he graced covers in November 1961, and he was on the season preview issue for 1964; a two-page fold-out photo from the 1963 title game. Tittle was on a fourth cover in August 1965.", "Tittle was on a fourth cover in August 1965. The trade of Tittle for Lou Cordileone is seen as one of the worst trades in 49ers history; it is considered one of the best trades in Giants franchise history. Cordileone played just one season in San Francisco.", "Cordileone played just one season in San Francisco. Famous photo A photo of a dazed Tittle in the end zone taken by Morris Berman of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette on September 20, 1964, is regarded among the most iconic images in the history of American sports and journalism.", "Famous photo A photo of a dazed Tittle in the end zone taken by Morris Berman of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette on September 20, 1964, is regarded among the most iconic images in the history of American sports and journalism. Tittle, in his 17th and final season, was photographed helmet-less, bloodied and kneeling immediately after having been knocked to the ground by John Baker of the Pittsburgh Steelers and throwing an interception that was returned for a touchdown at the old Pitt Stadium.", "Tittle, in his 17th and final season, was photographed helmet-less, bloodied and kneeling immediately after having been knocked to the ground by John Baker of the Pittsburgh Steelers and throwing an interception that was returned for a touchdown at the old Pitt Stadium. He suffered a concussion and cracked sternum on the play, but went on to play the rest of the season.", "He suffered a concussion and cracked sternum on the play, but went on to play the rest of the season. Post-Gazette editors declined to publish the photo, looking for \"action shots\" instead, but Berman entered the image into contests where it took on a life of its own, winning a National Headliner Award.", "Post-Gazette editors declined to publish the photo, looking for \"action shots\" instead, but Berman entered the image into contests where it took on a life of its own, winning a National Headliner Award. It is regarded as having changed the way that photographers look at sports, having shown the power of capturing a moment of reaction.", "It is regarded as having changed the way that photographers look at sports, having shown the power of capturing a moment of reaction. It became one of three photos to hang in the lobby of the National Press Photographers Association headquarters, alongside Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima and the Hindenburg disaster.", "It became one of three photos to hang in the lobby of the National Press Photographers Association headquarters, alongside Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima and the Hindenburg disaster. A copy has hung in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.", "A copy has hung in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. A similar photo by Dozier Mobley of the Associated Press, which shows Tittle looking forward rather than down, was published in the October 2, 1964, issue of Life magazine.", "A similar photo by Dozier Mobley of the Associated Press, which shows Tittle looking forward rather than down, was published in the October 2, 1964, issue of Life magazine. After at first having failed to see the appeal of the image, Tittle eventually grew to embrace it, putting the Mobley version on the back cover of his 2009 autobiography.", "After at first having failed to see the appeal of the image, Tittle eventually grew to embrace it, putting the Mobley version on the back cover of his 2009 autobiography. \"That was the end of the road,\" he told the Los Angeles Times in 2008. \"It was the end of my dream.", "\"It was the end of my dream. It was over.\" Pittsburgh player John Baker, who hit Tittle right before the picture was taken, ran for sheriff in his native Wake County, North Carolina in 1978, and used the photo as a campaign tool. He was elected and went on to serve for 24 years.", "He was elected and went on to serve for 24 years. Tittle also held a fundraiser to assist Baker in his bid for a fourth term in 1989.", "Tittle also held a fundraiser to assist Baker in his bid for a fourth term in 1989. Honors In recognition of his high school and college careers, respectively, Tittle was inducted to the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1987 and the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame in 1972.", "Honors In recognition of his high school and college careers, respectively, Tittle was inducted to the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1987 and the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame in 1972. Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame with its 1971 class, which included contemporaries Jim Brown, Norm Van Brocklin, the late Vince Lombardi, and former Giants teammate Andy Robustelli.", "Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame with its 1971 class, which included contemporaries Jim Brown, Norm Van Brocklin, the late Vince Lombardi, and former Giants teammate Andy Robustelli. By virtue of his membership in the pro hall of fame, he was automatically inducted as a charter member of the San Francisco 49ers Hall of Fame in 2009.", "By virtue of his membership in the pro hall of fame, he was automatically inducted as a charter member of the San Francisco 49ers Hall of Fame in 2009. The Giants had originally retired the number 14 jersey in honor of Ward Cuff, but Tittle requested and was granted the jersey number by Giants owner Wellington Mara when he joined the team.", "The Giants had originally retired the number 14 jersey in honor of Ward Cuff, but Tittle requested and was granted the jersey number by Giants owner Wellington Mara when he joined the team. It was retired again immediately following his retirement, and is now retired in honor of both players.", "It was retired again immediately following his retirement, and is now retired in honor of both players. In 2010, Tittle became a charter member of the New York Giants Ring of Honor.", "In 2010, Tittle became a charter member of the New York Giants Ring of Honor. Personal life After his retirement, he rejoined the 49ers staff and served as an assistant coach before being hired by the Giants in 1970 as a quarterback mentor. During his NFL career, Tittle worked as an insurance salesman in the off-season.", "During his NFL career, Tittle worked as an insurance salesman in the off-season. After retiring, he founded his own company, Y. A. Tittle Insurance & Financial Services. Tittle appeared on the October 9, 1961 episode of To Tell the Truth as one of three challengers. Tittle claimed to be hair stylist-weekend pro wrestler Richard Smith.", "Tittle claimed to be hair stylist-weekend pro wrestler Richard Smith. Tittle received one vote from the four Celebrity Panelists (Johnny Carson). Until his death, Tittle resided in Atherton, California. His wife Minnette died in 2012. They had three sons: Michael, Patrick and John, and a daughter, Dianne Tittle de Laet.", "They had three sons: Michael, Patrick and John, and a daughter, Dianne Tittle de Laet. Their daughter is a harpist and poet, and in 1995 she published a biography of her father titled Giants & Heroes: A Daughter's Memories of Y. A. Tittle.", "A. Tittle. A. Tittle. In his later life, Tittle suffered from severe dementia, which adversely affected his memory and limited his conversation to a handful of topics. Tittle died on October 8, 2017, at a hospital in Stanford, California, of natural causes.", "Tittle died on October 8, 2017, at a hospital in Stanford, California, of natural causes. List of 500-yard passing games in the National Football League Notes References Further reading External links 1926 births 2017 deaths American football quarterbacks Baltimore Colts (1947–1950) players Deaths from dementia Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players LSU Tigers football players National Football League Most Valuable Player Award winners National Football League players with retired numbers Neurological disease deaths in California New York Giants players People from Atherton, California People from Marshall, Texas Players of American football from Texas Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees San Francisco 49ers players Western Conference Pro Bowl players" ]

[ "Aesop Rock", "1985-2001: New York City underground music scene", "What happened in 1985?", "I don't know." ]

[ "What Happened on Twenty-third Street, New York City is a 1901 American short film.\n\nPlot \nThe 77 second film depicts a woman, escorted by a man, walking over a grate. The hot air lifts her skirt, she laughs and they walk on.\n\nComparisons \n\nIn 2001, Rosemary Hanes and Brian Taves compared the sequence to the iconic image of Marilyn Monroe in a white dress in the 1955 film The Seven Year Itch, writing \"With The Seven Year Itch (1955), the image of Marilyn Monroe's thighs exposed under her billowing skirt entered American popular culture. The Library's motion picture and broadcasting collections provide the opportunity to document not only how women's roles and their depictions have changed throughout the past hundred years, but also how much has remained the same.\"\n\nTom Gunning makes another observation, contrasting the two events as narrative devices writing \"The act of display [in What Happened...] is both climax and resolution here and does not lead to a series of incidents or the creation of characters with discernible traits. While the similar lifting of Marilyn Monroe's skirt in The Seven Year Itch also provides a moment of spectacle, it simultaneously creates character traits that explain later narrative actions.\"\n\nSee also\nPromotional film poster of The Woman in Red (1984 film)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n \n \n \n\n1901 films\nAmerican silent short films\n1901 comedy films\nAmerican short documentary films\nFilms shot in New York City\nAmerican films\nAmerican black-and-white films\nFilms directed by Edwin S. Porter\nAmerican comedy films\nDocumentary films about New York City\nArticles containing video clips\n1900s short documentary films\n1901 in New York City", "Karen Sillas is an American stage and film actress.\n\nEarly life\nThe daughter of a Greek father and a Swedish mother, Sillas was born in Brooklyn. She graduated from the Acting Conservatory of the State University of New York at Purchase.\n\nCareer\nSillas appeared in Hal Hartley's 1992 film Simple Men. In 1994, she starred in What Happened Was..., which won the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival and launched Sillas into primetime television. In CBS's critically acclaimed detective series Under Suspicion, Sillas portrayed Rose Phillips, the only female detective in an otherwise male-dominated squad room.\nSillas and Tom Noonan appeared in a virtual interview conducted by the film critic Sheila O'Malley, hosted by Film Forum, February 9, 2021, discussing the re-release of the digitized version of What Happened Was... on Film Forum's YouTube channel.\n\nFilmography\n\nFilm\n\nTelevision\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Karen Sillas Current Month TV Schedule\n\nLiving people\nPeople from Brooklyn\nState University of New York at Purchase alumni\nActresses from New York City\nAmerican film actresses\nAmerican stage actresses\nAmerican television actresses\n20th-century American actresses\n21st-century American actresses\nSpeech coaches\nAmerican people of Greek descent\nAmerican people of Swedish descent\nYear of birth missing (living people)" ]

[ "Ian Matthias Bavitz (born June 5, 1976), better known by his stage name Aesop Rock, is an American rapper and producer residing in Portland, Oregon. He was at the forefront of the new wave of underground and alternative hip hop acts that emerged during the late 1990s and early 2000s.", "He was at the forefront of the new wave of underground and alternative hip hop acts that emerged during the late 1990s and early 2000s. He was signed to El-P's Definitive Jux label until it went on hiatus in 2010. In a 2010 retrospective, betterPropaganda ranked him at number 19 at the Top 100 Artists of the Decade.", "In a 2010 retrospective, betterPropaganda ranked him at number 19 at the Top 100 Artists of the Decade. He released his first album, Music for Earthworms, in 1997, with Float following 3 years later. Labor Days, his third studio album, was released on September 18, 2001.", "Labor Days, his third studio album, was released on September 18, 2001. His next release came two years later, titled Bazooka Tooth, released on September 23, 2003. His fourth studio album, None Shall Pass, was released on August 28, 2007.", "His fourth studio album, None Shall Pass, was released on August 28, 2007. Its titular song became one of Ian's most popular and well-known songs. His seventh record, Skelethon, was released on July 10, 2012. His seventh release, The Impossible Kid, came out on April 29, 2016.", "His seventh release, The Impossible Kid, came out on April 29, 2016. His eighth and most recent album, Spirit World Field Guide, came out on November 13, 2020.", "His eighth and most recent album, Spirit World Field Guide, came out on November 13, 2020. He is a member of the groups The Weathermen, Hail Mary Mallon (with Rob Sonic & DJ Big Wiz), The Uncluded (with Kimya Dawson) and Malibu Ken (with Tobacco).", "He is a member of the groups The Weathermen, Hail Mary Mallon (with Rob Sonic & DJ Big Wiz), The Uncluded (with Kimya Dawson) and Malibu Ken (with Tobacco). Regarding his name, he said: \"I acquired the name Aesop from a movie I had acted in with some friends.", "Regarding his name, he said: \"I acquired the name Aesop from a movie I had acted in with some friends. It was my character's name and it sort of stuck. The rock part came later just from throwing it in rhymes.\"", "The rock part came later just from throwing it in rhymes.\" Early life and education Early and personal life Bavitz was born at Syosset Hospital in Syosset, New York, and raised in Northport, Long Island, New York to his father Paul and mother Jameija.", "Early life and education Early and personal life Bavitz was born at Syosset Hospital in Syosset, New York, and raised in Northport, Long Island, New York to his father Paul and mother Jameija. Ian has two brothers: Christopher T. Bavitz (born 1973), a clinical professor at Harvard Law School and director of Cyberlaw Clinic at the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society, and Graham J. Bavitz (born 1978).", "Ian has two brothers: Christopher T. Bavitz (born 1973), a clinical professor at Harvard Law School and director of Cyberlaw Clinic at the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society, and Graham J. Bavitz (born 1978). Along with his siblings, Ian was raised Catholic, but he later became agnostic.", "Along with his siblings, Ian was raised Catholic, but he later became agnostic. Bavitz attended Northport High School in 1990 and graduated in 1994. In 2005, he married Allyson Baker, guitarist and vocalist of rock band Dirty Ghosts; they resided in San Francisco, but have since divorced.", "In 2005, he married Allyson Baker, guitarist and vocalist of rock band Dirty Ghosts; they resided in San Francisco, but have since divorced. 1994–1998: College After graduating from high school, Bavitz attended Boston University in Massachusetts where he studied visual arts. He acquired his bachelor's in 1998.", "He acquired his bachelor's in 1998. He met his future collaborator, Blockhead, in 1994 during the latter's only year at the school. After hearing Aesop Rock freestyle, Blockhead decided to forgo his own dreams of rapping in favor of focusing on production.", "After hearing Aesop Rock freestyle, Blockhead decided to forgo his own dreams of rapping in favor of focusing on production. Blockhead was involved with a crew in New York called The Overground that included Dub-L. During his early adulthood, Aesop Rock held various odd jobs including positions answering phones for clothing catalogs, packaging artwork in art gallery storerooms and working for one-hour photo developers.", "Blockhead was involved with a crew in New York called The Overground that included Dub-L. During his early adulthood, Aesop Rock held various odd jobs including positions answering phones for clothing catalogs, packaging artwork in art gallery storerooms and working for one-hour photo developers. Musical career 1985–2001: New York City underground music scene As a youth, Bavitz and his family would usually commute to New York City.", "Musical career 1985–2001: New York City underground music scene As a youth, Bavitz and his family would usually commute to New York City. This had a great impact on him and the way he viewed the hip hop culture. Bavitz began rapping in the early 1990s.", "Bavitz began rapping in the early 1990s. He cites Public Enemy, BDP, KMD, and Run DMC as early influences. Bavitz also listened to rock acts such as Dead Kennedys, Fugazi, and Ministry; he was introduced to these groups by his older brother Chris.", "Bavitz also listened to rock acts such as Dead Kennedys, Fugazi, and Ministry; he was introduced to these groups by his older brother Chris. Bavitz started to play the piano and bass at an early age and eventually acquired a sampler.", "Bavitz started to play the piano and bass at an early age and eventually acquired a sampler. While attending college, Bavitz initially recorded and released two self-financed efforts, Music for Earthworms (1997), a full-length featuring underground artist Percee P on two tracks.", "While attending college, Bavitz initially recorded and released two self-financed efforts, Music for Earthworms (1997), a full-length featuring underground artist Percee P on two tracks. Bavitz also released a music video for \"Abandon All Hope\", which was one of the tracks on the CD.", "Bavitz also released a music video for \"Abandon All Hope\", which was one of the tracks on the CD. The album sold over 300 copies, largely from a grassroots internet-based promotion at his website AesopRock.com and then-popular web portal, MP3.com.", "The album sold over 300 copies, largely from a grassroots internet-based promotion at his website AesopRock.com and then-popular web portal, MP3.com. With the money he made from his previous release, he then released his Appleseed EP in 1999 which received critical acclaim in the underground hip-hop circuit.", "With the money he made from his previous release, he then released his Appleseed EP in 1999 which received critical acclaim in the underground hip-hop circuit. His early records were mostly produced by his long-time friend Blockhead and underground producer Dub-L. After his breakthrough success in the underground hip hop and indie rap community, he was eventually noticed by the Mush label and obtained his first record deal in 1999, just a year after he graduated from college.", "His early records were mostly produced by his long-time friend Blockhead and underground producer Dub-L. After his breakthrough success in the underground hip hop and indie rap community, he was eventually noticed by the Mush label and obtained his first record deal in 1999, just a year after he graduated from college. Aesop released his first major album, Float (2000), with guest appearances from Vast Aire, Slug, and Dose One.", "Aesop released his first major album, Float (2000), with guest appearances from Vast Aire, Slug, and Dose One. Production was split between Blockhead and Aesop himself, with one track by Omega One. During this time, Aesop worked at a photography gallery. In August 2001, Bavitz had a nervous breakdown.", "In August 2001, Bavitz had a nervous breakdown. The song \"One of Four\" on his Daylight EP documents his struggles.", "The song \"One of Four\" on his Daylight EP documents his struggles. 2001–2004: Labor Days, Daylight EP, and Bazooka Tooth Shortly after releasing Float, Aesop Rock signed to Manhattan-based label Definitive Jux (commonly shortened to Def Jux), where he released Labor Days (2001), an album dedicated to the discussion of labor in American society and the concept of \"wage slaves\".", "2001–2004: Labor Days, Daylight EP, and Bazooka Tooth Shortly after releasing Float, Aesop Rock signed to Manhattan-based label Definitive Jux (commonly shortened to Def Jux), where he released Labor Days (2001), an album dedicated to the discussion of labor in American society and the concept of \"wage slaves\". This album was most well known for its single \"Daylight\".", "This album was most well known for its single \"Daylight\". Because of its popularity, Daylight was re-released in 2002 as a seven-track EP, including an \"alternative\" new version of the song \"Night Light\", whose paraphrased lyrics simultaneously refer back to, and stand in stark opposition to, the original's.", "Because of its popularity, Daylight was re-released in 2002 as a seven-track EP, including an \"alternative\" new version of the song \"Night Light\", whose paraphrased lyrics simultaneously refer back to, and stand in stark opposition to, the original's. The song \"Labor\" (from Labor Days) was featured in Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4; it also was the first album in his catalog to break through the Billboard charts, peaking at number 15 at the United States Independent Charts.", "The song \"Labor\" (from Labor Days) was featured in Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4; it also was the first album in his catalog to break through the Billboard charts, peaking at number 15 at the United States Independent Charts. Labor Days was followed by Bazooka Tooth in 2003.", "Labor Days was followed by Bazooka Tooth in 2003. For the first time, production was mostly handled by Bavitz himself, with three tracks from longtime collaborator Blockhead and one from close friend and Definitive Jux label CEO El-P.", "For the first time, production was mostly handled by Bavitz himself, with three tracks from longtime collaborator Blockhead and one from close friend and Definitive Jux label CEO El-P. Guest appearances include Party Fun Action Committee, El-P, and Mr. Lif (all Definitive Jux labelmates) and Camp Lo.", "Guest appearances include Party Fun Action Committee, El-P, and Mr. Lif (all Definitive Jux labelmates) and Camp Lo. With this release Aesop hit a higher level of recognition, releasing \"No Jumper Cables\" as a single and music video, then another single, \"Freeze\", shortly after.", "With this release Aesop hit a higher level of recognition, releasing \"No Jumper Cables\" as a single and music video, then another single, \"Freeze\", shortly after. A remix of \"No Jumper Cables\" was featured on Tony Hawk's Underground 2, furthering Aesop's recognition.", "A remix of \"No Jumper Cables\" was featured on Tony Hawk's Underground 2, furthering Aesop's recognition. In 2004, he released Build Your Own Bazooka Tooth and created a contest in which contestants had to create a remix of an Aesop Rock song using the a cappellas and instrumentals.", "In 2004, he released Build Your Own Bazooka Tooth and created a contest in which contestants had to create a remix of an Aesop Rock song using the a cappellas and instrumentals. 2005–2007: Fast Cars EP, None Shall Pass and Nike+iPod In February 2005, Aesop Rock released a new EP, Fast Cars, Danger, Fire and Knives.", "2005–2007: Fast Cars EP, None Shall Pass and Nike+iPod In February 2005, Aesop Rock released a new EP, Fast Cars, Danger, Fire and Knives. The first pressing of the EP included an 88-page booklet with lyrics from every release from Float until this EP (the lyric booklet is titled The Living Human Curiosity Sideshow); later pressings of the album come without the booklet, but with an additional bonus track, \"Facemelter\".", "The first pressing of the EP included an 88-page booklet with lyrics from every release from Float until this EP (the lyric booklet is titled The Living Human Curiosity Sideshow); later pressings of the album come without the booklet, but with an additional bonus track, \"Facemelter\". In addition, a limited number of albums were available direct from Def Jux with Aesop Rock's graffiti tag on them.", "In addition, a limited number of albums were available direct from Def Jux with Aesop Rock's graffiti tag on them. In response to demands from his fans, Bavitz did less production on the EP; three songs are produced by Blockhead, three produced by Aesop, and one by Rob Sonic.", "In response to demands from his fans, Bavitz did less production on the EP; three songs are produced by Blockhead, three produced by Aesop, and one by Rob Sonic. During this time, he was asked to join The Weathermen to replace Vast Aire.", "During this time, he was asked to join The Weathermen to replace Vast Aire. Aesop Rock was commissioned to create a 45-minute instrumental track for the Nike+iPod running system, entitled All Day. It was released in February 2007.", "It was released in February 2007. Distributed via the iTunes Music Store and featuring Allyson Baker on guitar and with scratches from DJ Big Wiz, Aesop has described the release as \"something that evolved enough that the sound was constantly fresh and attractive, as though the runner were moving through a set of differing cities or landscapes.\"", "Distributed via the iTunes Music Store and featuring Allyson Baker on guitar and with scratches from DJ Big Wiz, Aesop has described the release as \"something that evolved enough that the sound was constantly fresh and attractive, as though the runner were moving through a set of differing cities or landscapes.\" All Day was followed in August of the same year by Bavitz's fifth full-length album, None Shall Pass, released in 2007.", "All Day was followed in August of the same year by Bavitz's fifth full-length album, None Shall Pass, released in 2007. The album also contained original artwork by Jeremy Fish. About Jeremy Fish, Aesop Rock said: \"Man, that guy is my hero.", "About Jeremy Fish, Aesop Rock said: \"Man, that guy is my hero. We have a friend in common who hit me up a while back saying that this guy Jeremy Fish had an opportunity to pitch a cartoon to Disney and wanted me to be involved in the music side.", "We have a friend in common who hit me up a while back saying that this guy Jeremy Fish had an opportunity to pitch a cartoon to Disney and wanted me to be involved in the music side. I flipped out cuz I was also a fan of his, and owned some of his work.\"", "I flipped out cuz I was also a fan of his, and owned some of his work.\" Aesop Rock also teamed up with Jeremy Fish again in a project called Ghosts of the Barbary Coast. Aesop Rock made a song called \"Tomorrow Morning\" to go along with a slideshow of Jeremy Fish drawings.", "Aesop Rock made a song called \"Tomorrow Morning\" to go along with a slideshow of Jeremy Fish drawings. This was displayed in San Francisco, but was also made available for download online. None Shall Pass had positive reviews from critics and fans, applauding Aesop for his change in sound.", "None Shall Pass had positive reviews from critics and fans, applauding Aesop for his change in sound. 2007–2011: Hiatus In February 2010, El-P announced that the label would be put \"on hiatus,\" aside from selling its catalog and merchandise.", "2007–2011: Hiatus In February 2010, El-P announced that the label would be put \"on hiatus,\" aside from selling its catalog and merchandise. During this time, Bavitz was absent in terms of making any new albums or EPs, albeit being featured on other artists' records and producing.", "During this time, Bavitz was absent in terms of making any new albums or EPs, albeit being featured on other artists' records and producing. 2008–2013: Rhymesayers, HMM, Kimya Dawson and Skelethon In 2009, Bavitz produced Felt's third album, Felt 3: A Tribute to Rosie Perez.", "2008–2013: Rhymesayers, HMM, Kimya Dawson and Skelethon In 2009, Bavitz produced Felt's third album, Felt 3: A Tribute to Rosie Perez. On April 20, 2011, it was announced that Rhymesayers Entertainment would release Hail Mary Mallon's debut album Are You Going To Eat That?.", "On April 20, 2011, it was announced that Rhymesayers Entertainment would release Hail Mary Mallon's debut album Are You Going To Eat That?. A music video for their first single off the album Smock was announced that same day.", "A music video for their first single off the album Smock was announced that same day. In November 2011, Bavitz announced via Reddit that he was working on his next solo album, and had a majority of it complete.", "In November 2011, Bavitz announced via Reddit that he was working on his next solo album, and had a majority of it complete. In December 2011, Aesop Rock was first reported to be working on an album with anti-folk singer Kimya Dawson, famous for being one half of the group The Moldy Peaches.", "In December 2011, Aesop Rock was first reported to be working on an album with anti-folk singer Kimya Dawson, famous for being one half of the group The Moldy Peaches. The working title for the project was Hokey Fright. The group has since been named The Uncluded.", "The group has since been named The Uncluded. On January 17, 2012, it was reported that Aesop Rock finished recording his upcoming solo album Skelethon, which was scheduled to be released on July 10, 2012, through Rhymesayers Entertainment.", "On January 17, 2012, it was reported that Aesop Rock finished recording his upcoming solo album Skelethon, which was scheduled to be released on July 10, 2012, through Rhymesayers Entertainment. On April 10, 2012, the first official single from Aesop Rock's Rhymesayers debut album Skelethon, \"Zero Dark Thirty\", was released on both SoundCloud and YouTube.", "On April 10, 2012, the first official single from Aesop Rock's Rhymesayers debut album Skelethon, \"Zero Dark Thirty\", was released on both SoundCloud and YouTube. As of April 20, 2012, the song had already received combined plays/views of 86,434. Skelethon was released on July 10, 2012.", "Skelethon was released on July 10, 2012. On February 11, 2013, the first music video from The Uncluded was released on YouTube, and the duo's first album Hokey Fright was released on May 7, 2013. The album will consist of 16 tracks.", "The album will consist of 16 tracks. The video for their third single \"Delicate Cycle\" has a cameo by the celebrity cat Lil Bub. 2013–present: The Impossible Kid, Malibu Ken and Spirit World Field Guide Aesop Rock toured the United States to promote Skelethon.", "2013–present: The Impossible Kid, Malibu Ken and Spirit World Field Guide Aesop Rock toured the United States to promote Skelethon. He has also been touring with Kimya Dawson and performing material as The Uncluded. Along with playing a number of individual events, The Uncluded performed as part of a Rhymesayers lineup at Summerfest in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.", "Along with playing a number of individual events, The Uncluded performed as part of a Rhymesayers lineup at Summerfest in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. On the Skelethon tour, a majority of his touring equipment was stolen, prompting Aesop to raise funds by releasing limited edition artwork.", "On the Skelethon tour, a majority of his touring equipment was stolen, prompting Aesop to raise funds by releasing limited edition artwork. It was announced he will be performing on the first day of Coachella 2013.", "It was announced he will be performing on the first day of Coachella 2013. In February 2016, Aesop Rock released a music video for the song \"Rings\" and announced his seventh studio album The Impossible Kid, which was released on April 29, 2016. \"Rings\" was featured in the video game Madden NFL 17.", "\"Rings\" was featured in the video game Madden NFL 17. In 2017, Aesop Rock scored his first film soundtrack for Bushwick. In January 2019, Aesop Rock collaborated with electronic musician Tobacco under the name Malibu Ken. The duo released a self-titled album in the same month.", "The duo released a self-titled album in the same month. In late 2020, Aesop announced his eighth solo album, titled Spirit World Field Guide, along with the release of the album's first single, \"The Gates\". In October 2021, Aesop announced a reunion with his former producer Blockhead with an upcoming album titled Garbology.", "In October 2021, Aesop announced a reunion with his former producer Blockhead with an upcoming album titled Garbology. The album was released on November 12 of the same year. Lyrics Bavitz's lyrics are generally seen as being both complex and abstract while others dismiss them as verbose. His frequent use of homonyms exacerbates this.", "His frequent use of homonyms exacerbates this. Critics state that the use of words can be so detailed that it becomes difficult to determine any meaning. The lyrics are sometimes inspired by events which have occurred in Bavitz's personal life and are thus naturally prone to subjective interpretation by outsiders.", "The lyrics are sometimes inspired by events which have occurred in Bavitz's personal life and are thus naturally prone to subjective interpretation by outsiders. Questioned about his lyrical style in an interview, Bavitz responded: It's probably because it's not the most accessible music in the world.", "Questioned about his lyrical style in an interview, Bavitz responded: It's probably because it's not the most accessible music in the world. It may pose a slight challenge to the listener beyond your average pop song. I'm no genius by a long shot, but these songs are not nonsensical, that's pretty preposterous.", "I'm no genius by a long shot, but these songs are not nonsensical, that's pretty preposterous. I'd have to be a genius to pull this many nonsensical records over people's eyes.", "I'd have to be a genius to pull this many nonsensical records over people's eyes. It's not exactly fast food but when people pretend I'm just spewing non-sequiturs and gibberish I can't help but think they simply haven't listened and are regurgitating some rumor they've heard about me.", "It's not exactly fast food but when people pretend I'm just spewing non-sequiturs and gibberish I can't help but think they simply haven't listened and are regurgitating some rumor they've heard about me. Even if it's not laid out in perfect sentences—is any rap?—you'd have to be an idiot to not at least grasp a few things from these songs.", "Even if it's not laid out in perfect sentences—is any rap?—you'd have to be an idiot to not at least grasp a few things from these songs. Or have had no interest in pulling anything from them in the first place.", "Or have had no interest in pulling anything from them in the first place. In 2002, on the song \"One of Four\" (a hidden track on the Daylight EP) Aesop Rock explains: But I can tell you that I only write shit down when I believe it / so take this how you want but know I mean it.", "In 2002, on the song \"One of Four\" (a hidden track on the Daylight EP) Aesop Rock explains: But I can tell you that I only write shit down when I believe it / so take this how you want but know I mean it. — Aesop Rock, \"One of Four\" Daylight EP (2002) In May 2014, a study by Matt Daniels found that Aesop Rock's vocabulary in his music surpassed 85 other major hip-hop and rap artists, as well as Shakespeare's works and Herman Melville's Moby Dick; he was cited as having the largest vocabulary in hip hop.", "— Aesop Rock, \"One of Four\" Daylight EP (2002) In May 2014, a study by Matt Daniels found that Aesop Rock's vocabulary in his music surpassed 85 other major hip-hop and rap artists, as well as Shakespeare's works and Herman Melville's Moby Dick; he was cited as having the largest vocabulary in hip hop. To build up his vocabulary, he reads a lot of news and science articles and writes down all the words he finds interesting.", "To build up his vocabulary, he reads a lot of news and science articles and writes down all the words he finds interesting. Analysis of his lyrics identified him as the rapper with the most expansive vocabulary; using the most unique words in a rapper's first 35,000 lyrics, he had 7,839 unique words.", "Analysis of his lyrics identified him as the rapper with the most expansive vocabulary; using the most unique words in a rapper's first 35,000 lyrics, he had 7,839 unique words. Discography Music for Earthworms (1997) Float (2000) Labor Days (2001) Bazooka Tooth (2003) None Shall Pass (2007) Skelethon (2012) The Impossible Kid (2016) Spirit World Field Guide (2020) Garbology (with Blockhead) (2021) Filmography References External links Mush Records Biography Aesop Rock interview and profile in Exclaim!", "Discography Music for Earthworms (1997) Float (2000) Labor Days (2001) Bazooka Tooth (2003) None Shall Pass (2007) Skelethon (2012) The Impossible Kid (2016) Spirit World Field Guide (2020) Garbology (with Blockhead) (2021) Filmography References External links Mush Records Biography Aesop Rock interview and profile in Exclaim! magazine 1976 births Alternative hip hop musicians American agnostics American electronic musicians American graffiti artists American hip hop record producers American multi-instrumentalists American male rappers Boston University College of Fine Arts alumni East Coast hip hop musicians Former Roman Catholics Living people People from Syosset, New York Psychedelic drug advocates Rappers from New York (state) Underground artists Underground rappers People from Northport, New York Rhymesayers Entertainment artists 21st-century American rappers Record producers from New York (state) 21st-century American male musicians Definitive Jux artists Mush Records artists The Weathermen (hip hop group) members" ]

[ "Aesop Rock", "1985-2001: New York City underground music scene", "What happened in 1985?", "I don't know.", "What happened in New York City?", "As a youth, Bavitz and his family would usually commute to New York City. This had a great impact on him and the way he viewed the hip hop culture." ]

[ "Hardcore Justice (2021) was a professional wrestling event produced by Impact Wrestling. It took place on April 10, 2021 at the Skyway Studios in Nashville, Tennessee, and aired exclusively on Impact Plus. It was the twelfth event under the Hardcore Justice chronology, the first to be held since the 2015 event, and the first purchase-only event since the 2012 event.\n\nNine matches were contested at the event. In the main event, Violent By Design (Eric Young, Deaner, Joe Doering and Rhino) defeated Team Dreamer (Eddie Edwards, Rich Swann, Willie Mack and Trey Miguel) in an eight-man Hardcore War match. In other prominent matches, Deonna Purrazzo successfully retained her Impact Knockouts Championship against Jazz in an Old School Rules Title vs. Career match, where Jazz had to retire from in-ring competition, and Tenille Dashwood won a Weapons match to become the number one contender for the Knockouts Championship.\n\nProduction\n\nBackground \nHardcore Justice is an annual professional wrestling event produced by Impact Wrestling. In 2005, it was originally introduced as a pay-per-view (PPV) event held by Impact Wrestling (then known as Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, TNA). The first event was held in May 2005 and from 2006 to 2012, they have all been held in August. The event was known as Hard Justice until 2010. In 2013, TNA dropped Hardcore Justice as a pay-per-view event after announcing only four pay-per-view events would take place through the year and it was retained as a special episode of TNA's weekly broadcast of Impact!.\n\nOn the Impact! following Sacrifice, Tommy Dreamer came into the office of Impact Executive Vice President Scott D'Amore, saying that Impact has a problem with their Impact World Tag Team Championship being held hostage outside of the promotion for a month. D'Amore stalled him and then reminded him of the upcoming Hardcore Justice event on Impact Plus, and he let Dreamer book the card for the show.\n\nStorylines \nThe event featured professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portray heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that build tension and culminate in a wrestling match or series of matches.\n\nOn the March 23 episode of Impact, Impact Knockouts Champion Deonna Purrazzo defeated Jazz in a non-title match, with interference from Susan. The following week on Impact, while Purrazzo and Susan were having an interview, Jazz attacked Purrazzo and Susan. Jazz would later go to Tommy Dreamer, demanding that she get her hands on Purrazzo. Dreamer would have the two booked for Hardcore Justice, but before that, talked about how he and Jazz used to be in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) and how they used to have Ultimate Jeopardy matches in ECW. As a match where all participants wager something, Dreamer asked Jazz to put something at stake, while Purrazzo put her championship on the line. Jazz proclaimed that she is willing to put her career on the line for the title, officially making it a Title vs. Career match.\n\nOn the March 30 episode of Impact, Dreamer held a meeting of various knockouts, announcing a weapons match for Hardcore Justice, with the winner receiving an opportunity for the Impact Knockouts Championship at Rebellion. Alisha Edwards, Havok, Jordynne Grace, Rosemary, Susan (who would be attacked and replace by Su Yung at the event), and Tenille Dashwood were announced as participants.\n\nOn the March 23 episode of Impact, Eddie Edwards kicked The Good Brothers (Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson) out of the locker room, seeing how their friendship with AEW World Champion Kenny Omega, did not make them \"one of the boys\". Just as they were about to leave, they encountered Decay (Black Taurus and Crazzy Steve), who mocked how The Good Brothers lost both their tag team titles and the respect of the locker room. On the April 8 episode of Impact, a match between Black Taurus and Doc Gallows was scheduled for Hardcore Justice.\n\nIt was announced that Hardcore Justice will also play host to a BlindGames match between Jake Something and Brian Myers. Myers has been wearing an eyepatch since January after a match with Fallah Bahh, saw him being \"poked\" in the eye. On the April 8 episode of Impact, Myers attacked both Something and old friend-turned-enemy Matt Cardona, where he accepted Cardona's offer for a match at Rebellion, but not before pushing Something into the steel steps, which had clipped his eye. The BlindGames match, essentially a blindfold match with hardcore rules, was scheduled not long after.\n\nOn the April 8 episode of Impact, Tommy Dreamer booked an eight-man tag team Hardcore War featuring himself and three men of his choosing (revelead as Eddie Edwards, Willie Mack, and Impact World Champion Rich Swann, before Dreamer would be attacked and replaced with Trey Miguel) against Violent By Design (Eric Young, Deaner, Joe Doering, and Rhino). The rules of Hardcore War are as follow:\nTwo men start alone for five minutes\nEvery two minutes, a new man appears from alternating teams\nThe match cannot end until the final man has entered\nAfter all eight men have entered, the match is won by pinfall or submission\nThere are no disqualifications\n\nResults\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\n2021 Impact Plus Monthly Special events\n2021 in professional wrestling\n2021 in Tennessee\nEvents in Nashville, Tennessee\nHardcore Justice\nMarch 2021 events in the United States\nProfessional wrestling in Nashville, Tennessee", "The TNA World Heavyweight Championship was a short-lived professional wrestling world heavyweight championship created and promoted by Impact Wrestling. As part of a storyline in April 2020, Moose began to refer to himself as the TNA World Heavyweight Champion and carrying around the title belt that last represented the championship before it became known as the Impact World Championship. On February 23, 2021, Impact officially sanctioned Moose's TNA World Heavyweight Championship as a separate title from the Impact World Championship. \n\nImpact Wrestling Executive Vice President Scott D'Amore claimed that the championship carried the lineage of the title formerly known as the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, but how much of that lineage was unclear. It would be a short-lived championship, as at Sacrifice on March 13, 2021, Impact World Champion Rich Swann defeated Moose in a championship unification match, deactivating the TNA World Heavyweight Championship. The Impact World Championship became briefly known as the Impact Unified World Championship, and was represented by both title belts, until reigning champion Christian Cage retired the TNA belt on the August 19, 2021, episode of Impact!, returning to a single belt.\n\nHistory\nImpact Wrestling was originally known as Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). The promotion was originally affiliated with the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), and controlled the booking over the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. In 2007, the agreement between TNA and the NWA ended, leading to the creation of the TNA World Heavyweight Championship. TNA changed its name and became Impact Wrestling in March 2017, and the championship was renamed accordingly.\n\nIn early 2020, Impact started a storyline where Moose dubbed himself \"Mr. TNA,\" claiming to represent the company's history while battling former stars. During the second part of Rebellion (taped April 8–10 and aired on April 28), Moose defeated Hernandez and Michael Elgin in a triple threat match which was originally scheduled to be for the Impact World Championship, but reigning champion Tessa Blanchard was absent due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Following the match, Moose brought back the championship belt that represented the TNA World Heavyweight Championship from 2011 to 2017 and declared himself the TNA World Heavyweight Champion. While Impact did not officially recognize Moose as champion, Moose defended his self-appointed title several times.\n\nThe following year on the February 23, 2021, episode of Impact!, the promotion's Executive Vice President Scott D'Amore announced that Moose's self-proclaimed championship was officially sanctioned as a separate title from the Impact World Championship with Moose immediately recognized as TNA World Heavyweight Champion. D'Amore stated that the championship also carried the lineage of the title formerly known as the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, though how much of that lineage was unclear. After this, D'Amore scheduled a championship unification match for Sacrifice on March 13, 2021, in which Impact World Champion Rich Swann would face TNA World Heavyweight Champion Moose to determine Impact's undisputed world champion. At the event, Swann defeated Moose to unify the titles. The TNA World Heavyweight Championship was deactivated, while the Impact World Championship became briefly known as the Impact Unified World Championship with Swann carrying both championship belts. Subsequent Impact World Champions Kenny Omega and Christian Cage also carried both title belts, until Cage formally retired the TNA belt on the August 19, 2021 episode of Impact!.\n\nReigns\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n ImpactWrestling.com\n\nImpact Wrestling championships\nWorld heavyweight wrestling championships\nUnsanctioned championships" ]

[ "Ian Matthias Bavitz (born June 5, 1976), better known by his stage name Aesop Rock, is an American rapper and producer residing in Portland, Oregon. He was at the forefront of the new wave of underground and alternative hip hop acts that emerged during the late 1990s and early 2000s.", "He was at the forefront of the new wave of underground and alternative hip hop acts that emerged during the late 1990s and early 2000s. He was signed to El-P's Definitive Jux label until it went on hiatus in 2010. In a 2010 retrospective, betterPropaganda ranked him at number 19 at the Top 100 Artists of the Decade.", "In a 2010 retrospective, betterPropaganda ranked him at number 19 at the Top 100 Artists of the Decade. He released his first album, Music for Earthworms, in 1997, with Float following 3 years later. Labor Days, his third studio album, was released on September 18, 2001.", "Labor Days, his third studio album, was released on September 18, 2001. His next release came two years later, titled Bazooka Tooth, released on September 23, 2003. His fourth studio album, None Shall Pass, was released on August 28, 2007.", "His fourth studio album, None Shall Pass, was released on August 28, 2007. Its titular song became one of Ian's most popular and well-known songs. His seventh record, Skelethon, was released on July 10, 2012. His seventh release, The Impossible Kid, came out on April 29, 2016.", "His seventh release, The Impossible Kid, came out on April 29, 2016. His eighth and most recent album, Spirit World Field Guide, came out on November 13, 2020.", "His eighth and most recent album, Spirit World Field Guide, came out on November 13, 2020. He is a member of the groups The Weathermen, Hail Mary Mallon (with Rob Sonic & DJ Big Wiz), The Uncluded (with Kimya Dawson) and Malibu Ken (with Tobacco).", "He is a member of the groups The Weathermen, Hail Mary Mallon (with Rob Sonic & DJ Big Wiz), The Uncluded (with Kimya Dawson) and Malibu Ken (with Tobacco). Regarding his name, he said: \"I acquired the name Aesop from a movie I had acted in with some friends.", "Regarding his name, he said: \"I acquired the name Aesop from a movie I had acted in with some friends. It was my character's name and it sort of stuck. The rock part came later just from throwing it in rhymes.\"", "The rock part came later just from throwing it in rhymes.\" Early life and education Early and personal life Bavitz was born at Syosset Hospital in Syosset, New York, and raised in Northport, Long Island, New York to his father Paul and mother Jameija.", "Early life and education Early and personal life Bavitz was born at Syosset Hospital in Syosset, New York, and raised in Northport, Long Island, New York to his father Paul and mother Jameija. Ian has two brothers: Christopher T. Bavitz (born 1973), a clinical professor at Harvard Law School and director of Cyberlaw Clinic at the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society, and Graham J. Bavitz (born 1978).", "Ian has two brothers: Christopher T. Bavitz (born 1973), a clinical professor at Harvard Law School and director of Cyberlaw Clinic at the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society, and Graham J. Bavitz (born 1978). Along with his siblings, Ian was raised Catholic, but he later became agnostic.", "Along with his siblings, Ian was raised Catholic, but he later became agnostic. Bavitz attended Northport High School in 1990 and graduated in 1994. In 2005, he married Allyson Baker, guitarist and vocalist of rock band Dirty Ghosts; they resided in San Francisco, but have since divorced.", "In 2005, he married Allyson Baker, guitarist and vocalist of rock band Dirty Ghosts; they resided in San Francisco, but have since divorced. 1994–1998: College After graduating from high school, Bavitz attended Boston University in Massachusetts where he studied visual arts. He acquired his bachelor's in 1998.", "He acquired his bachelor's in 1998. He met his future collaborator, Blockhead, in 1994 during the latter's only year at the school. After hearing Aesop Rock freestyle, Blockhead decided to forgo his own dreams of rapping in favor of focusing on production.", "After hearing Aesop Rock freestyle, Blockhead decided to forgo his own dreams of rapping in favor of focusing on production. Blockhead was involved with a crew in New York called The Overground that included Dub-L. During his early adulthood, Aesop Rock held various odd jobs including positions answering phones for clothing catalogs, packaging artwork in art gallery storerooms and working for one-hour photo developers.", "Blockhead was involved with a crew in New York called The Overground that included Dub-L. During his early adulthood, Aesop Rock held various odd jobs including positions answering phones for clothing catalogs, packaging artwork in art gallery storerooms and working for one-hour photo developers. Musical career 1985–2001: New York City underground music scene As a youth, Bavitz and his family would usually commute to New York City.", "Musical career 1985–2001: New York City underground music scene As a youth, Bavitz and his family would usually commute to New York City. This had a great impact on him and the way he viewed the hip hop culture. Bavitz began rapping in the early 1990s.", "Bavitz began rapping in the early 1990s. He cites Public Enemy, BDP, KMD, and Run DMC as early influences. Bavitz also listened to rock acts such as Dead Kennedys, Fugazi, and Ministry; he was introduced to these groups by his older brother Chris.", "Bavitz also listened to rock acts such as Dead Kennedys, Fugazi, and Ministry; he was introduced to these groups by his older brother Chris. Bavitz started to play the piano and bass at an early age and eventually acquired a sampler.", "Bavitz started to play the piano and bass at an early age and eventually acquired a sampler. While attending college, Bavitz initially recorded and released two self-financed efforts, Music for Earthworms (1997), a full-length featuring underground artist Percee P on two tracks.", "While attending college, Bavitz initially recorded and released two self-financed efforts, Music for Earthworms (1997), a full-length featuring underground artist Percee P on two tracks. Bavitz also released a music video for \"Abandon All Hope\", which was one of the tracks on the CD.", "Bavitz also released a music video for \"Abandon All Hope\", which was one of the tracks on the CD. The album sold over 300 copies, largely from a grassroots internet-based promotion at his website AesopRock.com and then-popular web portal, MP3.com.", "The album sold over 300 copies, largely from a grassroots internet-based promotion at his website AesopRock.com and then-popular web portal, MP3.com. With the money he made from his previous release, he then released his Appleseed EP in 1999 which received critical acclaim in the underground hip-hop circuit.", "With the money he made from his previous release, he then released his Appleseed EP in 1999 which received critical acclaim in the underground hip-hop circuit. His early records were mostly produced by his long-time friend Blockhead and underground producer Dub-L. After his breakthrough success in the underground hip hop and indie rap community, he was eventually noticed by the Mush label and obtained his first record deal in 1999, just a year after he graduated from college.", "His early records were mostly produced by his long-time friend Blockhead and underground producer Dub-L. After his breakthrough success in the underground hip hop and indie rap community, he was eventually noticed by the Mush label and obtained his first record deal in 1999, just a year after he graduated from college. Aesop released his first major album, Float (2000), with guest appearances from Vast Aire, Slug, and Dose One.", "Aesop released his first major album, Float (2000), with guest appearances from Vast Aire, Slug, and Dose One. Production was split between Blockhead and Aesop himself, with one track by Omega One. During this time, Aesop worked at a photography gallery. In August 2001, Bavitz had a nervous breakdown.", "In August 2001, Bavitz had a nervous breakdown. The song \"One of Four\" on his Daylight EP documents his struggles.", "The song \"One of Four\" on his Daylight EP documents his struggles. 2001–2004: Labor Days, Daylight EP, and Bazooka Tooth Shortly after releasing Float, Aesop Rock signed to Manhattan-based label Definitive Jux (commonly shortened to Def Jux), where he released Labor Days (2001), an album dedicated to the discussion of labor in American society and the concept of \"wage slaves\".", "2001–2004: Labor Days, Daylight EP, and Bazooka Tooth Shortly after releasing Float, Aesop Rock signed to Manhattan-based label Definitive Jux (commonly shortened to Def Jux), where he released Labor Days (2001), an album dedicated to the discussion of labor in American society and the concept of \"wage slaves\". This album was most well known for its single \"Daylight\".", "This album was most well known for its single \"Daylight\". Because of its popularity, Daylight was re-released in 2002 as a seven-track EP, including an \"alternative\" new version of the song \"Night Light\", whose paraphrased lyrics simultaneously refer back to, and stand in stark opposition to, the original's.", "Because of its popularity, Daylight was re-released in 2002 as a seven-track EP, including an \"alternative\" new version of the song \"Night Light\", whose paraphrased lyrics simultaneously refer back to, and stand in stark opposition to, the original's. The song \"Labor\" (from Labor Days) was featured in Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4; it also was the first album in his catalog to break through the Billboard charts, peaking at number 15 at the United States Independent Charts.", "The song \"Labor\" (from Labor Days) was featured in Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4; it also was the first album in his catalog to break through the Billboard charts, peaking at number 15 at the United States Independent Charts. Labor Days was followed by Bazooka Tooth in 2003.", "Labor Days was followed by Bazooka Tooth in 2003. For the first time, production was mostly handled by Bavitz himself, with three tracks from longtime collaborator Blockhead and one from close friend and Definitive Jux label CEO El-P.", "For the first time, production was mostly handled by Bavitz himself, with three tracks from longtime collaborator Blockhead and one from close friend and Definitive Jux label CEO El-P. Guest appearances include Party Fun Action Committee, El-P, and Mr. Lif (all Definitive Jux labelmates) and Camp Lo.", "Guest appearances include Party Fun Action Committee, El-P, and Mr. Lif (all Definitive Jux labelmates) and Camp Lo. With this release Aesop hit a higher level of recognition, releasing \"No Jumper Cables\" as a single and music video, then another single, \"Freeze\", shortly after.", "With this release Aesop hit a higher level of recognition, releasing \"No Jumper Cables\" as a single and music video, then another single, \"Freeze\", shortly after. A remix of \"No Jumper Cables\" was featured on Tony Hawk's Underground 2, furthering Aesop's recognition.", "A remix of \"No Jumper Cables\" was featured on Tony Hawk's Underground 2, furthering Aesop's recognition. In 2004, he released Build Your Own Bazooka Tooth and created a contest in which contestants had to create a remix of an Aesop Rock song using the a cappellas and instrumentals.", "In 2004, he released Build Your Own Bazooka Tooth and created a contest in which contestants had to create a remix of an Aesop Rock song using the a cappellas and instrumentals. 2005–2007: Fast Cars EP, None Shall Pass and Nike+iPod In February 2005, Aesop Rock released a new EP, Fast Cars, Danger, Fire and Knives.", "2005–2007: Fast Cars EP, None Shall Pass and Nike+iPod In February 2005, Aesop Rock released a new EP, Fast Cars, Danger, Fire and Knives. The first pressing of the EP included an 88-page booklet with lyrics from every release from Float until this EP (the lyric booklet is titled The Living Human Curiosity Sideshow); later pressings of the album come without the booklet, but with an additional bonus track, \"Facemelter\".", "The first pressing of the EP included an 88-page booklet with lyrics from every release from Float until this EP (the lyric booklet is titled The Living Human Curiosity Sideshow); later pressings of the album come without the booklet, but with an additional bonus track, \"Facemelter\". In addition, a limited number of albums were available direct from Def Jux with Aesop Rock's graffiti tag on them.", "In addition, a limited number of albums were available direct from Def Jux with Aesop Rock's graffiti tag on them. In response to demands from his fans, Bavitz did less production on the EP; three songs are produced by Blockhead, three produced by Aesop, and one by Rob Sonic.", "In response to demands from his fans, Bavitz did less production on the EP; three songs are produced by Blockhead, three produced by Aesop, and one by Rob Sonic. During this time, he was asked to join The Weathermen to replace Vast Aire.", "During this time, he was asked to join The Weathermen to replace Vast Aire. Aesop Rock was commissioned to create a 45-minute instrumental track for the Nike+iPod running system, entitled All Day. It was released in February 2007.", "It was released in February 2007. Distributed via the iTunes Music Store and featuring Allyson Baker on guitar and with scratches from DJ Big Wiz, Aesop has described the release as \"something that evolved enough that the sound was constantly fresh and attractive, as though the runner were moving through a set of differing cities or landscapes.\"", "Distributed via the iTunes Music Store and featuring Allyson Baker on guitar and with scratches from DJ Big Wiz, Aesop has described the release as \"something that evolved enough that the sound was constantly fresh and attractive, as though the runner were moving through a set of differing cities or landscapes.\" All Day was followed in August of the same year by Bavitz's fifth full-length album, None Shall Pass, released in 2007.", "All Day was followed in August of the same year by Bavitz's fifth full-length album, None Shall Pass, released in 2007. The album also contained original artwork by Jeremy Fish. About Jeremy Fish, Aesop Rock said: \"Man, that guy is my hero.", "About Jeremy Fish, Aesop Rock said: \"Man, that guy is my hero. We have a friend in common who hit me up a while back saying that this guy Jeremy Fish had an opportunity to pitch a cartoon to Disney and wanted me to be involved in the music side.", "We have a friend in common who hit me up a while back saying that this guy Jeremy Fish had an opportunity to pitch a cartoon to Disney and wanted me to be involved in the music side. I flipped out cuz I was also a fan of his, and owned some of his work.\"", "I flipped out cuz I was also a fan of his, and owned some of his work.\" Aesop Rock also teamed up with Jeremy Fish again in a project called Ghosts of the Barbary Coast. Aesop Rock made a song called \"Tomorrow Morning\" to go along with a slideshow of Jeremy Fish drawings.", "Aesop Rock made a song called \"Tomorrow Morning\" to go along with a slideshow of Jeremy Fish drawings. This was displayed in San Francisco, but was also made available for download online. None Shall Pass had positive reviews from critics and fans, applauding Aesop for his change in sound.", "None Shall Pass had positive reviews from critics and fans, applauding Aesop for his change in sound. 2007–2011: Hiatus In February 2010, El-P announced that the label would be put \"on hiatus,\" aside from selling its catalog and merchandise.", "2007–2011: Hiatus In February 2010, El-P announced that the label would be put \"on hiatus,\" aside from selling its catalog and merchandise. During this time, Bavitz was absent in terms of making any new albums or EPs, albeit being featured on other artists' records and producing.", "During this time, Bavitz was absent in terms of making any new albums or EPs, albeit being featured on other artists' records and producing. 2008–2013: Rhymesayers, HMM, Kimya Dawson and Skelethon In 2009, Bavitz produced Felt's third album, Felt 3: A Tribute to Rosie Perez.", "2008–2013: Rhymesayers, HMM, Kimya Dawson and Skelethon In 2009, Bavitz produced Felt's third album, Felt 3: A Tribute to Rosie Perez. On April 20, 2011, it was announced that Rhymesayers Entertainment would release Hail Mary Mallon's debut album Are You Going To Eat That?.", "On April 20, 2011, it was announced that Rhymesayers Entertainment would release Hail Mary Mallon's debut album Are You Going To Eat That?. A music video for their first single off the album Smock was announced that same day.", "A music video for their first single off the album Smock was announced that same day. In November 2011, Bavitz announced via Reddit that he was working on his next solo album, and had a majority of it complete.", "In November 2011, Bavitz announced via Reddit that he was working on his next solo album, and had a majority of it complete. In December 2011, Aesop Rock was first reported to be working on an album with anti-folk singer Kimya Dawson, famous for being one half of the group The Moldy Peaches.", "In December 2011, Aesop Rock was first reported to be working on an album with anti-folk singer Kimya Dawson, famous for being one half of the group The Moldy Peaches. The working title for the project was Hokey Fright. The group has since been named The Uncluded.", "The group has since been named The Uncluded. On January 17, 2012, it was reported that Aesop Rock finished recording his upcoming solo album Skelethon, which was scheduled to be released on July 10, 2012, through Rhymesayers Entertainment.", "On January 17, 2012, it was reported that Aesop Rock finished recording his upcoming solo album Skelethon, which was scheduled to be released on July 10, 2012, through Rhymesayers Entertainment. On April 10, 2012, the first official single from Aesop Rock's Rhymesayers debut album Skelethon, \"Zero Dark Thirty\", was released on both SoundCloud and YouTube.", "On April 10, 2012, the first official single from Aesop Rock's Rhymesayers debut album Skelethon, \"Zero Dark Thirty\", was released on both SoundCloud and YouTube. As of April 20, 2012, the song had already received combined plays/views of 86,434. Skelethon was released on July 10, 2012.", "Skelethon was released on July 10, 2012. On February 11, 2013, the first music video from The Uncluded was released on YouTube, and the duo's first album Hokey Fright was released on May 7, 2013. The album will consist of 16 tracks.", "The album will consist of 16 tracks. The video for their third single \"Delicate Cycle\" has a cameo by the celebrity cat Lil Bub. 2013–present: The Impossible Kid, Malibu Ken and Spirit World Field Guide Aesop Rock toured the United States to promote Skelethon.", "2013–present: The Impossible Kid, Malibu Ken and Spirit World Field Guide Aesop Rock toured the United States to promote Skelethon. He has also been touring with Kimya Dawson and performing material as The Uncluded. Along with playing a number of individual events, The Uncluded performed as part of a Rhymesayers lineup at Summerfest in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.", "Along with playing a number of individual events, The Uncluded performed as part of a Rhymesayers lineup at Summerfest in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. On the Skelethon tour, a majority of his touring equipment was stolen, prompting Aesop to raise funds by releasing limited edition artwork.", "On the Skelethon tour, a majority of his touring equipment was stolen, prompting Aesop to raise funds by releasing limited edition artwork. It was announced he will be performing on the first day of Coachella 2013.", "It was announced he will be performing on the first day of Coachella 2013. In February 2016, Aesop Rock released a music video for the song \"Rings\" and announced his seventh studio album The Impossible Kid, which was released on April 29, 2016. \"Rings\" was featured in the video game Madden NFL 17.", "\"Rings\" was featured in the video game Madden NFL 17. In 2017, Aesop Rock scored his first film soundtrack for Bushwick. In January 2019, Aesop Rock collaborated with electronic musician Tobacco under the name Malibu Ken. The duo released a self-titled album in the same month.", "The duo released a self-titled album in the same month. In late 2020, Aesop announced his eighth solo album, titled Spirit World Field Guide, along with the release of the album's first single, \"The Gates\". In October 2021, Aesop announced a reunion with his former producer Blockhead with an upcoming album titled Garbology.", "In October 2021, Aesop announced a reunion with his former producer Blockhead with an upcoming album titled Garbology. The album was released on November 12 of the same year. Lyrics Bavitz's lyrics are generally seen as being both complex and abstract while others dismiss them as verbose. His frequent use of homonyms exacerbates this.", "His frequent use of homonyms exacerbates this. Critics state that the use of words can be so detailed that it becomes difficult to determine any meaning. The lyrics are sometimes inspired by events which have occurred in Bavitz's personal life and are thus naturally prone to subjective interpretation by outsiders.", "The lyrics are sometimes inspired by events which have occurred in Bavitz's personal life and are thus naturally prone to subjective interpretation by outsiders. Questioned about his lyrical style in an interview, Bavitz responded: It's probably because it's not the most accessible music in the world.", "Questioned about his lyrical style in an interview, Bavitz responded: It's probably because it's not the most accessible music in the world. It may pose a slight challenge to the listener beyond your average pop song. I'm no genius by a long shot, but these songs are not nonsensical, that's pretty preposterous.", "I'm no genius by a long shot, but these songs are not nonsensical, that's pretty preposterous. I'd have to be a genius to pull this many nonsensical records over people's eyes.", "I'd have to be a genius to pull this many nonsensical records over people's eyes. It's not exactly fast food but when people pretend I'm just spewing non-sequiturs and gibberish I can't help but think they simply haven't listened and are regurgitating some rumor they've heard about me.", "It's not exactly fast food but when people pretend I'm just spewing non-sequiturs and gibberish I can't help but think they simply haven't listened and are regurgitating some rumor they've heard about me. Even if it's not laid out in perfect sentences—is any rap?—you'd have to be an idiot to not at least grasp a few things from these songs.", "Even if it's not laid out in perfect sentences—is any rap?—you'd have to be an idiot to not at least grasp a few things from these songs. Or have had no interest in pulling anything from them in the first place.", "Or have had no interest in pulling anything from them in the first place. In 2002, on the song \"One of Four\" (a hidden track on the Daylight EP) Aesop Rock explains: But I can tell you that I only write shit down when I believe it / so take this how you want but know I mean it.", "In 2002, on the song \"One of Four\" (a hidden track on the Daylight EP) Aesop Rock explains: But I can tell you that I only write shit down when I believe it / so take this how you want but know I mean it. — Aesop Rock, \"One of Four\" Daylight EP (2002) In May 2014, a study by Matt Daniels found that Aesop Rock's vocabulary in his music surpassed 85 other major hip-hop and rap artists, as well as Shakespeare's works and Herman Melville's Moby Dick; he was cited as having the largest vocabulary in hip hop.", "— Aesop Rock, \"One of Four\" Daylight EP (2002) In May 2014, a study by Matt Daniels found that Aesop Rock's vocabulary in his music surpassed 85 other major hip-hop and rap artists, as well as Shakespeare's works and Herman Melville's Moby Dick; he was cited as having the largest vocabulary in hip hop. To build up his vocabulary, he reads a lot of news and science articles and writes down all the words he finds interesting.", "To build up his vocabulary, he reads a lot of news and science articles and writes down all the words he finds interesting. Analysis of his lyrics identified him as the rapper with the most expansive vocabulary; using the most unique words in a rapper's first 35,000 lyrics, he had 7,839 unique words.", "Analysis of his lyrics identified him as the rapper with the most expansive vocabulary; using the most unique words in a rapper's first 35,000 lyrics, he had 7,839 unique words. Discography Music for Earthworms (1997) Float (2000) Labor Days (2001) Bazooka Tooth (2003) None Shall Pass (2007) Skelethon (2012) The Impossible Kid (2016) Spirit World Field Guide (2020) Garbology (with Blockhead) (2021) Filmography References External links Mush Records Biography Aesop Rock interview and profile in Exclaim!", "Discography Music for Earthworms (1997) Float (2000) Labor Days (2001) Bazooka Tooth (2003) None Shall Pass (2007) Skelethon (2012) The Impossible Kid (2016) Spirit World Field Guide (2020) Garbology (with Blockhead) (2021) Filmography References External links Mush Records Biography Aesop Rock interview and profile in Exclaim! magazine 1976 births Alternative hip hop musicians American agnostics American electronic musicians American graffiti artists American hip hop record producers American multi-instrumentalists American male rappers Boston University College of Fine Arts alumni East Coast hip hop musicians Former Roman Catholics Living people People from Syosset, New York Psychedelic drug advocates Rappers from New York (state) Underground artists Underground rappers People from Northport, New York Rhymesayers Entertainment artists 21st-century American rappers Record producers from New York (state) 21st-century American male musicians Definitive Jux artists Mush Records artists The Weathermen (hip hop group) members" ]

[ "Aesop Rock", "1985-2001: New York City underground music scene", "What happened in 1985?", "I don't know.", "What happened in New York City?", "As a youth, Bavitz and his family would usually commute to New York City. This had a great impact on him and the way he viewed the hip hop culture.", "how did it impact him?", "Bavitz began rapping in the early 1990s.", "what music did he produce?", "I don't know.", "what was special about the underground music scene?", "released his Appleseed EP in 1999 which received critical acclaim in the underground hip hop circuit." ]

[ "West Coast Bad Boyz, Vol. 1: Anotha Level of the Game is the first compilation album released by No Limit Records. It was originally released on August 9, 1994, but was later re-released on July 22, 1997. Due to it being a re-release, the album couldn't make it to the Billboard 200 or any other regular charts, but it did make it to #1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Catalog Albums. Due to a beef between Master P and King George, Two songs that featured George [Locked Up and Peace 2 Da Streets] were not included on the 1997 re-release.\n\nTrack listing \nWest Coast Bad Boyz, Vol. 1: Anotha Level of the Game\n\nReferences\n\nHip hop compilation albums\n1994 compilation albums\nNo Limit Records compilation albums\nPriority Records compilation albums\nGangsta rap compilation albums", "World Famous Classics: 1993–1998 is the first of three greatest hits albums by hip hop group The Beatnuts. It was released by Sony BMG in 1999 two weeks after the release of The Beatnuts' most commercially successful album, A Musical Massacre. It contains songs from The Beatnuts' first three albums, as well as its two EPs. The album does not feature any exclusive songs. World Famous Classics did not chart upon release, and is currently out of print.\n\nTrack listing\n\nReferences\n\nThe Beatnuts albums\n1999 greatest hits albums" ]

[ "Ian Matthias Bavitz (born June 5, 1976), better known by his stage name Aesop Rock, is an American rapper and producer residing in Portland, Oregon. He was at the forefront of the new wave of underground and alternative hip hop acts that emerged during the late 1990s and early 2000s.", "He was at the forefront of the new wave of underground and alternative hip hop acts that emerged during the late 1990s and early 2000s. He was signed to El-P's Definitive Jux label until it went on hiatus in 2010. In a 2010 retrospective, betterPropaganda ranked him at number 19 at the Top 100 Artists of the Decade.", "In a 2010 retrospective, betterPropaganda ranked him at number 19 at the Top 100 Artists of the Decade. He released his first album, Music for Earthworms, in 1997, with Float following 3 years later. Labor Days, his third studio album, was released on September 18, 2001.", "Labor Days, his third studio album, was released on September 18, 2001. His next release came two years later, titled Bazooka Tooth, released on September 23, 2003. His fourth studio album, None Shall Pass, was released on August 28, 2007.", "His fourth studio album, None Shall Pass, was released on August 28, 2007. Its titular song became one of Ian's most popular and well-known songs. His seventh record, Skelethon, was released on July 10, 2012. His seventh release, The Impossible Kid, came out on April 29, 2016.", "His seventh release, The Impossible Kid, came out on April 29, 2016. His eighth and most recent album, Spirit World Field Guide, came out on November 13, 2020.", "His eighth and most recent album, Spirit World Field Guide, came out on November 13, 2020. He is a member of the groups The Weathermen, Hail Mary Mallon (with Rob Sonic & DJ Big Wiz), The Uncluded (with Kimya Dawson) and Malibu Ken (with Tobacco).", "He is a member of the groups The Weathermen, Hail Mary Mallon (with Rob Sonic & DJ Big Wiz), The Uncluded (with Kimya Dawson) and Malibu Ken (with Tobacco). Regarding his name, he said: \"I acquired the name Aesop from a movie I had acted in with some friends.", "Regarding his name, he said: \"I acquired the name Aesop from a movie I had acted in with some friends. It was my character's name and it sort of stuck. The rock part came later just from throwing it in rhymes.\"", "The rock part came later just from throwing it in rhymes.\" Early life and education Early and personal life Bavitz was born at Syosset Hospital in Syosset, New York, and raised in Northport, Long Island, New York to his father Paul and mother Jameija.", "Early life and education Early and personal life Bavitz was born at Syosset Hospital in Syosset, New York, and raised in Northport, Long Island, New York to his father Paul and mother Jameija. Ian has two brothers: Christopher T. Bavitz (born 1973), a clinical professor at Harvard Law School and director of Cyberlaw Clinic at the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society, and Graham J. Bavitz (born 1978).", "Ian has two brothers: Christopher T. Bavitz (born 1973), a clinical professor at Harvard Law School and director of Cyberlaw Clinic at the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society, and Graham J. Bavitz (born 1978). Along with his siblings, Ian was raised Catholic, but he later became agnostic.", "Along with his siblings, Ian was raised Catholic, but he later became agnostic. Bavitz attended Northport High School in 1990 and graduated in 1994. In 2005, he married Allyson Baker, guitarist and vocalist of rock band Dirty Ghosts; they resided in San Francisco, but have since divorced.", "In 2005, he married Allyson Baker, guitarist and vocalist of rock band Dirty Ghosts; they resided in San Francisco, but have since divorced. 1994–1998: College After graduating from high school, Bavitz attended Boston University in Massachusetts where he studied visual arts. He acquired his bachelor's in 1998.", "He acquired his bachelor's in 1998. He met his future collaborator, Blockhead, in 1994 during the latter's only year at the school. After hearing Aesop Rock freestyle, Blockhead decided to forgo his own dreams of rapping in favor of focusing on production.", "After hearing Aesop Rock freestyle, Blockhead decided to forgo his own dreams of rapping in favor of focusing on production. Blockhead was involved with a crew in New York called The Overground that included Dub-L. During his early adulthood, Aesop Rock held various odd jobs including positions answering phones for clothing catalogs, packaging artwork in art gallery storerooms and working for one-hour photo developers.", "Blockhead was involved with a crew in New York called The Overground that included Dub-L. During his early adulthood, Aesop Rock held various odd jobs including positions answering phones for clothing catalogs, packaging artwork in art gallery storerooms and working for one-hour photo developers. Musical career 1985–2001: New York City underground music scene As a youth, Bavitz and his family would usually commute to New York City.", "Musical career 1985–2001: New York City underground music scene As a youth, Bavitz and his family would usually commute to New York City. This had a great impact on him and the way he viewed the hip hop culture. Bavitz began rapping in the early 1990s.", "Bavitz began rapping in the early 1990s. He cites Public Enemy, BDP, KMD, and Run DMC as early influences. Bavitz also listened to rock acts such as Dead Kennedys, Fugazi, and Ministry; he was introduced to these groups by his older brother Chris.", "Bavitz also listened to rock acts such as Dead Kennedys, Fugazi, and Ministry; he was introduced to these groups by his older brother Chris. Bavitz started to play the piano and bass at an early age and eventually acquired a sampler.", "Bavitz started to play the piano and bass at an early age and eventually acquired a sampler. While attending college, Bavitz initially recorded and released two self-financed efforts, Music for Earthworms (1997), a full-length featuring underground artist Percee P on two tracks.", "While attending college, Bavitz initially recorded and released two self-financed efforts, Music for Earthworms (1997), a full-length featuring underground artist Percee P on two tracks. Bavitz also released a music video for \"Abandon All Hope\", which was one of the tracks on the CD.", "Bavitz also released a music video for \"Abandon All Hope\", which was one of the tracks on the CD. The album sold over 300 copies, largely from a grassroots internet-based promotion at his website AesopRock.com and then-popular web portal, MP3.com.", "The album sold over 300 copies, largely from a grassroots internet-based promotion at his website AesopRock.com and then-popular web portal, MP3.com. With the money he made from his previous release, he then released his Appleseed EP in 1999 which received critical acclaim in the underground hip-hop circuit.", "With the money he made from his previous release, he then released his Appleseed EP in 1999 which received critical acclaim in the underground hip-hop circuit. His early records were mostly produced by his long-time friend Blockhead and underground producer Dub-L. After his breakthrough success in the underground hip hop and indie rap community, he was eventually noticed by the Mush label and obtained his first record deal in 1999, just a year after he graduated from college.", "His early records were mostly produced by his long-time friend Blockhead and underground producer Dub-L. After his breakthrough success in the underground hip hop and indie rap community, he was eventually noticed by the Mush label and obtained his first record deal in 1999, just a year after he graduated from college. Aesop released his first major album, Float (2000), with guest appearances from Vast Aire, Slug, and Dose One.", "Aesop released his first major album, Float (2000), with guest appearances from Vast Aire, Slug, and Dose One. Production was split between Blockhead and Aesop himself, with one track by Omega One. During this time, Aesop worked at a photography gallery. In August 2001, Bavitz had a nervous breakdown.", "In August 2001, Bavitz had a nervous breakdown. The song \"One of Four\" on his Daylight EP documents his struggles.", "The song \"One of Four\" on his Daylight EP documents his struggles. 2001–2004: Labor Days, Daylight EP, and Bazooka Tooth Shortly after releasing Float, Aesop Rock signed to Manhattan-based label Definitive Jux (commonly shortened to Def Jux), where he released Labor Days (2001), an album dedicated to the discussion of labor in American society and the concept of \"wage slaves\".", "2001–2004: Labor Days, Daylight EP, and Bazooka Tooth Shortly after releasing Float, Aesop Rock signed to Manhattan-based label Definitive Jux (commonly shortened to Def Jux), where he released Labor Days (2001), an album dedicated to the discussion of labor in American society and the concept of \"wage slaves\". This album was most well known for its single \"Daylight\".", "This album was most well known for its single \"Daylight\". Because of its popularity, Daylight was re-released in 2002 as a seven-track EP, including an \"alternative\" new version of the song \"Night Light\", whose paraphrased lyrics simultaneously refer back to, and stand in stark opposition to, the original's.", "Because of its popularity, Daylight was re-released in 2002 as a seven-track EP, including an \"alternative\" new version of the song \"Night Light\", whose paraphrased lyrics simultaneously refer back to, and stand in stark opposition to, the original's. The song \"Labor\" (from Labor Days) was featured in Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4; it also was the first album in his catalog to break through the Billboard charts, peaking at number 15 at the United States Independent Charts.", "The song \"Labor\" (from Labor Days) was featured in Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4; it also was the first album in his catalog to break through the Billboard charts, peaking at number 15 at the United States Independent Charts. Labor Days was followed by Bazooka Tooth in 2003.", "Labor Days was followed by Bazooka Tooth in 2003. For the first time, production was mostly handled by Bavitz himself, with three tracks from longtime collaborator Blockhead and one from close friend and Definitive Jux label CEO El-P.", "For the first time, production was mostly handled by Bavitz himself, with three tracks from longtime collaborator Blockhead and one from close friend and Definitive Jux label CEO El-P. Guest appearances include Party Fun Action Committee, El-P, and Mr. Lif (all Definitive Jux labelmates) and Camp Lo.", "Guest appearances include Party Fun Action Committee, El-P, and Mr. Lif (all Definitive Jux labelmates) and Camp Lo. With this release Aesop hit a higher level of recognition, releasing \"No Jumper Cables\" as a single and music video, then another single, \"Freeze\", shortly after.", "With this release Aesop hit a higher level of recognition, releasing \"No Jumper Cables\" as a single and music video, then another single, \"Freeze\", shortly after. A remix of \"No Jumper Cables\" was featured on Tony Hawk's Underground 2, furthering Aesop's recognition.", "A remix of \"No Jumper Cables\" was featured on Tony Hawk's Underground 2, furthering Aesop's recognition. In 2004, he released Build Your Own Bazooka Tooth and created a contest in which contestants had to create a remix of an Aesop Rock song using the a cappellas and instrumentals.", "In 2004, he released Build Your Own Bazooka Tooth and created a contest in which contestants had to create a remix of an Aesop Rock song using the a cappellas and instrumentals. 2005–2007: Fast Cars EP, None Shall Pass and Nike+iPod In February 2005, Aesop Rock released a new EP, Fast Cars, Danger, Fire and Knives.", "2005–2007: Fast Cars EP, None Shall Pass and Nike+iPod In February 2005, Aesop Rock released a new EP, Fast Cars, Danger, Fire and Knives. The first pressing of the EP included an 88-page booklet with lyrics from every release from Float until this EP (the lyric booklet is titled The Living Human Curiosity Sideshow); later pressings of the album come without the booklet, but with an additional bonus track, \"Facemelter\".", "The first pressing of the EP included an 88-page booklet with lyrics from every release from Float until this EP (the lyric booklet is titled The Living Human Curiosity Sideshow); later pressings of the album come without the booklet, but with an additional bonus track, \"Facemelter\". In addition, a limited number of albums were available direct from Def Jux with Aesop Rock's graffiti tag on them.", "In addition, a limited number of albums were available direct from Def Jux with Aesop Rock's graffiti tag on them. In response to demands from his fans, Bavitz did less production on the EP; three songs are produced by Blockhead, three produced by Aesop, and one by Rob Sonic.", "In response to demands from his fans, Bavitz did less production on the EP; three songs are produced by Blockhead, three produced by Aesop, and one by Rob Sonic. During this time, he was asked to join The Weathermen to replace Vast Aire.", "During this time, he was asked to join The Weathermen to replace Vast Aire. Aesop Rock was commissioned to create a 45-minute instrumental track for the Nike+iPod running system, entitled All Day. It was released in February 2007.", "It was released in February 2007. Distributed via the iTunes Music Store and featuring Allyson Baker on guitar and with scratches from DJ Big Wiz, Aesop has described the release as \"something that evolved enough that the sound was constantly fresh and attractive, as though the runner were moving through a set of differing cities or landscapes.\"", "Distributed via the iTunes Music Store and featuring Allyson Baker on guitar and with scratches from DJ Big Wiz, Aesop has described the release as \"something that evolved enough that the sound was constantly fresh and attractive, as though the runner were moving through a set of differing cities or landscapes.\" All Day was followed in August of the same year by Bavitz's fifth full-length album, None Shall Pass, released in 2007.", "All Day was followed in August of the same year by Bavitz's fifth full-length album, None Shall Pass, released in 2007. The album also contained original artwork by Jeremy Fish. About Jeremy Fish, Aesop Rock said: \"Man, that guy is my hero.", "About Jeremy Fish, Aesop Rock said: \"Man, that guy is my hero. We have a friend in common who hit me up a while back saying that this guy Jeremy Fish had an opportunity to pitch a cartoon to Disney and wanted me to be involved in the music side.", "We have a friend in common who hit me up a while back saying that this guy Jeremy Fish had an opportunity to pitch a cartoon to Disney and wanted me to be involved in the music side. I flipped out cuz I was also a fan of his, and owned some of his work.\"", "I flipped out cuz I was also a fan of his, and owned some of his work.\" Aesop Rock also teamed up with Jeremy Fish again in a project called Ghosts of the Barbary Coast. Aesop Rock made a song called \"Tomorrow Morning\" to go along with a slideshow of Jeremy Fish drawings.", "Aesop Rock made a song called \"Tomorrow Morning\" to go along with a slideshow of Jeremy Fish drawings. This was displayed in San Francisco, but was also made available for download online. None Shall Pass had positive reviews from critics and fans, applauding Aesop for his change in sound.", "None Shall Pass had positive reviews from critics and fans, applauding Aesop for his change in sound. 2007–2011: Hiatus In February 2010, El-P announced that the label would be put \"on hiatus,\" aside from selling its catalog and merchandise.", "2007–2011: Hiatus In February 2010, El-P announced that the label would be put \"on hiatus,\" aside from selling its catalog and merchandise. During this time, Bavitz was absent in terms of making any new albums or EPs, albeit being featured on other artists' records and producing.", "During this time, Bavitz was absent in terms of making any new albums or EPs, albeit being featured on other artists' records and producing. 2008–2013: Rhymesayers, HMM, Kimya Dawson and Skelethon In 2009, Bavitz produced Felt's third album, Felt 3: A Tribute to Rosie Perez.", "2008–2013: Rhymesayers, HMM, Kimya Dawson and Skelethon In 2009, Bavitz produced Felt's third album, Felt 3: A Tribute to Rosie Perez. On April 20, 2011, it was announced that Rhymesayers Entertainment would release Hail Mary Mallon's debut album Are You Going To Eat That?.", "On April 20, 2011, it was announced that Rhymesayers Entertainment would release Hail Mary Mallon's debut album Are You Going To Eat That?. A music video for their first single off the album Smock was announced that same day.", "A music video for their first single off the album Smock was announced that same day. In November 2011, Bavitz announced via Reddit that he was working on his next solo album, and had a majority of it complete.", "In November 2011, Bavitz announced via Reddit that he was working on his next solo album, and had a majority of it complete. In December 2011, Aesop Rock was first reported to be working on an album with anti-folk singer Kimya Dawson, famous for being one half of the group The Moldy Peaches.", "In December 2011, Aesop Rock was first reported to be working on an album with anti-folk singer Kimya Dawson, famous for being one half of the group The Moldy Peaches. The working title for the project was Hokey Fright. The group has since been named The Uncluded.", "The group has since been named The Uncluded. On January 17, 2012, it was reported that Aesop Rock finished recording his upcoming solo album Skelethon, which was scheduled to be released on July 10, 2012, through Rhymesayers Entertainment.", "On January 17, 2012, it was reported that Aesop Rock finished recording his upcoming solo album Skelethon, which was scheduled to be released on July 10, 2012, through Rhymesayers Entertainment. On April 10, 2012, the first official single from Aesop Rock's Rhymesayers debut album Skelethon, \"Zero Dark Thirty\", was released on both SoundCloud and YouTube.", "On April 10, 2012, the first official single from Aesop Rock's Rhymesayers debut album Skelethon, \"Zero Dark Thirty\", was released on both SoundCloud and YouTube. As of April 20, 2012, the song had already received combined plays/views of 86,434. Skelethon was released on July 10, 2012.", "Skelethon was released on July 10, 2012. On February 11, 2013, the first music video from The Uncluded was released on YouTube, and the duo's first album Hokey Fright was released on May 7, 2013. The album will consist of 16 tracks.", "The album will consist of 16 tracks. The video for their third single \"Delicate Cycle\" has a cameo by the celebrity cat Lil Bub. 2013–present: The Impossible Kid, Malibu Ken and Spirit World Field Guide Aesop Rock toured the United States to promote Skelethon.", "2013–present: The Impossible Kid, Malibu Ken and Spirit World Field Guide Aesop Rock toured the United States to promote Skelethon. He has also been touring with Kimya Dawson and performing material as The Uncluded. Along with playing a number of individual events, The Uncluded performed as part of a Rhymesayers lineup at Summerfest in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.", "Along with playing a number of individual events, The Uncluded performed as part of a Rhymesayers lineup at Summerfest in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. On the Skelethon tour, a majority of his touring equipment was stolen, prompting Aesop to raise funds by releasing limited edition artwork.", "On the Skelethon tour, a majority of his touring equipment was stolen, prompting Aesop to raise funds by releasing limited edition artwork. It was announced he will be performing on the first day of Coachella 2013.", "It was announced he will be performing on the first day of Coachella 2013. In February 2016, Aesop Rock released a music video for the song \"Rings\" and announced his seventh studio album The Impossible Kid, which was released on April 29, 2016. \"Rings\" was featured in the video game Madden NFL 17.", "\"Rings\" was featured in the video game Madden NFL 17. In 2017, Aesop Rock scored his first film soundtrack for Bushwick. In January 2019, Aesop Rock collaborated with electronic musician Tobacco under the name Malibu Ken. The duo released a self-titled album in the same month.", "The duo released a self-titled album in the same month. In late 2020, Aesop announced his eighth solo album, titled Spirit World Field Guide, along with the release of the album's first single, \"The Gates\". In October 2021, Aesop announced a reunion with his former producer Blockhead with an upcoming album titled Garbology.", "In October 2021, Aesop announced a reunion with his former producer Blockhead with an upcoming album titled Garbology. The album was released on November 12 of the same year. Lyrics Bavitz's lyrics are generally seen as being both complex and abstract while others dismiss them as verbose. His frequent use of homonyms exacerbates this.", "His frequent use of homonyms exacerbates this. Critics state that the use of words can be so detailed that it becomes difficult to determine any meaning. The lyrics are sometimes inspired by events which have occurred in Bavitz's personal life and are thus naturally prone to subjective interpretation by outsiders.", "The lyrics are sometimes inspired by events which have occurred in Bavitz's personal life and are thus naturally prone to subjective interpretation by outsiders. Questioned about his lyrical style in an interview, Bavitz responded: It's probably because it's not the most accessible music in the world.", "Questioned about his lyrical style in an interview, Bavitz responded: It's probably because it's not the most accessible music in the world. It may pose a slight challenge to the listener beyond your average pop song. I'm no genius by a long shot, but these songs are not nonsensical, that's pretty preposterous.", "I'm no genius by a long shot, but these songs are not nonsensical, that's pretty preposterous. I'd have to be a genius to pull this many nonsensical records over people's eyes.", "I'd have to be a genius to pull this many nonsensical records over people's eyes. It's not exactly fast food but when people pretend I'm just spewing non-sequiturs and gibberish I can't help but think they simply haven't listened and are regurgitating some rumor they've heard about me.", "It's not exactly fast food but when people pretend I'm just spewing non-sequiturs and gibberish I can't help but think they simply haven't listened and are regurgitating some rumor they've heard about me. Even if it's not laid out in perfect sentences—is any rap?—you'd have to be an idiot to not at least grasp a few things from these songs.", "Even if it's not laid out in perfect sentences—is any rap?—you'd have to be an idiot to not at least grasp a few things from these songs. Or have had no interest in pulling anything from them in the first place.", "Or have had no interest in pulling anything from them in the first place. In 2002, on the song \"One of Four\" (a hidden track on the Daylight EP) Aesop Rock explains: But I can tell you that I only write shit down when I believe it / so take this how you want but know I mean it.", "In 2002, on the song \"One of Four\" (a hidden track on the Daylight EP) Aesop Rock explains: But I can tell you that I only write shit down when I believe it / so take this how you want but know I mean it. — Aesop Rock, \"One of Four\" Daylight EP (2002) In May 2014, a study by Matt Daniels found that Aesop Rock's vocabulary in his music surpassed 85 other major hip-hop and rap artists, as well as Shakespeare's works and Herman Melville's Moby Dick; he was cited as having the largest vocabulary in hip hop.", "— Aesop Rock, \"One of Four\" Daylight EP (2002) In May 2014, a study by Matt Daniels found that Aesop Rock's vocabulary in his music surpassed 85 other major hip-hop and rap artists, as well as Shakespeare's works and Herman Melville's Moby Dick; he was cited as having the largest vocabulary in hip hop. To build up his vocabulary, he reads a lot of news and science articles and writes down all the words he finds interesting.", "To build up his vocabulary, he reads a lot of news and science articles and writes down all the words he finds interesting. Analysis of his lyrics identified him as the rapper with the most expansive vocabulary; using the most unique words in a rapper's first 35,000 lyrics, he had 7,839 unique words.", "Analysis of his lyrics identified him as the rapper with the most expansive vocabulary; using the most unique words in a rapper's first 35,000 lyrics, he had 7,839 unique words. Discography Music for Earthworms (1997) Float (2000) Labor Days (2001) Bazooka Tooth (2003) None Shall Pass (2007) Skelethon (2012) The Impossible Kid (2016) Spirit World Field Guide (2020) Garbology (with Blockhead) (2021) Filmography References External links Mush Records Biography Aesop Rock interview and profile in Exclaim!", "Discography Music for Earthworms (1997) Float (2000) Labor Days (2001) Bazooka Tooth (2003) None Shall Pass (2007) Skelethon (2012) The Impossible Kid (2016) Spirit World Field Guide (2020) Garbology (with Blockhead) (2021) Filmography References External links Mush Records Biography Aesop Rock interview and profile in Exclaim! magazine 1976 births Alternative hip hop musicians American agnostics American electronic musicians American graffiti artists American hip hop record producers American multi-instrumentalists American male rappers Boston University College of Fine Arts alumni East Coast hip hop musicians Former Roman Catholics Living people People from Syosset, New York Psychedelic drug advocates Rappers from New York (state) Underground artists Underground rappers People from Northport, New York Rhymesayers Entertainment artists 21st-century American rappers Record producers from New York (state) 21st-century American male musicians Definitive Jux artists Mush Records artists The Weathermen (hip hop group) members" ]

[ "William Hogarth", "Harlot's and Rake's Progresses" ]

[ "A Harlot's Progress (also known as The Harlot's Progress) is a series of six paintings (1731, now destroyed) and engravings (1732) by the English artist William Hogarth. The series shows the story of a young woman, M. (Moll or Mary) Hackabout, who arrives in London from the country and becomes a prostitute. The series was developed from the third image. After painting a prostitute in her boudoir in a garret on Drury Lane, Hogarth struck upon the idea of creating scenes from her earlier and later life. The title and allegory are reminiscent of John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress.\n\nIn the first scene, an old woman praises her beauty and suggests a profitable occupation. A gentleman is shown towards the back of the image. In the second image she is with two lovers: a mistress, in the third she has become a prostitute as well as arrested, she is beating hemp in Bridewell Prison in the fourth. In the fifth scene she is dying from venereal disease, and she is dead at age 23 in the last.\n\nHistory\nThe protagonist \"M. Hackabout\" (see Plate 1, Plate 3, and the coffin-lid in Plate 6, which reads: \"M. Hackabout Died Sept 2d 1731 Aged 23\") is either named after the heroine of Moll Flanders and Kate Hackabout or ironically after the Blessed Virgin Mary. Kate was a notorious prostitute and the sister of highwayman Francis Hackabout: he was hanged on 17 April 1730; she was convicted of keeping a disorderly house in August the same year, having been arrested by Westminster magistrate Sir John Gonson.\n\nThe series of paintings proved to be very popular and Hogarth used his experience as an apprentice to a silversmith to create engravings of the images, selling a \"limited edition\" of 1,240 sets of six prints to subscribers for a guinea. Pirate copies of the engravings were soon in circulation, and Hogarth procured a 1735 Act of Parliament (8 Geo. II. cap. 13) to prohibit the practice. Soon after, Hogarth published his second series of satirical and moralistic images, A Rake's Progress, followed ten years later by Marriage à-la-mode.\n\nThe original paintings were destroyed in a fire at Fonthill House in 1755, the country house of William Beckford (1709–1770), a politician and father of William Thomas Beckford (1 October 1760 – 2 May 1844) builder of Fonthill Abbey in Wiltshire. The original plates survived, and were sold by Hogarth's widow, Jane, to John Boydell in 1789; by him to Baldwin, Cradock and Joy in 1818; and then to Henry Bohn in 1835. Each produced further copies.\n\nAdaptation\n\nBritish composer Iain Bell composed an operatic adaptation of the work which opened at the Theater an der Wien in Vienna in 2013 with German soprano Diana Damrau in the title role. The world premiere of the opera A Harlot's Progress was on 13 October 2013.\n\nThe plates\n\nLegacy\nOn 22 June 1828, William Innell Clement published Harlot's Progress in columns on a single page of his newspaper Bell's Life in London #330.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n The series of engravings\n The Literary Encyclopedia\n A reprint of the Grub Street Journal, referring to Kate Hackabout\n An analysis\n (2006 film)\n Vienna’s New Opera House Since 1801, The New York Times, 29 May 2009\n\nPaintings by William Hogarth\n1731 paintings\nPainting series\nLost paintings\n18th-century engravings\nPrints by William Hogarth\nProstitution in paintings\nWorks about prostitution in the United Kingdom", "A Harlot's Progress is a 2006 British television film directed by Justin Hardy and starring Zoe Tapper, Toby Jones, Sophie Thompson and Richard Wilson. The story is based on the series of paintings entitled A Harlot's Progress by William Hogarth. Hogarth's work is inspired by his interactions with an eighteenth-century prostitute Mary Collins. It originally aired on Channel 4 on 2 November 2006.\n\nMain cast\n Zoe Tapper - Mary Collins\n Toby Jones - William Hogarth\n Sophie Thompson - Jane Hogarth\n Richard Wilson - Sir James Thornhill\n Geraldine James - Madame Needham\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n2006 television films\n2006 films\nBritish films\nBritish television films\nEnglish-language films\nFilms set in the 1730s\nFilms set in the 18th century\nBiographical films about painters\nChannel 4 television films\nFilms directed by Justin Hardy\nCultural depictions of William Hogarth" ]

[ "William Hogarth (; 10 November 1697 – 26 October 1764) was an English painter, printmaker, pictorial satirist, social critic, and editorial cartoonist. His work ranges from realistic portraiture to comic strip-like series of pictures called \"modern moral subjects\", and he is perhaps best known for his series A Harlot's Progress, A Rake's Progress and Marriage A-la-Mode.", "His work ranges from realistic portraiture to comic strip-like series of pictures called \"modern moral subjects\", and he is perhaps best known for his series A Harlot's Progress, A Rake's Progress and Marriage A-la-Mode. Knowledge of his work is so pervasive that satirical political illustrations in this style are often referred to as \"Hogarthian\".", "Knowledge of his work is so pervasive that satirical political illustrations in this style are often referred to as \"Hogarthian\". Hogarth was born in London to a lower-middle-class family. In his youth he took up an apprenticeship with an engraver, but did not complete the apprenticeship.", "In his youth he took up an apprenticeship with an engraver, but did not complete the apprenticeship. His father underwent periods of mixed fortune, and was at one time imprisoned in lieu of outstanding debts, an event that is thought to have informed William's paintings and prints with a hard edge.", "His father underwent periods of mixed fortune, and was at one time imprisoned in lieu of outstanding debts, an event that is thought to have informed William's paintings and prints with a hard edge. Influenced by French and Italian painting and engraving, Hogarth's works are mostly satirical caricatures, sometimes bawdily sexual, mostly of the first rank of realistic portraiture.", "Influenced by French and Italian painting and engraving, Hogarth's works are mostly satirical caricatures, sometimes bawdily sexual, mostly of the first rank of realistic portraiture. They became widely popular and mass-produced via prints in his lifetime, and he was by far the most significant English artist of his generation.", "They became widely popular and mass-produced via prints in his lifetime, and he was by far the most significant English artist of his generation. Charles Lamb deemed Hogarth's images to be books, filled with \"the teeming, fruitful, suggestive meaning of words. Other pictures we look at; his pictures we read.\"", "Other pictures we look at; his pictures we read.\" Early life William Hogarth was born at Bartholomew Close in London to Richard Hogarth, a poor Latin school teacher and textbook writer, and Anne Gibbons.", "Early life William Hogarth was born at Bartholomew Close in London to Richard Hogarth, a poor Latin school teacher and textbook writer, and Anne Gibbons. In his youth he was apprenticed to the engraver Ellis Gamble in Leicester Fields, where he learned to engrave trade cards and similar products.", "In his youth he was apprenticed to the engraver Ellis Gamble in Leicester Fields, where he learned to engrave trade cards and similar products. Young Hogarth also took a lively interest in the street life of the metropolis and the London fairs, and amused himself by sketching the characters he saw.", "Young Hogarth also took a lively interest in the street life of the metropolis and the London fairs, and amused himself by sketching the characters he saw. Around the same time, his father, who had opened an unsuccessful Latin-speaking coffee house at St John's Gate, was imprisoned for debt in the Fleet Prison for five years.", "Around the same time, his father, who had opened an unsuccessful Latin-speaking coffee house at St John's Gate, was imprisoned for debt in the Fleet Prison for five years. Hogarth never spoke of his father's imprisonment.", "Hogarth never spoke of his father's imprisonment. In 1720, Hogarth enrolled at the original St Martin's Lane Academy in Peter Court, London, which was run by Louis Chéron and John Vanderbank. He attended alongside other future leading figures in art and design, such as Joseph Highmore, William Kent, and Arthur Pond.", "He attended alongside other future leading figures in art and design, such as Joseph Highmore, William Kent, and Arthur Pond. However, the academy seems to have stopped operating in 1724, at around the same time that Vanderbank fled to France in order to avoid creditors.", "However, the academy seems to have stopped operating in 1724, at around the same time that Vanderbank fled to France in order to avoid creditors. Hogarth recalled of the first incarnation of the academy: \"this lasted a few years but the treasurer sinking the subscription money the lamp stove etc were seized for rent and the whole affair put a stop to.\"", "Hogarth recalled of the first incarnation of the academy: \"this lasted a few years but the treasurer sinking the subscription money the lamp stove etc were seized for rent and the whole affair put a stop to.\" Hogarth then enrolled in another drawing school, in Covent Garden, shortly after it opened in November 1724, which was run by Sir James Thornhill, serjeant painter to the king.", "Hogarth then enrolled in another drawing school, in Covent Garden, shortly after it opened in November 1724, which was run by Sir James Thornhill, serjeant painter to the king. On Thornhill, Hogarth later claimed that, even as an apprentice, \"the painting of St Pauls and gree[n]wich hospital … were during this time runing in my head\", referring to the massive schemes of decoration painted by Thornhill for the dome of St Paul's Cathedral, and Greenwich Hospital.", "On Thornhill, Hogarth later claimed that, even as an apprentice, \"the painting of St Pauls and gree[n]wich hospital … were during this time runing in my head\", referring to the massive schemes of decoration painted by Thornhill for the dome of St Paul's Cathedral, and Greenwich Hospital. Hogarth became a member of the Rose and Crown Club, with Peter Tillemans, George Vertue, Michael Dahl, and other artists and connoisseurs.", "Hogarth became a member of the Rose and Crown Club, with Peter Tillemans, George Vertue, Michael Dahl, and other artists and connoisseurs. Career By April 1720, Hogarth was an engraver in his own right, at first engraving coats of arms and shop bills and designing plates for booksellers.", "Career By April 1720, Hogarth was an engraver in his own right, at first engraving coats of arms and shop bills and designing plates for booksellers. In 1727, he was hired by Joshua Morris, a tapestry worker, to prepare a design for the Element of Earth.", "In 1727, he was hired by Joshua Morris, a tapestry worker, to prepare a design for the Element of Earth. Morris heard that he was \"an engraver, and no painter\", and consequently declined the work when completed.", "Morris heard that he was \"an engraver, and no painter\", and consequently declined the work when completed. Hogarth accordingly sued him for the money in the Westminster Court, where the case was decided in his favour on 28 May 1728.", "Hogarth accordingly sued him for the money in the Westminster Court, where the case was decided in his favour on 28 May 1728. Early works Early satirical works included an Emblematical Print on the South Sea Scheme (c. 1721, published 1724), about the disastrous stock market crash of 1720, known as the South Sea Bubble, in which many English people lost a great deal of money.", "Early works Early satirical works included an Emblematical Print on the South Sea Scheme (c. 1721, published 1724), about the disastrous stock market crash of 1720, known as the South Sea Bubble, in which many English people lost a great deal of money. In the bottom left corner, he shows Protestant, Roman Catholic, and Jewish figures gambling, while in the middle there is a huge machine, like a merry-go-round, which people are boarding.", "In the bottom left corner, he shows Protestant, Roman Catholic, and Jewish figures gambling, while in the middle there is a huge machine, like a merry-go-round, which people are boarding. At the top is a goat, written below which is \"Who'l Ride\".", "At the top is a goat, written below which is \"Who'l Ride\". The people are scattered around the picture with a sense of disorder, while the progress of the well dressed people towards the ride in the middle shows the foolishness of the crowd in buying stock in the South Sea Company, which spent more time issuing stock than anything else.", "The people are scattered around the picture with a sense of disorder, while the progress of the well dressed people towards the ride in the middle shows the foolishness of the crowd in buying stock in the South Sea Company, which spent more time issuing stock than anything else. Other early works include The Lottery (1724); The Mystery of Masonry brought to Light by the Gormagons (1724); A Just View of the British Stage (1724); some book illustrations; and the small print Masquerades and Operas (1724).", "Other early works include The Lottery (1724); The Mystery of Masonry brought to Light by the Gormagons (1724); A Just View of the British Stage (1724); some book illustrations; and the small print Masquerades and Operas (1724). The latter is a satire on contemporary follies, such as the masquerades of the Swiss impresario John James Heidegger, the popular Italian opera singers, John Rich's pantomimes at Lincoln's Inn Fields, and the exaggerated popularity of Lord Burlington's protégé, the architect and painter William Kent.", "The latter is a satire on contemporary follies, such as the masquerades of the Swiss impresario John James Heidegger, the popular Italian opera singers, John Rich's pantomimes at Lincoln's Inn Fields, and the exaggerated popularity of Lord Burlington's protégé, the architect and painter William Kent. He continued that theme in 1727, with the Large Masquerade Ticket.", "He continued that theme in 1727, with the Large Masquerade Ticket. In 1726, Hogarth prepared twelve large engravings illustrating Samuel Butler's Hudibras. These he himself valued highly, and they are among his best book illustrations.", "These he himself valued highly, and they are among his best book illustrations. In the following years, he turned his attention to the production of small \"conversation pieces\" (i.e., groups in oil of full-length portraits from high.", "In the following years, he turned his attention to the production of small \"conversation pieces\" (i.e., groups in oil of full-length portraits from high. Among his efforts in oil between 1728 and 1732 were The Fountaine Family (c.1730), The Assembly at Wanstead House, The House of Commons examining Bambridge, and several pictures of the chief actors in John Gay's popular The Beggar's Opera.", "Among his efforts in oil between 1728 and 1732 were The Fountaine Family (c.1730), The Assembly at Wanstead House, The House of Commons examining Bambridge, and several pictures of the chief actors in John Gay's popular The Beggar's Opera. One of his real-life subjects was Sarah Malcolm, whom he sketched two days before her execution.", "One of his real-life subjects was Sarah Malcolm, whom he sketched two days before her execution. One of Hogarth's masterpieces of this period is the depiction of an amateur performance by children of John Dryden's The Indian Emperour, or The Conquest of Mexico by Spaniards, being the Sequel of The Indian Queen (1732–1735) at the home of John Conduitt, master of the mint, in St George's Street, Hanover Square.", "One of Hogarth's masterpieces of this period is the depiction of an amateur performance by children of John Dryden's The Indian Emperour, or The Conquest of Mexico by Spaniards, being the Sequel of The Indian Queen (1732–1735) at the home of John Conduitt, master of the mint, in St George's Street, Hanover Square. Hogarth's other works in the 1730s include A Midnight Modern Conversation (1733), Southwark Fair (1733), The Sleeping Congregation (1736), Before and After (1736), Scholars at a Lecture (1736), The Company of Undertakers (Consultation of Quacks) (1736), The Distrest Poet (1736), The Four Times of the Day (1738), and Strolling Actresses Dressing in a Barn (1738).", "Hogarth's other works in the 1730s include A Midnight Modern Conversation (1733), Southwark Fair (1733), The Sleeping Congregation (1736), Before and After (1736), Scholars at a Lecture (1736), The Company of Undertakers (Consultation of Quacks) (1736), The Distrest Poet (1736), The Four Times of the Day (1738), and Strolling Actresses Dressing in a Barn (1738). He might also have printed Burlington Gate (1731), evoked by Alexander Pope's Epistle to Lord Burlington, and defending Lord Chandos, who is therein satirized.", "He might also have printed Burlington Gate (1731), evoked by Alexander Pope's Epistle to Lord Burlington, and defending Lord Chandos, who is therein satirized. This print gave great offence, and was suppressed. However, modern authorities such as Ronald Paulson no longer attribute it to Hogarth.", "However, modern authorities such as Ronald Paulson no longer attribute it to Hogarth. Moralizing art Harlot's Progress and Rake's Progress In 1731, Hogarth completed the earliest of his series of moral works, a body of work that led to wide recognition.", "Moralizing art Harlot's Progress and Rake's Progress In 1731, Hogarth completed the earliest of his series of moral works, a body of work that led to wide recognition. The collection of six scenes was entitled A Harlot's Progress and appeared first as paintings (now lost) before being published as engravings.", "The collection of six scenes was entitled A Harlot's Progress and appeared first as paintings (now lost) before being published as engravings. A Harlot's Progress depicts the fate of a country girl who begins prostituting – the six scenes are chronological, starting with a meeting with a bawd and ending with a funeral ceremony that follows the character's death from venereal disease.", "A Harlot's Progress depicts the fate of a country girl who begins prostituting – the six scenes are chronological, starting with a meeting with a bawd and ending with a funeral ceremony that follows the character's death from venereal disease. The inaugural series was an immediate success and was followed in 1733–1735 by the sequel A Rake's Progress.", "The inaugural series was an immediate success and was followed in 1733–1735 by the sequel A Rake's Progress. The second instalment consisted of eight pictures that depicted the reckless life of Tom Rakewell, the son of a rich merchant, who spends all of his money on luxurious living, services from prostitutes, and gambling – the character's life ultimately ends in Bethlem Royal Hospital.", "The second instalment consisted of eight pictures that depicted the reckless life of Tom Rakewell, the son of a rich merchant, who spends all of his money on luxurious living, services from prostitutes, and gambling – the character's life ultimately ends in Bethlem Royal Hospital. The original paintings of A Harlot's Progress were destroyed in the fire at Fonthill House in 1755; the oil paintings of A Rake's Progress (1733–34) are displayed in the gallery room at Sir John Soane's Museum, London, UK.", "The original paintings of A Harlot's Progress were destroyed in the fire at Fonthill House in 1755; the oil paintings of A Rake's Progress (1733–34) are displayed in the gallery room at Sir John Soane's Museum, London, UK. When the success of A Harlot's Progress and A Rake's Progress resulted in numerous pirated reproductions by unscrupulous printsellers, Hogarth lobbied in parliament for greater legal control over the reproduction of his and other artists' work.", "When the success of A Harlot's Progress and A Rake's Progress resulted in numerous pirated reproductions by unscrupulous printsellers, Hogarth lobbied in parliament for greater legal control over the reproduction of his and other artists' work. The result was the Engravers' Copyright Act (known as 'Hogarth's Act'), which became law on 25 June 1735 and was the first copyright law to deal with visual works as well as the first to recognise the authorial rights of an individual artist.", "The result was the Engravers' Copyright Act (known as 'Hogarth's Act'), which became law on 25 June 1735 and was the first copyright law to deal with visual works as well as the first to recognise the authorial rights of an individual artist. Marriage A-la-Mode In 1743–1745, Hogarth painted the six pictures of Marriage A-la-Mode (National Gallery, London), a pointed skewering of upper-class 18th-century society.", "Marriage A-la-Mode In 1743–1745, Hogarth painted the six pictures of Marriage A-la-Mode (National Gallery, London), a pointed skewering of upper-class 18th-century society. This moralistic warning shows the miserable tragedy of an ill-considered marriage for money. This is regarded by many as his finest project and may be among his best-planned story serials.", "This is regarded by many as his finest project and may be among his best-planned story serials. Marital ethics were the topic of much debate in 18th-century Britain. The many marriages of convenience and their attendant unhappiness came in for particular criticism, with a variety of authors taking the view that love was a much sounder basis for marriage.", "The many marriages of convenience and their attendant unhappiness came in for particular criticism, with a variety of authors taking the view that love was a much sounder basis for marriage. Hogarth here painted a satire – a genre that by definition has a moral point to convey – of a conventional marriage within the English upper class.", "Hogarth here painted a satire – a genre that by definition has a moral point to convey – of a conventional marriage within the English upper class. All the paintings were engraved and the series achieved wide circulation in print form.", "All the paintings were engraved and the series achieved wide circulation in print form. The series, which is set in a Classical interior, shows the story of the fashionable marriage of Viscount Squanderfield, the son of bankrupt Earl Squander, to the daughter of a wealthy but miserly city merchant, starting with the signing of a marriage contract at the Earl's grand house and ending with the murder of the son by his wife's lover and the suicide of the daughter after her lover is hanged at Tyburn for murdering her husband.", "The series, which is set in a Classical interior, shows the story of the fashionable marriage of Viscount Squanderfield, the son of bankrupt Earl Squander, to the daughter of a wealthy but miserly city merchant, starting with the signing of a marriage contract at the Earl's grand house and ending with the murder of the son by his wife's lover and the suicide of the daughter after her lover is hanged at Tyburn for murdering her husband. William Makepeace Thackeray wrote: This famous set of pictures contains the most important and highly wrought of the Hogarth comedies.", "William Makepeace Thackeray wrote: This famous set of pictures contains the most important and highly wrought of the Hogarth comedies. The care and method with which the moral grounds of these pictures are laid is as remarkable as the wit and skill of the observing and dexterous artist.", "The care and method with which the moral grounds of these pictures are laid is as remarkable as the wit and skill of the observing and dexterous artist. He has to describe the negotiations for a marriage pending between the daughter of a rich citizen Alderman and young Lord Viscount Squanderfield, the dissipated son of a gouty old Earl ...", "He has to describe the negotiations for a marriage pending between the daughter of a rich citizen Alderman and young Lord Viscount Squanderfield, the dissipated son of a gouty old Earl ... The dismal end is known. My lord draws upon the counsellor, who kills him, and is apprehended while endeavouring to escape.", "My lord draws upon the counsellor, who kills him, and is apprehended while endeavouring to escape. My lady goes back perforce to the Alderman of the City, and faints upon reading Counsellor Silvertongue's dying speech at Tyburn (place of execution in old London), where the counsellor has been 'executed for sending his lordship out of the world.", "My lady goes back perforce to the Alderman of the City, and faints upon reading Counsellor Silvertongue's dying speech at Tyburn (place of execution in old London), where the counsellor has been 'executed for sending his lordship out of the world. Moral: don't listen to evil silver-tongued counsellors; don't marry a man for his rank, or a woman for her money; don't frequent foolish auctions and masquerade balls unknown to your husband; don't have wicked companions abroad and neglect your wife, otherwise you will be run through the body, and ruin will ensue, and disgrace, and Tyburn.", "Moral: don't listen to evil silver-tongued counsellors; don't marry a man for his rank, or a woman for her money; don't frequent foolish auctions and masquerade balls unknown to your husband; don't have wicked companions abroad and neglect your wife, otherwise you will be run through the body, and ruin will ensue, and disgrace, and Tyburn. Industry and Idleness In the twelve prints of Industry and Idleness (1747), Hogarth shows the progression in the lives of two apprentices, one of whom is dedicated and hard working, while the other, who is idle, commits crime and is eventually executed.", "Industry and Idleness In the twelve prints of Industry and Idleness (1747), Hogarth shows the progression in the lives of two apprentices, one of whom is dedicated and hard working, while the other, who is idle, commits crime and is eventually executed. This shows the work ethic of Protestant England, where those who worked hard were rewarded, such as the industrious apprentice who becomes Sheriff (plate 8), Alderman (plate 10), and finally the Lord Mayor of London in the last plate in the series.", "This shows the work ethic of Protestant England, where those who worked hard were rewarded, such as the industrious apprentice who becomes Sheriff (plate 8), Alderman (plate 10), and finally the Lord Mayor of London in the last plate in the series. The idle apprentice, who begins \"at play in the church yard\" (plate 3), holes up \"in a Garrett with a Common Prostitute\" after turning highwayman (plate 7) and \"executed at Tyburn\" (plate 11).", "The idle apprentice, who begins \"at play in the church yard\" (plate 3), holes up \"in a Garrett with a Common Prostitute\" after turning highwayman (plate 7) and \"executed at Tyburn\" (plate 11). The idle apprentice is sent to the gallows by the industrious apprentice himself.", "The idle apprentice is sent to the gallows by the industrious apprentice himself. For each plate, there is at least one passage from the Bible at the bottom, mostly from the Book of Proverbs, such as for the first plate: \"Industry and Idleness, shown here, 'Proverbs Ch:10 Ver:4 The hand of the diligent maketh rich.'\"", "For each plate, there is at least one passage from the Bible at the bottom, mostly from the Book of Proverbs, such as for the first plate: \"Industry and Idleness, shown here, 'Proverbs Ch:10 Ver:4 The hand of the diligent maketh rich.'\" Beer Street and Gin Lane Later prints of significance include his pictorial warning of the consequences of alcoholism in Beer Street and Gin Lane (1751).", "Beer Street and Gin Lane Later prints of significance include his pictorial warning of the consequences of alcoholism in Beer Street and Gin Lane (1751). Hogarth engraved Beer Street to show a happy city drinking the 'good' beverage, English beer, in contrast to Gin Lane, in which the effects of drinking gin are shown – as a more potent liquor, gin caused more problems for society.", "Hogarth engraved Beer Street to show a happy city drinking the 'good' beverage, English beer, in contrast to Gin Lane, in which the effects of drinking gin are shown – as a more potent liquor, gin caused more problems for society. There had been a sharp increase in the popularity of gin at this time, which was called the 'Gin Craze.'", "There had been a sharp increase in the popularity of gin at this time, which was called the 'Gin Craze.' It started in the early 18th century, after a series of legislative actions in the late 17th century impacted the importation and manufacturing of alcohol in London.", "It started in the early 18th century, after a series of legislative actions in the late 17th century impacted the importation and manufacturing of alcohol in London. Among these, were the Prohibition of 1678, which barred popular French brandy imports, and the forced disbandment, in 1690, of the London Guild of Distillers, whose members had previously been the only legal manufacturers of alcohol, leading to an increase in the production and then consumption of domestic gin.", "Among these, were the Prohibition of 1678, which barred popular French brandy imports, and the forced disbandment, in 1690, of the London Guild of Distillers, whose members had previously been the only legal manufacturers of alcohol, leading to an increase in the production and then consumption of domestic gin. In Beer Street, people are shown as healthy, happy and prosperous, while in Gin Lane, they are scrawny, lazy and careless.", "In Beer Street, people are shown as healthy, happy and prosperous, while in Gin Lane, they are scrawny, lazy and careless. The woman at the front of Gin Lane, who lets her baby fall to its death, echoes the tale of Judith Dufour, who strangled her baby so she could sell its clothes for gin money.", "The woman at the front of Gin Lane, who lets her baby fall to its death, echoes the tale of Judith Dufour, who strangled her baby so she could sell its clothes for gin money. The prints were published in support of the Gin Act 1751.", "The prints were published in support of the Gin Act 1751. Hogarth's friend, the magistrate Henry Fielding, may have enlisted Hogarth to help with propaganda for the Gin Act; Beer Street and Gin Lane were issued shortly after his work An Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers, and Related Writings, and addressed the same issues.", "Hogarth's friend, the magistrate Henry Fielding, may have enlisted Hogarth to help with propaganda for the Gin Act; Beer Street and Gin Lane were issued shortly after his work An Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers, and Related Writings, and addressed the same issues. The Four Stages of Cruelty Other prints were his outcry against inhumanity in The Four Stages of Cruelty (published 21 February 1751), in which Hogarth depicts the cruel treatment of animals which he saw around him and suggests what will happen to people who carry on in this manner.", "The Four Stages of Cruelty Other prints were his outcry against inhumanity in The Four Stages of Cruelty (published 21 February 1751), in which Hogarth depicts the cruel treatment of animals which he saw around him and suggests what will happen to people who carry on in this manner. In the first print, there are scenes of boys torturing dogs, cats and other animals.", "In the first print, there are scenes of boys torturing dogs, cats and other animals. It centers around a poorly dressed boy committing a violent act of torture upon a dog, while being pleaded with to stop, and offered food, by another well-dressed boy.", "It centers around a poorly dressed boy committing a violent act of torture upon a dog, while being pleaded with to stop, and offered food, by another well-dressed boy. A boy behind them has graffitied a hanged stickman figure upon a wall, with the name \"Tom Nero\" underneath, and is pointing to this dog torturer.", "A boy behind them has graffitied a hanged stickman figure upon a wall, with the name \"Tom Nero\" underneath, and is pointing to this dog torturer. The second shows Tom Nero has grown up to become a Hackney coach driver.", "The second shows Tom Nero has grown up to become a Hackney coach driver. His coach has overturned with a heavy load and his horse is lying on the ground, having broken its leg. He is beating it with the handle of his whip; its eye severely wounded.", "He is beating it with the handle of his whip; its eye severely wounded. Other people around him are seen abusing their work animals and livestock, and a child is being run over by the wheel of a dray, as the drayman dozes off on the job.", "Other people around him are seen abusing their work animals and livestock, and a child is being run over by the wheel of a dray, as the drayman dozes off on the job. In the third print, Tom is shown to be a murderer, surrounded by a mob of accusers.", "In the third print, Tom is shown to be a murderer, surrounded by a mob of accusers. The woman he has apparently killed is lying on the ground, brutally slain, with a trunk and sack of stolen goods near by.", "The woman he has apparently killed is lying on the ground, brutally slain, with a trunk and sack of stolen goods near by. One of the accusers holds a letter from the woman to Tom, speaking of how wronging her mistress upsets her conscience, but that she is resolved to do as he would have her, closing with: \"I remain yours till death.\"", "One of the accusers holds a letter from the woman to Tom, speaking of how wronging her mistress upsets her conscience, but that she is resolved to do as he would have her, closing with: \"I remain yours till death.\" The fourth, titled The Reward of Cruelty, shows Tom's withering corpse being publicly dissected by scientists after his execution by hanging; a noose still around his neck.", "The fourth, titled The Reward of Cruelty, shows Tom's withering corpse being publicly dissected by scientists after his execution by hanging; a noose still around his neck. The dissection reflects the Murder Act 1751, which allowed for the public dissection of criminals who had been hanged for murder. Portraits Hogarth was also popular portrait painter.", "Portraits Hogarth was also popular portrait painter. In 1745, he painted actor David Garrick as Richard III, for which he was paid £200, \"which was more\", he wrote, \"than any English artist ever received for a single portrait.\"", "In 1745, he painted actor David Garrick as Richard III, for which he was paid £200, \"which was more\", he wrote, \"than any English artist ever received for a single portrait.\" In 1746, a sketch of Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat, afterwards beheaded on Tower Hill, had an exceptional success.", "In 1746, a sketch of Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat, afterwards beheaded on Tower Hill, had an exceptional success. In 1740, he created a truthful, vivid full-length portrait of his friend, the philanthropic Captain Coram, for the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now in the Foundling Museum.", "In 1740, he created a truthful, vivid full-length portrait of his friend, the philanthropic Captain Coram, for the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now in the Foundling Museum. This portrait, and his unfinished oil sketch of a young fishwoman, entitled The Shrimp Girl (National Gallery, London), may be called masterpieces of British painting.", "This portrait, and his unfinished oil sketch of a young fishwoman, entitled The Shrimp Girl (National Gallery, London), may be called masterpieces of British painting. There are also portraits of his wife, his two sisters, and of many other people; among them Bishop Hoadly and Bishop Herring.", "There are also portraits of his wife, his two sisters, and of many other people; among them Bishop Hoadly and Bishop Herring. Historical subjects For a long period, during the mid-18th century, Hogarth tried to achieve the status of a history painter, but did not earn much respect in this field.", "Historical subjects For a long period, during the mid-18th century, Hogarth tried to achieve the status of a history painter, but did not earn much respect in this field. The painter, and later founder of the Royal Academy of Arts, Joshua Reynolds, was highly critical of Hogarth's style and work.", "The painter, and later founder of the Royal Academy of Arts, Joshua Reynolds, was highly critical of Hogarth's style and work. According to art historian David Bindman, in Dr Johnson's serial of essays for London's Universal Chronicle, The Idler, the three essays written by Reynolds for the months of September through November 1759 are directed at Hogarth.", "According to art historian David Bindman, in Dr Johnson's serial of essays for London's Universal Chronicle, The Idler, the three essays written by Reynolds for the months of September through November 1759 are directed at Hogarth. In them, Reynolds argues that this \"connoisseur\" has a \"servile attention to minute exactness\" and questions their idea of the imitation of nature as \"the obvious sense, that objects are represented naturally when they have such relief that they seem real.\"", "In them, Reynolds argues that this \"connoisseur\" has a \"servile attention to minute exactness\" and questions their idea of the imitation of nature as \"the obvious sense, that objects are represented naturally when they have such relief that they seem real.\" Reynolds rejected \"this kind of imitation\", favouring the \"grand style of painting\" which avoids \"minute attention\" to the visible world.", "Reynolds rejected \"this kind of imitation\", favouring the \"grand style of painting\" which avoids \"minute attention\" to the visible world. In Reynolds' Discourse XIV, he grants Hogarth has \"extraordinary talents\", but reproaches him for \"very imprudently, or rather presumptuously, attempt[ing] the great historical style.\"", "In Reynolds' Discourse XIV, he grants Hogarth has \"extraordinary talents\", but reproaches him for \"very imprudently, or rather presumptuously, attempt[ing] the great historical style.\" Writer, art historian and politician, Horace Walpole, was also critical of Hogarth as a history painter, but did find value in his satirical prints.", "Writer, art historian and politician, Horace Walpole, was also critical of Hogarth as a history painter, but did find value in his satirical prints. Biblical scenes Hogarth's history pictures include The Pool of Bethesda and The Good Samaritan, executed in 1736–1737 for St Bartholomew's Hospital; Moses brought before Pharaoh's Daughter, painted for the Foundling Hospital (1747, formerly at the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now in the Foundling Museum); Paul before Felix (1748) at Lincoln's Inn; and his altarpiece for St. Mary Redcliffe, Bristol (1755–56).", "Biblical scenes Hogarth's history pictures include The Pool of Bethesda and The Good Samaritan, executed in 1736–1737 for St Bartholomew's Hospital; Moses brought before Pharaoh's Daughter, painted for the Foundling Hospital (1747, formerly at the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now in the Foundling Museum); Paul before Felix (1748) at Lincoln's Inn; and his altarpiece for St. Mary Redcliffe, Bristol (1755–56). The Gate of Calais The Gate of Calais (1748; now in Tate Britain) was produced soon after his return from a visit to France.", "The Gate of Calais The Gate of Calais (1748; now in Tate Britain) was produced soon after his return from a visit to France. Horace Walpole wrote that Hogarth had run a great risk to go there since the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle: he went to France, and was so imprudent as to be taking a sketch of the drawbridge at Calais.", "Horace Walpole wrote that Hogarth had run a great risk to go there since the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle: he went to France, and was so imprudent as to be taking a sketch of the drawbridge at Calais. He was seized and carried to the governor, where he was forced to prove his vocation by producing several caricatures of the French; particularly a scene of the shore, with an immense piece of beef landing for the Lion d'argent, the English inn at Calais, and several hungry friars following it.", "He was seized and carried to the governor, where he was forced to prove his vocation by producing several caricatures of the French; particularly a scene of the shore, with an immense piece of beef landing for the Lion d'argent, the English inn at Calais, and several hungry friars following it. They were much diverted with his drawings, and dismissed him.", "They were much diverted with his drawings, and dismissed him. Back home, he immediately executed a painting of the subject in which he unkindly represented his enemies, the Frenchmen, as cringing, emaciated and superstitious people, while an enormous sirloin of beef arrives, destined for the English inn as a symbol of British prosperity and superiority.", "Back home, he immediately executed a painting of the subject in which he unkindly represented his enemies, the Frenchmen, as cringing, emaciated and superstitious people, while an enormous sirloin of beef arrives, destined for the English inn as a symbol of British prosperity and superiority. He claimed to have painted himself into the picture in the left corner sketching the gate, with a \"soldier's hand upon my shoulder\", running him in.", "He claimed to have painted himself into the picture in the left corner sketching the gate, with a \"soldier's hand upon my shoulder\", running him in. Other later works Notable Hogarth engravings in the 1740s include The Enraged Musician (1741), the six prints of Marriage à-la-mode (1745; executed by French artists under Hogarth's inspection), and The Stage Coach or The Country Inn Yard (1747).", "Other later works Notable Hogarth engravings in the 1740s include The Enraged Musician (1741), the six prints of Marriage à-la-mode (1745; executed by French artists under Hogarth's inspection), and The Stage Coach or The Country Inn Yard (1747). In 1745, Hogarth painted a self-portrait with his pug dog, Trump (now also in Tate Britain), which shows him as a learned artist supported by volumes of Shakespeare, Milton and Swift.", "In 1745, Hogarth painted a self-portrait with his pug dog, Trump (now also in Tate Britain), which shows him as a learned artist supported by volumes of Shakespeare, Milton and Swift. In 1749, he represented the somewhat disorderly English troops on their March of the Guards to Finchley (formerly located in Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now Foundling Museum).", "In 1749, he represented the somewhat disorderly English troops on their March of the Guards to Finchley (formerly located in Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now Foundling Museum). Others works included his ingenious Satire on False Perspective (1754); his satire on canvassing in his Election series (1755–1758; now in Sir John Soane's Museum); his ridicule of the English passion for cockfighting in The Cockpit (1759); his attack on Methodism in Credulity, Superstition, and Fanaticism (1762); his political anti-war satire in The Times, plate I (1762); and his pessimistic view of all things in Tailpiece, or The Bathos (1764).", "Others works included his ingenious Satire on False Perspective (1754); his satire on canvassing in his Election series (1755–1758; now in Sir John Soane's Museum); his ridicule of the English passion for cockfighting in The Cockpit (1759); his attack on Methodism in Credulity, Superstition, and Fanaticism (1762); his political anti-war satire in The Times, plate I (1762); and his pessimistic view of all things in Tailpiece, or The Bathos (1764). In 1757, Hogarth was appointed Serjeant Painter to the King.", "In 1757, Hogarth was appointed Serjeant Painter to the King. Writing Hogarth wrote and published his ideas of artistic design in his book The Analysis of Beauty (1753).", "Writing Hogarth wrote and published his ideas of artistic design in his book The Analysis of Beauty (1753). In it, he professes to define the principles of beauty and grace which he, a real child of Rococo, saw realized in serpentine lines (the Line of Beauty).", "In it, he professes to define the principles of beauty and grace which he, a real child of Rococo, saw realized in serpentine lines (the Line of Beauty). By some of Hogarth's adherents, the book was praised as a fine deliverance upon aesthetics; by his enemies and rivals, its obscurities and minor errors were made the subject of endless ridicule and caricature.", "By some of Hogarth's adherents, the book was praised as a fine deliverance upon aesthetics; by his enemies and rivals, its obscurities and minor errors were made the subject of endless ridicule and caricature. Painter and engraver of modern moral subjects Hogarth lived in an age when artwork became increasingly commercialized, being viewed in shop windows, taverns, and public buildings, and sold in printshops.", "Painter and engraver of modern moral subjects Hogarth lived in an age when artwork became increasingly commercialized, being viewed in shop windows, taverns, and public buildings, and sold in printshops. Old hierarchies broke down, and new forms began to flourish: the ballad opera, the bourgeois tragedy, and especially, a new form of fiction called the novel with which authors such as Henry Fielding had great success.", "Old hierarchies broke down, and new forms began to flourish: the ballad opera, the bourgeois tragedy, and especially, a new form of fiction called the novel with which authors such as Henry Fielding had great success. Therefore, by that time, Hogarth hit on a new idea: \"painting and engraving modern moral subjects ... to treat my subjects as a dramatic writer; my picture was my stage\", as he himself remarked in his manuscript notes.", "Therefore, by that time, Hogarth hit on a new idea: \"painting and engraving modern moral subjects ... to treat my subjects as a dramatic writer; my picture was my stage\", as he himself remarked in his manuscript notes. He drew from the highly moralizing Protestant tradition of Dutch genre painting, and the very vigorous satirical traditions of the English broadsheet and other types of popular print.", "He drew from the highly moralizing Protestant tradition of Dutch genre painting, and the very vigorous satirical traditions of the English broadsheet and other types of popular print. In England the fine arts had little comedy in them before Hogarth. His prints were expensive, and remained so until early 19th-century reprints brought them to a wider audience.", "His prints were expensive, and remained so until early 19th-century reprints brought them to a wider audience. Parodic borrowings from Old Masters When analysing the work of the artist as a whole, Ronald Paulson says, \"In A Harlot's Progress, every single plate but one is based on Dürer's images of the story of the Virgin and the story of the Passion.\"", "Parodic borrowings from Old Masters When analysing the work of the artist as a whole, Ronald Paulson says, \"In A Harlot's Progress, every single plate but one is based on Dürer's images of the story of the Virgin and the story of the Passion.\" In other works, he parodies Leonardo da Vinci's Last Supper.", "In other works, he parodies Leonardo da Vinci's Last Supper. According to Paulson, Hogarth is subverting the religious establishment and the orthodox belief in an immanent God who intervenes in the lives of people and produces miracles.", "According to Paulson, Hogarth is subverting the religious establishment and the orthodox belief in an immanent God who intervenes in the lives of people and produces miracles. Indeed, Hogarth was a Deist, a believer in a God who created the universe but takes no direct hand in the lives of his creations.", "Indeed, Hogarth was a Deist, a believer in a God who created the universe but takes no direct hand in the lives of his creations. Thus, as a \"comic history painter\", he often poked fun at the old-fashioned, \"beaten\" subjects of religious art in his paintings and prints.", "Thus, as a \"comic history painter\", he often poked fun at the old-fashioned, \"beaten\" subjects of religious art in his paintings and prints. Hogarth also rejected Lord Shaftesbury's then-current ideal of the classical Greek male in favour of the living, breathing female.", "Hogarth also rejected Lord Shaftesbury's then-current ideal of the classical Greek male in favour of the living, breathing female. He said, \"Who but a bigot, even to the antiques, will say that he has not seen faces and necks, hands and arms in living women, that even the Grecian Venus doth but coarsely imitate.\"", "He said, \"Who but a bigot, even to the antiques, will say that he has not seen faces and necks, hands and arms in living women, that even the Grecian Venus doth but coarsely imitate.\" Personal life On 23 March 1729, Hogarth eloped with Jane Thornhill at Paddington Church, against the wishes of her father, the artist Sir James Thornhill.", "Personal life On 23 March 1729, Hogarth eloped with Jane Thornhill at Paddington Church, against the wishes of her father, the artist Sir James Thornhill. Sir James saw the match as unequal, as Hogarth was a rather obscure artist at the time.", "Sir James saw the match as unequal, as Hogarth was a rather obscure artist at the time. However, when Hogarth started on his series of moral prints, A Harlot's Progress, some of the initial paintings were placed either in Sir James' drawing room or dining room, through the conspiring of Jane and her mother, in the hopes of reconciling him with the couple.", "However, when Hogarth started on his series of moral prints, A Harlot's Progress, some of the initial paintings were placed either in Sir James' drawing room or dining room, through the conspiring of Jane and her mother, in the hopes of reconciling him with the couple. When he saw them, he inquired as to the artist's name and, upon hearing it, replied: \"Very well; the man who can produce such representations as these, can also maintain a wife without a portion.\"", "When he saw them, he inquired as to the artist's name and, upon hearing it, replied: \"Very well; the man who can produce such representations as these, can also maintain a wife without a portion.\" However, he soon after relented, becoming more generous to, and living in harmony with the couple until his death.", "However, he soon after relented, becoming more generous to, and living in harmony with the couple until his death. Hogarth was initiated as a Freemason before 1728 in the Lodge at the Hand and Apple Tree Tavern, Little Queen Street, and later belonged to the Carrier Stone Lodge and the Grand Stewards' Lodge; the latter still possesses the 'Hogarth Jewel' which Hogarth designed for the Lodge's Master to wear.", "Hogarth was initiated as a Freemason before 1728 in the Lodge at the Hand and Apple Tree Tavern, Little Queen Street, and later belonged to the Carrier Stone Lodge and the Grand Stewards' Lodge; the latter still possesses the 'Hogarth Jewel' which Hogarth designed for the Lodge's Master to wear. Today the original is in storage and a replica is worn by the Master of the Lodge.", "Today the original is in storage and a replica is worn by the Master of the Lodge. Freemasonry was a theme in some of Hogarth's work, most notably 'Night', the fourth in the quartet of paintings (later released as engravings) collectively entitled the Four Times of the Day.", "Freemasonry was a theme in some of Hogarth's work, most notably 'Night', the fourth in the quartet of paintings (later released as engravings) collectively entitled the Four Times of the Day. His main home was in Leicester Square (then known as Leicester Fields), but he bought a country retreat in Chiswick in 1749, the house now known as Hogarth's House and preserved as a museum, and spent time there for the rest of his life.", "His main home was in Leicester Square (then known as Leicester Fields), but he bought a country retreat in Chiswick in 1749, the house now known as Hogarth's House and preserved as a museum, and spent time there for the rest of his life. The Hogarths had no children, although they fostered foundling children.", "The Hogarths had no children, although they fostered foundling children. He was a founding Governor of the Foundling Hospital. Among his friends and acquaintances were many English artists and satirists of the period, such as Francis Hayman, Henry Fielding, and Laurence Sterne.", "Among his friends and acquaintances were many English artists and satirists of the period, such as Francis Hayman, Henry Fielding, and Laurence Sterne. Death On 25 October 1764, Hogarth was conveyed from his villa in Chiswick to his home in Leicester Fields, in weak condition.", "Death On 25 October 1764, Hogarth was conveyed from his villa in Chiswick to his home in Leicester Fields, in weak condition. He had been in a weakened state for a while by this time, but was said to be in a cheerful mood and was even still working—with some help; doing more retouches on The Bench on this same day.", "He had been in a weakened state for a while by this time, but was said to be in a cheerful mood and was even still working—with some help; doing more retouches on The Bench on this same day. On 26 October, he received a letter from Benjamin Franklin and wrote up a rough draught in reply.", "On 26 October, he received a letter from Benjamin Franklin and wrote up a rough draught in reply. Before going to bed that evening, he'd boasted about eating a pound of beefsteaks for dinner and reportedly looked more robust than he had in a while at this time.", "Before going to bed that evening, he'd boasted about eating a pound of beefsteaks for dinner and reportedly looked more robust than he had in a while at this time. However, when he went to bed, he suddenly began vomiting; something that caused him to ring his bell so forcefully that it broke.", "However, when he went to bed, he suddenly began vomiting; something that caused him to ring his bell so forcefully that it broke. Hogarth passed away around two hours later, in the arms of his servant, Mrs Mary Lewis.", "Hogarth passed away around two hours later, in the arms of his servant, Mrs Mary Lewis. John Nichols claimed that he died of an aneurysm, which he said took place in the \"chest.\" Horace Walpole claimed that he died of \"a dropsy of his breast.\"", "Horace Walpole claimed that he died of \"a dropsy of his breast.\" Mrs Lewis, who stayed on with Jane Hogarth in Leicester Fields, was the only non-familial person acknowledged financially in Hogarth's will and was left £100 (approximately £18,651.61 in 2020) for her \"faithful services.\"", "Mrs Lewis, who stayed on with Jane Hogarth in Leicester Fields, was the only non-familial person acknowledged financially in Hogarth's will and was left £100 (approximately £18,651.61 in 2020) for her \"faithful services.\" Hogarth was buried at St. Nicholas Church, Chiswick, now in the west of London.", "Hogarth was buried at St. Nicholas Church, Chiswick, now in the west of London. His friend, actor David Garrick, composed the following inscription for his tombstone: Influence and reputation Hogarth's works were a direct influence on John Collier, who was known as the \"Lancashire Hogarth\".", "His friend, actor David Garrick, composed the following inscription for his tombstone: Influence and reputation Hogarth's works were a direct influence on John Collier, who was known as the \"Lancashire Hogarth\". The spread of Hogarth's prints throughout Europe, together with the depiction of popular scenes from his prints in faked Hogarth prints, influenced Continental book illustration through the 18th and early 19th centuries, especially in Germany and France.", "The spread of Hogarth's prints throughout Europe, together with the depiction of popular scenes from his prints in faked Hogarth prints, influenced Continental book illustration through the 18th and early 19th centuries, especially in Germany and France. He also influenced many caricaturists of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries.", "He also influenced many caricaturists of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. Hogarth's influence lives on today as artists continue to draw inspiration from his work. Hogarth's paintings and prints have provided the subject matter for several other works.", "Hogarth's paintings and prints have provided the subject matter for several other works. For example, Gavin Gordon's 1935 ballet The Rake's Progress, to choreography by Ninette de Valois, was based directly on Hogarth's series of paintings of that title.", "For example, Gavin Gordon's 1935 ballet The Rake's Progress, to choreography by Ninette de Valois, was based directly on Hogarth's series of paintings of that title. Igor Stravinsky's 1951 opera The Rake's Progress, with libretto by W. H. Auden, was less literally inspired by the same series.", "Igor Stravinsky's 1951 opera The Rake's Progress, with libretto by W. H. Auden, was less literally inspired by the same series. Hogarth's engravings also inspired the BBC radio play The Midnight House by Jonathan Hall, based on the M. R. James ghost story \"The Mezzotint\" and first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2006.", "Hogarth's engravings also inspired the BBC radio play The Midnight House by Jonathan Hall, based on the M. R. James ghost story \"The Mezzotint\" and first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2006. Russell Banks' short story \"Indisposed\" is a fictional account of Hogarth's infidelity as told from the viewpoint of his wife, Jane.", "Russell Banks' short story \"Indisposed\" is a fictional account of Hogarth's infidelity as told from the viewpoint of his wife, Jane. Hogarth was the lead character in Nick Dear's play The Art of Success, whilst he is played by Toby Jones in the 2006 television film A Harlot's Progress.", "Hogarth was the lead character in Nick Dear's play The Art of Success, whilst he is played by Toby Jones in the 2006 television film A Harlot's Progress. Hogarth's House in Chiswick, west London, is now a museum; the major road junction next to it is named the Hogarth Roundabout.", "Hogarth's House in Chiswick, west London, is now a museum; the major road junction next to it is named the Hogarth Roundabout. In 2014 both Hogarth's House and the Foundling Museum held special exhibitions to mark the 250th anniversary of his death.", "In 2014 both Hogarth's House and the Foundling Museum held special exhibitions to mark the 250th anniversary of his death. In 2019, Sir John Soane's Museum, which owns both The Rake's Progress and The Humours of an Election, held an exhibition which assembled all Hogarth's series of paintings, and his series of engravings, in one place for the first time.", "In 2019, Sir John Soane's Museum, which owns both The Rake's Progress and The Humours of an Election, held an exhibition which assembled all Hogarth's series of paintings, and his series of engravings, in one place for the first time. Stanley Kubrick based the cinematography of his 1975 period drama film, Barry Lyndon, on several Hogarth paintings.", "Stanley Kubrick based the cinematography of his 1975 period drama film, Barry Lyndon, on several Hogarth paintings. In Roger Michell's 2003 film The Mother, starring Anne Reid and Daniel Craig, the protagonists visit Hogarth's tomb during their first outing together.", "In Roger Michell's 2003 film The Mother, starring Anne Reid and Daniel Craig, the protagonists visit Hogarth's tomb during their first outing together. They read aloud the poem inscribed there and their shared admiration of Hogarth helps to affirm their connection with one another.", "They read aloud the poem inscribed there and their shared admiration of Hogarth helps to affirm their connection with one another. 'Selected works PaintingsEngravingsSee also English art List of works by William Hogarth Judy Egerton, Hogarth curator, cataloguer, and commentator Notes References William Hogarth, John Bowyer Nichols, ed.", "'Selected works PaintingsEngravingsSee also English art List of works by William Hogarth Judy Egerton, Hogarth curator, cataloguer, and commentator Notes References William Hogarth, John Bowyer Nichols, ed. Anecdotes of William Hogarth, Written by Himself (J.", "Anecdotes of William Hogarth, Written by Himself (J. B. Nichols and Son, 25 Parliament Street, London, 1833) Peter Quennell, Hogarth's Progress (London, New York, Ayer Co., 1955, ) Quennell, Peter. \"Hogarth's Election Series.\"", "\"Hogarth's Election Series.\" History Today (Apr 1953) 3#4 pp 221–232 Frederick Antal, Hogarth and His Place in European Art (London 1962).", "History Today (Apr 1953) 3#4 pp 221–232 Frederick Antal, Hogarth and His Place in European Art (London 1962). Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, Ausführliche Erklärung der Hogarthischen Kupferstiche (Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag, 1972, ) Sean Shesgreen, Hogarth 101 Prints (New York: Dover 1973).", "Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, Ausführliche Erklärung der Hogarthischen Kupferstiche (Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag, 1972, ) Sean Shesgreen, Hogarth 101 Prints (New York: Dover 1973). David Bindman, Hogarth (London 1981). Sean Shesgreen, Hogarth and the Times-of-the-Day Tradition (Ithaca, New York: Cornell UP, 1983).", "Sean Shesgreen, Hogarth and the Times-of-the-Day Tradition (Ithaca, New York: Cornell UP, 1983). Ronald Paulson, Hogarth's Graphic Works (3rd edn, London 1989). Ronald Paulson, Hogarth, 3 vols. (New Brunswick 1991–93). Elizabeth Einberg, Hogarth the Painter (London: Tate Gallery, 1997).", "Elizabeth Einberg, Hogarth the Painter (London: Tate Gallery, 1997). Jenny Uglow, Hogarth: A Life and a World (London 1997). Frédéric Ogée and Hans-Peter Wagner, eds., William Hogarth: Theater and the Theater of Life (Los Angeles, 1997).", "Frédéric Ogée and Hans-Peter Wagner, eds., William Hogarth: Theater and the Theater of Life (Los Angeles, 1997). Hans-Peter Wagner, William Hogarth: Das graphische Werk (Saarbrücken, 1998; revised edition, Trier 2013). David Bindman, Frédéric Ogée and Peter Wagner, eds.", "David Bindman, Frédéric Ogée and Peter Wagner, eds. Hogarth: Representing Nature's Machines (Manchester, 2001) Bernadette Fort, and Angela Rosenthal, eds., The Other Hogarth: Aesthetics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton UP, 2001) Christine Riding and Mark Hallet, \"Hogarth\" (Tate Publishing, London, 2006).", "Hogarth: Representing Nature's Machines (Manchester, 2001) Bernadette Fort, and Angela Rosenthal, eds., The Other Hogarth: Aesthetics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton UP, 2001) Christine Riding and Mark Hallet, \"Hogarth\" (Tate Publishing, London, 2006). Robin Simon, Hogarth, France and British Art: The rise of the arts in eighteenth-century Britain (London, 2007) Ilias Chrissochoidis, \"Handel, Hogarth, Goupy: Artistic intersections in Handelian biography\", Early Music 37/4 (November 2009), 577–596.", "Robin Simon, Hogarth, France and British Art: The rise of the arts in eighteenth-century Britain (London, 2007) Ilias Chrissochoidis, \"Handel, Hogarth, Goupy: Artistic intersections in Handelian biography\", Early Music 37/4 (November 2009), 577–596. Bernd W. Krysmanski, Hogarth's Hidden Parts: Satiric Allusion, Erotic Wit, Blasphemous Bawdiness and Dark Humour in Eighteenth-Century English Art (Hildesheim, Zurich, New York: Olms-Verlag, 2010 ) Johann Joachim Eschenburg, Über William Hogarth und seine Erklärer, ed.", "Bernd W. Krysmanski, Hogarth's Hidden Parts: Satiric Allusion, Erotic Wit, Blasphemous Bawdiness and Dark Humour in Eighteenth-Century English Art (Hildesheim, Zurich, New York: Olms-Verlag, 2010 ) Johann Joachim Eschenburg, Über William Hogarth und seine Erklärer, ed. Till Kinzel (Hanover: Wehrhahn, 2013 ) Cynthia Ellen Roman, ed., Hogarth's Legacy (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2016) Elizabeth Einberg, William Hogarth: A Complete Catalogue of the Paintings'' (New Haven and London, Yale University Press for Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art, 2016) External links The Works of William Hogarth, 1822 Heath edition (engravings and commentaries by John Nichols) William Hogarth's biography, style, artworks and influences Hogarth & John Wilkes - UK Parliament Living Heritage William Hogarth at The National Gallery William Hogarth and 18th-Century Print Culture The Site for Research on William Hogarth (annotated online bibliography) Print series in detail Hogarth exhibition at Tate Britain, London (7 February – 29 April 2007) William Hogarth at Wikigallery Location of Hogarth's grave on Google Maps The Analysis of Beauty, 1753 (abridged 1909 edition) Hogarth's The Rake's Progress and other of his works 'Hogarth's London', lecture by Robin Simon at Gresham College, 8 October 2007 (available for download as MP3, MP4 or text files) Hogarth's London video hosted at Tate Britain's website by Martin Rowson William Hogarth's Works hosted at The Victorian Web 1697 births 1764 deaths 17th-century English writers 17th-century English male writers 18th-century English people Painters from London English caricaturists English cartoonists English engravers English illustrators English satirists English printmakers 18th-century English painters English male painters Court painters Artist authors Political artists Social critics Freemasons of the Premier Grand Lodge of England Fellows of the Royal Society of Arts" ]

[ "William Hogarth", "Harlot's and Rake's Progresses", "When did Hogarth paint Harlot's and Rake's Progresses?", ") before being published as engravings." ]

[ "Tony Tough 2: A Rake's Progress is a 2006 Windows adventure game designed by Stefano Gualeni and published by Dtp-entertainment. It is the sequel to Tony Tough and the Night of Roasted Moths (1999).\n\nGameplay\nA prequel to Tony Tough and the Night of Roasted Moths, A Rake's Progress was designed following the structure and the organization of two existing works with the same title:\n A Rake's Progress: a set of eight prints published in 1735 by William Hogarth\n A Rake's Progress: sixteen plates created in 1963 by David Hockney\n \nThe story of Tony Tough 2 follows a day in the life of Tony Tough as he investigates alien landings and ancient Indian cultures in his hometown of Washington, New Mexico during the early 1950s.\n\nGameplay focuses on conversations with strange characters, puzzle solving, and combining and using items found throughout the game with the objective to make sense out of a mystery which involves the disappearance of seven ancient statues and Tony's own maid, Cornelia Cook, as well as the death of Cornelia's grandmother Florence Cook (allegedly inspired by Katie King).\n\nIn addition, the game (like other works inspired by Hogarth's The Rake's Progress (as well as his A Harlot's Progress)) follows the regression of the main character and the loss of the qualities which made him human in the first place. In A Rake's Progress, the loss of Tony Tough's innocence, as well as his beloved dog Pantagruel, coincides with him developing into a private detective.\n\nReception\n\nPC Games says what the game is about can hardly be determined, that \"Tony jogs across the screen in what feels like slow motion\", and that the perspective often jumps back and forth so wildly that one would wish for a compass on the edge of the screen for orientation.\n\nSee also\nAnkh: Heart of Osiris\nRunaway 2: The Dream of the Turtle\nSam & Max Save the World\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Tony Tough 2: development diary\n Tony Tough 2 at The Internet Movie Database\n\n2006 video games\nPoint-and-click adventure games\nVideo games developed in Italy\nVideo game prequels\nWindows games\nWindows-only games", "Bruno Agra (born September 1, 1980 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) is formerly drummer of the American rock band We Are Harlot and also Aquaria and Revolution Renaissance.\n\nMusical career\n\nAquaria (1999-2007) \nBruno begun as drummer of the Brazilian symphonic power metal-band Aquaria formerly known as Uirapuru. With Aquaria he released two studioalbums, Luxaeterna in 2005 and Shambala in 2007. As Uirapuru they recorded two demos.\n\nRevolution Renaissance (2010) \n\nBruno Agra provided drums for the third album, Trinity of the band Revolution Renaissance as a full member, however the band was disbanded that same year.\n\nWe Are Harlot (2011-present) \n\nAgra joined the band in their formation year of 2011 after he was invited by members Danny Worsnop and Jeff George to write music with them. Since then they have recruited Brian Weaver intend to release their debut album in March 2015.\n\nDiscography\n With Uirapuru\n Here Comes The Life (Demo, 2001)\n Flames of Trinity (Demo, 2002)\n\n With Aquaria\n Luxaeterna (2005)\n Shambala (2007)\n\n With Revolution Renaissance\n Demos (2008)\n Age Of Aquarius (2009)\n Trinity (2010)\n\nWith We Are Harlot\n We Are Harlot – (2015)\n\nReferences \n\n1980 births\nAmerican hard rock musicians\nBrazilian heavy metal drummers\nLiving people\nMusicians from Rio de Janeiro (city)\n21st-century drummers" ]

[ "William Hogarth (; 10 November 1697 – 26 October 1764) was an English painter, printmaker, pictorial satirist, social critic, and editorial cartoonist. His work ranges from realistic portraiture to comic strip-like series of pictures called \"modern moral subjects\", and he is perhaps best known for his series A Harlot's Progress, A Rake's Progress and Marriage A-la-Mode.", "His work ranges from realistic portraiture to comic strip-like series of pictures called \"modern moral subjects\", and he is perhaps best known for his series A Harlot's Progress, A Rake's Progress and Marriage A-la-Mode. Knowledge of his work is so pervasive that satirical political illustrations in this style are often referred to as \"Hogarthian\".", "Knowledge of his work is so pervasive that satirical political illustrations in this style are often referred to as \"Hogarthian\". Hogarth was born in London to a lower-middle-class family. In his youth he took up an apprenticeship with an engraver, but did not complete the apprenticeship.", "In his youth he took up an apprenticeship with an engraver, but did not complete the apprenticeship. His father underwent periods of mixed fortune, and was at one time imprisoned in lieu of outstanding debts, an event that is thought to have informed William's paintings and prints with a hard edge.", "His father underwent periods of mixed fortune, and was at one time imprisoned in lieu of outstanding debts, an event that is thought to have informed William's paintings and prints with a hard edge. Influenced by French and Italian painting and engraving, Hogarth's works are mostly satirical caricatures, sometimes bawdily sexual, mostly of the first rank of realistic portraiture.", "Influenced by French and Italian painting and engraving, Hogarth's works are mostly satirical caricatures, sometimes bawdily sexual, mostly of the first rank of realistic portraiture. They became widely popular and mass-produced via prints in his lifetime, and he was by far the most significant English artist of his generation.", "They became widely popular and mass-produced via prints in his lifetime, and he was by far the most significant English artist of his generation. Charles Lamb deemed Hogarth's images to be books, filled with \"the teeming, fruitful, suggestive meaning of words. Other pictures we look at; his pictures we read.\"", "Other pictures we look at; his pictures we read.\" Early life William Hogarth was born at Bartholomew Close in London to Richard Hogarth, a poor Latin school teacher and textbook writer, and Anne Gibbons.", "Early life William Hogarth was born at Bartholomew Close in London to Richard Hogarth, a poor Latin school teacher and textbook writer, and Anne Gibbons. In his youth he was apprenticed to the engraver Ellis Gamble in Leicester Fields, where he learned to engrave trade cards and similar products.", "In his youth he was apprenticed to the engraver Ellis Gamble in Leicester Fields, where he learned to engrave trade cards and similar products. Young Hogarth also took a lively interest in the street life of the metropolis and the London fairs, and amused himself by sketching the characters he saw.", "Young Hogarth also took a lively interest in the street life of the metropolis and the London fairs, and amused himself by sketching the characters he saw. Around the same time, his father, who had opened an unsuccessful Latin-speaking coffee house at St John's Gate, was imprisoned for debt in the Fleet Prison for five years.", "Around the same time, his father, who had opened an unsuccessful Latin-speaking coffee house at St John's Gate, was imprisoned for debt in the Fleet Prison for five years. Hogarth never spoke of his father's imprisonment.", "Hogarth never spoke of his father's imprisonment. In 1720, Hogarth enrolled at the original St Martin's Lane Academy in Peter Court, London, which was run by Louis Chéron and John Vanderbank. He attended alongside other future leading figures in art and design, such as Joseph Highmore, William Kent, and Arthur Pond.", "He attended alongside other future leading figures in art and design, such as Joseph Highmore, William Kent, and Arthur Pond. However, the academy seems to have stopped operating in 1724, at around the same time that Vanderbank fled to France in order to avoid creditors.", "However, the academy seems to have stopped operating in 1724, at around the same time that Vanderbank fled to France in order to avoid creditors. Hogarth recalled of the first incarnation of the academy: \"this lasted a few years but the treasurer sinking the subscription money the lamp stove etc were seized for rent and the whole affair put a stop to.\"", "Hogarth recalled of the first incarnation of the academy: \"this lasted a few years but the treasurer sinking the subscription money the lamp stove etc were seized for rent and the whole affair put a stop to.\" Hogarth then enrolled in another drawing school, in Covent Garden, shortly after it opened in November 1724, which was run by Sir James Thornhill, serjeant painter to the king.", "Hogarth then enrolled in another drawing school, in Covent Garden, shortly after it opened in November 1724, which was run by Sir James Thornhill, serjeant painter to the king. On Thornhill, Hogarth later claimed that, even as an apprentice, \"the painting of St Pauls and gree[n]wich hospital … were during this time runing in my head\", referring to the massive schemes of decoration painted by Thornhill for the dome of St Paul's Cathedral, and Greenwich Hospital.", "On Thornhill, Hogarth later claimed that, even as an apprentice, \"the painting of St Pauls and gree[n]wich hospital … were during this time runing in my head\", referring to the massive schemes of decoration painted by Thornhill for the dome of St Paul's Cathedral, and Greenwich Hospital. Hogarth became a member of the Rose and Crown Club, with Peter Tillemans, George Vertue, Michael Dahl, and other artists and connoisseurs.", "Hogarth became a member of the Rose and Crown Club, with Peter Tillemans, George Vertue, Michael Dahl, and other artists and connoisseurs. Career By April 1720, Hogarth was an engraver in his own right, at first engraving coats of arms and shop bills and designing plates for booksellers.", "Career By April 1720, Hogarth was an engraver in his own right, at first engraving coats of arms and shop bills and designing plates for booksellers. In 1727, he was hired by Joshua Morris, a tapestry worker, to prepare a design for the Element of Earth.", "In 1727, he was hired by Joshua Morris, a tapestry worker, to prepare a design for the Element of Earth. Morris heard that he was \"an engraver, and no painter\", and consequently declined the work when completed.", "Morris heard that he was \"an engraver, and no painter\", and consequently declined the work when completed. Hogarth accordingly sued him for the money in the Westminster Court, where the case was decided in his favour on 28 May 1728.", "Hogarth accordingly sued him for the money in the Westminster Court, where the case was decided in his favour on 28 May 1728. Early works Early satirical works included an Emblematical Print on the South Sea Scheme (c. 1721, published 1724), about the disastrous stock market crash of 1720, known as the South Sea Bubble, in which many English people lost a great deal of money.", "Early works Early satirical works included an Emblematical Print on the South Sea Scheme (c. 1721, published 1724), about the disastrous stock market crash of 1720, known as the South Sea Bubble, in which many English people lost a great deal of money. In the bottom left corner, he shows Protestant, Roman Catholic, and Jewish figures gambling, while in the middle there is a huge machine, like a merry-go-round, which people are boarding.", "In the bottom left corner, he shows Protestant, Roman Catholic, and Jewish figures gambling, while in the middle there is a huge machine, like a merry-go-round, which people are boarding. At the top is a goat, written below which is \"Who'l Ride\".", "At the top is a goat, written below which is \"Who'l Ride\". The people are scattered around the picture with a sense of disorder, while the progress of the well dressed people towards the ride in the middle shows the foolishness of the crowd in buying stock in the South Sea Company, which spent more time issuing stock than anything else.", "The people are scattered around the picture with a sense of disorder, while the progress of the well dressed people towards the ride in the middle shows the foolishness of the crowd in buying stock in the South Sea Company, which spent more time issuing stock than anything else. Other early works include The Lottery (1724); The Mystery of Masonry brought to Light by the Gormagons (1724); A Just View of the British Stage (1724); some book illustrations; and the small print Masquerades and Operas (1724).", "Other early works include The Lottery (1724); The Mystery of Masonry brought to Light by the Gormagons (1724); A Just View of the British Stage (1724); some book illustrations; and the small print Masquerades and Operas (1724). The latter is a satire on contemporary follies, such as the masquerades of the Swiss impresario John James Heidegger, the popular Italian opera singers, John Rich's pantomimes at Lincoln's Inn Fields, and the exaggerated popularity of Lord Burlington's protégé, the architect and painter William Kent.", "The latter is a satire on contemporary follies, such as the masquerades of the Swiss impresario John James Heidegger, the popular Italian opera singers, John Rich's pantomimes at Lincoln's Inn Fields, and the exaggerated popularity of Lord Burlington's protégé, the architect and painter William Kent. He continued that theme in 1727, with the Large Masquerade Ticket.", "He continued that theme in 1727, with the Large Masquerade Ticket. In 1726, Hogarth prepared twelve large engravings illustrating Samuel Butler's Hudibras. These he himself valued highly, and they are among his best book illustrations.", "These he himself valued highly, and they are among his best book illustrations. In the following years, he turned his attention to the production of small \"conversation pieces\" (i.e., groups in oil of full-length portraits from high.", "In the following years, he turned his attention to the production of small \"conversation pieces\" (i.e., groups in oil of full-length portraits from high. Among his efforts in oil between 1728 and 1732 were The Fountaine Family (c.1730), The Assembly at Wanstead House, The House of Commons examining Bambridge, and several pictures of the chief actors in John Gay's popular The Beggar's Opera.", "Among his efforts in oil between 1728 and 1732 were The Fountaine Family (c.1730), The Assembly at Wanstead House, The House of Commons examining Bambridge, and several pictures of the chief actors in John Gay's popular The Beggar's Opera. One of his real-life subjects was Sarah Malcolm, whom he sketched two days before her execution.", "One of his real-life subjects was Sarah Malcolm, whom he sketched two days before her execution. One of Hogarth's masterpieces of this period is the depiction of an amateur performance by children of John Dryden's The Indian Emperour, or The Conquest of Mexico by Spaniards, being the Sequel of The Indian Queen (1732–1735) at the home of John Conduitt, master of the mint, in St George's Street, Hanover Square.", "One of Hogarth's masterpieces of this period is the depiction of an amateur performance by children of John Dryden's The Indian Emperour, or The Conquest of Mexico by Spaniards, being the Sequel of The Indian Queen (1732–1735) at the home of John Conduitt, master of the mint, in St George's Street, Hanover Square. Hogarth's other works in the 1730s include A Midnight Modern Conversation (1733), Southwark Fair (1733), The Sleeping Congregation (1736), Before and After (1736), Scholars at a Lecture (1736), The Company of Undertakers (Consultation of Quacks) (1736), The Distrest Poet (1736), The Four Times of the Day (1738), and Strolling Actresses Dressing in a Barn (1738).", "Hogarth's other works in the 1730s include A Midnight Modern Conversation (1733), Southwark Fair (1733), The Sleeping Congregation (1736), Before and After (1736), Scholars at a Lecture (1736), The Company of Undertakers (Consultation of Quacks) (1736), The Distrest Poet (1736), The Four Times of the Day (1738), and Strolling Actresses Dressing in a Barn (1738). He might also have printed Burlington Gate (1731), evoked by Alexander Pope's Epistle to Lord Burlington, and defending Lord Chandos, who is therein satirized.", "He might also have printed Burlington Gate (1731), evoked by Alexander Pope's Epistle to Lord Burlington, and defending Lord Chandos, who is therein satirized. This print gave great offence, and was suppressed. However, modern authorities such as Ronald Paulson no longer attribute it to Hogarth.", "However, modern authorities such as Ronald Paulson no longer attribute it to Hogarth. Moralizing art Harlot's Progress and Rake's Progress In 1731, Hogarth completed the earliest of his series of moral works, a body of work that led to wide recognition.", "Moralizing art Harlot's Progress and Rake's Progress In 1731, Hogarth completed the earliest of his series of moral works, a body of work that led to wide recognition. The collection of six scenes was entitled A Harlot's Progress and appeared first as paintings (now lost) before being published as engravings.", "The collection of six scenes was entitled A Harlot's Progress and appeared first as paintings (now lost) before being published as engravings. A Harlot's Progress depicts the fate of a country girl who begins prostituting – the six scenes are chronological, starting with a meeting with a bawd and ending with a funeral ceremony that follows the character's death from venereal disease.", "A Harlot's Progress depicts the fate of a country girl who begins prostituting – the six scenes are chronological, starting with a meeting with a bawd and ending with a funeral ceremony that follows the character's death from venereal disease. The inaugural series was an immediate success and was followed in 1733–1735 by the sequel A Rake's Progress.", "The inaugural series was an immediate success and was followed in 1733–1735 by the sequel A Rake's Progress. The second instalment consisted of eight pictures that depicted the reckless life of Tom Rakewell, the son of a rich merchant, who spends all of his money on luxurious living, services from prostitutes, and gambling – the character's life ultimately ends in Bethlem Royal Hospital.", "The second instalment consisted of eight pictures that depicted the reckless life of Tom Rakewell, the son of a rich merchant, who spends all of his money on luxurious living, services from prostitutes, and gambling – the character's life ultimately ends in Bethlem Royal Hospital. The original paintings of A Harlot's Progress were destroyed in the fire at Fonthill House in 1755; the oil paintings of A Rake's Progress (1733–34) are displayed in the gallery room at Sir John Soane's Museum, London, UK.", "The original paintings of A Harlot's Progress were destroyed in the fire at Fonthill House in 1755; the oil paintings of A Rake's Progress (1733–34) are displayed in the gallery room at Sir John Soane's Museum, London, UK. When the success of A Harlot's Progress and A Rake's Progress resulted in numerous pirated reproductions by unscrupulous printsellers, Hogarth lobbied in parliament for greater legal control over the reproduction of his and other artists' work.", "When the success of A Harlot's Progress and A Rake's Progress resulted in numerous pirated reproductions by unscrupulous printsellers, Hogarth lobbied in parliament for greater legal control over the reproduction of his and other artists' work. The result was the Engravers' Copyright Act (known as 'Hogarth's Act'), which became law on 25 June 1735 and was the first copyright law to deal with visual works as well as the first to recognise the authorial rights of an individual artist.", "The result was the Engravers' Copyright Act (known as 'Hogarth's Act'), which became law on 25 June 1735 and was the first copyright law to deal with visual works as well as the first to recognise the authorial rights of an individual artist. Marriage A-la-Mode In 1743–1745, Hogarth painted the six pictures of Marriage A-la-Mode (National Gallery, London), a pointed skewering of upper-class 18th-century society.", "Marriage A-la-Mode In 1743–1745, Hogarth painted the six pictures of Marriage A-la-Mode (National Gallery, London), a pointed skewering of upper-class 18th-century society. This moralistic warning shows the miserable tragedy of an ill-considered marriage for money. This is regarded by many as his finest project and may be among his best-planned story serials.", "This is regarded by many as his finest project and may be among his best-planned story serials. Marital ethics were the topic of much debate in 18th-century Britain. The many marriages of convenience and their attendant unhappiness came in for particular criticism, with a variety of authors taking the view that love was a much sounder basis for marriage.", "The many marriages of convenience and their attendant unhappiness came in for particular criticism, with a variety of authors taking the view that love was a much sounder basis for marriage. Hogarth here painted a satire – a genre that by definition has a moral point to convey – of a conventional marriage within the English upper class.", "Hogarth here painted a satire – a genre that by definition has a moral point to convey – of a conventional marriage within the English upper class. All the paintings were engraved and the series achieved wide circulation in print form.", "All the paintings were engraved and the series achieved wide circulation in print form. The series, which is set in a Classical interior, shows the story of the fashionable marriage of Viscount Squanderfield, the son of bankrupt Earl Squander, to the daughter of a wealthy but miserly city merchant, starting with the signing of a marriage contract at the Earl's grand house and ending with the murder of the son by his wife's lover and the suicide of the daughter after her lover is hanged at Tyburn for murdering her husband.", "The series, which is set in a Classical interior, shows the story of the fashionable marriage of Viscount Squanderfield, the son of bankrupt Earl Squander, to the daughter of a wealthy but miserly city merchant, starting with the signing of a marriage contract at the Earl's grand house and ending with the murder of the son by his wife's lover and the suicide of the daughter after her lover is hanged at Tyburn for murdering her husband. William Makepeace Thackeray wrote: This famous set of pictures contains the most important and highly wrought of the Hogarth comedies.", "William Makepeace Thackeray wrote: This famous set of pictures contains the most important and highly wrought of the Hogarth comedies. The care and method with which the moral grounds of these pictures are laid is as remarkable as the wit and skill of the observing and dexterous artist.", "The care and method with which the moral grounds of these pictures are laid is as remarkable as the wit and skill of the observing and dexterous artist. He has to describe the negotiations for a marriage pending between the daughter of a rich citizen Alderman and young Lord Viscount Squanderfield, the dissipated son of a gouty old Earl ...", "He has to describe the negotiations for a marriage pending between the daughter of a rich citizen Alderman and young Lord Viscount Squanderfield, the dissipated son of a gouty old Earl ... The dismal end is known. My lord draws upon the counsellor, who kills him, and is apprehended while endeavouring to escape.", "My lord draws upon the counsellor, who kills him, and is apprehended while endeavouring to escape. My lady goes back perforce to the Alderman of the City, and faints upon reading Counsellor Silvertongue's dying speech at Tyburn (place of execution in old London), where the counsellor has been 'executed for sending his lordship out of the world.", "My lady goes back perforce to the Alderman of the City, and faints upon reading Counsellor Silvertongue's dying speech at Tyburn (place of execution in old London), where the counsellor has been 'executed for sending his lordship out of the world. Moral: don't listen to evil silver-tongued counsellors; don't marry a man for his rank, or a woman for her money; don't frequent foolish auctions and masquerade balls unknown to your husband; don't have wicked companions abroad and neglect your wife, otherwise you will be run through the body, and ruin will ensue, and disgrace, and Tyburn.", "Moral: don't listen to evil silver-tongued counsellors; don't marry a man for his rank, or a woman for her money; don't frequent foolish auctions and masquerade balls unknown to your husband; don't have wicked companions abroad and neglect your wife, otherwise you will be run through the body, and ruin will ensue, and disgrace, and Tyburn. Industry and Idleness In the twelve prints of Industry and Idleness (1747), Hogarth shows the progression in the lives of two apprentices, one of whom is dedicated and hard working, while the other, who is idle, commits crime and is eventually executed.", "Industry and Idleness In the twelve prints of Industry and Idleness (1747), Hogarth shows the progression in the lives of two apprentices, one of whom is dedicated and hard working, while the other, who is idle, commits crime and is eventually executed. This shows the work ethic of Protestant England, where those who worked hard were rewarded, such as the industrious apprentice who becomes Sheriff (plate 8), Alderman (plate 10), and finally the Lord Mayor of London in the last plate in the series.", "This shows the work ethic of Protestant England, where those who worked hard were rewarded, such as the industrious apprentice who becomes Sheriff (plate 8), Alderman (plate 10), and finally the Lord Mayor of London in the last plate in the series. The idle apprentice, who begins \"at play in the church yard\" (plate 3), holes up \"in a Garrett with a Common Prostitute\" after turning highwayman (plate 7) and \"executed at Tyburn\" (plate 11).", "The idle apprentice, who begins \"at play in the church yard\" (plate 3), holes up \"in a Garrett with a Common Prostitute\" after turning highwayman (plate 7) and \"executed at Tyburn\" (plate 11). The idle apprentice is sent to the gallows by the industrious apprentice himself.", "The idle apprentice is sent to the gallows by the industrious apprentice himself. For each plate, there is at least one passage from the Bible at the bottom, mostly from the Book of Proverbs, such as for the first plate: \"Industry and Idleness, shown here, 'Proverbs Ch:10 Ver:4 The hand of the diligent maketh rich.'\"", "For each plate, there is at least one passage from the Bible at the bottom, mostly from the Book of Proverbs, such as for the first plate: \"Industry and Idleness, shown here, 'Proverbs Ch:10 Ver:4 The hand of the diligent maketh rich.'\" Beer Street and Gin Lane Later prints of significance include his pictorial warning of the consequences of alcoholism in Beer Street and Gin Lane (1751).", "Beer Street and Gin Lane Later prints of significance include his pictorial warning of the consequences of alcoholism in Beer Street and Gin Lane (1751). Hogarth engraved Beer Street to show a happy city drinking the 'good' beverage, English beer, in contrast to Gin Lane, in which the effects of drinking gin are shown – as a more potent liquor, gin caused more problems for society.", "Hogarth engraved Beer Street to show a happy city drinking the 'good' beverage, English beer, in contrast to Gin Lane, in which the effects of drinking gin are shown – as a more potent liquor, gin caused more problems for society. There had been a sharp increase in the popularity of gin at this time, which was called the 'Gin Craze.'", "There had been a sharp increase in the popularity of gin at this time, which was called the 'Gin Craze.' It started in the early 18th century, after a series of legislative actions in the late 17th century impacted the importation and manufacturing of alcohol in London.", "It started in the early 18th century, after a series of legislative actions in the late 17th century impacted the importation and manufacturing of alcohol in London. Among these, were the Prohibition of 1678, which barred popular French brandy imports, and the forced disbandment, in 1690, of the London Guild of Distillers, whose members had previously been the only legal manufacturers of alcohol, leading to an increase in the production and then consumption of domestic gin.", "Among these, were the Prohibition of 1678, which barred popular French brandy imports, and the forced disbandment, in 1690, of the London Guild of Distillers, whose members had previously been the only legal manufacturers of alcohol, leading to an increase in the production and then consumption of domestic gin. In Beer Street, people are shown as healthy, happy and prosperous, while in Gin Lane, they are scrawny, lazy and careless.", "In Beer Street, people are shown as healthy, happy and prosperous, while in Gin Lane, they are scrawny, lazy and careless. The woman at the front of Gin Lane, who lets her baby fall to its death, echoes the tale of Judith Dufour, who strangled her baby so she could sell its clothes for gin money.", "The woman at the front of Gin Lane, who lets her baby fall to its death, echoes the tale of Judith Dufour, who strangled her baby so she could sell its clothes for gin money. The prints were published in support of the Gin Act 1751.", "The prints were published in support of the Gin Act 1751. Hogarth's friend, the magistrate Henry Fielding, may have enlisted Hogarth to help with propaganda for the Gin Act; Beer Street and Gin Lane were issued shortly after his work An Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers, and Related Writings, and addressed the same issues.", "Hogarth's friend, the magistrate Henry Fielding, may have enlisted Hogarth to help with propaganda for the Gin Act; Beer Street and Gin Lane were issued shortly after his work An Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers, and Related Writings, and addressed the same issues. The Four Stages of Cruelty Other prints were his outcry against inhumanity in The Four Stages of Cruelty (published 21 February 1751), in which Hogarth depicts the cruel treatment of animals which he saw around him and suggests what will happen to people who carry on in this manner.", "The Four Stages of Cruelty Other prints were his outcry against inhumanity in The Four Stages of Cruelty (published 21 February 1751), in which Hogarth depicts the cruel treatment of animals which he saw around him and suggests what will happen to people who carry on in this manner. In the first print, there are scenes of boys torturing dogs, cats and other animals.", "In the first print, there are scenes of boys torturing dogs, cats and other animals. It centers around a poorly dressed boy committing a violent act of torture upon a dog, while being pleaded with to stop, and offered food, by another well-dressed boy.", "It centers around a poorly dressed boy committing a violent act of torture upon a dog, while being pleaded with to stop, and offered food, by another well-dressed boy. A boy behind them has graffitied a hanged stickman figure upon a wall, with the name \"Tom Nero\" underneath, and is pointing to this dog torturer.", "A boy behind them has graffitied a hanged stickman figure upon a wall, with the name \"Tom Nero\" underneath, and is pointing to this dog torturer. The second shows Tom Nero has grown up to become a Hackney coach driver.", "The second shows Tom Nero has grown up to become a Hackney coach driver. His coach has overturned with a heavy load and his horse is lying on the ground, having broken its leg. He is beating it with the handle of his whip; its eye severely wounded.", "He is beating it with the handle of his whip; its eye severely wounded. Other people around him are seen abusing their work animals and livestock, and a child is being run over by the wheel of a dray, as the drayman dozes off on the job.", "Other people around him are seen abusing their work animals and livestock, and a child is being run over by the wheel of a dray, as the drayman dozes off on the job. In the third print, Tom is shown to be a murderer, surrounded by a mob of accusers.", "In the third print, Tom is shown to be a murderer, surrounded by a mob of accusers. The woman he has apparently killed is lying on the ground, brutally slain, with a trunk and sack of stolen goods near by.", "The woman he has apparently killed is lying on the ground, brutally slain, with a trunk and sack of stolen goods near by. One of the accusers holds a letter from the woman to Tom, speaking of how wronging her mistress upsets her conscience, but that she is resolved to do as he would have her, closing with: \"I remain yours till death.\"", "One of the accusers holds a letter from the woman to Tom, speaking of how wronging her mistress upsets her conscience, but that she is resolved to do as he would have her, closing with: \"I remain yours till death.\" The fourth, titled The Reward of Cruelty, shows Tom's withering corpse being publicly dissected by scientists after his execution by hanging; a noose still around his neck.", "The fourth, titled The Reward of Cruelty, shows Tom's withering corpse being publicly dissected by scientists after his execution by hanging; a noose still around his neck. The dissection reflects the Murder Act 1751, which allowed for the public dissection of criminals who had been hanged for murder. Portraits Hogarth was also popular portrait painter.", "Portraits Hogarth was also popular portrait painter. In 1745, he painted actor David Garrick as Richard III, for which he was paid £200, \"which was more\", he wrote, \"than any English artist ever received for a single portrait.\"", "In 1745, he painted actor David Garrick as Richard III, for which he was paid £200, \"which was more\", he wrote, \"than any English artist ever received for a single portrait.\" In 1746, a sketch of Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat, afterwards beheaded on Tower Hill, had an exceptional success.", "In 1746, a sketch of Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat, afterwards beheaded on Tower Hill, had an exceptional success. In 1740, he created a truthful, vivid full-length portrait of his friend, the philanthropic Captain Coram, for the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now in the Foundling Museum.", "In 1740, he created a truthful, vivid full-length portrait of his friend, the philanthropic Captain Coram, for the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now in the Foundling Museum. This portrait, and his unfinished oil sketch of a young fishwoman, entitled The Shrimp Girl (National Gallery, London), may be called masterpieces of British painting.", "This portrait, and his unfinished oil sketch of a young fishwoman, entitled The Shrimp Girl (National Gallery, London), may be called masterpieces of British painting. There are also portraits of his wife, his two sisters, and of many other people; among them Bishop Hoadly and Bishop Herring.", "There are also portraits of his wife, his two sisters, and of many other people; among them Bishop Hoadly and Bishop Herring. Historical subjects For a long period, during the mid-18th century, Hogarth tried to achieve the status of a history painter, but did not earn much respect in this field.", "Historical subjects For a long period, during the mid-18th century, Hogarth tried to achieve the status of a history painter, but did not earn much respect in this field. The painter, and later founder of the Royal Academy of Arts, Joshua Reynolds, was highly critical of Hogarth's style and work.", "The painter, and later founder of the Royal Academy of Arts, Joshua Reynolds, was highly critical of Hogarth's style and work. According to art historian David Bindman, in Dr Johnson's serial of essays for London's Universal Chronicle, The Idler, the three essays written by Reynolds for the months of September through November 1759 are directed at Hogarth.", "According to art historian David Bindman, in Dr Johnson's serial of essays for London's Universal Chronicle, The Idler, the three essays written by Reynolds for the months of September through November 1759 are directed at Hogarth. In them, Reynolds argues that this \"connoisseur\" has a \"servile attention to minute exactness\" and questions their idea of the imitation of nature as \"the obvious sense, that objects are represented naturally when they have such relief that they seem real.\"", "In them, Reynolds argues that this \"connoisseur\" has a \"servile attention to minute exactness\" and questions their idea of the imitation of nature as \"the obvious sense, that objects are represented naturally when they have such relief that they seem real.\" Reynolds rejected \"this kind of imitation\", favouring the \"grand style of painting\" which avoids \"minute attention\" to the visible world.", "Reynolds rejected \"this kind of imitation\", favouring the \"grand style of painting\" which avoids \"minute attention\" to the visible world. In Reynolds' Discourse XIV, he grants Hogarth has \"extraordinary talents\", but reproaches him for \"very imprudently, or rather presumptuously, attempt[ing] the great historical style.\"", "In Reynolds' Discourse XIV, he grants Hogarth has \"extraordinary talents\", but reproaches him for \"very imprudently, or rather presumptuously, attempt[ing] the great historical style.\" Writer, art historian and politician, Horace Walpole, was also critical of Hogarth as a history painter, but did find value in his satirical prints.", "Writer, art historian and politician, Horace Walpole, was also critical of Hogarth as a history painter, but did find value in his satirical prints. Biblical scenes Hogarth's history pictures include The Pool of Bethesda and The Good Samaritan, executed in 1736–1737 for St Bartholomew's Hospital; Moses brought before Pharaoh's Daughter, painted for the Foundling Hospital (1747, formerly at the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now in the Foundling Museum); Paul before Felix (1748) at Lincoln's Inn; and his altarpiece for St. Mary Redcliffe, Bristol (1755–56).", "Biblical scenes Hogarth's history pictures include The Pool of Bethesda and The Good Samaritan, executed in 1736–1737 for St Bartholomew's Hospital; Moses brought before Pharaoh's Daughter, painted for the Foundling Hospital (1747, formerly at the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now in the Foundling Museum); Paul before Felix (1748) at Lincoln's Inn; and his altarpiece for St. Mary Redcliffe, Bristol (1755–56). The Gate of Calais The Gate of Calais (1748; now in Tate Britain) was produced soon after his return from a visit to France.", "The Gate of Calais The Gate of Calais (1748; now in Tate Britain) was produced soon after his return from a visit to France. Horace Walpole wrote that Hogarth had run a great risk to go there since the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle: he went to France, and was so imprudent as to be taking a sketch of the drawbridge at Calais.", "Horace Walpole wrote that Hogarth had run a great risk to go there since the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle: he went to France, and was so imprudent as to be taking a sketch of the drawbridge at Calais. He was seized and carried to the governor, where he was forced to prove his vocation by producing several caricatures of the French; particularly a scene of the shore, with an immense piece of beef landing for the Lion d'argent, the English inn at Calais, and several hungry friars following it.", "He was seized and carried to the governor, where he was forced to prove his vocation by producing several caricatures of the French; particularly a scene of the shore, with an immense piece of beef landing for the Lion d'argent, the English inn at Calais, and several hungry friars following it. They were much diverted with his drawings, and dismissed him.", "They were much diverted with his drawings, and dismissed him. Back home, he immediately executed a painting of the subject in which he unkindly represented his enemies, the Frenchmen, as cringing, emaciated and superstitious people, while an enormous sirloin of beef arrives, destined for the English inn as a symbol of British prosperity and superiority.", "Back home, he immediately executed a painting of the subject in which he unkindly represented his enemies, the Frenchmen, as cringing, emaciated and superstitious people, while an enormous sirloin of beef arrives, destined for the English inn as a symbol of British prosperity and superiority. He claimed to have painted himself into the picture in the left corner sketching the gate, with a \"soldier's hand upon my shoulder\", running him in.", "He claimed to have painted himself into the picture in the left corner sketching the gate, with a \"soldier's hand upon my shoulder\", running him in. Other later works Notable Hogarth engravings in the 1740s include The Enraged Musician (1741), the six prints of Marriage à-la-mode (1745; executed by French artists under Hogarth's inspection), and The Stage Coach or The Country Inn Yard (1747).", "Other later works Notable Hogarth engravings in the 1740s include The Enraged Musician (1741), the six prints of Marriage à-la-mode (1745; executed by French artists under Hogarth's inspection), and The Stage Coach or The Country Inn Yard (1747). In 1745, Hogarth painted a self-portrait with his pug dog, Trump (now also in Tate Britain), which shows him as a learned artist supported by volumes of Shakespeare, Milton and Swift.", "In 1745, Hogarth painted a self-portrait with his pug dog, Trump (now also in Tate Britain), which shows him as a learned artist supported by volumes of Shakespeare, Milton and Swift. In 1749, he represented the somewhat disorderly English troops on their March of the Guards to Finchley (formerly located in Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now Foundling Museum).", "In 1749, he represented the somewhat disorderly English troops on their March of the Guards to Finchley (formerly located in Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now Foundling Museum). Others works included his ingenious Satire on False Perspective (1754); his satire on canvassing in his Election series (1755–1758; now in Sir John Soane's Museum); his ridicule of the English passion for cockfighting in The Cockpit (1759); his attack on Methodism in Credulity, Superstition, and Fanaticism (1762); his political anti-war satire in The Times, plate I (1762); and his pessimistic view of all things in Tailpiece, or The Bathos (1764).", "Others works included his ingenious Satire on False Perspective (1754); his satire on canvassing in his Election series (1755–1758; now in Sir John Soane's Museum); his ridicule of the English passion for cockfighting in The Cockpit (1759); his attack on Methodism in Credulity, Superstition, and Fanaticism (1762); his political anti-war satire in The Times, plate I (1762); and his pessimistic view of all things in Tailpiece, or The Bathos (1764). In 1757, Hogarth was appointed Serjeant Painter to the King.", "In 1757, Hogarth was appointed Serjeant Painter to the King. Writing Hogarth wrote and published his ideas of artistic design in his book The Analysis of Beauty (1753).", "Writing Hogarth wrote and published his ideas of artistic design in his book The Analysis of Beauty (1753). In it, he professes to define the principles of beauty and grace which he, a real child of Rococo, saw realized in serpentine lines (the Line of Beauty).", "In it, he professes to define the principles of beauty and grace which he, a real child of Rococo, saw realized in serpentine lines (the Line of Beauty). By some of Hogarth's adherents, the book was praised as a fine deliverance upon aesthetics; by his enemies and rivals, its obscurities and minor errors were made the subject of endless ridicule and caricature.", "By some of Hogarth's adherents, the book was praised as a fine deliverance upon aesthetics; by his enemies and rivals, its obscurities and minor errors were made the subject of endless ridicule and caricature. Painter and engraver of modern moral subjects Hogarth lived in an age when artwork became increasingly commercialized, being viewed in shop windows, taverns, and public buildings, and sold in printshops.", "Painter and engraver of modern moral subjects Hogarth lived in an age when artwork became increasingly commercialized, being viewed in shop windows, taverns, and public buildings, and sold in printshops. Old hierarchies broke down, and new forms began to flourish: the ballad opera, the bourgeois tragedy, and especially, a new form of fiction called the novel with which authors such as Henry Fielding had great success.", "Old hierarchies broke down, and new forms began to flourish: the ballad opera, the bourgeois tragedy, and especially, a new form of fiction called the novel with which authors such as Henry Fielding had great success. Therefore, by that time, Hogarth hit on a new idea: \"painting and engraving modern moral subjects ... to treat my subjects as a dramatic writer; my picture was my stage\", as he himself remarked in his manuscript notes.", "Therefore, by that time, Hogarth hit on a new idea: \"painting and engraving modern moral subjects ... to treat my subjects as a dramatic writer; my picture was my stage\", as he himself remarked in his manuscript notes. He drew from the highly moralizing Protestant tradition of Dutch genre painting, and the very vigorous satirical traditions of the English broadsheet and other types of popular print.", "He drew from the highly moralizing Protestant tradition of Dutch genre painting, and the very vigorous satirical traditions of the English broadsheet and other types of popular print. In England the fine arts had little comedy in them before Hogarth. His prints were expensive, and remained so until early 19th-century reprints brought them to a wider audience.", "His prints were expensive, and remained so until early 19th-century reprints brought them to a wider audience. Parodic borrowings from Old Masters When analysing the work of the artist as a whole, Ronald Paulson says, \"In A Harlot's Progress, every single plate but one is based on Dürer's images of the story of the Virgin and the story of the Passion.\"", "Parodic borrowings from Old Masters When analysing the work of the artist as a whole, Ronald Paulson says, \"In A Harlot's Progress, every single plate but one is based on Dürer's images of the story of the Virgin and the story of the Passion.\" In other works, he parodies Leonardo da Vinci's Last Supper.", "In other works, he parodies Leonardo da Vinci's Last Supper. According to Paulson, Hogarth is subverting the religious establishment and the orthodox belief in an immanent God who intervenes in the lives of people and produces miracles.", "According to Paulson, Hogarth is subverting the religious establishment and the orthodox belief in an immanent God who intervenes in the lives of people and produces miracles. Indeed, Hogarth was a Deist, a believer in a God who created the universe but takes no direct hand in the lives of his creations.", "Indeed, Hogarth was a Deist, a believer in a God who created the universe but takes no direct hand in the lives of his creations. Thus, as a \"comic history painter\", he often poked fun at the old-fashioned, \"beaten\" subjects of religious art in his paintings and prints.", "Thus, as a \"comic history painter\", he often poked fun at the old-fashioned, \"beaten\" subjects of religious art in his paintings and prints. Hogarth also rejected Lord Shaftesbury's then-current ideal of the classical Greek male in favour of the living, breathing female.", "Hogarth also rejected Lord Shaftesbury's then-current ideal of the classical Greek male in favour of the living, breathing female. He said, \"Who but a bigot, even to the antiques, will say that he has not seen faces and necks, hands and arms in living women, that even the Grecian Venus doth but coarsely imitate.\"", "He said, \"Who but a bigot, even to the antiques, will say that he has not seen faces and necks, hands and arms in living women, that even the Grecian Venus doth but coarsely imitate.\" Personal life On 23 March 1729, Hogarth eloped with Jane Thornhill at Paddington Church, against the wishes of her father, the artist Sir James Thornhill.", "Personal life On 23 March 1729, Hogarth eloped with Jane Thornhill at Paddington Church, against the wishes of her father, the artist Sir James Thornhill. Sir James saw the match as unequal, as Hogarth was a rather obscure artist at the time.", "Sir James saw the match as unequal, as Hogarth was a rather obscure artist at the time. However, when Hogarth started on his series of moral prints, A Harlot's Progress, some of the initial paintings were placed either in Sir James' drawing room or dining room, through the conspiring of Jane and her mother, in the hopes of reconciling him with the couple.", "However, when Hogarth started on his series of moral prints, A Harlot's Progress, some of the initial paintings were placed either in Sir James' drawing room or dining room, through the conspiring of Jane and her mother, in the hopes of reconciling him with the couple. When he saw them, he inquired as to the artist's name and, upon hearing it, replied: \"Very well; the man who can produce such representations as these, can also maintain a wife without a portion.\"", "When he saw them, he inquired as to the artist's name and, upon hearing it, replied: \"Very well; the man who can produce such representations as these, can also maintain a wife without a portion.\" However, he soon after relented, becoming more generous to, and living in harmony with the couple until his death.", "However, he soon after relented, becoming more generous to, and living in harmony with the couple until his death. Hogarth was initiated as a Freemason before 1728 in the Lodge at the Hand and Apple Tree Tavern, Little Queen Street, and later belonged to the Carrier Stone Lodge and the Grand Stewards' Lodge; the latter still possesses the 'Hogarth Jewel' which Hogarth designed for the Lodge's Master to wear.", "Hogarth was initiated as a Freemason before 1728 in the Lodge at the Hand and Apple Tree Tavern, Little Queen Street, and later belonged to the Carrier Stone Lodge and the Grand Stewards' Lodge; the latter still possesses the 'Hogarth Jewel' which Hogarth designed for the Lodge's Master to wear. Today the original is in storage and a replica is worn by the Master of the Lodge.", "Today the original is in storage and a replica is worn by the Master of the Lodge. Freemasonry was a theme in some of Hogarth's work, most notably 'Night', the fourth in the quartet of paintings (later released as engravings) collectively entitled the Four Times of the Day.", "Freemasonry was a theme in some of Hogarth's work, most notably 'Night', the fourth in the quartet of paintings (later released as engravings) collectively entitled the Four Times of the Day. His main home was in Leicester Square (then known as Leicester Fields), but he bought a country retreat in Chiswick in 1749, the house now known as Hogarth's House and preserved as a museum, and spent time there for the rest of his life.", "His main home was in Leicester Square (then known as Leicester Fields), but he bought a country retreat in Chiswick in 1749, the house now known as Hogarth's House and preserved as a museum, and spent time there for the rest of his life. The Hogarths had no children, although they fostered foundling children.", "The Hogarths had no children, although they fostered foundling children. He was a founding Governor of the Foundling Hospital. Among his friends and acquaintances were many English artists and satirists of the period, such as Francis Hayman, Henry Fielding, and Laurence Sterne.", "Among his friends and acquaintances were many English artists and satirists of the period, such as Francis Hayman, Henry Fielding, and Laurence Sterne. Death On 25 October 1764, Hogarth was conveyed from his villa in Chiswick to his home in Leicester Fields, in weak condition.", "Death On 25 October 1764, Hogarth was conveyed from his villa in Chiswick to his home in Leicester Fields, in weak condition. He had been in a weakened state for a while by this time, but was said to be in a cheerful mood and was even still working—with some help; doing more retouches on The Bench on this same day.", "He had been in a weakened state for a while by this time, but was said to be in a cheerful mood and was even still working—with some help; doing more retouches on The Bench on this same day. On 26 October, he received a letter from Benjamin Franklin and wrote up a rough draught in reply.", "On 26 October, he received a letter from Benjamin Franklin and wrote up a rough draught in reply. Before going to bed that evening, he'd boasted about eating a pound of beefsteaks for dinner and reportedly looked more robust than he had in a while at this time.", "Before going to bed that evening, he'd boasted about eating a pound of beefsteaks for dinner and reportedly looked more robust than he had in a while at this time. However, when he went to bed, he suddenly began vomiting; something that caused him to ring his bell so forcefully that it broke.", "However, when he went to bed, he suddenly began vomiting; something that caused him to ring his bell so forcefully that it broke. Hogarth passed away around two hours later, in the arms of his servant, Mrs Mary Lewis.", "Hogarth passed away around two hours later, in the arms of his servant, Mrs Mary Lewis. John Nichols claimed that he died of an aneurysm, which he said took place in the \"chest.\" Horace Walpole claimed that he died of \"a dropsy of his breast.\"", "Horace Walpole claimed that he died of \"a dropsy of his breast.\" Mrs Lewis, who stayed on with Jane Hogarth in Leicester Fields, was the only non-familial person acknowledged financially in Hogarth's will and was left £100 (approximately £18,651.61 in 2020) for her \"faithful services.\"", "Mrs Lewis, who stayed on with Jane Hogarth in Leicester Fields, was the only non-familial person acknowledged financially in Hogarth's will and was left £100 (approximately £18,651.61 in 2020) for her \"faithful services.\" Hogarth was buried at St. Nicholas Church, Chiswick, now in the west of London.", "Hogarth was buried at St. Nicholas Church, Chiswick, now in the west of London. His friend, actor David Garrick, composed the following inscription for his tombstone: Influence and reputation Hogarth's works were a direct influence on John Collier, who was known as the \"Lancashire Hogarth\".", "His friend, actor David Garrick, composed the following inscription for his tombstone: Influence and reputation Hogarth's works were a direct influence on John Collier, who was known as the \"Lancashire Hogarth\". The spread of Hogarth's prints throughout Europe, together with the depiction of popular scenes from his prints in faked Hogarth prints, influenced Continental book illustration through the 18th and early 19th centuries, especially in Germany and France.", "The spread of Hogarth's prints throughout Europe, together with the depiction of popular scenes from his prints in faked Hogarth prints, influenced Continental book illustration through the 18th and early 19th centuries, especially in Germany and France. He also influenced many caricaturists of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries.", "He also influenced many caricaturists of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. Hogarth's influence lives on today as artists continue to draw inspiration from his work. Hogarth's paintings and prints have provided the subject matter for several other works.", "Hogarth's paintings and prints have provided the subject matter for several other works. For example, Gavin Gordon's 1935 ballet The Rake's Progress, to choreography by Ninette de Valois, was based directly on Hogarth's series of paintings of that title.", "For example, Gavin Gordon's 1935 ballet The Rake's Progress, to choreography by Ninette de Valois, was based directly on Hogarth's series of paintings of that title. Igor Stravinsky's 1951 opera The Rake's Progress, with libretto by W. H. Auden, was less literally inspired by the same series.", "Igor Stravinsky's 1951 opera The Rake's Progress, with libretto by W. H. Auden, was less literally inspired by the same series. Hogarth's engravings also inspired the BBC radio play The Midnight House by Jonathan Hall, based on the M. R. James ghost story \"The Mezzotint\" and first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2006.", "Hogarth's engravings also inspired the BBC radio play The Midnight House by Jonathan Hall, based on the M. R. James ghost story \"The Mezzotint\" and first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2006. Russell Banks' short story \"Indisposed\" is a fictional account of Hogarth's infidelity as told from the viewpoint of his wife, Jane.", "Russell Banks' short story \"Indisposed\" is a fictional account of Hogarth's infidelity as told from the viewpoint of his wife, Jane. Hogarth was the lead character in Nick Dear's play The Art of Success, whilst he is played by Toby Jones in the 2006 television film A Harlot's Progress.", "Hogarth was the lead character in Nick Dear's play The Art of Success, whilst he is played by Toby Jones in the 2006 television film A Harlot's Progress. Hogarth's House in Chiswick, west London, is now a museum; the major road junction next to it is named the Hogarth Roundabout.", "Hogarth's House in Chiswick, west London, is now a museum; the major road junction next to it is named the Hogarth Roundabout. In 2014 both Hogarth's House and the Foundling Museum held special exhibitions to mark the 250th anniversary of his death.", "In 2014 both Hogarth's House and the Foundling Museum held special exhibitions to mark the 250th anniversary of his death. In 2019, Sir John Soane's Museum, which owns both The Rake's Progress and The Humours of an Election, held an exhibition which assembled all Hogarth's series of paintings, and his series of engravings, in one place for the first time.", "In 2019, Sir John Soane's Museum, which owns both The Rake's Progress and The Humours of an Election, held an exhibition which assembled all Hogarth's series of paintings, and his series of engravings, in one place for the first time. Stanley Kubrick based the cinematography of his 1975 period drama film, Barry Lyndon, on several Hogarth paintings.", "Stanley Kubrick based the cinematography of his 1975 period drama film, Barry Lyndon, on several Hogarth paintings. In Roger Michell's 2003 film The Mother, starring Anne Reid and Daniel Craig, the protagonists visit Hogarth's tomb during their first outing together.", "In Roger Michell's 2003 film The Mother, starring Anne Reid and Daniel Craig, the protagonists visit Hogarth's tomb during their first outing together. They read aloud the poem inscribed there and their shared admiration of Hogarth helps to affirm their connection with one another.", "They read aloud the poem inscribed there and their shared admiration of Hogarth helps to affirm their connection with one another. 'Selected works PaintingsEngravingsSee also English art List of works by William Hogarth Judy Egerton, Hogarth curator, cataloguer, and commentator Notes References William Hogarth, John Bowyer Nichols, ed.", "'Selected works PaintingsEngravingsSee also English art List of works by William Hogarth Judy Egerton, Hogarth curator, cataloguer, and commentator Notes References William Hogarth, John Bowyer Nichols, ed. Anecdotes of William Hogarth, Written by Himself (J.", "Anecdotes of William Hogarth, Written by Himself (J. B. Nichols and Son, 25 Parliament Street, London, 1833) Peter Quennell, Hogarth's Progress (London, New York, Ayer Co., 1955, ) Quennell, Peter. \"Hogarth's Election Series.\"", "\"Hogarth's Election Series.\" History Today (Apr 1953) 3#4 pp 221–232 Frederick Antal, Hogarth and His Place in European Art (London 1962).", "History Today (Apr 1953) 3#4 pp 221–232 Frederick Antal, Hogarth and His Place in European Art (London 1962). Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, Ausführliche Erklärung der Hogarthischen Kupferstiche (Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag, 1972, ) Sean Shesgreen, Hogarth 101 Prints (New York: Dover 1973).", "Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, Ausführliche Erklärung der Hogarthischen Kupferstiche (Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag, 1972, ) Sean Shesgreen, Hogarth 101 Prints (New York: Dover 1973). David Bindman, Hogarth (London 1981). Sean Shesgreen, Hogarth and the Times-of-the-Day Tradition (Ithaca, New York: Cornell UP, 1983).", "Sean Shesgreen, Hogarth and the Times-of-the-Day Tradition (Ithaca, New York: Cornell UP, 1983). Ronald Paulson, Hogarth's Graphic Works (3rd edn, London 1989). Ronald Paulson, Hogarth, 3 vols. (New Brunswick 1991–93). Elizabeth Einberg, Hogarth the Painter (London: Tate Gallery, 1997).", "Elizabeth Einberg, Hogarth the Painter (London: Tate Gallery, 1997). Jenny Uglow, Hogarth: A Life and a World (London 1997). Frédéric Ogée and Hans-Peter Wagner, eds., William Hogarth: Theater and the Theater of Life (Los Angeles, 1997).", "Frédéric Ogée and Hans-Peter Wagner, eds., William Hogarth: Theater and the Theater of Life (Los Angeles, 1997). Hans-Peter Wagner, William Hogarth: Das graphische Werk (Saarbrücken, 1998; revised edition, Trier 2013). David Bindman, Frédéric Ogée and Peter Wagner, eds.", "David Bindman, Frédéric Ogée and Peter Wagner, eds. Hogarth: Representing Nature's Machines (Manchester, 2001) Bernadette Fort, and Angela Rosenthal, eds., The Other Hogarth: Aesthetics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton UP, 2001) Christine Riding and Mark Hallet, \"Hogarth\" (Tate Publishing, London, 2006).", "Hogarth: Representing Nature's Machines (Manchester, 2001) Bernadette Fort, and Angela Rosenthal, eds., The Other Hogarth: Aesthetics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton UP, 2001) Christine Riding and Mark Hallet, \"Hogarth\" (Tate Publishing, London, 2006). Robin Simon, Hogarth, France and British Art: The rise of the arts in eighteenth-century Britain (London, 2007) Ilias Chrissochoidis, \"Handel, Hogarth, Goupy: Artistic intersections in Handelian biography\", Early Music 37/4 (November 2009), 577–596.", "Robin Simon, Hogarth, France and British Art: The rise of the arts in eighteenth-century Britain (London, 2007) Ilias Chrissochoidis, \"Handel, Hogarth, Goupy: Artistic intersections in Handelian biography\", Early Music 37/4 (November 2009), 577–596. Bernd W. Krysmanski, Hogarth's Hidden Parts: Satiric Allusion, Erotic Wit, Blasphemous Bawdiness and Dark Humour in Eighteenth-Century English Art (Hildesheim, Zurich, New York: Olms-Verlag, 2010 ) Johann Joachim Eschenburg, Über William Hogarth und seine Erklärer, ed.", "Bernd W. Krysmanski, Hogarth's Hidden Parts: Satiric Allusion, Erotic Wit, Blasphemous Bawdiness and Dark Humour in Eighteenth-Century English Art (Hildesheim, Zurich, New York: Olms-Verlag, 2010 ) Johann Joachim Eschenburg, Über William Hogarth und seine Erklärer, ed. Till Kinzel (Hanover: Wehrhahn, 2013 ) Cynthia Ellen Roman, ed., Hogarth's Legacy (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2016) Elizabeth Einberg, William Hogarth: A Complete Catalogue of the Paintings'' (New Haven and London, Yale University Press for Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art, 2016) External links The Works of William Hogarth, 1822 Heath edition (engravings and commentaries by John Nichols) William Hogarth's biography, style, artworks and influences Hogarth & John Wilkes - UK Parliament Living Heritage William Hogarth at The National Gallery William Hogarth and 18th-Century Print Culture The Site for Research on William Hogarth (annotated online bibliography) Print series in detail Hogarth exhibition at Tate Britain, London (7 February – 29 April 2007) William Hogarth at Wikigallery Location of Hogarth's grave on Google Maps The Analysis of Beauty, 1753 (abridged 1909 edition) Hogarth's The Rake's Progress and other of his works 'Hogarth's London', lecture by Robin Simon at Gresham College, 8 October 2007 (available for download as MP3, MP4 or text files) Hogarth's London video hosted at Tate Britain's website by Martin Rowson William Hogarth's Works hosted at The Victorian Web 1697 births 1764 deaths 17th-century English writers 17th-century English male writers 18th-century English people Painters from London English caricaturists English cartoonists English engravers English illustrators English satirists English printmakers 18th-century English painters English male painters Court painters Artist authors Political artists Social critics Freemasons of the Premier Grand Lodge of England Fellows of the Royal Society of Arts" ]

[ "William Hogarth", "Harlot's and Rake's Progresses", "When did Hogarth paint Harlot's and Rake's Progresses?", ") before being published as engravings.", "What are Harlot's and Rake's Progresses?", "A Harlot's Progress depicts the fate of a country girl who begins prostituting" ]

[ "A Rake's Progress is a series of eight paintings by British artist William Hogarth.\n\nRake's Progress may also refer to:\n\nThe Rake's Progress, an opera by Igor Stravinsky based on the paintings\nThe Rake's Progress (ballet), a ballet based on the paintings\nThe Rake's Progress (film), a 1945 British film directed by Sidney Gilliat\n\"The Rakes Progress\", a song by Marillion from Holidays in Eden\n\nSee also\nRake (disambiguation)\nProgress (disambiguation)", "The Rake's Progress is a short 1935 ballet based on the drawings of William Hogarth, with music by Gavin Gordon (1901-1970), choreography by Ninette de Valois, and set design by Rex Whistler. \n\nGavin Gordon had written some earlier ballets that were not successful. By contrast, The Rake's Progress was an instant hit and has remained in the repertoires of a number of ballet companies. It is the only work of Gavin Gordon's that is remembered today.\n\nBackground\nGordon based his scenario for the ballet on Hogarth's series of paintings called A Rake's Progress. These paintings influenced him far more literally than was the case with Igor Stravinsky in his 1951 operatic treatment. Stravinsky's Hogarthian borrowings were limited to the name of the protagonist, the general notion of his progress, and specific ideas for two of the scenes. \n\nThe ballet was Gordon's own concept, and he persuaded Ninette de Valois to choreograph it.\n\nThe Rake's Progress was produced at the Sadler's Wells Theatre in 1935. The costumes and scenery were by Rex Whistler. They were destroyed in the Netherlands during the Second World War, while Sadler's Wells were visiting that country, but were remade for a revival.\n\nStructure\nThe ballet consists of the following numbers: \nPrelude\nThe Reception\nThe Dancing Lesson (Menuetto galante)\nThe Orgy (Rondo)\nThe Faithful Girl (Loure)\nThe Gambling Den (Gigue)\nOutside the Prison Gates (Sarabande)\nThe Mad House (Quodlibet).\n\nGordon employed the Swannee whistle in his orchestration. \n\nThe ballet has had several recordings (conductors include Constant Lambert and Barry Wordsworth). \n\nRobert Helpmann, who was in the original cast, included it in The Royal Ballet's first tour of Australia in 1956. Other major artists to be associated with The Rake's Progress include Margot Fonteyn and Beryl Grey.\n\nOriginal 1935 cast\nThe Rake: Robert Helpmann\n The Betrayed Girl: Alicia Markova\nThe Dancing Master: \nMan with a Rope: \nThe Rake’s Friend/A Card Player: \nBetrayed Girl’s Mother: \nThe Dancer: \nThe Ballad Singer:\n\n1982 revival cast\nThe Rake: David Morse\nThe Betrayed Girl: Nicola Katrak\nThe Dancing Master: Kim Reeder\nMan with a Rope: David Bintley\nThe Rake’s Friend/A Card Player: Michael Corder\nBetrayed Girl’s Mother: Susan Crow\nThe Dancer: Chenca Williams\nThe Ballad Singer: Siobhan Stanley\n\nReferences\n\nSources\nBlom, Eric ed. (1954). Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 5th edition. St. Martin's Press. \nSchueneman, Bruce R. and William Emmett Studwell: Minor ballet composers: biographical sketches of sixty-six underappreciated composers (Psychology Press, 1997) p.45.\n\nBallets by Ninette de Valois\nBallets designed by Rex Whistler\n1935 ballet premieres\nBallets created for The Royal Ballet\nWorks based on art" ]

[ "William Hogarth (; 10 November 1697 – 26 October 1764) was an English painter, printmaker, pictorial satirist, social critic, and editorial cartoonist. His work ranges from realistic portraiture to comic strip-like series of pictures called \"modern moral subjects\", and he is perhaps best known for his series A Harlot's Progress, A Rake's Progress and Marriage A-la-Mode.", "His work ranges from realistic portraiture to comic strip-like series of pictures called \"modern moral subjects\", and he is perhaps best known for his series A Harlot's Progress, A Rake's Progress and Marriage A-la-Mode. Knowledge of his work is so pervasive that satirical political illustrations in this style are often referred to as \"Hogarthian\".", "Knowledge of his work is so pervasive that satirical political illustrations in this style are often referred to as \"Hogarthian\". Hogarth was born in London to a lower-middle-class family. In his youth he took up an apprenticeship with an engraver, but did not complete the apprenticeship.", "In his youth he took up an apprenticeship with an engraver, but did not complete the apprenticeship. His father underwent periods of mixed fortune, and was at one time imprisoned in lieu of outstanding debts, an event that is thought to have informed William's paintings and prints with a hard edge.", "His father underwent periods of mixed fortune, and was at one time imprisoned in lieu of outstanding debts, an event that is thought to have informed William's paintings and prints with a hard edge. Influenced by French and Italian painting and engraving, Hogarth's works are mostly satirical caricatures, sometimes bawdily sexual, mostly of the first rank of realistic portraiture.", "Influenced by French and Italian painting and engraving, Hogarth's works are mostly satirical caricatures, sometimes bawdily sexual, mostly of the first rank of realistic portraiture. They became widely popular and mass-produced via prints in his lifetime, and he was by far the most significant English artist of his generation.", "They became widely popular and mass-produced via prints in his lifetime, and he was by far the most significant English artist of his generation. Charles Lamb deemed Hogarth's images to be books, filled with \"the teeming, fruitful, suggestive meaning of words. Other pictures we look at; his pictures we read.\"", "Other pictures we look at; his pictures we read.\" Early life William Hogarth was born at Bartholomew Close in London to Richard Hogarth, a poor Latin school teacher and textbook writer, and Anne Gibbons.", "Early life William Hogarth was born at Bartholomew Close in London to Richard Hogarth, a poor Latin school teacher and textbook writer, and Anne Gibbons. In his youth he was apprenticed to the engraver Ellis Gamble in Leicester Fields, where he learned to engrave trade cards and similar products.", "In his youth he was apprenticed to the engraver Ellis Gamble in Leicester Fields, where he learned to engrave trade cards and similar products. Young Hogarth also took a lively interest in the street life of the metropolis and the London fairs, and amused himself by sketching the characters he saw.", "Young Hogarth also took a lively interest in the street life of the metropolis and the London fairs, and amused himself by sketching the characters he saw. Around the same time, his father, who had opened an unsuccessful Latin-speaking coffee house at St John's Gate, was imprisoned for debt in the Fleet Prison for five years.", "Around the same time, his father, who had opened an unsuccessful Latin-speaking coffee house at St John's Gate, was imprisoned for debt in the Fleet Prison for five years. Hogarth never spoke of his father's imprisonment.", "Hogarth never spoke of his father's imprisonment. In 1720, Hogarth enrolled at the original St Martin's Lane Academy in Peter Court, London, which was run by Louis Chéron and John Vanderbank. He attended alongside other future leading figures in art and design, such as Joseph Highmore, William Kent, and Arthur Pond.", "He attended alongside other future leading figures in art and design, such as Joseph Highmore, William Kent, and Arthur Pond. However, the academy seems to have stopped operating in 1724, at around the same time that Vanderbank fled to France in order to avoid creditors.", "However, the academy seems to have stopped operating in 1724, at around the same time that Vanderbank fled to France in order to avoid creditors. Hogarth recalled of the first incarnation of the academy: \"this lasted a few years but the treasurer sinking the subscription money the lamp stove etc were seized for rent and the whole affair put a stop to.\"", "Hogarth recalled of the first incarnation of the academy: \"this lasted a few years but the treasurer sinking the subscription money the lamp stove etc were seized for rent and the whole affair put a stop to.\" Hogarth then enrolled in another drawing school, in Covent Garden, shortly after it opened in November 1724, which was run by Sir James Thornhill, serjeant painter to the king.", "Hogarth then enrolled in another drawing school, in Covent Garden, shortly after it opened in November 1724, which was run by Sir James Thornhill, serjeant painter to the king. On Thornhill, Hogarth later claimed that, even as an apprentice, \"the painting of St Pauls and gree[n]wich hospital … were during this time runing in my head\", referring to the massive schemes of decoration painted by Thornhill for the dome of St Paul's Cathedral, and Greenwich Hospital.", "On Thornhill, Hogarth later claimed that, even as an apprentice, \"the painting of St Pauls and gree[n]wich hospital … were during this time runing in my head\", referring to the massive schemes of decoration painted by Thornhill for the dome of St Paul's Cathedral, and Greenwich Hospital. Hogarth became a member of the Rose and Crown Club, with Peter Tillemans, George Vertue, Michael Dahl, and other artists and connoisseurs.", "Hogarth became a member of the Rose and Crown Club, with Peter Tillemans, George Vertue, Michael Dahl, and other artists and connoisseurs. Career By April 1720, Hogarth was an engraver in his own right, at first engraving coats of arms and shop bills and designing plates for booksellers.", "Career By April 1720, Hogarth was an engraver in his own right, at first engraving coats of arms and shop bills and designing plates for booksellers. In 1727, he was hired by Joshua Morris, a tapestry worker, to prepare a design for the Element of Earth.", "In 1727, he was hired by Joshua Morris, a tapestry worker, to prepare a design for the Element of Earth. Morris heard that he was \"an engraver, and no painter\", and consequently declined the work when completed.", "Morris heard that he was \"an engraver, and no painter\", and consequently declined the work when completed. Hogarth accordingly sued him for the money in the Westminster Court, where the case was decided in his favour on 28 May 1728.", "Hogarth accordingly sued him for the money in the Westminster Court, where the case was decided in his favour on 28 May 1728. Early works Early satirical works included an Emblematical Print on the South Sea Scheme (c. 1721, published 1724), about the disastrous stock market crash of 1720, known as the South Sea Bubble, in which many English people lost a great deal of money.", "Early works Early satirical works included an Emblematical Print on the South Sea Scheme (c. 1721, published 1724), about the disastrous stock market crash of 1720, known as the South Sea Bubble, in which many English people lost a great deal of money. In the bottom left corner, he shows Protestant, Roman Catholic, and Jewish figures gambling, while in the middle there is a huge machine, like a merry-go-round, which people are boarding.", "In the bottom left corner, he shows Protestant, Roman Catholic, and Jewish figures gambling, while in the middle there is a huge machine, like a merry-go-round, which people are boarding. At the top is a goat, written below which is \"Who'l Ride\".", "At the top is a goat, written below which is \"Who'l Ride\". The people are scattered around the picture with a sense of disorder, while the progress of the well dressed people towards the ride in the middle shows the foolishness of the crowd in buying stock in the South Sea Company, which spent more time issuing stock than anything else.", "The people are scattered around the picture with a sense of disorder, while the progress of the well dressed people towards the ride in the middle shows the foolishness of the crowd in buying stock in the South Sea Company, which spent more time issuing stock than anything else. Other early works include The Lottery (1724); The Mystery of Masonry brought to Light by the Gormagons (1724); A Just View of the British Stage (1724); some book illustrations; and the small print Masquerades and Operas (1724).", "Other early works include The Lottery (1724); The Mystery of Masonry brought to Light by the Gormagons (1724); A Just View of the British Stage (1724); some book illustrations; and the small print Masquerades and Operas (1724). The latter is a satire on contemporary follies, such as the masquerades of the Swiss impresario John James Heidegger, the popular Italian opera singers, John Rich's pantomimes at Lincoln's Inn Fields, and the exaggerated popularity of Lord Burlington's protégé, the architect and painter William Kent.", "The latter is a satire on contemporary follies, such as the masquerades of the Swiss impresario John James Heidegger, the popular Italian opera singers, John Rich's pantomimes at Lincoln's Inn Fields, and the exaggerated popularity of Lord Burlington's protégé, the architect and painter William Kent. He continued that theme in 1727, with the Large Masquerade Ticket.", "He continued that theme in 1727, with the Large Masquerade Ticket. In 1726, Hogarth prepared twelve large engravings illustrating Samuel Butler's Hudibras. These he himself valued highly, and they are among his best book illustrations.", "These he himself valued highly, and they are among his best book illustrations. In the following years, he turned his attention to the production of small \"conversation pieces\" (i.e., groups in oil of full-length portraits from high.", "In the following years, he turned his attention to the production of small \"conversation pieces\" (i.e., groups in oil of full-length portraits from high. Among his efforts in oil between 1728 and 1732 were The Fountaine Family (c.1730), The Assembly at Wanstead House, The House of Commons examining Bambridge, and several pictures of the chief actors in John Gay's popular The Beggar's Opera.", "Among his efforts in oil between 1728 and 1732 were The Fountaine Family (c.1730), The Assembly at Wanstead House, The House of Commons examining Bambridge, and several pictures of the chief actors in John Gay's popular The Beggar's Opera. One of his real-life subjects was Sarah Malcolm, whom he sketched two days before her execution.", "One of his real-life subjects was Sarah Malcolm, whom he sketched two days before her execution. One of Hogarth's masterpieces of this period is the depiction of an amateur performance by children of John Dryden's The Indian Emperour, or The Conquest of Mexico by Spaniards, being the Sequel of The Indian Queen (1732–1735) at the home of John Conduitt, master of the mint, in St George's Street, Hanover Square.", "One of Hogarth's masterpieces of this period is the depiction of an amateur performance by children of John Dryden's The Indian Emperour, or The Conquest of Mexico by Spaniards, being the Sequel of The Indian Queen (1732–1735) at the home of John Conduitt, master of the mint, in St George's Street, Hanover Square. Hogarth's other works in the 1730s include A Midnight Modern Conversation (1733), Southwark Fair (1733), The Sleeping Congregation (1736), Before and After (1736), Scholars at a Lecture (1736), The Company of Undertakers (Consultation of Quacks) (1736), The Distrest Poet (1736), The Four Times of the Day (1738), and Strolling Actresses Dressing in a Barn (1738).", "Hogarth's other works in the 1730s include A Midnight Modern Conversation (1733), Southwark Fair (1733), The Sleeping Congregation (1736), Before and After (1736), Scholars at a Lecture (1736), The Company of Undertakers (Consultation of Quacks) (1736), The Distrest Poet (1736), The Four Times of the Day (1738), and Strolling Actresses Dressing in a Barn (1738). He might also have printed Burlington Gate (1731), evoked by Alexander Pope's Epistle to Lord Burlington, and defending Lord Chandos, who is therein satirized.", "He might also have printed Burlington Gate (1731), evoked by Alexander Pope's Epistle to Lord Burlington, and defending Lord Chandos, who is therein satirized. This print gave great offence, and was suppressed. However, modern authorities such as Ronald Paulson no longer attribute it to Hogarth.", "However, modern authorities such as Ronald Paulson no longer attribute it to Hogarth. Moralizing art Harlot's Progress and Rake's Progress In 1731, Hogarth completed the earliest of his series of moral works, a body of work that led to wide recognition.", "Moralizing art Harlot's Progress and Rake's Progress In 1731, Hogarth completed the earliest of his series of moral works, a body of work that led to wide recognition. The collection of six scenes was entitled A Harlot's Progress and appeared first as paintings (now lost) before being published as engravings.", "The collection of six scenes was entitled A Harlot's Progress and appeared first as paintings (now lost) before being published as engravings. A Harlot's Progress depicts the fate of a country girl who begins prostituting – the six scenes are chronological, starting with a meeting with a bawd and ending with a funeral ceremony that follows the character's death from venereal disease.", "A Harlot's Progress depicts the fate of a country girl who begins prostituting – the six scenes are chronological, starting with a meeting with a bawd and ending with a funeral ceremony that follows the character's death from venereal disease. The inaugural series was an immediate success and was followed in 1733–1735 by the sequel A Rake's Progress.", "The inaugural series was an immediate success and was followed in 1733–1735 by the sequel A Rake's Progress. The second instalment consisted of eight pictures that depicted the reckless life of Tom Rakewell, the son of a rich merchant, who spends all of his money on luxurious living, services from prostitutes, and gambling – the character's life ultimately ends in Bethlem Royal Hospital.", "The second instalment consisted of eight pictures that depicted the reckless life of Tom Rakewell, the son of a rich merchant, who spends all of his money on luxurious living, services from prostitutes, and gambling – the character's life ultimately ends in Bethlem Royal Hospital. The original paintings of A Harlot's Progress were destroyed in the fire at Fonthill House in 1755; the oil paintings of A Rake's Progress (1733–34) are displayed in the gallery room at Sir John Soane's Museum, London, UK.", "The original paintings of A Harlot's Progress were destroyed in the fire at Fonthill House in 1755; the oil paintings of A Rake's Progress (1733–34) are displayed in the gallery room at Sir John Soane's Museum, London, UK. When the success of A Harlot's Progress and A Rake's Progress resulted in numerous pirated reproductions by unscrupulous printsellers, Hogarth lobbied in parliament for greater legal control over the reproduction of his and other artists' work.", "When the success of A Harlot's Progress and A Rake's Progress resulted in numerous pirated reproductions by unscrupulous printsellers, Hogarth lobbied in parliament for greater legal control over the reproduction of his and other artists' work. The result was the Engravers' Copyright Act (known as 'Hogarth's Act'), which became law on 25 June 1735 and was the first copyright law to deal with visual works as well as the first to recognise the authorial rights of an individual artist.", "The result was the Engravers' Copyright Act (known as 'Hogarth's Act'), which became law on 25 June 1735 and was the first copyright law to deal with visual works as well as the first to recognise the authorial rights of an individual artist. Marriage A-la-Mode In 1743–1745, Hogarth painted the six pictures of Marriage A-la-Mode (National Gallery, London), a pointed skewering of upper-class 18th-century society.", "Marriage A-la-Mode In 1743–1745, Hogarth painted the six pictures of Marriage A-la-Mode (National Gallery, London), a pointed skewering of upper-class 18th-century society. This moralistic warning shows the miserable tragedy of an ill-considered marriage for money. This is regarded by many as his finest project and may be among his best-planned story serials.", "This is regarded by many as his finest project and may be among his best-planned story serials. Marital ethics were the topic of much debate in 18th-century Britain. The many marriages of convenience and their attendant unhappiness came in for particular criticism, with a variety of authors taking the view that love was a much sounder basis for marriage.", "The many marriages of convenience and their attendant unhappiness came in for particular criticism, with a variety of authors taking the view that love was a much sounder basis for marriage. Hogarth here painted a satire – a genre that by definition has a moral point to convey – of a conventional marriage within the English upper class.", "Hogarth here painted a satire – a genre that by definition has a moral point to convey – of a conventional marriage within the English upper class. All the paintings were engraved and the series achieved wide circulation in print form.", "All the paintings were engraved and the series achieved wide circulation in print form. The series, which is set in a Classical interior, shows the story of the fashionable marriage of Viscount Squanderfield, the son of bankrupt Earl Squander, to the daughter of a wealthy but miserly city merchant, starting with the signing of a marriage contract at the Earl's grand house and ending with the murder of the son by his wife's lover and the suicide of the daughter after her lover is hanged at Tyburn for murdering her husband.", "The series, which is set in a Classical interior, shows the story of the fashionable marriage of Viscount Squanderfield, the son of bankrupt Earl Squander, to the daughter of a wealthy but miserly city merchant, starting with the signing of a marriage contract at the Earl's grand house and ending with the murder of the son by his wife's lover and the suicide of the daughter after her lover is hanged at Tyburn for murdering her husband. William Makepeace Thackeray wrote: This famous set of pictures contains the most important and highly wrought of the Hogarth comedies.", "William Makepeace Thackeray wrote: This famous set of pictures contains the most important and highly wrought of the Hogarth comedies. The care and method with which the moral grounds of these pictures are laid is as remarkable as the wit and skill of the observing and dexterous artist.", "The care and method with which the moral grounds of these pictures are laid is as remarkable as the wit and skill of the observing and dexterous artist. He has to describe the negotiations for a marriage pending between the daughter of a rich citizen Alderman and young Lord Viscount Squanderfield, the dissipated son of a gouty old Earl ...", "He has to describe the negotiations for a marriage pending between the daughter of a rich citizen Alderman and young Lord Viscount Squanderfield, the dissipated son of a gouty old Earl ... The dismal end is known. My lord draws upon the counsellor, who kills him, and is apprehended while endeavouring to escape.", "My lord draws upon the counsellor, who kills him, and is apprehended while endeavouring to escape. My lady goes back perforce to the Alderman of the City, and faints upon reading Counsellor Silvertongue's dying speech at Tyburn (place of execution in old London), where the counsellor has been 'executed for sending his lordship out of the world.", "My lady goes back perforce to the Alderman of the City, and faints upon reading Counsellor Silvertongue's dying speech at Tyburn (place of execution in old London), where the counsellor has been 'executed for sending his lordship out of the world. Moral: don't listen to evil silver-tongued counsellors; don't marry a man for his rank, or a woman for her money; don't frequent foolish auctions and masquerade balls unknown to your husband; don't have wicked companions abroad and neglect your wife, otherwise you will be run through the body, and ruin will ensue, and disgrace, and Tyburn.", "Moral: don't listen to evil silver-tongued counsellors; don't marry a man for his rank, or a woman for her money; don't frequent foolish auctions and masquerade balls unknown to your husband; don't have wicked companions abroad and neglect your wife, otherwise you will be run through the body, and ruin will ensue, and disgrace, and Tyburn. Industry and Idleness In the twelve prints of Industry and Idleness (1747), Hogarth shows the progression in the lives of two apprentices, one of whom is dedicated and hard working, while the other, who is idle, commits crime and is eventually executed.", "Industry and Idleness In the twelve prints of Industry and Idleness (1747), Hogarth shows the progression in the lives of two apprentices, one of whom is dedicated and hard working, while the other, who is idle, commits crime and is eventually executed. This shows the work ethic of Protestant England, where those who worked hard were rewarded, such as the industrious apprentice who becomes Sheriff (plate 8), Alderman (plate 10), and finally the Lord Mayor of London in the last plate in the series.", "This shows the work ethic of Protestant England, where those who worked hard were rewarded, such as the industrious apprentice who becomes Sheriff (plate 8), Alderman (plate 10), and finally the Lord Mayor of London in the last plate in the series. The idle apprentice, who begins \"at play in the church yard\" (plate 3), holes up \"in a Garrett with a Common Prostitute\" after turning highwayman (plate 7) and \"executed at Tyburn\" (plate 11).", "The idle apprentice, who begins \"at play in the church yard\" (plate 3), holes up \"in a Garrett with a Common Prostitute\" after turning highwayman (plate 7) and \"executed at Tyburn\" (plate 11). The idle apprentice is sent to the gallows by the industrious apprentice himself.", "The idle apprentice is sent to the gallows by the industrious apprentice himself. For each plate, there is at least one passage from the Bible at the bottom, mostly from the Book of Proverbs, such as for the first plate: \"Industry and Idleness, shown here, 'Proverbs Ch:10 Ver:4 The hand of the diligent maketh rich.'\"", "For each plate, there is at least one passage from the Bible at the bottom, mostly from the Book of Proverbs, such as for the first plate: \"Industry and Idleness, shown here, 'Proverbs Ch:10 Ver:4 The hand of the diligent maketh rich.'\" Beer Street and Gin Lane Later prints of significance include his pictorial warning of the consequences of alcoholism in Beer Street and Gin Lane (1751).", "Beer Street and Gin Lane Later prints of significance include his pictorial warning of the consequences of alcoholism in Beer Street and Gin Lane (1751). Hogarth engraved Beer Street to show a happy city drinking the 'good' beverage, English beer, in contrast to Gin Lane, in which the effects of drinking gin are shown – as a more potent liquor, gin caused more problems for society.", "Hogarth engraved Beer Street to show a happy city drinking the 'good' beverage, English beer, in contrast to Gin Lane, in which the effects of drinking gin are shown – as a more potent liquor, gin caused more problems for society. There had been a sharp increase in the popularity of gin at this time, which was called the 'Gin Craze.'", "There had been a sharp increase in the popularity of gin at this time, which was called the 'Gin Craze.' It started in the early 18th century, after a series of legislative actions in the late 17th century impacted the importation and manufacturing of alcohol in London.", "It started in the early 18th century, after a series of legislative actions in the late 17th century impacted the importation and manufacturing of alcohol in London. Among these, were the Prohibition of 1678, which barred popular French brandy imports, and the forced disbandment, in 1690, of the London Guild of Distillers, whose members had previously been the only legal manufacturers of alcohol, leading to an increase in the production and then consumption of domestic gin.", "Among these, were the Prohibition of 1678, which barred popular French brandy imports, and the forced disbandment, in 1690, of the London Guild of Distillers, whose members had previously been the only legal manufacturers of alcohol, leading to an increase in the production and then consumption of domestic gin. In Beer Street, people are shown as healthy, happy and prosperous, while in Gin Lane, they are scrawny, lazy and careless.", "In Beer Street, people are shown as healthy, happy and prosperous, while in Gin Lane, they are scrawny, lazy and careless. The woman at the front of Gin Lane, who lets her baby fall to its death, echoes the tale of Judith Dufour, who strangled her baby so she could sell its clothes for gin money.", "The woman at the front of Gin Lane, who lets her baby fall to its death, echoes the tale of Judith Dufour, who strangled her baby so she could sell its clothes for gin money. The prints were published in support of the Gin Act 1751.", "The prints were published in support of the Gin Act 1751. Hogarth's friend, the magistrate Henry Fielding, may have enlisted Hogarth to help with propaganda for the Gin Act; Beer Street and Gin Lane were issued shortly after his work An Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers, and Related Writings, and addressed the same issues.", "Hogarth's friend, the magistrate Henry Fielding, may have enlisted Hogarth to help with propaganda for the Gin Act; Beer Street and Gin Lane were issued shortly after his work An Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers, and Related Writings, and addressed the same issues. The Four Stages of Cruelty Other prints were his outcry against inhumanity in The Four Stages of Cruelty (published 21 February 1751), in which Hogarth depicts the cruel treatment of animals which he saw around him and suggests what will happen to people who carry on in this manner.", "The Four Stages of Cruelty Other prints were his outcry against inhumanity in The Four Stages of Cruelty (published 21 February 1751), in which Hogarth depicts the cruel treatment of animals which he saw around him and suggests what will happen to people who carry on in this manner. In the first print, there are scenes of boys torturing dogs, cats and other animals.", "In the first print, there are scenes of boys torturing dogs, cats and other animals. It centers around a poorly dressed boy committing a violent act of torture upon a dog, while being pleaded with to stop, and offered food, by another well-dressed boy.", "It centers around a poorly dressed boy committing a violent act of torture upon a dog, while being pleaded with to stop, and offered food, by another well-dressed boy. A boy behind them has graffitied a hanged stickman figure upon a wall, with the name \"Tom Nero\" underneath, and is pointing to this dog torturer.", "A boy behind them has graffitied a hanged stickman figure upon a wall, with the name \"Tom Nero\" underneath, and is pointing to this dog torturer. The second shows Tom Nero has grown up to become a Hackney coach driver.", "The second shows Tom Nero has grown up to become a Hackney coach driver. His coach has overturned with a heavy load and his horse is lying on the ground, having broken its leg. He is beating it with the handle of his whip; its eye severely wounded.", "He is beating it with the handle of his whip; its eye severely wounded. Other people around him are seen abusing their work animals and livestock, and a child is being run over by the wheel of a dray, as the drayman dozes off on the job.", "Other people around him are seen abusing their work animals and livestock, and a child is being run over by the wheel of a dray, as the drayman dozes off on the job. In the third print, Tom is shown to be a murderer, surrounded by a mob of accusers.", "In the third print, Tom is shown to be a murderer, surrounded by a mob of accusers. The woman he has apparently killed is lying on the ground, brutally slain, with a trunk and sack of stolen goods near by.", "The woman he has apparently killed is lying on the ground, brutally slain, with a trunk and sack of stolen goods near by. One of the accusers holds a letter from the woman to Tom, speaking of how wronging her mistress upsets her conscience, but that she is resolved to do as he would have her, closing with: \"I remain yours till death.\"", "One of the accusers holds a letter from the woman to Tom, speaking of how wronging her mistress upsets her conscience, but that she is resolved to do as he would have her, closing with: \"I remain yours till death.\" The fourth, titled The Reward of Cruelty, shows Tom's withering corpse being publicly dissected by scientists after his execution by hanging; a noose still around his neck.", "The fourth, titled The Reward of Cruelty, shows Tom's withering corpse being publicly dissected by scientists after his execution by hanging; a noose still around his neck. The dissection reflects the Murder Act 1751, which allowed for the public dissection of criminals who had been hanged for murder. Portraits Hogarth was also popular portrait painter.", "Portraits Hogarth was also popular portrait painter. In 1745, he painted actor David Garrick as Richard III, for which he was paid £200, \"which was more\", he wrote, \"than any English artist ever received for a single portrait.\"", "In 1745, he painted actor David Garrick as Richard III, for which he was paid £200, \"which was more\", he wrote, \"than any English artist ever received for a single portrait.\" In 1746, a sketch of Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat, afterwards beheaded on Tower Hill, had an exceptional success.", "In 1746, a sketch of Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat, afterwards beheaded on Tower Hill, had an exceptional success. In 1740, he created a truthful, vivid full-length portrait of his friend, the philanthropic Captain Coram, for the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now in the Foundling Museum.", "In 1740, he created a truthful, vivid full-length portrait of his friend, the philanthropic Captain Coram, for the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now in the Foundling Museum. This portrait, and his unfinished oil sketch of a young fishwoman, entitled The Shrimp Girl (National Gallery, London), may be called masterpieces of British painting.", "This portrait, and his unfinished oil sketch of a young fishwoman, entitled The Shrimp Girl (National Gallery, London), may be called masterpieces of British painting. There are also portraits of his wife, his two sisters, and of many other people; among them Bishop Hoadly and Bishop Herring.", "There are also portraits of his wife, his two sisters, and of many other people; among them Bishop Hoadly and Bishop Herring. Historical subjects For a long period, during the mid-18th century, Hogarth tried to achieve the status of a history painter, but did not earn much respect in this field.", "Historical subjects For a long period, during the mid-18th century, Hogarth tried to achieve the status of a history painter, but did not earn much respect in this field. The painter, and later founder of the Royal Academy of Arts, Joshua Reynolds, was highly critical of Hogarth's style and work.", "The painter, and later founder of the Royal Academy of Arts, Joshua Reynolds, was highly critical of Hogarth's style and work. According to art historian David Bindman, in Dr Johnson's serial of essays for London's Universal Chronicle, The Idler, the three essays written by Reynolds for the months of September through November 1759 are directed at Hogarth.", "According to art historian David Bindman, in Dr Johnson's serial of essays for London's Universal Chronicle, The Idler, the three essays written by Reynolds for the months of September through November 1759 are directed at Hogarth. In them, Reynolds argues that this \"connoisseur\" has a \"servile attention to minute exactness\" and questions their idea of the imitation of nature as \"the obvious sense, that objects are represented naturally when they have such relief that they seem real.\"", "In them, Reynolds argues that this \"connoisseur\" has a \"servile attention to minute exactness\" and questions their idea of the imitation of nature as \"the obvious sense, that objects are represented naturally when they have such relief that they seem real.\" Reynolds rejected \"this kind of imitation\", favouring the \"grand style of painting\" which avoids \"minute attention\" to the visible world.", "Reynolds rejected \"this kind of imitation\", favouring the \"grand style of painting\" which avoids \"minute attention\" to the visible world. In Reynolds' Discourse XIV, he grants Hogarth has \"extraordinary talents\", but reproaches him for \"very imprudently, or rather presumptuously, attempt[ing] the great historical style.\"", "In Reynolds' Discourse XIV, he grants Hogarth has \"extraordinary talents\", but reproaches him for \"very imprudently, or rather presumptuously, attempt[ing] the great historical style.\" Writer, art historian and politician, Horace Walpole, was also critical of Hogarth as a history painter, but did find value in his satirical prints.", "Writer, art historian and politician, Horace Walpole, was also critical of Hogarth as a history painter, but did find value in his satirical prints. Biblical scenes Hogarth's history pictures include The Pool of Bethesda and The Good Samaritan, executed in 1736–1737 for St Bartholomew's Hospital; Moses brought before Pharaoh's Daughter, painted for the Foundling Hospital (1747, formerly at the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now in the Foundling Museum); Paul before Felix (1748) at Lincoln's Inn; and his altarpiece for St. Mary Redcliffe, Bristol (1755–56).", "Biblical scenes Hogarth's history pictures include The Pool of Bethesda and The Good Samaritan, executed in 1736–1737 for St Bartholomew's Hospital; Moses brought before Pharaoh's Daughter, painted for the Foundling Hospital (1747, formerly at the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now in the Foundling Museum); Paul before Felix (1748) at Lincoln's Inn; and his altarpiece for St. Mary Redcliffe, Bristol (1755–56). The Gate of Calais The Gate of Calais (1748; now in Tate Britain) was produced soon after his return from a visit to France.", "The Gate of Calais The Gate of Calais (1748; now in Tate Britain) was produced soon after his return from a visit to France. Horace Walpole wrote that Hogarth had run a great risk to go there since the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle: he went to France, and was so imprudent as to be taking a sketch of the drawbridge at Calais.", "Horace Walpole wrote that Hogarth had run a great risk to go there since the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle: he went to France, and was so imprudent as to be taking a sketch of the drawbridge at Calais. He was seized and carried to the governor, where he was forced to prove his vocation by producing several caricatures of the French; particularly a scene of the shore, with an immense piece of beef landing for the Lion d'argent, the English inn at Calais, and several hungry friars following it.", "He was seized and carried to the governor, where he was forced to prove his vocation by producing several caricatures of the French; particularly a scene of the shore, with an immense piece of beef landing for the Lion d'argent, the English inn at Calais, and several hungry friars following it. They were much diverted with his drawings, and dismissed him.", "They were much diverted with his drawings, and dismissed him. Back home, he immediately executed a painting of the subject in which he unkindly represented his enemies, the Frenchmen, as cringing, emaciated and superstitious people, while an enormous sirloin of beef arrives, destined for the English inn as a symbol of British prosperity and superiority.", "Back home, he immediately executed a painting of the subject in which he unkindly represented his enemies, the Frenchmen, as cringing, emaciated and superstitious people, while an enormous sirloin of beef arrives, destined for the English inn as a symbol of British prosperity and superiority. He claimed to have painted himself into the picture in the left corner sketching the gate, with a \"soldier's hand upon my shoulder\", running him in.", "He claimed to have painted himself into the picture in the left corner sketching the gate, with a \"soldier's hand upon my shoulder\", running him in. Other later works Notable Hogarth engravings in the 1740s include The Enraged Musician (1741), the six prints of Marriage à-la-mode (1745; executed by French artists under Hogarth's inspection), and The Stage Coach or The Country Inn Yard (1747).", "Other later works Notable Hogarth engravings in the 1740s include The Enraged Musician (1741), the six prints of Marriage à-la-mode (1745; executed by French artists under Hogarth's inspection), and The Stage Coach or The Country Inn Yard (1747). In 1745, Hogarth painted a self-portrait with his pug dog, Trump (now also in Tate Britain), which shows him as a learned artist supported by volumes of Shakespeare, Milton and Swift.", "In 1745, Hogarth painted a self-portrait with his pug dog, Trump (now also in Tate Britain), which shows him as a learned artist supported by volumes of Shakespeare, Milton and Swift. In 1749, he represented the somewhat disorderly English troops on their March of the Guards to Finchley (formerly located in Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now Foundling Museum).", "In 1749, he represented the somewhat disorderly English troops on their March of the Guards to Finchley (formerly located in Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now Foundling Museum). Others works included his ingenious Satire on False Perspective (1754); his satire on canvassing in his Election series (1755–1758; now in Sir John Soane's Museum); his ridicule of the English passion for cockfighting in The Cockpit (1759); his attack on Methodism in Credulity, Superstition, and Fanaticism (1762); his political anti-war satire in The Times, plate I (1762); and his pessimistic view of all things in Tailpiece, or The Bathos (1764).", "Others works included his ingenious Satire on False Perspective (1754); his satire on canvassing in his Election series (1755–1758; now in Sir John Soane's Museum); his ridicule of the English passion for cockfighting in The Cockpit (1759); his attack on Methodism in Credulity, Superstition, and Fanaticism (1762); his political anti-war satire in The Times, plate I (1762); and his pessimistic view of all things in Tailpiece, or The Bathos (1764). In 1757, Hogarth was appointed Serjeant Painter to the King.", "In 1757, Hogarth was appointed Serjeant Painter to the King. Writing Hogarth wrote and published his ideas of artistic design in his book The Analysis of Beauty (1753).", "Writing Hogarth wrote and published his ideas of artistic design in his book The Analysis of Beauty (1753). In it, he professes to define the principles of beauty and grace which he, a real child of Rococo, saw realized in serpentine lines (the Line of Beauty).", "In it, he professes to define the principles of beauty and grace which he, a real child of Rococo, saw realized in serpentine lines (the Line of Beauty). By some of Hogarth's adherents, the book was praised as a fine deliverance upon aesthetics; by his enemies and rivals, its obscurities and minor errors were made the subject of endless ridicule and caricature.", "By some of Hogarth's adherents, the book was praised as a fine deliverance upon aesthetics; by his enemies and rivals, its obscurities and minor errors were made the subject of endless ridicule and caricature. Painter and engraver of modern moral subjects Hogarth lived in an age when artwork became increasingly commercialized, being viewed in shop windows, taverns, and public buildings, and sold in printshops.", "Painter and engraver of modern moral subjects Hogarth lived in an age when artwork became increasingly commercialized, being viewed in shop windows, taverns, and public buildings, and sold in printshops. Old hierarchies broke down, and new forms began to flourish: the ballad opera, the bourgeois tragedy, and especially, a new form of fiction called the novel with which authors such as Henry Fielding had great success.", "Old hierarchies broke down, and new forms began to flourish: the ballad opera, the bourgeois tragedy, and especially, a new form of fiction called the novel with which authors such as Henry Fielding had great success. Therefore, by that time, Hogarth hit on a new idea: \"painting and engraving modern moral subjects ... to treat my subjects as a dramatic writer; my picture was my stage\", as he himself remarked in his manuscript notes.", "Therefore, by that time, Hogarth hit on a new idea: \"painting and engraving modern moral subjects ... to treat my subjects as a dramatic writer; my picture was my stage\", as he himself remarked in his manuscript notes. He drew from the highly moralizing Protestant tradition of Dutch genre painting, and the very vigorous satirical traditions of the English broadsheet and other types of popular print.", "He drew from the highly moralizing Protestant tradition of Dutch genre painting, and the very vigorous satirical traditions of the English broadsheet and other types of popular print. In England the fine arts had little comedy in them before Hogarth. His prints were expensive, and remained so until early 19th-century reprints brought them to a wider audience.", "His prints were expensive, and remained so until early 19th-century reprints brought them to a wider audience. Parodic borrowings from Old Masters When analysing the work of the artist as a whole, Ronald Paulson says, \"In A Harlot's Progress, every single plate but one is based on Dürer's images of the story of the Virgin and the story of the Passion.\"", "Parodic borrowings from Old Masters When analysing the work of the artist as a whole, Ronald Paulson says, \"In A Harlot's Progress, every single plate but one is based on Dürer's images of the story of the Virgin and the story of the Passion.\" In other works, he parodies Leonardo da Vinci's Last Supper.", "In other works, he parodies Leonardo da Vinci's Last Supper. According to Paulson, Hogarth is subverting the religious establishment and the orthodox belief in an immanent God who intervenes in the lives of people and produces miracles.", "According to Paulson, Hogarth is subverting the religious establishment and the orthodox belief in an immanent God who intervenes in the lives of people and produces miracles. Indeed, Hogarth was a Deist, a believer in a God who created the universe but takes no direct hand in the lives of his creations.", "Indeed, Hogarth was a Deist, a believer in a God who created the universe but takes no direct hand in the lives of his creations. Thus, as a \"comic history painter\", he often poked fun at the old-fashioned, \"beaten\" subjects of religious art in his paintings and prints.", "Thus, as a \"comic history painter\", he often poked fun at the old-fashioned, \"beaten\" subjects of religious art in his paintings and prints. Hogarth also rejected Lord Shaftesbury's then-current ideal of the classical Greek male in favour of the living, breathing female.", "Hogarth also rejected Lord Shaftesbury's then-current ideal of the classical Greek male in favour of the living, breathing female. He said, \"Who but a bigot, even to the antiques, will say that he has not seen faces and necks, hands and arms in living women, that even the Grecian Venus doth but coarsely imitate.\"", "He said, \"Who but a bigot, even to the antiques, will say that he has not seen faces and necks, hands and arms in living women, that even the Grecian Venus doth but coarsely imitate.\" Personal life On 23 March 1729, Hogarth eloped with Jane Thornhill at Paddington Church, against the wishes of her father, the artist Sir James Thornhill.", "Personal life On 23 March 1729, Hogarth eloped with Jane Thornhill at Paddington Church, against the wishes of her father, the artist Sir James Thornhill. Sir James saw the match as unequal, as Hogarth was a rather obscure artist at the time.", "Sir James saw the match as unequal, as Hogarth was a rather obscure artist at the time. However, when Hogarth started on his series of moral prints, A Harlot's Progress, some of the initial paintings were placed either in Sir James' drawing room or dining room, through the conspiring of Jane and her mother, in the hopes of reconciling him with the couple.", "However, when Hogarth started on his series of moral prints, A Harlot's Progress, some of the initial paintings were placed either in Sir James' drawing room or dining room, through the conspiring of Jane and her mother, in the hopes of reconciling him with the couple. When he saw them, he inquired as to the artist's name and, upon hearing it, replied: \"Very well; the man who can produce such representations as these, can also maintain a wife without a portion.\"", "When he saw them, he inquired as to the artist's name and, upon hearing it, replied: \"Very well; the man who can produce such representations as these, can also maintain a wife without a portion.\" However, he soon after relented, becoming more generous to, and living in harmony with the couple until his death.", "However, he soon after relented, becoming more generous to, and living in harmony with the couple until his death. Hogarth was initiated as a Freemason before 1728 in the Lodge at the Hand and Apple Tree Tavern, Little Queen Street, and later belonged to the Carrier Stone Lodge and the Grand Stewards' Lodge; the latter still possesses the 'Hogarth Jewel' which Hogarth designed for the Lodge's Master to wear.", "Hogarth was initiated as a Freemason before 1728 in the Lodge at the Hand and Apple Tree Tavern, Little Queen Street, and later belonged to the Carrier Stone Lodge and the Grand Stewards' Lodge; the latter still possesses the 'Hogarth Jewel' which Hogarth designed for the Lodge's Master to wear. Today the original is in storage and a replica is worn by the Master of the Lodge.", "Today the original is in storage and a replica is worn by the Master of the Lodge. Freemasonry was a theme in some of Hogarth's work, most notably 'Night', the fourth in the quartet of paintings (later released as engravings) collectively entitled the Four Times of the Day.", "Freemasonry was a theme in some of Hogarth's work, most notably 'Night', the fourth in the quartet of paintings (later released as engravings) collectively entitled the Four Times of the Day. His main home was in Leicester Square (then known as Leicester Fields), but he bought a country retreat in Chiswick in 1749, the house now known as Hogarth's House and preserved as a museum, and spent time there for the rest of his life.", "His main home was in Leicester Square (then known as Leicester Fields), but he bought a country retreat in Chiswick in 1749, the house now known as Hogarth's House and preserved as a museum, and spent time there for the rest of his life. The Hogarths had no children, although they fostered foundling children.", "The Hogarths had no children, although they fostered foundling children. He was a founding Governor of the Foundling Hospital. Among his friends and acquaintances were many English artists and satirists of the period, such as Francis Hayman, Henry Fielding, and Laurence Sterne.", "Among his friends and acquaintances were many English artists and satirists of the period, such as Francis Hayman, Henry Fielding, and Laurence Sterne. Death On 25 October 1764, Hogarth was conveyed from his villa in Chiswick to his home in Leicester Fields, in weak condition.", "Death On 25 October 1764, Hogarth was conveyed from his villa in Chiswick to his home in Leicester Fields, in weak condition. He had been in a weakened state for a while by this time, but was said to be in a cheerful mood and was even still working—with some help; doing more retouches on The Bench on this same day.", "He had been in a weakened state for a while by this time, but was said to be in a cheerful mood and was even still working—with some help; doing more retouches on The Bench on this same day. On 26 October, he received a letter from Benjamin Franklin and wrote up a rough draught in reply.", "On 26 October, he received a letter from Benjamin Franklin and wrote up a rough draught in reply. Before going to bed that evening, he'd boasted about eating a pound of beefsteaks for dinner and reportedly looked more robust than he had in a while at this time.", "Before going to bed that evening, he'd boasted about eating a pound of beefsteaks for dinner and reportedly looked more robust than he had in a while at this time. However, when he went to bed, he suddenly began vomiting; something that caused him to ring his bell so forcefully that it broke.", "However, when he went to bed, he suddenly began vomiting; something that caused him to ring his bell so forcefully that it broke. Hogarth passed away around two hours later, in the arms of his servant, Mrs Mary Lewis.", "Hogarth passed away around two hours later, in the arms of his servant, Mrs Mary Lewis. John Nichols claimed that he died of an aneurysm, which he said took place in the \"chest.\" Horace Walpole claimed that he died of \"a dropsy of his breast.\"", "Horace Walpole claimed that he died of \"a dropsy of his breast.\" Mrs Lewis, who stayed on with Jane Hogarth in Leicester Fields, was the only non-familial person acknowledged financially in Hogarth's will and was left £100 (approximately £18,651.61 in 2020) for her \"faithful services.\"", "Mrs Lewis, who stayed on with Jane Hogarth in Leicester Fields, was the only non-familial person acknowledged financially in Hogarth's will and was left £100 (approximately £18,651.61 in 2020) for her \"faithful services.\" Hogarth was buried at St. Nicholas Church, Chiswick, now in the west of London.", "Hogarth was buried at St. Nicholas Church, Chiswick, now in the west of London. His friend, actor David Garrick, composed the following inscription for his tombstone: Influence and reputation Hogarth's works were a direct influence on John Collier, who was known as the \"Lancashire Hogarth\".", "His friend, actor David Garrick, composed the following inscription for his tombstone: Influence and reputation Hogarth's works were a direct influence on John Collier, who was known as the \"Lancashire Hogarth\". The spread of Hogarth's prints throughout Europe, together with the depiction of popular scenes from his prints in faked Hogarth prints, influenced Continental book illustration through the 18th and early 19th centuries, especially in Germany and France.", "The spread of Hogarth's prints throughout Europe, together with the depiction of popular scenes from his prints in faked Hogarth prints, influenced Continental book illustration through the 18th and early 19th centuries, especially in Germany and France. He also influenced many caricaturists of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries.", "He also influenced many caricaturists of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. Hogarth's influence lives on today as artists continue to draw inspiration from his work. Hogarth's paintings and prints have provided the subject matter for several other works.", "Hogarth's paintings and prints have provided the subject matter for several other works. For example, Gavin Gordon's 1935 ballet The Rake's Progress, to choreography by Ninette de Valois, was based directly on Hogarth's series of paintings of that title.", "For example, Gavin Gordon's 1935 ballet The Rake's Progress, to choreography by Ninette de Valois, was based directly on Hogarth's series of paintings of that title. Igor Stravinsky's 1951 opera The Rake's Progress, with libretto by W. H. Auden, was less literally inspired by the same series.", "Igor Stravinsky's 1951 opera The Rake's Progress, with libretto by W. H. Auden, was less literally inspired by the same series. Hogarth's engravings also inspired the BBC radio play The Midnight House by Jonathan Hall, based on the M. R. James ghost story \"The Mezzotint\" and first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2006.", "Hogarth's engravings also inspired the BBC radio play The Midnight House by Jonathan Hall, based on the M. R. James ghost story \"The Mezzotint\" and first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2006. Russell Banks' short story \"Indisposed\" is a fictional account of Hogarth's infidelity as told from the viewpoint of his wife, Jane.", "Russell Banks' short story \"Indisposed\" is a fictional account of Hogarth's infidelity as told from the viewpoint of his wife, Jane. Hogarth was the lead character in Nick Dear's play The Art of Success, whilst he is played by Toby Jones in the 2006 television film A Harlot's Progress.", "Hogarth was the lead character in Nick Dear's play The Art of Success, whilst he is played by Toby Jones in the 2006 television film A Harlot's Progress. Hogarth's House in Chiswick, west London, is now a museum; the major road junction next to it is named the Hogarth Roundabout.", "Hogarth's House in Chiswick, west London, is now a museum; the major road junction next to it is named the Hogarth Roundabout. In 2014 both Hogarth's House and the Foundling Museum held special exhibitions to mark the 250th anniversary of his death.", "In 2014 both Hogarth's House and the Foundling Museum held special exhibitions to mark the 250th anniversary of his death. In 2019, Sir John Soane's Museum, which owns both The Rake's Progress and The Humours of an Election, held an exhibition which assembled all Hogarth's series of paintings, and his series of engravings, in one place for the first time.", "In 2019, Sir John Soane's Museum, which owns both The Rake's Progress and The Humours of an Election, held an exhibition which assembled all Hogarth's series of paintings, and his series of engravings, in one place for the first time. Stanley Kubrick based the cinematography of his 1975 period drama film, Barry Lyndon, on several Hogarth paintings.", "Stanley Kubrick based the cinematography of his 1975 period drama film, Barry Lyndon, on several Hogarth paintings. In Roger Michell's 2003 film The Mother, starring Anne Reid and Daniel Craig, the protagonists visit Hogarth's tomb during their first outing together.", "In Roger Michell's 2003 film The Mother, starring Anne Reid and Daniel Craig, the protagonists visit Hogarth's tomb during their first outing together. They read aloud the poem inscribed there and their shared admiration of Hogarth helps to affirm their connection with one another.", "They read aloud the poem inscribed there and their shared admiration of Hogarth helps to affirm their connection with one another. 'Selected works PaintingsEngravingsSee also English art List of works by William Hogarth Judy Egerton, Hogarth curator, cataloguer, and commentator Notes References William Hogarth, John Bowyer Nichols, ed.", "'Selected works PaintingsEngravingsSee also English art List of works by William Hogarth Judy Egerton, Hogarth curator, cataloguer, and commentator Notes References William Hogarth, John Bowyer Nichols, ed. Anecdotes of William Hogarth, Written by Himself (J.", "Anecdotes of William Hogarth, Written by Himself (J. B. Nichols and Son, 25 Parliament Street, London, 1833) Peter Quennell, Hogarth's Progress (London, New York, Ayer Co., 1955, ) Quennell, Peter. \"Hogarth's Election Series.\"", "\"Hogarth's Election Series.\" History Today (Apr 1953) 3#4 pp 221–232 Frederick Antal, Hogarth and His Place in European Art (London 1962).", "History Today (Apr 1953) 3#4 pp 221–232 Frederick Antal, Hogarth and His Place in European Art (London 1962). Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, Ausführliche Erklärung der Hogarthischen Kupferstiche (Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag, 1972, ) Sean Shesgreen, Hogarth 101 Prints (New York: Dover 1973).", "Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, Ausführliche Erklärung der Hogarthischen Kupferstiche (Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag, 1972, ) Sean Shesgreen, Hogarth 101 Prints (New York: Dover 1973). David Bindman, Hogarth (London 1981). Sean Shesgreen, Hogarth and the Times-of-the-Day Tradition (Ithaca, New York: Cornell UP, 1983).", "Sean Shesgreen, Hogarth and the Times-of-the-Day Tradition (Ithaca, New York: Cornell UP, 1983). Ronald Paulson, Hogarth's Graphic Works (3rd edn, London 1989). Ronald Paulson, Hogarth, 3 vols. (New Brunswick 1991–93). Elizabeth Einberg, Hogarth the Painter (London: Tate Gallery, 1997).", "Elizabeth Einberg, Hogarth the Painter (London: Tate Gallery, 1997). Jenny Uglow, Hogarth: A Life and a World (London 1997). Frédéric Ogée and Hans-Peter Wagner, eds., William Hogarth: Theater and the Theater of Life (Los Angeles, 1997).", "Frédéric Ogée and Hans-Peter Wagner, eds., William Hogarth: Theater and the Theater of Life (Los Angeles, 1997). Hans-Peter Wagner, William Hogarth: Das graphische Werk (Saarbrücken, 1998; revised edition, Trier 2013). David Bindman, Frédéric Ogée and Peter Wagner, eds.", "David Bindman, Frédéric Ogée and Peter Wagner, eds. Hogarth: Representing Nature's Machines (Manchester, 2001) Bernadette Fort, and Angela Rosenthal, eds., The Other Hogarth: Aesthetics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton UP, 2001) Christine Riding and Mark Hallet, \"Hogarth\" (Tate Publishing, London, 2006).", "Hogarth: Representing Nature's Machines (Manchester, 2001) Bernadette Fort, and Angela Rosenthal, eds., The Other Hogarth: Aesthetics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton UP, 2001) Christine Riding and Mark Hallet, \"Hogarth\" (Tate Publishing, London, 2006). Robin Simon, Hogarth, France and British Art: The rise of the arts in eighteenth-century Britain (London, 2007) Ilias Chrissochoidis, \"Handel, Hogarth, Goupy: Artistic intersections in Handelian biography\", Early Music 37/4 (November 2009), 577–596.", "Robin Simon, Hogarth, France and British Art: The rise of the arts in eighteenth-century Britain (London, 2007) Ilias Chrissochoidis, \"Handel, Hogarth, Goupy: Artistic intersections in Handelian biography\", Early Music 37/4 (November 2009), 577–596. Bernd W. Krysmanski, Hogarth's Hidden Parts: Satiric Allusion, Erotic Wit, Blasphemous Bawdiness and Dark Humour in Eighteenth-Century English Art (Hildesheim, Zurich, New York: Olms-Verlag, 2010 ) Johann Joachim Eschenburg, Über William Hogarth und seine Erklärer, ed.", "Bernd W. Krysmanski, Hogarth's Hidden Parts: Satiric Allusion, Erotic Wit, Blasphemous Bawdiness and Dark Humour in Eighteenth-Century English Art (Hildesheim, Zurich, New York: Olms-Verlag, 2010 ) Johann Joachim Eschenburg, Über William Hogarth und seine Erklärer, ed. Till Kinzel (Hanover: Wehrhahn, 2013 ) Cynthia Ellen Roman, ed., Hogarth's Legacy (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2016) Elizabeth Einberg, William Hogarth: A Complete Catalogue of the Paintings'' (New Haven and London, Yale University Press for Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art, 2016) External links The Works of William Hogarth, 1822 Heath edition (engravings and commentaries by John Nichols) William Hogarth's biography, style, artworks and influences Hogarth & John Wilkes - UK Parliament Living Heritage William Hogarth at The National Gallery William Hogarth and 18th-Century Print Culture The Site for Research on William Hogarth (annotated online bibliography) Print series in detail Hogarth exhibition at Tate Britain, London (7 February – 29 April 2007) William Hogarth at Wikigallery Location of Hogarth's grave on Google Maps The Analysis of Beauty, 1753 (abridged 1909 edition) Hogarth's The Rake's Progress and other of his works 'Hogarth's London', lecture by Robin Simon at Gresham College, 8 October 2007 (available for download as MP3, MP4 or text files) Hogarth's London video hosted at Tate Britain's website by Martin Rowson William Hogarth's Works hosted at The Victorian Web 1697 births 1764 deaths 17th-century English writers 17th-century English male writers 18th-century English people Painters from London English caricaturists English cartoonists English engravers English illustrators English satirists English printmakers 18th-century English painters English male painters Court painters Artist authors Political artists Social critics Freemasons of the Premier Grand Lodge of England Fellows of the Royal Society of Arts" ]

[ "William Hogarth", "Harlot's and Rake's Progresses", "When did Hogarth paint Harlot's and Rake's Progresses?", ") before being published as engravings.", "What are Harlot's and Rake's Progresses?", "A Harlot's Progress depicts the fate of a country girl who begins prostituting", "What is a Rake's Progress?", "the sequel" ]

[ "Watch What Happens may refer to:\n\n \"Watch What Happens\", the English-language version of the song \"Recit de Cassard\" by Michel Legrand from the 1964 film The Umbrellas of Cherbourg\n Watch What Happens, a 1967 jazz album by Harold Vick\n Watch What Happens!, a 1968 jazz album by Steve Kuhn\n Watch What Happens, a 1968 album by Chris Montez\n Watch What Happens, a 1978 jazz album by The L.A. Four\n The Jazz Album: Watch What Happens, a 2006 album by Thomas Quasthoff\n Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen, an American talk show", "\"Girl Code\" is a song by American television personality Luann de Lesseps, under the stage name and former courtesy title of Countess Luann. It was released on July 3, 2015, through Eloli Music, as a standalone single. Jerry \"Wonda\" Duplessis produced the song and co-wrote it with de Lesseps, Arden Altino, Angela Ann Hunte, Tzvetin T. Todorov, and Urales Vargas. Despite having no plans to release new music, de Lesseps was inspired by her fellow The Real Housewives of New York City cast members and convinced by the series' producer Andy Cohen to release a third single. \n\n\"Girl Code\" is a funk-influenced dance song that features backing vocals from de Lesseps' daughter, Victoria. She premiered the song during an episode of Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen, and its lyrics partially reference an argument between de Lesseps and American author Carole Radziwill that occurred while vacationing in the Turks and Caicos Islands. It received mixed reviews from music critics, with E! Online referring to it as a guilty pleasure song.\n\nBackground and release \nAccording to Luann de Lesseps, she did not have any plans to release additional music in her career. In 2010, she was signed to Ultra Music, and collaborated with New York City-based musician Chris Young as her producer and co-songwriter. Together, they released \"Money Can't Buy You Class\" in 2010, and \"Chic C'est la Vie\" in 2011. Her appearances on The Real Housewives of New York City proved to be a source of inspiration for developing her third single, \"Girl Code\"; she said in an interview: \"I got really inspired... I'm thrilled with it because the song is really different from what I've done before.\" The series' producer Andy Cohen also helped convince de Lesseps to release a new song. \"Girl Code\" was written by de Lesseps, Jerry \"Wonda\" Duplessis, Arden Altino, Angela Ann Hunte, Tzvetin T. Todorov, and Urales Vargas, while production was handled by Duplessis.\n\nde Lesseps premiered \"Girl Code\" as a live performance on the American late-night talk show Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen. The episode, which was broadcast on June 23, 2015, featured both de Lesseps and Real Housewives co-star Sonja Morgan; During the appearance, de Lesseps answered a fan's phone-in question regarding the song's subject matter and title: \"I think every woman can understand what that means. When you break the girl code, when you cross the line, and you just do something that is – you know – unforgivable unless someone apologizes.\" The song was released on July 3, 2015, when it was distributed for digital download and streaming through Eloli Music. Some publications have referred to the song by the alternative title \"Girl Code (Don't Be So Uncool)\". A music video for the song was filmed during the last week of June 2015.\n\nMusic and lyrics \n\n\"Girl Code\" is a funk-influenced dance song. de Lesseps' daughter, Victoria, provides backing vocals. Dave Quinn and Jessica Fecteau, writers from People, both noted the song's girl power theme, with the former calling it funky. \n\nLyrically, \"Girl Code\" refers to a moment in de Lesseps' life where she felt betrayed by her friends. While vacationing with the Real Housewives cast in the Turks and Caicos Islands, she took issue with some members, specifically author Carole Radziwill, for entering a relationship with the former boyfriend of de Lesseps' niece. Specifying, de Lesseps revealed to E! Online that \"Girl Code\" is not entirely about just one incident, but rather \"how friends have to look out for each other\" and what happens when they do not. One of the lyrics references a catchphrase de Lesseps coined during the trip (\"Don't be all, like, uncool\"). In the chorus, \"I'm just doing me / You broke the girl code / So don't be so uncool / I gotta let you go\", Ben Rimalower from Vulture felt she expresses her want of \"support and company\" from her friendships.\n\nCritical reception \nChris Harnick from E! Online referred to \"Girl Code\" as a guilty pleasure song. Bustles Kristie Rohwedder ranked de Lesseps' three singles, and provided the lowest score to \"Girl Code\"; however, she enjoyed its lyrics, danceability, and catchiness. Lynsey Eidell of Glamour encouraged her readers to listen to the song \"if only for a chuckle\". \n\nRetrospectively, Sadie Gennis from TV Guide Magazine listed \"Girl Code\" as the tenth best Real Housewives song in a 2017 article. She called the song nonsense and said Victoria de Lesseps' feature was the best part of the song. In a similar 2019 list by People, Quinn listed it as the franchise's 18th best song, and labeled it as \"a banger\".\n\nTrack listing\n\nRelease history\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\n2015 singles\n2015 songs\nCountess Luann songs\nThe Real Housewives\nSong recordings produced by Jerry Duplessis\nSongs about betrayal\nSongs written by DJ Buddha" ]

[ "William Hogarth (; 10 November 1697 – 26 October 1764) was an English painter, printmaker, pictorial satirist, social critic, and editorial cartoonist. His work ranges from realistic portraiture to comic strip-like series of pictures called \"modern moral subjects\", and he is perhaps best known for his series A Harlot's Progress, A Rake's Progress and Marriage A-la-Mode.", "His work ranges from realistic portraiture to comic strip-like series of pictures called \"modern moral subjects\", and he is perhaps best known for his series A Harlot's Progress, A Rake's Progress and Marriage A-la-Mode. Knowledge of his work is so pervasive that satirical political illustrations in this style are often referred to as \"Hogarthian\".", "Knowledge of his work is so pervasive that satirical political illustrations in this style are often referred to as \"Hogarthian\". Hogarth was born in London to a lower-middle-class family. In his youth he took up an apprenticeship with an engraver, but did not complete the apprenticeship.", "In his youth he took up an apprenticeship with an engraver, but did not complete the apprenticeship. His father underwent periods of mixed fortune, and was at one time imprisoned in lieu of outstanding debts, an event that is thought to have informed William's paintings and prints with a hard edge.", "His father underwent periods of mixed fortune, and was at one time imprisoned in lieu of outstanding debts, an event that is thought to have informed William's paintings and prints with a hard edge. Influenced by French and Italian painting and engraving, Hogarth's works are mostly satirical caricatures, sometimes bawdily sexual, mostly of the first rank of realistic portraiture.", "Influenced by French and Italian painting and engraving, Hogarth's works are mostly satirical caricatures, sometimes bawdily sexual, mostly of the first rank of realistic portraiture. They became widely popular and mass-produced via prints in his lifetime, and he was by far the most significant English artist of his generation.", "They became widely popular and mass-produced via prints in his lifetime, and he was by far the most significant English artist of his generation. Charles Lamb deemed Hogarth's images to be books, filled with \"the teeming, fruitful, suggestive meaning of words. Other pictures we look at; his pictures we read.\"", "Other pictures we look at; his pictures we read.\" Early life William Hogarth was born at Bartholomew Close in London to Richard Hogarth, a poor Latin school teacher and textbook writer, and Anne Gibbons.", "Early life William Hogarth was born at Bartholomew Close in London to Richard Hogarth, a poor Latin school teacher and textbook writer, and Anne Gibbons. In his youth he was apprenticed to the engraver Ellis Gamble in Leicester Fields, where he learned to engrave trade cards and similar products.", "In his youth he was apprenticed to the engraver Ellis Gamble in Leicester Fields, where he learned to engrave trade cards and similar products. Young Hogarth also took a lively interest in the street life of the metropolis and the London fairs, and amused himself by sketching the characters he saw.", "Young Hogarth also took a lively interest in the street life of the metropolis and the London fairs, and amused himself by sketching the characters he saw. Around the same time, his father, who had opened an unsuccessful Latin-speaking coffee house at St John's Gate, was imprisoned for debt in the Fleet Prison for five years.", "Around the same time, his father, who had opened an unsuccessful Latin-speaking coffee house at St John's Gate, was imprisoned for debt in the Fleet Prison for five years. Hogarth never spoke of his father's imprisonment.", "Hogarth never spoke of his father's imprisonment. In 1720, Hogarth enrolled at the original St Martin's Lane Academy in Peter Court, London, which was run by Louis Chéron and John Vanderbank. He attended alongside other future leading figures in art and design, such as Joseph Highmore, William Kent, and Arthur Pond.", "He attended alongside other future leading figures in art and design, such as Joseph Highmore, William Kent, and Arthur Pond. However, the academy seems to have stopped operating in 1724, at around the same time that Vanderbank fled to France in order to avoid creditors.", "However, the academy seems to have stopped operating in 1724, at around the same time that Vanderbank fled to France in order to avoid creditors. Hogarth recalled of the first incarnation of the academy: \"this lasted a few years but the treasurer sinking the subscription money the lamp stove etc were seized for rent and the whole affair put a stop to.\"", "Hogarth recalled of the first incarnation of the academy: \"this lasted a few years but the treasurer sinking the subscription money the lamp stove etc were seized for rent and the whole affair put a stop to.\" Hogarth then enrolled in another drawing school, in Covent Garden, shortly after it opened in November 1724, which was run by Sir James Thornhill, serjeant painter to the king.", "Hogarth then enrolled in another drawing school, in Covent Garden, shortly after it opened in November 1724, which was run by Sir James Thornhill, serjeant painter to the king. On Thornhill, Hogarth later claimed that, even as an apprentice, \"the painting of St Pauls and gree[n]wich hospital … were during this time runing in my head\", referring to the massive schemes of decoration painted by Thornhill for the dome of St Paul's Cathedral, and Greenwich Hospital.", "On Thornhill, Hogarth later claimed that, even as an apprentice, \"the painting of St Pauls and gree[n]wich hospital … were during this time runing in my head\", referring to the massive schemes of decoration painted by Thornhill for the dome of St Paul's Cathedral, and Greenwich Hospital. Hogarth became a member of the Rose and Crown Club, with Peter Tillemans, George Vertue, Michael Dahl, and other artists and connoisseurs.", "Hogarth became a member of the Rose and Crown Club, with Peter Tillemans, George Vertue, Michael Dahl, and other artists and connoisseurs. Career By April 1720, Hogarth was an engraver in his own right, at first engraving coats of arms and shop bills and designing plates for booksellers.", "Career By April 1720, Hogarth was an engraver in his own right, at first engraving coats of arms and shop bills and designing plates for booksellers. In 1727, he was hired by Joshua Morris, a tapestry worker, to prepare a design for the Element of Earth.", "In 1727, he was hired by Joshua Morris, a tapestry worker, to prepare a design for the Element of Earth. Morris heard that he was \"an engraver, and no painter\", and consequently declined the work when completed.", "Morris heard that he was \"an engraver, and no painter\", and consequently declined the work when completed. Hogarth accordingly sued him for the money in the Westminster Court, where the case was decided in his favour on 28 May 1728.", "Hogarth accordingly sued him for the money in the Westminster Court, where the case was decided in his favour on 28 May 1728. Early works Early satirical works included an Emblematical Print on the South Sea Scheme (c. 1721, published 1724), about the disastrous stock market crash of 1720, known as the South Sea Bubble, in which many English people lost a great deal of money.", "Early works Early satirical works included an Emblematical Print on the South Sea Scheme (c. 1721, published 1724), about the disastrous stock market crash of 1720, known as the South Sea Bubble, in which many English people lost a great deal of money. In the bottom left corner, he shows Protestant, Roman Catholic, and Jewish figures gambling, while in the middle there is a huge machine, like a merry-go-round, which people are boarding.", "In the bottom left corner, he shows Protestant, Roman Catholic, and Jewish figures gambling, while in the middle there is a huge machine, like a merry-go-round, which people are boarding. At the top is a goat, written below which is \"Who'l Ride\".", "At the top is a goat, written below which is \"Who'l Ride\". The people are scattered around the picture with a sense of disorder, while the progress of the well dressed people towards the ride in the middle shows the foolishness of the crowd in buying stock in the South Sea Company, which spent more time issuing stock than anything else.", "The people are scattered around the picture with a sense of disorder, while the progress of the well dressed people towards the ride in the middle shows the foolishness of the crowd in buying stock in the South Sea Company, which spent more time issuing stock than anything else. Other early works include The Lottery (1724); The Mystery of Masonry brought to Light by the Gormagons (1724); A Just View of the British Stage (1724); some book illustrations; and the small print Masquerades and Operas (1724).", "Other early works include The Lottery (1724); The Mystery of Masonry brought to Light by the Gormagons (1724); A Just View of the British Stage (1724); some book illustrations; and the small print Masquerades and Operas (1724). The latter is a satire on contemporary follies, such as the masquerades of the Swiss impresario John James Heidegger, the popular Italian opera singers, John Rich's pantomimes at Lincoln's Inn Fields, and the exaggerated popularity of Lord Burlington's protégé, the architect and painter William Kent.", "The latter is a satire on contemporary follies, such as the masquerades of the Swiss impresario John James Heidegger, the popular Italian opera singers, John Rich's pantomimes at Lincoln's Inn Fields, and the exaggerated popularity of Lord Burlington's protégé, the architect and painter William Kent. He continued that theme in 1727, with the Large Masquerade Ticket.", "He continued that theme in 1727, with the Large Masquerade Ticket. In 1726, Hogarth prepared twelve large engravings illustrating Samuel Butler's Hudibras. These he himself valued highly, and they are among his best book illustrations.", "These he himself valued highly, and they are among his best book illustrations. In the following years, he turned his attention to the production of small \"conversation pieces\" (i.e., groups in oil of full-length portraits from high.", "In the following years, he turned his attention to the production of small \"conversation pieces\" (i.e., groups in oil of full-length portraits from high. Among his efforts in oil between 1728 and 1732 were The Fountaine Family (c.1730), The Assembly at Wanstead House, The House of Commons examining Bambridge, and several pictures of the chief actors in John Gay's popular The Beggar's Opera.", "Among his efforts in oil between 1728 and 1732 were The Fountaine Family (c.1730), The Assembly at Wanstead House, The House of Commons examining Bambridge, and several pictures of the chief actors in John Gay's popular The Beggar's Opera. One of his real-life subjects was Sarah Malcolm, whom he sketched two days before her execution.", "One of his real-life subjects was Sarah Malcolm, whom he sketched two days before her execution. One of Hogarth's masterpieces of this period is the depiction of an amateur performance by children of John Dryden's The Indian Emperour, or The Conquest of Mexico by Spaniards, being the Sequel of The Indian Queen (1732–1735) at the home of John Conduitt, master of the mint, in St George's Street, Hanover Square.", "One of Hogarth's masterpieces of this period is the depiction of an amateur performance by children of John Dryden's The Indian Emperour, or The Conquest of Mexico by Spaniards, being the Sequel of The Indian Queen (1732–1735) at the home of John Conduitt, master of the mint, in St George's Street, Hanover Square. Hogarth's other works in the 1730s include A Midnight Modern Conversation (1733), Southwark Fair (1733), The Sleeping Congregation (1736), Before and After (1736), Scholars at a Lecture (1736), The Company of Undertakers (Consultation of Quacks) (1736), The Distrest Poet (1736), The Four Times of the Day (1738), and Strolling Actresses Dressing in a Barn (1738).", "Hogarth's other works in the 1730s include A Midnight Modern Conversation (1733), Southwark Fair (1733), The Sleeping Congregation (1736), Before and After (1736), Scholars at a Lecture (1736), The Company of Undertakers (Consultation of Quacks) (1736), The Distrest Poet (1736), The Four Times of the Day (1738), and Strolling Actresses Dressing in a Barn (1738). He might also have printed Burlington Gate (1731), evoked by Alexander Pope's Epistle to Lord Burlington, and defending Lord Chandos, who is therein satirized.", "He might also have printed Burlington Gate (1731), evoked by Alexander Pope's Epistle to Lord Burlington, and defending Lord Chandos, who is therein satirized. This print gave great offence, and was suppressed. However, modern authorities such as Ronald Paulson no longer attribute it to Hogarth.", "However, modern authorities such as Ronald Paulson no longer attribute it to Hogarth. Moralizing art Harlot's Progress and Rake's Progress In 1731, Hogarth completed the earliest of his series of moral works, a body of work that led to wide recognition.", "Moralizing art Harlot's Progress and Rake's Progress In 1731, Hogarth completed the earliest of his series of moral works, a body of work that led to wide recognition. The collection of six scenes was entitled A Harlot's Progress and appeared first as paintings (now lost) before being published as engravings.", "The collection of six scenes was entitled A Harlot's Progress and appeared first as paintings (now lost) before being published as engravings. A Harlot's Progress depicts the fate of a country girl who begins prostituting – the six scenes are chronological, starting with a meeting with a bawd and ending with a funeral ceremony that follows the character's death from venereal disease.", "A Harlot's Progress depicts the fate of a country girl who begins prostituting – the six scenes are chronological, starting with a meeting with a bawd and ending with a funeral ceremony that follows the character's death from venereal disease. The inaugural series was an immediate success and was followed in 1733–1735 by the sequel A Rake's Progress.", "The inaugural series was an immediate success and was followed in 1733–1735 by the sequel A Rake's Progress. The second instalment consisted of eight pictures that depicted the reckless life of Tom Rakewell, the son of a rich merchant, who spends all of his money on luxurious living, services from prostitutes, and gambling – the character's life ultimately ends in Bethlem Royal Hospital.", "The second instalment consisted of eight pictures that depicted the reckless life of Tom Rakewell, the son of a rich merchant, who spends all of his money on luxurious living, services from prostitutes, and gambling – the character's life ultimately ends in Bethlem Royal Hospital. The original paintings of A Harlot's Progress were destroyed in the fire at Fonthill House in 1755; the oil paintings of A Rake's Progress (1733–34) are displayed in the gallery room at Sir John Soane's Museum, London, UK.", "The original paintings of A Harlot's Progress were destroyed in the fire at Fonthill House in 1755; the oil paintings of A Rake's Progress (1733–34) are displayed in the gallery room at Sir John Soane's Museum, London, UK. When the success of A Harlot's Progress and A Rake's Progress resulted in numerous pirated reproductions by unscrupulous printsellers, Hogarth lobbied in parliament for greater legal control over the reproduction of his and other artists' work.", "When the success of A Harlot's Progress and A Rake's Progress resulted in numerous pirated reproductions by unscrupulous printsellers, Hogarth lobbied in parliament for greater legal control over the reproduction of his and other artists' work. The result was the Engravers' Copyright Act (known as 'Hogarth's Act'), which became law on 25 June 1735 and was the first copyright law to deal with visual works as well as the first to recognise the authorial rights of an individual artist.", "The result was the Engravers' Copyright Act (known as 'Hogarth's Act'), which became law on 25 June 1735 and was the first copyright law to deal with visual works as well as the first to recognise the authorial rights of an individual artist. Marriage A-la-Mode In 1743–1745, Hogarth painted the six pictures of Marriage A-la-Mode (National Gallery, London), a pointed skewering of upper-class 18th-century society.", "Marriage A-la-Mode In 1743–1745, Hogarth painted the six pictures of Marriage A-la-Mode (National Gallery, London), a pointed skewering of upper-class 18th-century society. This moralistic warning shows the miserable tragedy of an ill-considered marriage for money. This is regarded by many as his finest project and may be among his best-planned story serials.", "This is regarded by many as his finest project and may be among his best-planned story serials. Marital ethics were the topic of much debate in 18th-century Britain. The many marriages of convenience and their attendant unhappiness came in for particular criticism, with a variety of authors taking the view that love was a much sounder basis for marriage.", "The many marriages of convenience and their attendant unhappiness came in for particular criticism, with a variety of authors taking the view that love was a much sounder basis for marriage. Hogarth here painted a satire – a genre that by definition has a moral point to convey – of a conventional marriage within the English upper class.", "Hogarth here painted a satire – a genre that by definition has a moral point to convey – of a conventional marriage within the English upper class. All the paintings were engraved and the series achieved wide circulation in print form.", "All the paintings were engraved and the series achieved wide circulation in print form. The series, which is set in a Classical interior, shows the story of the fashionable marriage of Viscount Squanderfield, the son of bankrupt Earl Squander, to the daughter of a wealthy but miserly city merchant, starting with the signing of a marriage contract at the Earl's grand house and ending with the murder of the son by his wife's lover and the suicide of the daughter after her lover is hanged at Tyburn for murdering her husband.", "The series, which is set in a Classical interior, shows the story of the fashionable marriage of Viscount Squanderfield, the son of bankrupt Earl Squander, to the daughter of a wealthy but miserly city merchant, starting with the signing of a marriage contract at the Earl's grand house and ending with the murder of the son by his wife's lover and the suicide of the daughter after her lover is hanged at Tyburn for murdering her husband. William Makepeace Thackeray wrote: This famous set of pictures contains the most important and highly wrought of the Hogarth comedies.", "William Makepeace Thackeray wrote: This famous set of pictures contains the most important and highly wrought of the Hogarth comedies. The care and method with which the moral grounds of these pictures are laid is as remarkable as the wit and skill of the observing and dexterous artist.", "The care and method with which the moral grounds of these pictures are laid is as remarkable as the wit and skill of the observing and dexterous artist. He has to describe the negotiations for a marriage pending between the daughter of a rich citizen Alderman and young Lord Viscount Squanderfield, the dissipated son of a gouty old Earl ...", "He has to describe the negotiations for a marriage pending between the daughter of a rich citizen Alderman and young Lord Viscount Squanderfield, the dissipated son of a gouty old Earl ... The dismal end is known. My lord draws upon the counsellor, who kills him, and is apprehended while endeavouring to escape.", "My lord draws upon the counsellor, who kills him, and is apprehended while endeavouring to escape. My lady goes back perforce to the Alderman of the City, and faints upon reading Counsellor Silvertongue's dying speech at Tyburn (place of execution in old London), where the counsellor has been 'executed for sending his lordship out of the world.", "My lady goes back perforce to the Alderman of the City, and faints upon reading Counsellor Silvertongue's dying speech at Tyburn (place of execution in old London), where the counsellor has been 'executed for sending his lordship out of the world. Moral: don't listen to evil silver-tongued counsellors; don't marry a man for his rank, or a woman for her money; don't frequent foolish auctions and masquerade balls unknown to your husband; don't have wicked companions abroad and neglect your wife, otherwise you will be run through the body, and ruin will ensue, and disgrace, and Tyburn.", "Moral: don't listen to evil silver-tongued counsellors; don't marry a man for his rank, or a woman for her money; don't frequent foolish auctions and masquerade balls unknown to your husband; don't have wicked companions abroad and neglect your wife, otherwise you will be run through the body, and ruin will ensue, and disgrace, and Tyburn. Industry and Idleness In the twelve prints of Industry and Idleness (1747), Hogarth shows the progression in the lives of two apprentices, one of whom is dedicated and hard working, while the other, who is idle, commits crime and is eventually executed.", "Industry and Idleness In the twelve prints of Industry and Idleness (1747), Hogarth shows the progression in the lives of two apprentices, one of whom is dedicated and hard working, while the other, who is idle, commits crime and is eventually executed. This shows the work ethic of Protestant England, where those who worked hard were rewarded, such as the industrious apprentice who becomes Sheriff (plate 8), Alderman (plate 10), and finally the Lord Mayor of London in the last plate in the series.", "This shows the work ethic of Protestant England, where those who worked hard were rewarded, such as the industrious apprentice who becomes Sheriff (plate 8), Alderman (plate 10), and finally the Lord Mayor of London in the last plate in the series. The idle apprentice, who begins \"at play in the church yard\" (plate 3), holes up \"in a Garrett with a Common Prostitute\" after turning highwayman (plate 7) and \"executed at Tyburn\" (plate 11).", "The idle apprentice, who begins \"at play in the church yard\" (plate 3), holes up \"in a Garrett with a Common Prostitute\" after turning highwayman (plate 7) and \"executed at Tyburn\" (plate 11). The idle apprentice is sent to the gallows by the industrious apprentice himself.", "The idle apprentice is sent to the gallows by the industrious apprentice himself. For each plate, there is at least one passage from the Bible at the bottom, mostly from the Book of Proverbs, such as for the first plate: \"Industry and Idleness, shown here, 'Proverbs Ch:10 Ver:4 The hand of the diligent maketh rich.'\"", "For each plate, there is at least one passage from the Bible at the bottom, mostly from the Book of Proverbs, such as for the first plate: \"Industry and Idleness, shown here, 'Proverbs Ch:10 Ver:4 The hand of the diligent maketh rich.'\" Beer Street and Gin Lane Later prints of significance include his pictorial warning of the consequences of alcoholism in Beer Street and Gin Lane (1751).", "Beer Street and Gin Lane Later prints of significance include his pictorial warning of the consequences of alcoholism in Beer Street and Gin Lane (1751). Hogarth engraved Beer Street to show a happy city drinking the 'good' beverage, English beer, in contrast to Gin Lane, in which the effects of drinking gin are shown – as a more potent liquor, gin caused more problems for society.", "Hogarth engraved Beer Street to show a happy city drinking the 'good' beverage, English beer, in contrast to Gin Lane, in which the effects of drinking gin are shown – as a more potent liquor, gin caused more problems for society. There had been a sharp increase in the popularity of gin at this time, which was called the 'Gin Craze.'", "There had been a sharp increase in the popularity of gin at this time, which was called the 'Gin Craze.' It started in the early 18th century, after a series of legislative actions in the late 17th century impacted the importation and manufacturing of alcohol in London.", "It started in the early 18th century, after a series of legislative actions in the late 17th century impacted the importation and manufacturing of alcohol in London. Among these, were the Prohibition of 1678, which barred popular French brandy imports, and the forced disbandment, in 1690, of the London Guild of Distillers, whose members had previously been the only legal manufacturers of alcohol, leading to an increase in the production and then consumption of domestic gin.", "Among these, were the Prohibition of 1678, which barred popular French brandy imports, and the forced disbandment, in 1690, of the London Guild of Distillers, whose members had previously been the only legal manufacturers of alcohol, leading to an increase in the production and then consumption of domestic gin. In Beer Street, people are shown as healthy, happy and prosperous, while in Gin Lane, they are scrawny, lazy and careless.", "In Beer Street, people are shown as healthy, happy and prosperous, while in Gin Lane, they are scrawny, lazy and careless. The woman at the front of Gin Lane, who lets her baby fall to its death, echoes the tale of Judith Dufour, who strangled her baby so she could sell its clothes for gin money.", "The woman at the front of Gin Lane, who lets her baby fall to its death, echoes the tale of Judith Dufour, who strangled her baby so she could sell its clothes for gin money. The prints were published in support of the Gin Act 1751.", "The prints were published in support of the Gin Act 1751. Hogarth's friend, the magistrate Henry Fielding, may have enlisted Hogarth to help with propaganda for the Gin Act; Beer Street and Gin Lane were issued shortly after his work An Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers, and Related Writings, and addressed the same issues.", "Hogarth's friend, the magistrate Henry Fielding, may have enlisted Hogarth to help with propaganda for the Gin Act; Beer Street and Gin Lane were issued shortly after his work An Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers, and Related Writings, and addressed the same issues. The Four Stages of Cruelty Other prints were his outcry against inhumanity in The Four Stages of Cruelty (published 21 February 1751), in which Hogarth depicts the cruel treatment of animals which he saw around him and suggests what will happen to people who carry on in this manner.", "The Four Stages of Cruelty Other prints were his outcry against inhumanity in The Four Stages of Cruelty (published 21 February 1751), in which Hogarth depicts the cruel treatment of animals which he saw around him and suggests what will happen to people who carry on in this manner. In the first print, there are scenes of boys torturing dogs, cats and other animals.", "In the first print, there are scenes of boys torturing dogs, cats and other animals. It centers around a poorly dressed boy committing a violent act of torture upon a dog, while being pleaded with to stop, and offered food, by another well-dressed boy.", "It centers around a poorly dressed boy committing a violent act of torture upon a dog, while being pleaded with to stop, and offered food, by another well-dressed boy. A boy behind them has graffitied a hanged stickman figure upon a wall, with the name \"Tom Nero\" underneath, and is pointing to this dog torturer.", "A boy behind them has graffitied a hanged stickman figure upon a wall, with the name \"Tom Nero\" underneath, and is pointing to this dog torturer. The second shows Tom Nero has grown up to become a Hackney coach driver.", "The second shows Tom Nero has grown up to become a Hackney coach driver. His coach has overturned with a heavy load and his horse is lying on the ground, having broken its leg. He is beating it with the handle of his whip; its eye severely wounded.", "He is beating it with the handle of his whip; its eye severely wounded. Other people around him are seen abusing their work animals and livestock, and a child is being run over by the wheel of a dray, as the drayman dozes off on the job.", "Other people around him are seen abusing their work animals and livestock, and a child is being run over by the wheel of a dray, as the drayman dozes off on the job. In the third print, Tom is shown to be a murderer, surrounded by a mob of accusers.", "In the third print, Tom is shown to be a murderer, surrounded by a mob of accusers. The woman he has apparently killed is lying on the ground, brutally slain, with a trunk and sack of stolen goods near by.", "The woman he has apparently killed is lying on the ground, brutally slain, with a trunk and sack of stolen goods near by. One of the accusers holds a letter from the woman to Tom, speaking of how wronging her mistress upsets her conscience, but that she is resolved to do as he would have her, closing with: \"I remain yours till death.\"", "One of the accusers holds a letter from the woman to Tom, speaking of how wronging her mistress upsets her conscience, but that she is resolved to do as he would have her, closing with: \"I remain yours till death.\" The fourth, titled The Reward of Cruelty, shows Tom's withering corpse being publicly dissected by scientists after his execution by hanging; a noose still around his neck.", "The fourth, titled The Reward of Cruelty, shows Tom's withering corpse being publicly dissected by scientists after his execution by hanging; a noose still around his neck. The dissection reflects the Murder Act 1751, which allowed for the public dissection of criminals who had been hanged for murder. Portraits Hogarth was also popular portrait painter.", "Portraits Hogarth was also popular portrait painter. In 1745, he painted actor David Garrick as Richard III, for which he was paid £200, \"which was more\", he wrote, \"than any English artist ever received for a single portrait.\"", "In 1745, he painted actor David Garrick as Richard III, for which he was paid £200, \"which was more\", he wrote, \"than any English artist ever received for a single portrait.\" In 1746, a sketch of Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat, afterwards beheaded on Tower Hill, had an exceptional success.", "In 1746, a sketch of Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat, afterwards beheaded on Tower Hill, had an exceptional success. In 1740, he created a truthful, vivid full-length portrait of his friend, the philanthropic Captain Coram, for the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now in the Foundling Museum.", "In 1740, he created a truthful, vivid full-length portrait of his friend, the philanthropic Captain Coram, for the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now in the Foundling Museum. This portrait, and his unfinished oil sketch of a young fishwoman, entitled The Shrimp Girl (National Gallery, London), may be called masterpieces of British painting.", "This portrait, and his unfinished oil sketch of a young fishwoman, entitled The Shrimp Girl (National Gallery, London), may be called masterpieces of British painting. There are also portraits of his wife, his two sisters, and of many other people; among them Bishop Hoadly and Bishop Herring.", "There are also portraits of his wife, his two sisters, and of many other people; among them Bishop Hoadly and Bishop Herring. Historical subjects For a long period, during the mid-18th century, Hogarth tried to achieve the status of a history painter, but did not earn much respect in this field.", "Historical subjects For a long period, during the mid-18th century, Hogarth tried to achieve the status of a history painter, but did not earn much respect in this field. The painter, and later founder of the Royal Academy of Arts, Joshua Reynolds, was highly critical of Hogarth's style and work.", "The painter, and later founder of the Royal Academy of Arts, Joshua Reynolds, was highly critical of Hogarth's style and work. According to art historian David Bindman, in Dr Johnson's serial of essays for London's Universal Chronicle, The Idler, the three essays written by Reynolds for the months of September through November 1759 are directed at Hogarth.", "According to art historian David Bindman, in Dr Johnson's serial of essays for London's Universal Chronicle, The Idler, the three essays written by Reynolds for the months of September through November 1759 are directed at Hogarth. In them, Reynolds argues that this \"connoisseur\" has a \"servile attention to minute exactness\" and questions their idea of the imitation of nature as \"the obvious sense, that objects are represented naturally when they have such relief that they seem real.\"", "In them, Reynolds argues that this \"connoisseur\" has a \"servile attention to minute exactness\" and questions their idea of the imitation of nature as \"the obvious sense, that objects are represented naturally when they have such relief that they seem real.\" Reynolds rejected \"this kind of imitation\", favouring the \"grand style of painting\" which avoids \"minute attention\" to the visible world.", "Reynolds rejected \"this kind of imitation\", favouring the \"grand style of painting\" which avoids \"minute attention\" to the visible world. In Reynolds' Discourse XIV, he grants Hogarth has \"extraordinary talents\", but reproaches him for \"very imprudently, or rather presumptuously, attempt[ing] the great historical style.\"", "In Reynolds' Discourse XIV, he grants Hogarth has \"extraordinary talents\", but reproaches him for \"very imprudently, or rather presumptuously, attempt[ing] the great historical style.\" Writer, art historian and politician, Horace Walpole, was also critical of Hogarth as a history painter, but did find value in his satirical prints.", "Writer, art historian and politician, Horace Walpole, was also critical of Hogarth as a history painter, but did find value in his satirical prints. Biblical scenes Hogarth's history pictures include The Pool of Bethesda and The Good Samaritan, executed in 1736–1737 for St Bartholomew's Hospital; Moses brought before Pharaoh's Daughter, painted for the Foundling Hospital (1747, formerly at the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now in the Foundling Museum); Paul before Felix (1748) at Lincoln's Inn; and his altarpiece for St. Mary Redcliffe, Bristol (1755–56).", "Biblical scenes Hogarth's history pictures include The Pool of Bethesda and The Good Samaritan, executed in 1736–1737 for St Bartholomew's Hospital; Moses brought before Pharaoh's Daughter, painted for the Foundling Hospital (1747, formerly at the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now in the Foundling Museum); Paul before Felix (1748) at Lincoln's Inn; and his altarpiece for St. Mary Redcliffe, Bristol (1755–56). The Gate of Calais The Gate of Calais (1748; now in Tate Britain) was produced soon after his return from a visit to France.", "The Gate of Calais The Gate of Calais (1748; now in Tate Britain) was produced soon after his return from a visit to France. Horace Walpole wrote that Hogarth had run a great risk to go there since the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle: he went to France, and was so imprudent as to be taking a sketch of the drawbridge at Calais.", "Horace Walpole wrote that Hogarth had run a great risk to go there since the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle: he went to France, and was so imprudent as to be taking a sketch of the drawbridge at Calais. He was seized and carried to the governor, where he was forced to prove his vocation by producing several caricatures of the French; particularly a scene of the shore, with an immense piece of beef landing for the Lion d'argent, the English inn at Calais, and several hungry friars following it.", "He was seized and carried to the governor, where he was forced to prove his vocation by producing several caricatures of the French; particularly a scene of the shore, with an immense piece of beef landing for the Lion d'argent, the English inn at Calais, and several hungry friars following it. They were much diverted with his drawings, and dismissed him.", "They were much diverted with his drawings, and dismissed him. Back home, he immediately executed a painting of the subject in which he unkindly represented his enemies, the Frenchmen, as cringing, emaciated and superstitious people, while an enormous sirloin of beef arrives, destined for the English inn as a symbol of British prosperity and superiority.", "Back home, he immediately executed a painting of the subject in which he unkindly represented his enemies, the Frenchmen, as cringing, emaciated and superstitious people, while an enormous sirloin of beef arrives, destined for the English inn as a symbol of British prosperity and superiority. He claimed to have painted himself into the picture in the left corner sketching the gate, with a \"soldier's hand upon my shoulder\", running him in.", "He claimed to have painted himself into the picture in the left corner sketching the gate, with a \"soldier's hand upon my shoulder\", running him in. Other later works Notable Hogarth engravings in the 1740s include The Enraged Musician (1741), the six prints of Marriage à-la-mode (1745; executed by French artists under Hogarth's inspection), and The Stage Coach or The Country Inn Yard (1747).", "Other later works Notable Hogarth engravings in the 1740s include The Enraged Musician (1741), the six prints of Marriage à-la-mode (1745; executed by French artists under Hogarth's inspection), and The Stage Coach or The Country Inn Yard (1747). In 1745, Hogarth painted a self-portrait with his pug dog, Trump (now also in Tate Britain), which shows him as a learned artist supported by volumes of Shakespeare, Milton and Swift.", "In 1745, Hogarth painted a self-portrait with his pug dog, Trump (now also in Tate Britain), which shows him as a learned artist supported by volumes of Shakespeare, Milton and Swift. In 1749, he represented the somewhat disorderly English troops on their March of the Guards to Finchley (formerly located in Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now Foundling Museum).", "In 1749, he represented the somewhat disorderly English troops on their March of the Guards to Finchley (formerly located in Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now Foundling Museum). Others works included his ingenious Satire on False Perspective (1754); his satire on canvassing in his Election series (1755–1758; now in Sir John Soane's Museum); his ridicule of the English passion for cockfighting in The Cockpit (1759); his attack on Methodism in Credulity, Superstition, and Fanaticism (1762); his political anti-war satire in The Times, plate I (1762); and his pessimistic view of all things in Tailpiece, or The Bathos (1764).", "Others works included his ingenious Satire on False Perspective (1754); his satire on canvassing in his Election series (1755–1758; now in Sir John Soane's Museum); his ridicule of the English passion for cockfighting in The Cockpit (1759); his attack on Methodism in Credulity, Superstition, and Fanaticism (1762); his political anti-war satire in The Times, plate I (1762); and his pessimistic view of all things in Tailpiece, or The Bathos (1764). In 1757, Hogarth was appointed Serjeant Painter to the King.", "In 1757, Hogarth was appointed Serjeant Painter to the King. Writing Hogarth wrote and published his ideas of artistic design in his book The Analysis of Beauty (1753).", "Writing Hogarth wrote and published his ideas of artistic design in his book The Analysis of Beauty (1753). In it, he professes to define the principles of beauty and grace which he, a real child of Rococo, saw realized in serpentine lines (the Line of Beauty).", "In it, he professes to define the principles of beauty and grace which he, a real child of Rococo, saw realized in serpentine lines (the Line of Beauty). By some of Hogarth's adherents, the book was praised as a fine deliverance upon aesthetics; by his enemies and rivals, its obscurities and minor errors were made the subject of endless ridicule and caricature.", "By some of Hogarth's adherents, the book was praised as a fine deliverance upon aesthetics; by his enemies and rivals, its obscurities and minor errors were made the subject of endless ridicule and caricature. Painter and engraver of modern moral subjects Hogarth lived in an age when artwork became increasingly commercialized, being viewed in shop windows, taverns, and public buildings, and sold in printshops.", "Painter and engraver of modern moral subjects Hogarth lived in an age when artwork became increasingly commercialized, being viewed in shop windows, taverns, and public buildings, and sold in printshops. Old hierarchies broke down, and new forms began to flourish: the ballad opera, the bourgeois tragedy, and especially, a new form of fiction called the novel with which authors such as Henry Fielding had great success.", "Old hierarchies broke down, and new forms began to flourish: the ballad opera, the bourgeois tragedy, and especially, a new form of fiction called the novel with which authors such as Henry Fielding had great success. Therefore, by that time, Hogarth hit on a new idea: \"painting and engraving modern moral subjects ... to treat my subjects as a dramatic writer; my picture was my stage\", as he himself remarked in his manuscript notes.", "Therefore, by that time, Hogarth hit on a new idea: \"painting and engraving modern moral subjects ... to treat my subjects as a dramatic writer; my picture was my stage\", as he himself remarked in his manuscript notes. He drew from the highly moralizing Protestant tradition of Dutch genre painting, and the very vigorous satirical traditions of the English broadsheet and other types of popular print.", "He drew from the highly moralizing Protestant tradition of Dutch genre painting, and the very vigorous satirical traditions of the English broadsheet and other types of popular print. In England the fine arts had little comedy in them before Hogarth. His prints were expensive, and remained so until early 19th-century reprints brought them to a wider audience.", "His prints were expensive, and remained so until early 19th-century reprints brought them to a wider audience. Parodic borrowings from Old Masters When analysing the work of the artist as a whole, Ronald Paulson says, \"In A Harlot's Progress, every single plate but one is based on Dürer's images of the story of the Virgin and the story of the Passion.\"", "Parodic borrowings from Old Masters When analysing the work of the artist as a whole, Ronald Paulson says, \"In A Harlot's Progress, every single plate but one is based on Dürer's images of the story of the Virgin and the story of the Passion.\" In other works, he parodies Leonardo da Vinci's Last Supper.", "In other works, he parodies Leonardo da Vinci's Last Supper. According to Paulson, Hogarth is subverting the religious establishment and the orthodox belief in an immanent God who intervenes in the lives of people and produces miracles.", "According to Paulson, Hogarth is subverting the religious establishment and the orthodox belief in an immanent God who intervenes in the lives of people and produces miracles. Indeed, Hogarth was a Deist, a believer in a God who created the universe but takes no direct hand in the lives of his creations.", "Indeed, Hogarth was a Deist, a believer in a God who created the universe but takes no direct hand in the lives of his creations. Thus, as a \"comic history painter\", he often poked fun at the old-fashioned, \"beaten\" subjects of religious art in his paintings and prints.", "Thus, as a \"comic history painter\", he often poked fun at the old-fashioned, \"beaten\" subjects of religious art in his paintings and prints. Hogarth also rejected Lord Shaftesbury's then-current ideal of the classical Greek male in favour of the living, breathing female.", "Hogarth also rejected Lord Shaftesbury's then-current ideal of the classical Greek male in favour of the living, breathing female. He said, \"Who but a bigot, even to the antiques, will say that he has not seen faces and necks, hands and arms in living women, that even the Grecian Venus doth but coarsely imitate.\"", "He said, \"Who but a bigot, even to the antiques, will say that he has not seen faces and necks, hands and arms in living women, that even the Grecian Venus doth but coarsely imitate.\" Personal life On 23 March 1729, Hogarth eloped with Jane Thornhill at Paddington Church, against the wishes of her father, the artist Sir James Thornhill.", "Personal life On 23 March 1729, Hogarth eloped with Jane Thornhill at Paddington Church, against the wishes of her father, the artist Sir James Thornhill. Sir James saw the match as unequal, as Hogarth was a rather obscure artist at the time.", "Sir James saw the match as unequal, as Hogarth was a rather obscure artist at the time. However, when Hogarth started on his series of moral prints, A Harlot's Progress, some of the initial paintings were placed either in Sir James' drawing room or dining room, through the conspiring of Jane and her mother, in the hopes of reconciling him with the couple.", "However, when Hogarth started on his series of moral prints, A Harlot's Progress, some of the initial paintings were placed either in Sir James' drawing room or dining room, through the conspiring of Jane and her mother, in the hopes of reconciling him with the couple. When he saw them, he inquired as to the artist's name and, upon hearing it, replied: \"Very well; the man who can produce such representations as these, can also maintain a wife without a portion.\"", "When he saw them, he inquired as to the artist's name and, upon hearing it, replied: \"Very well; the man who can produce such representations as these, can also maintain a wife without a portion.\" However, he soon after relented, becoming more generous to, and living in harmony with the couple until his death.", "However, he soon after relented, becoming more generous to, and living in harmony with the couple until his death. Hogarth was initiated as a Freemason before 1728 in the Lodge at the Hand and Apple Tree Tavern, Little Queen Street, and later belonged to the Carrier Stone Lodge and the Grand Stewards' Lodge; the latter still possesses the 'Hogarth Jewel' which Hogarth designed for the Lodge's Master to wear.", "Hogarth was initiated as a Freemason before 1728 in the Lodge at the Hand and Apple Tree Tavern, Little Queen Street, and later belonged to the Carrier Stone Lodge and the Grand Stewards' Lodge; the latter still possesses the 'Hogarth Jewel' which Hogarth designed for the Lodge's Master to wear. Today the original is in storage and a replica is worn by the Master of the Lodge.", "Today the original is in storage and a replica is worn by the Master of the Lodge. Freemasonry was a theme in some of Hogarth's work, most notably 'Night', the fourth in the quartet of paintings (later released as engravings) collectively entitled the Four Times of the Day.", "Freemasonry was a theme in some of Hogarth's work, most notably 'Night', the fourth in the quartet of paintings (later released as engravings) collectively entitled the Four Times of the Day. His main home was in Leicester Square (then known as Leicester Fields), but he bought a country retreat in Chiswick in 1749, the house now known as Hogarth's House and preserved as a museum, and spent time there for the rest of his life.", "His main home was in Leicester Square (then known as Leicester Fields), but he bought a country retreat in Chiswick in 1749, the house now known as Hogarth's House and preserved as a museum, and spent time there for the rest of his life. The Hogarths had no children, although they fostered foundling children.", "The Hogarths had no children, although they fostered foundling children. He was a founding Governor of the Foundling Hospital. Among his friends and acquaintances were many English artists and satirists of the period, such as Francis Hayman, Henry Fielding, and Laurence Sterne.", "Among his friends and acquaintances were many English artists and satirists of the period, such as Francis Hayman, Henry Fielding, and Laurence Sterne. Death On 25 October 1764, Hogarth was conveyed from his villa in Chiswick to his home in Leicester Fields, in weak condition.", "Death On 25 October 1764, Hogarth was conveyed from his villa in Chiswick to his home in Leicester Fields, in weak condition. He had been in a weakened state for a while by this time, but was said to be in a cheerful mood and was even still working—with some help; doing more retouches on The Bench on this same day.", "He had been in a weakened state for a while by this time, but was said to be in a cheerful mood and was even still working—with some help; doing more retouches on The Bench on this same day. On 26 October, he received a letter from Benjamin Franklin and wrote up a rough draught in reply.", "On 26 October, he received a letter from Benjamin Franklin and wrote up a rough draught in reply. Before going to bed that evening, he'd boasted about eating a pound of beefsteaks for dinner and reportedly looked more robust than he had in a while at this time.", "Before going to bed that evening, he'd boasted about eating a pound of beefsteaks for dinner and reportedly looked more robust than he had in a while at this time. However, when he went to bed, he suddenly began vomiting; something that caused him to ring his bell so forcefully that it broke.", "However, when he went to bed, he suddenly began vomiting; something that caused him to ring his bell so forcefully that it broke. Hogarth passed away around two hours later, in the arms of his servant, Mrs Mary Lewis.", "Hogarth passed away around two hours later, in the arms of his servant, Mrs Mary Lewis. John Nichols claimed that he died of an aneurysm, which he said took place in the \"chest.\" Horace Walpole claimed that he died of \"a dropsy of his breast.\"", "Horace Walpole claimed that he died of \"a dropsy of his breast.\" Mrs Lewis, who stayed on with Jane Hogarth in Leicester Fields, was the only non-familial person acknowledged financially in Hogarth's will and was left £100 (approximately £18,651.61 in 2020) for her \"faithful services.\"", "Mrs Lewis, who stayed on with Jane Hogarth in Leicester Fields, was the only non-familial person acknowledged financially in Hogarth's will and was left £100 (approximately £18,651.61 in 2020) for her \"faithful services.\" Hogarth was buried at St. Nicholas Church, Chiswick, now in the west of London.", "Hogarth was buried at St. Nicholas Church, Chiswick, now in the west of London. His friend, actor David Garrick, composed the following inscription for his tombstone: Influence and reputation Hogarth's works were a direct influence on John Collier, who was known as the \"Lancashire Hogarth\".", "His friend, actor David Garrick, composed the following inscription for his tombstone: Influence and reputation Hogarth's works were a direct influence on John Collier, who was known as the \"Lancashire Hogarth\". The spread of Hogarth's prints throughout Europe, together with the depiction of popular scenes from his prints in faked Hogarth prints, influenced Continental book illustration through the 18th and early 19th centuries, especially in Germany and France.", "The spread of Hogarth's prints throughout Europe, together with the depiction of popular scenes from his prints in faked Hogarth prints, influenced Continental book illustration through the 18th and early 19th centuries, especially in Germany and France. He also influenced many caricaturists of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries.", "He also influenced many caricaturists of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. Hogarth's influence lives on today as artists continue to draw inspiration from his work. Hogarth's paintings and prints have provided the subject matter for several other works.", "Hogarth's paintings and prints have provided the subject matter for several other works. For example, Gavin Gordon's 1935 ballet The Rake's Progress, to choreography by Ninette de Valois, was based directly on Hogarth's series of paintings of that title.", "For example, Gavin Gordon's 1935 ballet The Rake's Progress, to choreography by Ninette de Valois, was based directly on Hogarth's series of paintings of that title. Igor Stravinsky's 1951 opera The Rake's Progress, with libretto by W. H. Auden, was less literally inspired by the same series.", "Igor Stravinsky's 1951 opera The Rake's Progress, with libretto by W. H. Auden, was less literally inspired by the same series. Hogarth's engravings also inspired the BBC radio play The Midnight House by Jonathan Hall, based on the M. R. James ghost story \"The Mezzotint\" and first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2006.", "Hogarth's engravings also inspired the BBC radio play The Midnight House by Jonathan Hall, based on the M. R. James ghost story \"The Mezzotint\" and first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2006. Russell Banks' short story \"Indisposed\" is a fictional account of Hogarth's infidelity as told from the viewpoint of his wife, Jane.", "Russell Banks' short story \"Indisposed\" is a fictional account of Hogarth's infidelity as told from the viewpoint of his wife, Jane. Hogarth was the lead character in Nick Dear's play The Art of Success, whilst he is played by Toby Jones in the 2006 television film A Harlot's Progress.", "Hogarth was the lead character in Nick Dear's play The Art of Success, whilst he is played by Toby Jones in the 2006 television film A Harlot's Progress. Hogarth's House in Chiswick, west London, is now a museum; the major road junction next to it is named the Hogarth Roundabout.", "Hogarth's House in Chiswick, west London, is now a museum; the major road junction next to it is named the Hogarth Roundabout. In 2014 both Hogarth's House and the Foundling Museum held special exhibitions to mark the 250th anniversary of his death.", "In 2014 both Hogarth's House and the Foundling Museum held special exhibitions to mark the 250th anniversary of his death. In 2019, Sir John Soane's Museum, which owns both The Rake's Progress and The Humours of an Election, held an exhibition which assembled all Hogarth's series of paintings, and his series of engravings, in one place for the first time.", "In 2019, Sir John Soane's Museum, which owns both The Rake's Progress and The Humours of an Election, held an exhibition which assembled all Hogarth's series of paintings, and his series of engravings, in one place for the first time. Stanley Kubrick based the cinematography of his 1975 period drama film, Barry Lyndon, on several Hogarth paintings.", "Stanley Kubrick based the cinematography of his 1975 period drama film, Barry Lyndon, on several Hogarth paintings. In Roger Michell's 2003 film The Mother, starring Anne Reid and Daniel Craig, the protagonists visit Hogarth's tomb during their first outing together.", "In Roger Michell's 2003 film The Mother, starring Anne Reid and Daniel Craig, the protagonists visit Hogarth's tomb during their first outing together. They read aloud the poem inscribed there and their shared admiration of Hogarth helps to affirm their connection with one another.", "They read aloud the poem inscribed there and their shared admiration of Hogarth helps to affirm their connection with one another. 'Selected works PaintingsEngravingsSee also English art List of works by William Hogarth Judy Egerton, Hogarth curator, cataloguer, and commentator Notes References William Hogarth, John Bowyer Nichols, ed.", "'Selected works PaintingsEngravingsSee also English art List of works by William Hogarth Judy Egerton, Hogarth curator, cataloguer, and commentator Notes References William Hogarth, John Bowyer Nichols, ed. Anecdotes of William Hogarth, Written by Himself (J.", "Anecdotes of William Hogarth, Written by Himself (J. B. Nichols and Son, 25 Parliament Street, London, 1833) Peter Quennell, Hogarth's Progress (London, New York, Ayer Co., 1955, ) Quennell, Peter. \"Hogarth's Election Series.\"", "\"Hogarth's Election Series.\" History Today (Apr 1953) 3#4 pp 221–232 Frederick Antal, Hogarth and His Place in European Art (London 1962).", "History Today (Apr 1953) 3#4 pp 221–232 Frederick Antal, Hogarth and His Place in European Art (London 1962). Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, Ausführliche Erklärung der Hogarthischen Kupferstiche (Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag, 1972, ) Sean Shesgreen, Hogarth 101 Prints (New York: Dover 1973).", "Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, Ausführliche Erklärung der Hogarthischen Kupferstiche (Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag, 1972, ) Sean Shesgreen, Hogarth 101 Prints (New York: Dover 1973). David Bindman, Hogarth (London 1981). Sean Shesgreen, Hogarth and the Times-of-the-Day Tradition (Ithaca, New York: Cornell UP, 1983).", "Sean Shesgreen, Hogarth and the Times-of-the-Day Tradition (Ithaca, New York: Cornell UP, 1983). Ronald Paulson, Hogarth's Graphic Works (3rd edn, London 1989). Ronald Paulson, Hogarth, 3 vols. (New Brunswick 1991–93). Elizabeth Einberg, Hogarth the Painter (London: Tate Gallery, 1997).", "Elizabeth Einberg, Hogarth the Painter (London: Tate Gallery, 1997). Jenny Uglow, Hogarth: A Life and a World (London 1997). Frédéric Ogée and Hans-Peter Wagner, eds., William Hogarth: Theater and the Theater of Life (Los Angeles, 1997).", "Frédéric Ogée and Hans-Peter Wagner, eds., William Hogarth: Theater and the Theater of Life (Los Angeles, 1997). Hans-Peter Wagner, William Hogarth: Das graphische Werk (Saarbrücken, 1998; revised edition, Trier 2013). David Bindman, Frédéric Ogée and Peter Wagner, eds.", "David Bindman, Frédéric Ogée and Peter Wagner, eds. Hogarth: Representing Nature's Machines (Manchester, 2001) Bernadette Fort, and Angela Rosenthal, eds., The Other Hogarth: Aesthetics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton UP, 2001) Christine Riding and Mark Hallet, \"Hogarth\" (Tate Publishing, London, 2006).", "Hogarth: Representing Nature's Machines (Manchester, 2001) Bernadette Fort, and Angela Rosenthal, eds., The Other Hogarth: Aesthetics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton UP, 2001) Christine Riding and Mark Hallet, \"Hogarth\" (Tate Publishing, London, 2006). Robin Simon, Hogarth, France and British Art: The rise of the arts in eighteenth-century Britain (London, 2007) Ilias Chrissochoidis, \"Handel, Hogarth, Goupy: Artistic intersections in Handelian biography\", Early Music 37/4 (November 2009), 577–596.", "Robin Simon, Hogarth, France and British Art: The rise of the arts in eighteenth-century Britain (London, 2007) Ilias Chrissochoidis, \"Handel, Hogarth, Goupy: Artistic intersections in Handelian biography\", Early Music 37/4 (November 2009), 577–596. Bernd W. Krysmanski, Hogarth's Hidden Parts: Satiric Allusion, Erotic Wit, Blasphemous Bawdiness and Dark Humour in Eighteenth-Century English Art (Hildesheim, Zurich, New York: Olms-Verlag, 2010 ) Johann Joachim Eschenburg, Über William Hogarth und seine Erklärer, ed.", "Bernd W. Krysmanski, Hogarth's Hidden Parts: Satiric Allusion, Erotic Wit, Blasphemous Bawdiness and Dark Humour in Eighteenth-Century English Art (Hildesheim, Zurich, New York: Olms-Verlag, 2010 ) Johann Joachim Eschenburg, Über William Hogarth und seine Erklärer, ed. Till Kinzel (Hanover: Wehrhahn, 2013 ) Cynthia Ellen Roman, ed., Hogarth's Legacy (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2016) Elizabeth Einberg, William Hogarth: A Complete Catalogue of the Paintings'' (New Haven and London, Yale University Press for Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art, 2016) External links The Works of William Hogarth, 1822 Heath edition (engravings and commentaries by John Nichols) William Hogarth's biography, style, artworks and influences Hogarth & John Wilkes - UK Parliament Living Heritage William Hogarth at The National Gallery William Hogarth and 18th-Century Print Culture The Site for Research on William Hogarth (annotated online bibliography) Print series in detail Hogarth exhibition at Tate Britain, London (7 February – 29 April 2007) William Hogarth at Wikigallery Location of Hogarth's grave on Google Maps The Analysis of Beauty, 1753 (abridged 1909 edition) Hogarth's The Rake's Progress and other of his works 'Hogarth's London', lecture by Robin Simon at Gresham College, 8 October 2007 (available for download as MP3, MP4 or text files) Hogarth's London video hosted at Tate Britain's website by Martin Rowson William Hogarth's Works hosted at The Victorian Web 1697 births 1764 deaths 17th-century English writers 17th-century English male writers 18th-century English people Painters from London English caricaturists English cartoonists English engravers English illustrators English satirists English printmakers 18th-century English painters English male painters Court painters Artist authors Political artists Social critics Freemasons of the Premier Grand Lodge of England Fellows of the Royal Society of Arts" ]

[ "William Hogarth", "Harlot's and Rake's Progresses", "When did Hogarth paint Harlot's and Rake's Progresses?", ") before being published as engravings.", "What are Harlot's and Rake's Progresses?", "A Harlot's Progress depicts the fate of a country girl who begins prostituting", "What is a Rake's Progress?", "the sequel", "What happens to the country girl?", "ending with a funeral ceremony that follows the character's death from venereal disease." ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "William Hogarth (; 10 November 1697 – 26 October 1764) was an English painter, printmaker, pictorial satirist, social critic, and editorial cartoonist. His work ranges from realistic portraiture to comic strip-like series of pictures called \"modern moral subjects\", and he is perhaps best known for his series A Harlot's Progress, A Rake's Progress and Marriage A-la-Mode.", "His work ranges from realistic portraiture to comic strip-like series of pictures called \"modern moral subjects\", and he is perhaps best known for his series A Harlot's Progress, A Rake's Progress and Marriage A-la-Mode. Knowledge of his work is so pervasive that satirical political illustrations in this style are often referred to as \"Hogarthian\".", "Knowledge of his work is so pervasive that satirical political illustrations in this style are often referred to as \"Hogarthian\". Hogarth was born in London to a lower-middle-class family. In his youth he took up an apprenticeship with an engraver, but did not complete the apprenticeship.", "In his youth he took up an apprenticeship with an engraver, but did not complete the apprenticeship. His father underwent periods of mixed fortune, and was at one time imprisoned in lieu of outstanding debts, an event that is thought to have informed William's paintings and prints with a hard edge.", "His father underwent periods of mixed fortune, and was at one time imprisoned in lieu of outstanding debts, an event that is thought to have informed William's paintings and prints with a hard edge. Influenced by French and Italian painting and engraving, Hogarth's works are mostly satirical caricatures, sometimes bawdily sexual, mostly of the first rank of realistic portraiture.", "Influenced by French and Italian painting and engraving, Hogarth's works are mostly satirical caricatures, sometimes bawdily sexual, mostly of the first rank of realistic portraiture. They became widely popular and mass-produced via prints in his lifetime, and he was by far the most significant English artist of his generation.", "They became widely popular and mass-produced via prints in his lifetime, and he was by far the most significant English artist of his generation. Charles Lamb deemed Hogarth's images to be books, filled with \"the teeming, fruitful, suggestive meaning of words. Other pictures we look at; his pictures we read.\"", "Other pictures we look at; his pictures we read.\" Early life William Hogarth was born at Bartholomew Close in London to Richard Hogarth, a poor Latin school teacher and textbook writer, and Anne Gibbons.", "Early life William Hogarth was born at Bartholomew Close in London to Richard Hogarth, a poor Latin school teacher and textbook writer, and Anne Gibbons. In his youth he was apprenticed to the engraver Ellis Gamble in Leicester Fields, where he learned to engrave trade cards and similar products.", "In his youth he was apprenticed to the engraver Ellis Gamble in Leicester Fields, where he learned to engrave trade cards and similar products. Young Hogarth also took a lively interest in the street life of the metropolis and the London fairs, and amused himself by sketching the characters he saw.", "Young Hogarth also took a lively interest in the street life of the metropolis and the London fairs, and amused himself by sketching the characters he saw. Around the same time, his father, who had opened an unsuccessful Latin-speaking coffee house at St John's Gate, was imprisoned for debt in the Fleet Prison for five years.", "Around the same time, his father, who had opened an unsuccessful Latin-speaking coffee house at St John's Gate, was imprisoned for debt in the Fleet Prison for five years. Hogarth never spoke of his father's imprisonment.", "Hogarth never spoke of his father's imprisonment. In 1720, Hogarth enrolled at the original St Martin's Lane Academy in Peter Court, London, which was run by Louis Chéron and John Vanderbank. He attended alongside other future leading figures in art and design, such as Joseph Highmore, William Kent, and Arthur Pond.", "He attended alongside other future leading figures in art and design, such as Joseph Highmore, William Kent, and Arthur Pond. However, the academy seems to have stopped operating in 1724, at around the same time that Vanderbank fled to France in order to avoid creditors.", "However, the academy seems to have stopped operating in 1724, at around the same time that Vanderbank fled to France in order to avoid creditors. Hogarth recalled of the first incarnation of the academy: \"this lasted a few years but the treasurer sinking the subscription money the lamp stove etc were seized for rent and the whole affair put a stop to.\"", "Hogarth recalled of the first incarnation of the academy: \"this lasted a few years but the treasurer sinking the subscription money the lamp stove etc were seized for rent and the whole affair put a stop to.\" Hogarth then enrolled in another drawing school, in Covent Garden, shortly after it opened in November 1724, which was run by Sir James Thornhill, serjeant painter to the king.", "Hogarth then enrolled in another drawing school, in Covent Garden, shortly after it opened in November 1724, which was run by Sir James Thornhill, serjeant painter to the king. On Thornhill, Hogarth later claimed that, even as an apprentice, \"the painting of St Pauls and gree[n]wich hospital … were during this time runing in my head\", referring to the massive schemes of decoration painted by Thornhill for the dome of St Paul's Cathedral, and Greenwich Hospital.", "On Thornhill, Hogarth later claimed that, even as an apprentice, \"the painting of St Pauls and gree[n]wich hospital … were during this time runing in my head\", referring to the massive schemes of decoration painted by Thornhill for the dome of St Paul's Cathedral, and Greenwich Hospital. Hogarth became a member of the Rose and Crown Club, with Peter Tillemans, George Vertue, Michael Dahl, and other artists and connoisseurs.", "Hogarth became a member of the Rose and Crown Club, with Peter Tillemans, George Vertue, Michael Dahl, and other artists and connoisseurs. Career By April 1720, Hogarth was an engraver in his own right, at first engraving coats of arms and shop bills and designing plates for booksellers.", "Career By April 1720, Hogarth was an engraver in his own right, at first engraving coats of arms and shop bills and designing plates for booksellers. In 1727, he was hired by Joshua Morris, a tapestry worker, to prepare a design for the Element of Earth.", "In 1727, he was hired by Joshua Morris, a tapestry worker, to prepare a design for the Element of Earth. Morris heard that he was \"an engraver, and no painter\", and consequently declined the work when completed.", "Morris heard that he was \"an engraver, and no painter\", and consequently declined the work when completed. Hogarth accordingly sued him for the money in the Westminster Court, where the case was decided in his favour on 28 May 1728.", "Hogarth accordingly sued him for the money in the Westminster Court, where the case was decided in his favour on 28 May 1728. Early works Early satirical works included an Emblematical Print on the South Sea Scheme (c. 1721, published 1724), about the disastrous stock market crash of 1720, known as the South Sea Bubble, in which many English people lost a great deal of money.", "Early works Early satirical works included an Emblematical Print on the South Sea Scheme (c. 1721, published 1724), about the disastrous stock market crash of 1720, known as the South Sea Bubble, in which many English people lost a great deal of money. In the bottom left corner, he shows Protestant, Roman Catholic, and Jewish figures gambling, while in the middle there is a huge machine, like a merry-go-round, which people are boarding.", "In the bottom left corner, he shows Protestant, Roman Catholic, and Jewish figures gambling, while in the middle there is a huge machine, like a merry-go-round, which people are boarding. At the top is a goat, written below which is \"Who'l Ride\".", "At the top is a goat, written below which is \"Who'l Ride\". The people are scattered around the picture with a sense of disorder, while the progress of the well dressed people towards the ride in the middle shows the foolishness of the crowd in buying stock in the South Sea Company, which spent more time issuing stock than anything else.", "The people are scattered around the picture with a sense of disorder, while the progress of the well dressed people towards the ride in the middle shows the foolishness of the crowd in buying stock in the South Sea Company, which spent more time issuing stock than anything else. Other early works include The Lottery (1724); The Mystery of Masonry brought to Light by the Gormagons (1724); A Just View of the British Stage (1724); some book illustrations; and the small print Masquerades and Operas (1724).", "Other early works include The Lottery (1724); The Mystery of Masonry brought to Light by the Gormagons (1724); A Just View of the British Stage (1724); some book illustrations; and the small print Masquerades and Operas (1724). The latter is a satire on contemporary follies, such as the masquerades of the Swiss impresario John James Heidegger, the popular Italian opera singers, John Rich's pantomimes at Lincoln's Inn Fields, and the exaggerated popularity of Lord Burlington's protégé, the architect and painter William Kent.", "The latter is a satire on contemporary follies, such as the masquerades of the Swiss impresario John James Heidegger, the popular Italian opera singers, John Rich's pantomimes at Lincoln's Inn Fields, and the exaggerated popularity of Lord Burlington's protégé, the architect and painter William Kent. He continued that theme in 1727, with the Large Masquerade Ticket.", "He continued that theme in 1727, with the Large Masquerade Ticket. In 1726, Hogarth prepared twelve large engravings illustrating Samuel Butler's Hudibras. These he himself valued highly, and they are among his best book illustrations.", "These he himself valued highly, and they are among his best book illustrations. In the following years, he turned his attention to the production of small \"conversation pieces\" (i.e., groups in oil of full-length portraits from high.", "In the following years, he turned his attention to the production of small \"conversation pieces\" (i.e., groups in oil of full-length portraits from high. Among his efforts in oil between 1728 and 1732 were The Fountaine Family (c.1730), The Assembly at Wanstead House, The House of Commons examining Bambridge, and several pictures of the chief actors in John Gay's popular The Beggar's Opera.", "Among his efforts in oil between 1728 and 1732 were The Fountaine Family (c.1730), The Assembly at Wanstead House, The House of Commons examining Bambridge, and several pictures of the chief actors in John Gay's popular The Beggar's Opera. One of his real-life subjects was Sarah Malcolm, whom he sketched two days before her execution.", "One of his real-life subjects was Sarah Malcolm, whom he sketched two days before her execution. One of Hogarth's masterpieces of this period is the depiction of an amateur performance by children of John Dryden's The Indian Emperour, or The Conquest of Mexico by Spaniards, being the Sequel of The Indian Queen (1732–1735) at the home of John Conduitt, master of the mint, in St George's Street, Hanover Square.", "One of Hogarth's masterpieces of this period is the depiction of an amateur performance by children of John Dryden's The Indian Emperour, or The Conquest of Mexico by Spaniards, being the Sequel of The Indian Queen (1732–1735) at the home of John Conduitt, master of the mint, in St George's Street, Hanover Square. Hogarth's other works in the 1730s include A Midnight Modern Conversation (1733), Southwark Fair (1733), The Sleeping Congregation (1736), Before and After (1736), Scholars at a Lecture (1736), The Company of Undertakers (Consultation of Quacks) (1736), The Distrest Poet (1736), The Four Times of the Day (1738), and Strolling Actresses Dressing in a Barn (1738).", "Hogarth's other works in the 1730s include A Midnight Modern Conversation (1733), Southwark Fair (1733), The Sleeping Congregation (1736), Before and After (1736), Scholars at a Lecture (1736), The Company of Undertakers (Consultation of Quacks) (1736), The Distrest Poet (1736), The Four Times of the Day (1738), and Strolling Actresses Dressing in a Barn (1738). He might also have printed Burlington Gate (1731), evoked by Alexander Pope's Epistle to Lord Burlington, and defending Lord Chandos, who is therein satirized.", "He might also have printed Burlington Gate (1731), evoked by Alexander Pope's Epistle to Lord Burlington, and defending Lord Chandos, who is therein satirized. This print gave great offence, and was suppressed. However, modern authorities such as Ronald Paulson no longer attribute it to Hogarth.", "However, modern authorities such as Ronald Paulson no longer attribute it to Hogarth. Moralizing art Harlot's Progress and Rake's Progress In 1731, Hogarth completed the earliest of his series of moral works, a body of work that led to wide recognition.", "Moralizing art Harlot's Progress and Rake's Progress In 1731, Hogarth completed the earliest of his series of moral works, a body of work that led to wide recognition. The collection of six scenes was entitled A Harlot's Progress and appeared first as paintings (now lost) before being published as engravings.", "The collection of six scenes was entitled A Harlot's Progress and appeared first as paintings (now lost) before being published as engravings. A Harlot's Progress depicts the fate of a country girl who begins prostituting – the six scenes are chronological, starting with a meeting with a bawd and ending with a funeral ceremony that follows the character's death from venereal disease.", "A Harlot's Progress depicts the fate of a country girl who begins prostituting – the six scenes are chronological, starting with a meeting with a bawd and ending with a funeral ceremony that follows the character's death from venereal disease. The inaugural series was an immediate success and was followed in 1733–1735 by the sequel A Rake's Progress.", "The inaugural series was an immediate success and was followed in 1733–1735 by the sequel A Rake's Progress. The second instalment consisted of eight pictures that depicted the reckless life of Tom Rakewell, the son of a rich merchant, who spends all of his money on luxurious living, services from prostitutes, and gambling – the character's life ultimately ends in Bethlem Royal Hospital.", "The second instalment consisted of eight pictures that depicted the reckless life of Tom Rakewell, the son of a rich merchant, who spends all of his money on luxurious living, services from prostitutes, and gambling – the character's life ultimately ends in Bethlem Royal Hospital. The original paintings of A Harlot's Progress were destroyed in the fire at Fonthill House in 1755; the oil paintings of A Rake's Progress (1733–34) are displayed in the gallery room at Sir John Soane's Museum, London, UK.", "The original paintings of A Harlot's Progress were destroyed in the fire at Fonthill House in 1755; the oil paintings of A Rake's Progress (1733–34) are displayed in the gallery room at Sir John Soane's Museum, London, UK. When the success of A Harlot's Progress and A Rake's Progress resulted in numerous pirated reproductions by unscrupulous printsellers, Hogarth lobbied in parliament for greater legal control over the reproduction of his and other artists' work.", "When the success of A Harlot's Progress and A Rake's Progress resulted in numerous pirated reproductions by unscrupulous printsellers, Hogarth lobbied in parliament for greater legal control over the reproduction of his and other artists' work. The result was the Engravers' Copyright Act (known as 'Hogarth's Act'), which became law on 25 June 1735 and was the first copyright law to deal with visual works as well as the first to recognise the authorial rights of an individual artist.", "The result was the Engravers' Copyright Act (known as 'Hogarth's Act'), which became law on 25 June 1735 and was the first copyright law to deal with visual works as well as the first to recognise the authorial rights of an individual artist. Marriage A-la-Mode In 1743–1745, Hogarth painted the six pictures of Marriage A-la-Mode (National Gallery, London), a pointed skewering of upper-class 18th-century society.", "Marriage A-la-Mode In 1743–1745, Hogarth painted the six pictures of Marriage A-la-Mode (National Gallery, London), a pointed skewering of upper-class 18th-century society. This moralistic warning shows the miserable tragedy of an ill-considered marriage for money. This is regarded by many as his finest project and may be among his best-planned story serials.", "This is regarded by many as his finest project and may be among his best-planned story serials. Marital ethics were the topic of much debate in 18th-century Britain. The many marriages of convenience and their attendant unhappiness came in for particular criticism, with a variety of authors taking the view that love was a much sounder basis for marriage.", "The many marriages of convenience and their attendant unhappiness came in for particular criticism, with a variety of authors taking the view that love was a much sounder basis for marriage. Hogarth here painted a satire – a genre that by definition has a moral point to convey – of a conventional marriage within the English upper class.", "Hogarth here painted a satire – a genre that by definition has a moral point to convey – of a conventional marriage within the English upper class. All the paintings were engraved and the series achieved wide circulation in print form.", "All the paintings were engraved and the series achieved wide circulation in print form. The series, which is set in a Classical interior, shows the story of the fashionable marriage of Viscount Squanderfield, the son of bankrupt Earl Squander, to the daughter of a wealthy but miserly city merchant, starting with the signing of a marriage contract at the Earl's grand house and ending with the murder of the son by his wife's lover and the suicide of the daughter after her lover is hanged at Tyburn for murdering her husband.", "The series, which is set in a Classical interior, shows the story of the fashionable marriage of Viscount Squanderfield, the son of bankrupt Earl Squander, to the daughter of a wealthy but miserly city merchant, starting with the signing of a marriage contract at the Earl's grand house and ending with the murder of the son by his wife's lover and the suicide of the daughter after her lover is hanged at Tyburn for murdering her husband. William Makepeace Thackeray wrote: This famous set of pictures contains the most important and highly wrought of the Hogarth comedies.", "William Makepeace Thackeray wrote: This famous set of pictures contains the most important and highly wrought of the Hogarth comedies. The care and method with which the moral grounds of these pictures are laid is as remarkable as the wit and skill of the observing and dexterous artist.", "The care and method with which the moral grounds of these pictures are laid is as remarkable as the wit and skill of the observing and dexterous artist. He has to describe the negotiations for a marriage pending between the daughter of a rich citizen Alderman and young Lord Viscount Squanderfield, the dissipated son of a gouty old Earl ...", "He has to describe the negotiations for a marriage pending between the daughter of a rich citizen Alderman and young Lord Viscount Squanderfield, the dissipated son of a gouty old Earl ... The dismal end is known. My lord draws upon the counsellor, who kills him, and is apprehended while endeavouring to escape.", "My lord draws upon the counsellor, who kills him, and is apprehended while endeavouring to escape. My lady goes back perforce to the Alderman of the City, and faints upon reading Counsellor Silvertongue's dying speech at Tyburn (place of execution in old London), where the counsellor has been 'executed for sending his lordship out of the world.", "My lady goes back perforce to the Alderman of the City, and faints upon reading Counsellor Silvertongue's dying speech at Tyburn (place of execution in old London), where the counsellor has been 'executed for sending his lordship out of the world. Moral: don't listen to evil silver-tongued counsellors; don't marry a man for his rank, or a woman for her money; don't frequent foolish auctions and masquerade balls unknown to your husband; don't have wicked companions abroad and neglect your wife, otherwise you will be run through the body, and ruin will ensue, and disgrace, and Tyburn.", "Moral: don't listen to evil silver-tongued counsellors; don't marry a man for his rank, or a woman for her money; don't frequent foolish auctions and masquerade balls unknown to your husband; don't have wicked companions abroad and neglect your wife, otherwise you will be run through the body, and ruin will ensue, and disgrace, and Tyburn. Industry and Idleness In the twelve prints of Industry and Idleness (1747), Hogarth shows the progression in the lives of two apprentices, one of whom is dedicated and hard working, while the other, who is idle, commits crime and is eventually executed.", "Industry and Idleness In the twelve prints of Industry and Idleness (1747), Hogarth shows the progression in the lives of two apprentices, one of whom is dedicated and hard working, while the other, who is idle, commits crime and is eventually executed. This shows the work ethic of Protestant England, where those who worked hard were rewarded, such as the industrious apprentice who becomes Sheriff (plate 8), Alderman (plate 10), and finally the Lord Mayor of London in the last plate in the series.", "This shows the work ethic of Protestant England, where those who worked hard were rewarded, such as the industrious apprentice who becomes Sheriff (plate 8), Alderman (plate 10), and finally the Lord Mayor of London in the last plate in the series. The idle apprentice, who begins \"at play in the church yard\" (plate 3), holes up \"in a Garrett with a Common Prostitute\" after turning highwayman (plate 7) and \"executed at Tyburn\" (plate 11).", "The idle apprentice, who begins \"at play in the church yard\" (plate 3), holes up \"in a Garrett with a Common Prostitute\" after turning highwayman (plate 7) and \"executed at Tyburn\" (plate 11). The idle apprentice is sent to the gallows by the industrious apprentice himself.", "The idle apprentice is sent to the gallows by the industrious apprentice himself. For each plate, there is at least one passage from the Bible at the bottom, mostly from the Book of Proverbs, such as for the first plate: \"Industry and Idleness, shown here, 'Proverbs Ch:10 Ver:4 The hand of the diligent maketh rich.'\"", "For each plate, there is at least one passage from the Bible at the bottom, mostly from the Book of Proverbs, such as for the first plate: \"Industry and Idleness, shown here, 'Proverbs Ch:10 Ver:4 The hand of the diligent maketh rich.'\" Beer Street and Gin Lane Later prints of significance include his pictorial warning of the consequences of alcoholism in Beer Street and Gin Lane (1751).", "Beer Street and Gin Lane Later prints of significance include his pictorial warning of the consequences of alcoholism in Beer Street and Gin Lane (1751). Hogarth engraved Beer Street to show a happy city drinking the 'good' beverage, English beer, in contrast to Gin Lane, in which the effects of drinking gin are shown – as a more potent liquor, gin caused more problems for society.", "Hogarth engraved Beer Street to show a happy city drinking the 'good' beverage, English beer, in contrast to Gin Lane, in which the effects of drinking gin are shown – as a more potent liquor, gin caused more problems for society. There had been a sharp increase in the popularity of gin at this time, which was called the 'Gin Craze.'", "There had been a sharp increase in the popularity of gin at this time, which was called the 'Gin Craze.' It started in the early 18th century, after a series of legislative actions in the late 17th century impacted the importation and manufacturing of alcohol in London.", "It started in the early 18th century, after a series of legislative actions in the late 17th century impacted the importation and manufacturing of alcohol in London. Among these, were the Prohibition of 1678, which barred popular French brandy imports, and the forced disbandment, in 1690, of the London Guild of Distillers, whose members had previously been the only legal manufacturers of alcohol, leading to an increase in the production and then consumption of domestic gin.", "Among these, were the Prohibition of 1678, which barred popular French brandy imports, and the forced disbandment, in 1690, of the London Guild of Distillers, whose members had previously been the only legal manufacturers of alcohol, leading to an increase in the production and then consumption of domestic gin. In Beer Street, people are shown as healthy, happy and prosperous, while in Gin Lane, they are scrawny, lazy and careless.", "In Beer Street, people are shown as healthy, happy and prosperous, while in Gin Lane, they are scrawny, lazy and careless. The woman at the front of Gin Lane, who lets her baby fall to its death, echoes the tale of Judith Dufour, who strangled her baby so she could sell its clothes for gin money.", "The woman at the front of Gin Lane, who lets her baby fall to its death, echoes the tale of Judith Dufour, who strangled her baby so she could sell its clothes for gin money. The prints were published in support of the Gin Act 1751.", "The prints were published in support of the Gin Act 1751. Hogarth's friend, the magistrate Henry Fielding, may have enlisted Hogarth to help with propaganda for the Gin Act; Beer Street and Gin Lane were issued shortly after his work An Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers, and Related Writings, and addressed the same issues.", "Hogarth's friend, the magistrate Henry Fielding, may have enlisted Hogarth to help with propaganda for the Gin Act; Beer Street and Gin Lane were issued shortly after his work An Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers, and Related Writings, and addressed the same issues. The Four Stages of Cruelty Other prints were his outcry against inhumanity in The Four Stages of Cruelty (published 21 February 1751), in which Hogarth depicts the cruel treatment of animals which he saw around him and suggests what will happen to people who carry on in this manner.", "The Four Stages of Cruelty Other prints were his outcry against inhumanity in The Four Stages of Cruelty (published 21 February 1751), in which Hogarth depicts the cruel treatment of animals which he saw around him and suggests what will happen to people who carry on in this manner. In the first print, there are scenes of boys torturing dogs, cats and other animals.", "In the first print, there are scenes of boys torturing dogs, cats and other animals. It centers around a poorly dressed boy committing a violent act of torture upon a dog, while being pleaded with to stop, and offered food, by another well-dressed boy.", "It centers around a poorly dressed boy committing a violent act of torture upon a dog, while being pleaded with to stop, and offered food, by another well-dressed boy. A boy behind them has graffitied a hanged stickman figure upon a wall, with the name \"Tom Nero\" underneath, and is pointing to this dog torturer.", "A boy behind them has graffitied a hanged stickman figure upon a wall, with the name \"Tom Nero\" underneath, and is pointing to this dog torturer. The second shows Tom Nero has grown up to become a Hackney coach driver.", "The second shows Tom Nero has grown up to become a Hackney coach driver. His coach has overturned with a heavy load and his horse is lying on the ground, having broken its leg. He is beating it with the handle of his whip; its eye severely wounded.", "He is beating it with the handle of his whip; its eye severely wounded. Other people around him are seen abusing their work animals and livestock, and a child is being run over by the wheel of a dray, as the drayman dozes off on the job.", "Other people around him are seen abusing their work animals and livestock, and a child is being run over by the wheel of a dray, as the drayman dozes off on the job. In the third print, Tom is shown to be a murderer, surrounded by a mob of accusers.", "In the third print, Tom is shown to be a murderer, surrounded by a mob of accusers. The woman he has apparently killed is lying on the ground, brutally slain, with a trunk and sack of stolen goods near by.", "The woman he has apparently killed is lying on the ground, brutally slain, with a trunk and sack of stolen goods near by. One of the accusers holds a letter from the woman to Tom, speaking of how wronging her mistress upsets her conscience, but that she is resolved to do as he would have her, closing with: \"I remain yours till death.\"", "One of the accusers holds a letter from the woman to Tom, speaking of how wronging her mistress upsets her conscience, but that she is resolved to do as he would have her, closing with: \"I remain yours till death.\" The fourth, titled The Reward of Cruelty, shows Tom's withering corpse being publicly dissected by scientists after his execution by hanging; a noose still around his neck.", "The fourth, titled The Reward of Cruelty, shows Tom's withering corpse being publicly dissected by scientists after his execution by hanging; a noose still around his neck. The dissection reflects the Murder Act 1751, which allowed for the public dissection of criminals who had been hanged for murder. Portraits Hogarth was also popular portrait painter.", "Portraits Hogarth was also popular portrait painter. In 1745, he painted actor David Garrick as Richard III, for which he was paid £200, \"which was more\", he wrote, \"than any English artist ever received for a single portrait.\"", "In 1745, he painted actor David Garrick as Richard III, for which he was paid £200, \"which was more\", he wrote, \"than any English artist ever received for a single portrait.\" In 1746, a sketch of Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat, afterwards beheaded on Tower Hill, had an exceptional success.", "In 1746, a sketch of Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat, afterwards beheaded on Tower Hill, had an exceptional success. In 1740, he created a truthful, vivid full-length portrait of his friend, the philanthropic Captain Coram, for the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now in the Foundling Museum.", "In 1740, he created a truthful, vivid full-length portrait of his friend, the philanthropic Captain Coram, for the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now in the Foundling Museum. This portrait, and his unfinished oil sketch of a young fishwoman, entitled The Shrimp Girl (National Gallery, London), may be called masterpieces of British painting.", "This portrait, and his unfinished oil sketch of a young fishwoman, entitled The Shrimp Girl (National Gallery, London), may be called masterpieces of British painting. There are also portraits of his wife, his two sisters, and of many other people; among them Bishop Hoadly and Bishop Herring.", "There are also portraits of his wife, his two sisters, and of many other people; among them Bishop Hoadly and Bishop Herring. Historical subjects For a long period, during the mid-18th century, Hogarth tried to achieve the status of a history painter, but did not earn much respect in this field.", "Historical subjects For a long period, during the mid-18th century, Hogarth tried to achieve the status of a history painter, but did not earn much respect in this field. The painter, and later founder of the Royal Academy of Arts, Joshua Reynolds, was highly critical of Hogarth's style and work.", "The painter, and later founder of the Royal Academy of Arts, Joshua Reynolds, was highly critical of Hogarth's style and work. According to art historian David Bindman, in Dr Johnson's serial of essays for London's Universal Chronicle, The Idler, the three essays written by Reynolds for the months of September through November 1759 are directed at Hogarth.", "According to art historian David Bindman, in Dr Johnson's serial of essays for London's Universal Chronicle, The Idler, the three essays written by Reynolds for the months of September through November 1759 are directed at Hogarth. In them, Reynolds argues that this \"connoisseur\" has a \"servile attention to minute exactness\" and questions their idea of the imitation of nature as \"the obvious sense, that objects are represented naturally when they have such relief that they seem real.\"", "In them, Reynolds argues that this \"connoisseur\" has a \"servile attention to minute exactness\" and questions their idea of the imitation of nature as \"the obvious sense, that objects are represented naturally when they have such relief that they seem real.\" Reynolds rejected \"this kind of imitation\", favouring the \"grand style of painting\" which avoids \"minute attention\" to the visible world.", "Reynolds rejected \"this kind of imitation\", favouring the \"grand style of painting\" which avoids \"minute attention\" to the visible world. In Reynolds' Discourse XIV, he grants Hogarth has \"extraordinary talents\", but reproaches him for \"very imprudently, or rather presumptuously, attempt[ing] the great historical style.\"", "In Reynolds' Discourse XIV, he grants Hogarth has \"extraordinary talents\", but reproaches him for \"very imprudently, or rather presumptuously, attempt[ing] the great historical style.\" Writer, art historian and politician, Horace Walpole, was also critical of Hogarth as a history painter, but did find value in his satirical prints.", "Writer, art historian and politician, Horace Walpole, was also critical of Hogarth as a history painter, but did find value in his satirical prints. Biblical scenes Hogarth's history pictures include The Pool of Bethesda and The Good Samaritan, executed in 1736–1737 for St Bartholomew's Hospital; Moses brought before Pharaoh's Daughter, painted for the Foundling Hospital (1747, formerly at the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now in the Foundling Museum); Paul before Felix (1748) at Lincoln's Inn; and his altarpiece for St. Mary Redcliffe, Bristol (1755–56).", "Biblical scenes Hogarth's history pictures include The Pool of Bethesda and The Good Samaritan, executed in 1736–1737 for St Bartholomew's Hospital; Moses brought before Pharaoh's Daughter, painted for the Foundling Hospital (1747, formerly at the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now in the Foundling Museum); Paul before Felix (1748) at Lincoln's Inn; and his altarpiece for St. Mary Redcliffe, Bristol (1755–56). The Gate of Calais The Gate of Calais (1748; now in Tate Britain) was produced soon after his return from a visit to France.", "The Gate of Calais The Gate of Calais (1748; now in Tate Britain) was produced soon after his return from a visit to France. Horace Walpole wrote that Hogarth had run a great risk to go there since the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle: he went to France, and was so imprudent as to be taking a sketch of the drawbridge at Calais.", "Horace Walpole wrote that Hogarth had run a great risk to go there since the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle: he went to France, and was so imprudent as to be taking a sketch of the drawbridge at Calais. He was seized and carried to the governor, where he was forced to prove his vocation by producing several caricatures of the French; particularly a scene of the shore, with an immense piece of beef landing for the Lion d'argent, the English inn at Calais, and several hungry friars following it.", "He was seized and carried to the governor, where he was forced to prove his vocation by producing several caricatures of the French; particularly a scene of the shore, with an immense piece of beef landing for the Lion d'argent, the English inn at Calais, and several hungry friars following it. They were much diverted with his drawings, and dismissed him.", "They were much diverted with his drawings, and dismissed him. Back home, he immediately executed a painting of the subject in which he unkindly represented his enemies, the Frenchmen, as cringing, emaciated and superstitious people, while an enormous sirloin of beef arrives, destined for the English inn as a symbol of British prosperity and superiority.", "Back home, he immediately executed a painting of the subject in which he unkindly represented his enemies, the Frenchmen, as cringing, emaciated and superstitious people, while an enormous sirloin of beef arrives, destined for the English inn as a symbol of British prosperity and superiority. He claimed to have painted himself into the picture in the left corner sketching the gate, with a \"soldier's hand upon my shoulder\", running him in.", "He claimed to have painted himself into the picture in the left corner sketching the gate, with a \"soldier's hand upon my shoulder\", running him in. Other later works Notable Hogarth engravings in the 1740s include The Enraged Musician (1741), the six prints of Marriage à-la-mode (1745; executed by French artists under Hogarth's inspection), and The Stage Coach or The Country Inn Yard (1747).", "Other later works Notable Hogarth engravings in the 1740s include The Enraged Musician (1741), the six prints of Marriage à-la-mode (1745; executed by French artists under Hogarth's inspection), and The Stage Coach or The Country Inn Yard (1747). In 1745, Hogarth painted a self-portrait with his pug dog, Trump (now also in Tate Britain), which shows him as a learned artist supported by volumes of Shakespeare, Milton and Swift.", "In 1745, Hogarth painted a self-portrait with his pug dog, Trump (now also in Tate Britain), which shows him as a learned artist supported by volumes of Shakespeare, Milton and Swift. In 1749, he represented the somewhat disorderly English troops on their March of the Guards to Finchley (formerly located in Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now Foundling Museum).", "In 1749, he represented the somewhat disorderly English troops on their March of the Guards to Finchley (formerly located in Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now Foundling Museum). Others works included his ingenious Satire on False Perspective (1754); his satire on canvassing in his Election series (1755–1758; now in Sir John Soane's Museum); his ridicule of the English passion for cockfighting in The Cockpit (1759); his attack on Methodism in Credulity, Superstition, and Fanaticism (1762); his political anti-war satire in The Times, plate I (1762); and his pessimistic view of all things in Tailpiece, or The Bathos (1764).", "Others works included his ingenious Satire on False Perspective (1754); his satire on canvassing in his Election series (1755–1758; now in Sir John Soane's Museum); his ridicule of the English passion for cockfighting in The Cockpit (1759); his attack on Methodism in Credulity, Superstition, and Fanaticism (1762); his political anti-war satire in The Times, plate I (1762); and his pessimistic view of all things in Tailpiece, or The Bathos (1764). In 1757, Hogarth was appointed Serjeant Painter to the King.", "In 1757, Hogarth was appointed Serjeant Painter to the King. Writing Hogarth wrote and published his ideas of artistic design in his book The Analysis of Beauty (1753).", "Writing Hogarth wrote and published his ideas of artistic design in his book The Analysis of Beauty (1753). In it, he professes to define the principles of beauty and grace which he, a real child of Rococo, saw realized in serpentine lines (the Line of Beauty).", "In it, he professes to define the principles of beauty and grace which he, a real child of Rococo, saw realized in serpentine lines (the Line of Beauty). By some of Hogarth's adherents, the book was praised as a fine deliverance upon aesthetics; by his enemies and rivals, its obscurities and minor errors were made the subject of endless ridicule and caricature.", "By some of Hogarth's adherents, the book was praised as a fine deliverance upon aesthetics; by his enemies and rivals, its obscurities and minor errors were made the subject of endless ridicule and caricature. Painter and engraver of modern moral subjects Hogarth lived in an age when artwork became increasingly commercialized, being viewed in shop windows, taverns, and public buildings, and sold in printshops.", "Painter and engraver of modern moral subjects Hogarth lived in an age when artwork became increasingly commercialized, being viewed in shop windows, taverns, and public buildings, and sold in printshops. Old hierarchies broke down, and new forms began to flourish: the ballad opera, the bourgeois tragedy, and especially, a new form of fiction called the novel with which authors such as Henry Fielding had great success.", "Old hierarchies broke down, and new forms began to flourish: the ballad opera, the bourgeois tragedy, and especially, a new form of fiction called the novel with which authors such as Henry Fielding had great success. Therefore, by that time, Hogarth hit on a new idea: \"painting and engraving modern moral subjects ... to treat my subjects as a dramatic writer; my picture was my stage\", as he himself remarked in his manuscript notes.", "Therefore, by that time, Hogarth hit on a new idea: \"painting and engraving modern moral subjects ... to treat my subjects as a dramatic writer; my picture was my stage\", as he himself remarked in his manuscript notes. He drew from the highly moralizing Protestant tradition of Dutch genre painting, and the very vigorous satirical traditions of the English broadsheet and other types of popular print.", "He drew from the highly moralizing Protestant tradition of Dutch genre painting, and the very vigorous satirical traditions of the English broadsheet and other types of popular print. In England the fine arts had little comedy in them before Hogarth. His prints were expensive, and remained so until early 19th-century reprints brought them to a wider audience.", "His prints were expensive, and remained so until early 19th-century reprints brought them to a wider audience. Parodic borrowings from Old Masters When analysing the work of the artist as a whole, Ronald Paulson says, \"In A Harlot's Progress, every single plate but one is based on Dürer's images of the story of the Virgin and the story of the Passion.\"", "Parodic borrowings from Old Masters When analysing the work of the artist as a whole, Ronald Paulson says, \"In A Harlot's Progress, every single plate but one is based on Dürer's images of the story of the Virgin and the story of the Passion.\" In other works, he parodies Leonardo da Vinci's Last Supper.", "In other works, he parodies Leonardo da Vinci's Last Supper. According to Paulson, Hogarth is subverting the religious establishment and the orthodox belief in an immanent God who intervenes in the lives of people and produces miracles.", "According to Paulson, Hogarth is subverting the religious establishment and the orthodox belief in an immanent God who intervenes in the lives of people and produces miracles. Indeed, Hogarth was a Deist, a believer in a God who created the universe but takes no direct hand in the lives of his creations.", "Indeed, Hogarth was a Deist, a believer in a God who created the universe but takes no direct hand in the lives of his creations. Thus, as a \"comic history painter\", he often poked fun at the old-fashioned, \"beaten\" subjects of religious art in his paintings and prints.", "Thus, as a \"comic history painter\", he often poked fun at the old-fashioned, \"beaten\" subjects of religious art in his paintings and prints. Hogarth also rejected Lord Shaftesbury's then-current ideal of the classical Greek male in favour of the living, breathing female.", "Hogarth also rejected Lord Shaftesbury's then-current ideal of the classical Greek male in favour of the living, breathing female. He said, \"Who but a bigot, even to the antiques, will say that he has not seen faces and necks, hands and arms in living women, that even the Grecian Venus doth but coarsely imitate.\"", "He said, \"Who but a bigot, even to the antiques, will say that he has not seen faces and necks, hands and arms in living women, that even the Grecian Venus doth but coarsely imitate.\" Personal life On 23 March 1729, Hogarth eloped with Jane Thornhill at Paddington Church, against the wishes of her father, the artist Sir James Thornhill.", "Personal life On 23 March 1729, Hogarth eloped with Jane Thornhill at Paddington Church, against the wishes of her father, the artist Sir James Thornhill. Sir James saw the match as unequal, as Hogarth was a rather obscure artist at the time.", "Sir James saw the match as unequal, as Hogarth was a rather obscure artist at the time. However, when Hogarth started on his series of moral prints, A Harlot's Progress, some of the initial paintings were placed either in Sir James' drawing room or dining room, through the conspiring of Jane and her mother, in the hopes of reconciling him with the couple.", "However, when Hogarth started on his series of moral prints, A Harlot's Progress, some of the initial paintings were placed either in Sir James' drawing room or dining room, through the conspiring of Jane and her mother, in the hopes of reconciling him with the couple. When he saw them, he inquired as to the artist's name and, upon hearing it, replied: \"Very well; the man who can produce such representations as these, can also maintain a wife without a portion.\"", "When he saw them, he inquired as to the artist's name and, upon hearing it, replied: \"Very well; the man who can produce such representations as these, can also maintain a wife without a portion.\" However, he soon after relented, becoming more generous to, and living in harmony with the couple until his death.", "However, he soon after relented, becoming more generous to, and living in harmony with the couple until his death. Hogarth was initiated as a Freemason before 1728 in the Lodge at the Hand and Apple Tree Tavern, Little Queen Street, and later belonged to the Carrier Stone Lodge and the Grand Stewards' Lodge; the latter still possesses the 'Hogarth Jewel' which Hogarth designed for the Lodge's Master to wear.", "Hogarth was initiated as a Freemason before 1728 in the Lodge at the Hand and Apple Tree Tavern, Little Queen Street, and later belonged to the Carrier Stone Lodge and the Grand Stewards' Lodge; the latter still possesses the 'Hogarth Jewel' which Hogarth designed for the Lodge's Master to wear. Today the original is in storage and a replica is worn by the Master of the Lodge.", "Today the original is in storage and a replica is worn by the Master of the Lodge. Freemasonry was a theme in some of Hogarth's work, most notably 'Night', the fourth in the quartet of paintings (later released as engravings) collectively entitled the Four Times of the Day.", "Freemasonry was a theme in some of Hogarth's work, most notably 'Night', the fourth in the quartet of paintings (later released as engravings) collectively entitled the Four Times of the Day. His main home was in Leicester Square (then known as Leicester Fields), but he bought a country retreat in Chiswick in 1749, the house now known as Hogarth's House and preserved as a museum, and spent time there for the rest of his life.", "His main home was in Leicester Square (then known as Leicester Fields), but he bought a country retreat in Chiswick in 1749, the house now known as Hogarth's House and preserved as a museum, and spent time there for the rest of his life. The Hogarths had no children, although they fostered foundling children.", "The Hogarths had no children, although they fostered foundling children. He was a founding Governor of the Foundling Hospital. Among his friends and acquaintances were many English artists and satirists of the period, such as Francis Hayman, Henry Fielding, and Laurence Sterne.", "Among his friends and acquaintances were many English artists and satirists of the period, such as Francis Hayman, Henry Fielding, and Laurence Sterne. Death On 25 October 1764, Hogarth was conveyed from his villa in Chiswick to his home in Leicester Fields, in weak condition.", "Death On 25 October 1764, Hogarth was conveyed from his villa in Chiswick to his home in Leicester Fields, in weak condition. He had been in a weakened state for a while by this time, but was said to be in a cheerful mood and was even still working—with some help; doing more retouches on The Bench on this same day.", "He had been in a weakened state for a while by this time, but was said to be in a cheerful mood and was even still working—with some help; doing more retouches on The Bench on this same day. On 26 October, he received a letter from Benjamin Franklin and wrote up a rough draught in reply.", "On 26 October, he received a letter from Benjamin Franklin and wrote up a rough draught in reply. Before going to bed that evening, he'd boasted about eating a pound of beefsteaks for dinner and reportedly looked more robust than he had in a while at this time.", "Before going to bed that evening, he'd boasted about eating a pound of beefsteaks for dinner and reportedly looked more robust than he had in a while at this time. However, when he went to bed, he suddenly began vomiting; something that caused him to ring his bell so forcefully that it broke.", "However, when he went to bed, he suddenly began vomiting; something that caused him to ring his bell so forcefully that it broke. Hogarth passed away around two hours later, in the arms of his servant, Mrs Mary Lewis.", "Hogarth passed away around two hours later, in the arms of his servant, Mrs Mary Lewis. John Nichols claimed that he died of an aneurysm, which he said took place in the \"chest.\" Horace Walpole claimed that he died of \"a dropsy of his breast.\"", "Horace Walpole claimed that he died of \"a dropsy of his breast.\" Mrs Lewis, who stayed on with Jane Hogarth in Leicester Fields, was the only non-familial person acknowledged financially in Hogarth's will and was left £100 (approximately £18,651.61 in 2020) for her \"faithful services.\"", "Mrs Lewis, who stayed on with Jane Hogarth in Leicester Fields, was the only non-familial person acknowledged financially in Hogarth's will and was left £100 (approximately £18,651.61 in 2020) for her \"faithful services.\" Hogarth was buried at St. Nicholas Church, Chiswick, now in the west of London.", "Hogarth was buried at St. Nicholas Church, Chiswick, now in the west of London. His friend, actor David Garrick, composed the following inscription for his tombstone: Influence and reputation Hogarth's works were a direct influence on John Collier, who was known as the \"Lancashire Hogarth\".", "His friend, actor David Garrick, composed the following inscription for his tombstone: Influence and reputation Hogarth's works were a direct influence on John Collier, who was known as the \"Lancashire Hogarth\". The spread of Hogarth's prints throughout Europe, together with the depiction of popular scenes from his prints in faked Hogarth prints, influenced Continental book illustration through the 18th and early 19th centuries, especially in Germany and France.", "The spread of Hogarth's prints throughout Europe, together with the depiction of popular scenes from his prints in faked Hogarth prints, influenced Continental book illustration through the 18th and early 19th centuries, especially in Germany and France. He also influenced many caricaturists of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries.", "He also influenced many caricaturists of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. Hogarth's influence lives on today as artists continue to draw inspiration from his work. Hogarth's paintings and prints have provided the subject matter for several other works.", "Hogarth's paintings and prints have provided the subject matter for several other works. For example, Gavin Gordon's 1935 ballet The Rake's Progress, to choreography by Ninette de Valois, was based directly on Hogarth's series of paintings of that title.", "For example, Gavin Gordon's 1935 ballet The Rake's Progress, to choreography by Ninette de Valois, was based directly on Hogarth's series of paintings of that title. Igor Stravinsky's 1951 opera The Rake's Progress, with libretto by W. H. Auden, was less literally inspired by the same series.", "Igor Stravinsky's 1951 opera The Rake's Progress, with libretto by W. H. Auden, was less literally inspired by the same series. Hogarth's engravings also inspired the BBC radio play The Midnight House by Jonathan Hall, based on the M. R. James ghost story \"The Mezzotint\" and first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2006.", "Hogarth's engravings also inspired the BBC radio play The Midnight House by Jonathan Hall, based on the M. R. James ghost story \"The Mezzotint\" and first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2006. Russell Banks' short story \"Indisposed\" is a fictional account of Hogarth's infidelity as told from the viewpoint of his wife, Jane.", "Russell Banks' short story \"Indisposed\" is a fictional account of Hogarth's infidelity as told from the viewpoint of his wife, Jane. Hogarth was the lead character in Nick Dear's play The Art of Success, whilst he is played by Toby Jones in the 2006 television film A Harlot's Progress.", "Hogarth was the lead character in Nick Dear's play The Art of Success, whilst he is played by Toby Jones in the 2006 television film A Harlot's Progress. Hogarth's House in Chiswick, west London, is now a museum; the major road junction next to it is named the Hogarth Roundabout.", "Hogarth's House in Chiswick, west London, is now a museum; the major road junction next to it is named the Hogarth Roundabout. In 2014 both Hogarth's House and the Foundling Museum held special exhibitions to mark the 250th anniversary of his death.", "In 2014 both Hogarth's House and the Foundling Museum held special exhibitions to mark the 250th anniversary of his death. In 2019, Sir John Soane's Museum, which owns both The Rake's Progress and The Humours of an Election, held an exhibition which assembled all Hogarth's series of paintings, and his series of engravings, in one place for the first time.", "In 2019, Sir John Soane's Museum, which owns both The Rake's Progress and The Humours of an Election, held an exhibition which assembled all Hogarth's series of paintings, and his series of engravings, in one place for the first time. Stanley Kubrick based the cinematography of his 1975 period drama film, Barry Lyndon, on several Hogarth paintings.", "Stanley Kubrick based the cinematography of his 1975 period drama film, Barry Lyndon, on several Hogarth paintings. In Roger Michell's 2003 film The Mother, starring Anne Reid and Daniel Craig, the protagonists visit Hogarth's tomb during their first outing together.", "In Roger Michell's 2003 film The Mother, starring Anne Reid and Daniel Craig, the protagonists visit Hogarth's tomb during their first outing together. They read aloud the poem inscribed there and their shared admiration of Hogarth helps to affirm their connection with one another.", "They read aloud the poem inscribed there and their shared admiration of Hogarth helps to affirm their connection with one another. 'Selected works PaintingsEngravingsSee also English art List of works by William Hogarth Judy Egerton, Hogarth curator, cataloguer, and commentator Notes References William Hogarth, John Bowyer Nichols, ed.", "'Selected works PaintingsEngravingsSee also English art List of works by William Hogarth Judy Egerton, Hogarth curator, cataloguer, and commentator Notes References William Hogarth, John Bowyer Nichols, ed. Anecdotes of William Hogarth, Written by Himself (J.", "Anecdotes of William Hogarth, Written by Himself (J. B. Nichols and Son, 25 Parliament Street, London, 1833) Peter Quennell, Hogarth's Progress (London, New York, Ayer Co., 1955, ) Quennell, Peter. \"Hogarth's Election Series.\"", "\"Hogarth's Election Series.\" History Today (Apr 1953) 3#4 pp 221–232 Frederick Antal, Hogarth and His Place in European Art (London 1962).", "History Today (Apr 1953) 3#4 pp 221–232 Frederick Antal, Hogarth and His Place in European Art (London 1962). Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, Ausführliche Erklärung der Hogarthischen Kupferstiche (Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag, 1972, ) Sean Shesgreen, Hogarth 101 Prints (New York: Dover 1973).", "Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, Ausführliche Erklärung der Hogarthischen Kupferstiche (Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag, 1972, ) Sean Shesgreen, Hogarth 101 Prints (New York: Dover 1973). David Bindman, Hogarth (London 1981). Sean Shesgreen, Hogarth and the Times-of-the-Day Tradition (Ithaca, New York: Cornell UP, 1983).", "Sean Shesgreen, Hogarth and the Times-of-the-Day Tradition (Ithaca, New York: Cornell UP, 1983). Ronald Paulson, Hogarth's Graphic Works (3rd edn, London 1989). Ronald Paulson, Hogarth, 3 vols. (New Brunswick 1991–93). Elizabeth Einberg, Hogarth the Painter (London: Tate Gallery, 1997).", "Elizabeth Einberg, Hogarth the Painter (London: Tate Gallery, 1997). Jenny Uglow, Hogarth: A Life and a World (London 1997). Frédéric Ogée and Hans-Peter Wagner, eds., William Hogarth: Theater and the Theater of Life (Los Angeles, 1997).", "Frédéric Ogée and Hans-Peter Wagner, eds., William Hogarth: Theater and the Theater of Life (Los Angeles, 1997). Hans-Peter Wagner, William Hogarth: Das graphische Werk (Saarbrücken, 1998; revised edition, Trier 2013). David Bindman, Frédéric Ogée and Peter Wagner, eds.", "David Bindman, Frédéric Ogée and Peter Wagner, eds. Hogarth: Representing Nature's Machines (Manchester, 2001) Bernadette Fort, and Angela Rosenthal, eds., The Other Hogarth: Aesthetics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton UP, 2001) Christine Riding and Mark Hallet, \"Hogarth\" (Tate Publishing, London, 2006).", "Hogarth: Representing Nature's Machines (Manchester, 2001) Bernadette Fort, and Angela Rosenthal, eds., The Other Hogarth: Aesthetics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton UP, 2001) Christine Riding and Mark Hallet, \"Hogarth\" (Tate Publishing, London, 2006). Robin Simon, Hogarth, France and British Art: The rise of the arts in eighteenth-century Britain (London, 2007) Ilias Chrissochoidis, \"Handel, Hogarth, Goupy: Artistic intersections in Handelian biography\", Early Music 37/4 (November 2009), 577–596.", "Robin Simon, Hogarth, France and British Art: The rise of the arts in eighteenth-century Britain (London, 2007) Ilias Chrissochoidis, \"Handel, Hogarth, Goupy: Artistic intersections in Handelian biography\", Early Music 37/4 (November 2009), 577–596. Bernd W. Krysmanski, Hogarth's Hidden Parts: Satiric Allusion, Erotic Wit, Blasphemous Bawdiness and Dark Humour in Eighteenth-Century English Art (Hildesheim, Zurich, New York: Olms-Verlag, 2010 ) Johann Joachim Eschenburg, Über William Hogarth und seine Erklärer, ed.", "Bernd W. Krysmanski, Hogarth's Hidden Parts: Satiric Allusion, Erotic Wit, Blasphemous Bawdiness and Dark Humour in Eighteenth-Century English Art (Hildesheim, Zurich, New York: Olms-Verlag, 2010 ) Johann Joachim Eschenburg, Über William Hogarth und seine Erklärer, ed. Till Kinzel (Hanover: Wehrhahn, 2013 ) Cynthia Ellen Roman, ed., Hogarth's Legacy (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2016) Elizabeth Einberg, William Hogarth: A Complete Catalogue of the Paintings'' (New Haven and London, Yale University Press for Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art, 2016) External links The Works of William Hogarth, 1822 Heath edition (engravings and commentaries by John Nichols) William Hogarth's biography, style, artworks and influences Hogarth & John Wilkes - UK Parliament Living Heritage William Hogarth at The National Gallery William Hogarth and 18th-Century Print Culture The Site for Research on William Hogarth (annotated online bibliography) Print series in detail Hogarth exhibition at Tate Britain, London (7 February – 29 April 2007) William Hogarth at Wikigallery Location of Hogarth's grave on Google Maps The Analysis of Beauty, 1753 (abridged 1909 edition) Hogarth's The Rake's Progress and other of his works 'Hogarth's London', lecture by Robin Simon at Gresham College, 8 October 2007 (available for download as MP3, MP4 or text files) Hogarth's London video hosted at Tate Britain's website by Martin Rowson William Hogarth's Works hosted at The Victorian Web 1697 births 1764 deaths 17th-century English writers 17th-century English male writers 18th-century English people Painters from London English caricaturists English cartoonists English engravers English illustrators English satirists English printmakers 18th-century English painters English male painters Court painters Artist authors Political artists Social critics Freemasons of the Premier Grand Lodge of England Fellows of the Royal Society of Arts" ]

[ "Steve Smith (basketball)", "Atlanta Hawks" ]

[ "Tyson Demos (born 3 July 1988) is an Australian former professional basketball player and one-time assistant coach in the National Basketball League (NBL). He played nine seasons in the NBL with the Gold Coast Blaze and Illawarra Hawks.\n\nEarly life and career\nBorn and bred in the Illawarra region, Demos is a junior product of the Illawarra Basketball Association and attended the Australian Institute of Sport. He also represented Australia at the 2007 FIBA Under-19 World Championship in Serbia.\n\nNBL career\nDemos signed his first professional contract with the Gold Coast Blaze in 2007. He played three seasons with the Blaze before returning home and joining the Wollongong Hawks for the 2010–11 NBL season. He played six seasons with the Hawks, with his sixth and final season seeing him play in just six games after sustaining a knee injury in November 2015. He subsequently sat out the 2016–17 NBL season and did not return to the league.\n\nDuring his NBL career, Demos played in various state leagues during the off-seasons. Between 2008 and 2010, he played in the SEABL for the Brisbane Spartans; between 2011 and 2012, he played in the Waratah League for the Illawarra Hawks; and in 2015, he played in the QBL for the Mackay Meteors and won a championship.\n\nDemos' final stint came in 2017 with the Illawarra Hawks in the Waratah League.\n\nCoaching career\nOn 30 August 2019, Demos was appointed assistant coach of the Illawarra Hawks for the 2019–20 NBL season.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nIllawarra Hawks profile\nNBL stats\n\n1988 births\nLiving people\nAustralian men's basketball players\nGold Coast Blaze players\nIllawarra Hawks players\nShooting guards\nWollongong Hawks players", "Angus Jack Glover (born 8 September 1998) is an Australian professional basketball player for the Sydney Kings of the National Basketball League (NBL).\n\nProfessional career\n\nIllawarra Hawks (2016–2020) \nGlover signed with his hometown Illawarra Hawks as a development player in 2016 after a youth career where he represented Australia nationally. In 2017, Glover tore his anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) for the second time and rehabilitated while contracted to the Hawks as he turned down an offer to play college basketball with the Saint Mary's Gaels.\n\nGlover returned to play in 2019 and subsequently signed a two-year full contract with the Hawks. His remaining contract with the Hawks was voided when the club was liquidated on 18 May 2020.\n\nSydney Kings (2020–present) \nOn 20 July 2020, Glover signed a three-year deal with the Sydney Kings.\n\nExternal links\nNBL profile\n\nReferences\n\n1998 births\nLiving people\nAustralian men's basketball players\nIllawarra Hawks players\nPoint guards\nShooting guards\nSportspeople from Wollongong\nSydney Kings players" ]

[ "Steven Delano Smith (born March 31, 1969) is an American former professional basketball player who is a basketball analyst for Turner Sports. After a collegiate career with Michigan State, he played with several teams in his 14-season National Basketball Association career, including the Miami Heat, the Portland Trail Blazers and the San Antonio Spurs, but is perhaps best known for his five-year stint with the Atlanta Hawks which included an All-Star Game appearance in 1998.", "After a collegiate career with Michigan State, he played with several teams in his 14-season National Basketball Association career, including the Miami Heat, the Portland Trail Blazers and the San Antonio Spurs, but is perhaps best known for his five-year stint with the Atlanta Hawks which included an All-Star Game appearance in 1998. He won a championship with the Spurs in 2003.", "He won a championship with the Spurs in 2003. Smith was widely regarded as an excellent three-point shooter, and is one of three players to make seven 3-pointers in a quarter. He joined the USA men's national basketball team in the 1994 FIBA World Championship winning the gold medal.", "He joined the USA men's national basketball team in the 1994 FIBA World Championship winning the gold medal. He won another gold medal at the 1999 Tournament of the Americas and an Olympic gold medal with the USA men's national basketball team at the 2000 Summer Olympics with eleven other NBA All-Stars.", "He won another gold medal at the 1999 Tournament of the Americas and an Olympic gold medal with the USA men's national basketball team at the 2000 Summer Olympics with eleven other NBA All-Stars. College career Smith finished his four-year career as the all-time leading scorer in Michigan State history, with 2,263 points.", "College career Smith finished his four-year career as the all-time leading scorer in Michigan State history, with 2,263 points. He ranks fourth on the school's all-time assists list (with 453) and fifth in rebounds (with 704). For his college career Smith averaged 18.5 points, 6.1 rebounds and 3.7 assists per contest in 122 games.", "For his college career Smith averaged 18.5 points, 6.1 rebounds and 3.7 assists per contest in 122 games. He was named to the NABC All-American First Team as a senior.", "He was named to the NABC All-American First Team as a senior. Smith led the Spartans to a Big Ten Championship and Sweet Sixteen appearance in 1990 and hit a game-winning, last-second three-pointer to beat Wisconsin–Green Bay in the first round of the 1991 NCAA Tournament. He was inducted into Michigan State's Athletics Hall of Fame in 2001.", "He was inducted into Michigan State's Athletics Hall of Fame in 2001. NBA career Miami Heat Smith was selected fifth overall in the 1991 NBA draft by the Miami Heat, a young expansion team which featured other young players such as Glen Rice, Rony Seikaly and Brian Shaw.", "NBA career Miami Heat Smith was selected fifth overall in the 1991 NBA draft by the Miami Heat, a young expansion team which featured other young players such as Glen Rice, Rony Seikaly and Brian Shaw. Smith played in 61 games in his rookie season, starting in 59 with averages of 12 points a game and 4.6 assists.", "Smith played in 61 games in his rookie season, starting in 59 with averages of 12 points a game and 4.6 assists. The young team made the playoffs to face the top seeded defending champion Chicago Bulls, who swept the Heat in 3 games in the first round. Smith averaged 16 points a game for the series.", "Smith averaged 16 points a game for the series. Injuries limited Smith to 48 games in the 1992–93 season, but he increased his scoring average to 16 points a game. Miami did not make the playoffs that year.", "Miami did not make the playoffs that year. The 1993–94 season would prove to be Smith's best in Miami, as he averaged 17.3 points a game with 5.1 assists as the Heat won 42 games and entered the first round of the playoffs against the Atlanta Hawks.", "The 1993–94 season would prove to be Smith's best in Miami, as he averaged 17.3 points a game with 5.1 assists as the Heat won 42 games and entered the first round of the playoffs against the Atlanta Hawks. The series went to 5 games, as Miami won its first playoff games in franchise history.", "The series went to 5 games, as Miami won its first playoff games in franchise history. Smith led the team in scoring during the series with 19.2 points and shot 40 percent from beyond the three-point line.", "Smith led the team in scoring during the series with 19.2 points and shot 40 percent from beyond the three-point line. Smith would play just two games to start the 1994–95 season before being traded along with Grant Long to Atlanta for Kevin Willis, a deal that was universally regarded as a one-sided heist by Atlanta, and that eventually led the Heat to hire Pat Riley as their coach and VP of Basketball Operations.", "Smith would play just two games to start the 1994–95 season before being traded along with Grant Long to Atlanta for Kevin Willis, a deal that was universally regarded as a one-sided heist by Atlanta, and that eventually led the Heat to hire Pat Riley as their coach and VP of Basketball Operations. Atlanta Hawks Smith started in 59 of 78 games for Atlanta and averaged 16 points during the regular season and 19 points in the playoffs, as the Hawks lost in a first round sweep to the Indiana Pacers.", "Atlanta Hawks Smith started in 59 of 78 games for Atlanta and averaged 16 points during the regular season and 19 points in the playoffs, as the Hawks lost in a first round sweep to the Indiana Pacers. He would go on to average a then career-high 18.1 points a game in 80 starts in the 1995–96 season, forming a formidable backcourt one-two punch with Mookie Blaylock.", "He would go on to average a then career-high 18.1 points a game in 80 starts in the 1995–96 season, forming a formidable backcourt one-two punch with Mookie Blaylock. The team under head coach Lenny Wilkens would win 46 games and defeat the Indiana Pacers in the first round in 5 games.", "The team under head coach Lenny Wilkens would win 46 games and defeat the Indiana Pacers in the first round in 5 games. The next round, while facing the Orlando Magic, Smith led all scorers in a Game 4 win with 35 points, before Atlanta lost the series 4 games to 1.", "The next round, while facing the Orlando Magic, Smith led all scorers in a Game 4 win with 35 points, before Atlanta lost the series 4 games to 1. Smith averaged 21.7 points in 10 playoff games that postseason.", "Smith averaged 21.7 points in 10 playoff games that postseason. The following season would feature another career high scoring average (20.1) for Smith, as he continued to serve as the Hawks' main option on offense.", "The following season would feature another career high scoring average (20.1) for Smith, as he continued to serve as the Hawks' main option on offense. On March 14, 1997, Smith made a career high 9 three-pointers en route to a 36 point total, during a loss to the Seattle SuperSonics.", "On March 14, 1997, Smith made a career high 9 three-pointers en route to a 36 point total, during a loss to the Seattle SuperSonics. On April 9, Smith recorded a career high 5 steals in a win over the Philadelphia 76ers.", "On April 9, Smith recorded a career high 5 steals in a win over the Philadelphia 76ers. Atlanta also featured players such as solid power-forward Christian Laettner and defensive star Dikembe Mutombo, and would go on to win 56 games before meeting and defeating the Detroit Pistons in a 5-game first round series.", "Atlanta also featured players such as solid power-forward Christian Laettner and defensive star Dikembe Mutombo, and would go on to win 56 games before meeting and defeating the Detroit Pistons in a 5-game first round series. Smith played well against Detroit and held his own against Michael Jordan and the defending champion Chicago Bulls, who defeated the Hawks in 5 games in the semifinals.", "Smith played well against Detroit and held his own against Michael Jordan and the defending champion Chicago Bulls, who defeated the Hawks in 5 games in the semifinals. The following season would be similar to Smith as he once again averaged 20.1 points a game, but this time managed to be named an NBA All-Star as he scored 14 points in 16 minutes of action in the 1998 NBA All-Star Game.", "The following season would be similar to Smith as he once again averaged 20.1 points a game, but this time managed to be named an NBA All-Star as he scored 14 points in 16 minutes of action in the 1998 NBA All-Star Game. The Hawks would disappoint in the playoffs yet again however, this time losing to the Charlotte Hornets 3 games to 1 in the conference semifinals despite a 24.8 ppg scoring average by Smith for the series.", "The Hawks would disappoint in the playoffs yet again however, this time losing to the Charlotte Hornets 3 games to 1 in the conference semifinals despite a 24.8 ppg scoring average by Smith for the series. The 1998–99 season would be limited to 50 games as a result of a league wide lockout, and in 36 games Smith averaged 18.7 points a game and led the Hawks to another 5 game first round victory over Detroit.", "The 1998–99 season would be limited to 50 games as a result of a league wide lockout, and in 36 games Smith averaged 18.7 points a game and led the Hawks to another 5 game first round victory over Detroit. The Hawks had no answer, however, for the New York Knicks, and again the Hawks were eliminated in the semifinals.", "The Hawks had no answer, however, for the New York Knicks, and again the Hawks were eliminated in the semifinals. Smith averaged 17.3 points a game in the 1999 playoffs.", "Smith averaged 17.3 points a game in the 1999 playoffs. In the offseason, the Hawks traded Smith in a 4 player trade to the Portland Trail Blazers which included Isaiah Rider, who had served as Portland's starting shooting guard and who Smith would now replace.", "In the offseason, the Hawks traded Smith in a 4 player trade to the Portland Trail Blazers which included Isaiah Rider, who had served as Portland's starting shooting guard and who Smith would now replace. Portland Trail Blazers Portland was a loaded team that had reached the Western Conference Finals in the 1999 playoffs and featured star forward Rasheed Wallace as well as the newly acquired Scottie Pippen.", "Portland Trail Blazers Portland was a loaded team that had reached the Western Conference Finals in the 1999 playoffs and featured star forward Rasheed Wallace as well as the newly acquired Scottie Pippen. Smith would no longer be required to carry the offensive load, and averaged 14.9 points a game in 81 starts as the Trail Blazers secured the second best record in the Western Conference.", "Smith would no longer be required to carry the offensive load, and averaged 14.9 points a game in 81 starts as the Trail Blazers secured the second best record in the Western Conference. Smith would increase his scoring average to 17.1 in the playoffs, as Portland would defeat the Minnesota Timberwolves in the first round before beating the Utah Jazz in the semifinals.", "Smith would increase his scoring average to 17.1 in the playoffs, as Portland would defeat the Minnesota Timberwolves in the first round before beating the Utah Jazz in the semifinals. Up next would be the league best Los Angeles Lakers, who took a 3–1 series lead over Portland before the Trail Blazers won game 5 on the road and game 6 at home as Smith scored 26 points to set up a game 7 matchup.", "Up next would be the league best Los Angeles Lakers, who took a 3–1 series lead over Portland before the Trail Blazers won game 5 on the road and game 6 at home as Smith scored 26 points to set up a game 7 matchup. Despite leading by double digits heading into the fourth quarter, the Lakers came back to win the game and advance to the NBA Finals where they would win the NBA Title.", "Despite leading by double digits heading into the fourth quarter, the Lakers came back to win the game and advance to the NBA Finals where they would win the NBA Title. That summer, Smith represented the United States at the 2000 Summer Olympics for the United States men's national basketball team, which won the gold medal.", "That summer, Smith represented the United States at the 2000 Summer Olympics for the United States men's national basketball team, which won the gold medal. He averaged just over 6 points a game in the Olympics including a 12-point performance against China in the group stage of the tournament.", "He averaged just over 6 points a game in the Olympics including a 12-point performance against China in the group stage of the tournament. The Trail Blazers entered the 2000–01 season with high expectations, but struggled to repeat the success of the previous season, as injuries took their toll and new additions and trades hurt team chemistry.", "The Trail Blazers entered the 2000–01 season with high expectations, but struggled to repeat the success of the previous season, as injuries took their toll and new additions and trades hurt team chemistry. Smith only started in 36 of 81 games, but still managed to 13.6 points a game.", "Smith only started in 36 of 81 games, but still managed to 13.6 points a game. Portland would suffer another loss to the Lakers in the playoffs, this time in a three-game sweep in the first round. Following the season he would be traded to the San Antonio Spurs for Derek Anderson and Steve Kerr.", "Following the season he would be traded to the San Antonio Spurs for Derek Anderson and Steve Kerr. San Antonio Spurs The Spurs featured superstars Tim Duncan and David Robinson, and were attempting to win another championship as they had in 1999.", "San Antonio Spurs The Spurs featured superstars Tim Duncan and David Robinson, and were attempting to win another championship as they had in 1999. Smith would be utilized as the team's starting shooting guard, averaging 11.6 points a game in 76 starts while leading in the league in three-point shooting at 47 percent for the season.", "Smith would be utilized as the team's starting shooting guard, averaging 11.6 points a game in 76 starts while leading in the league in three-point shooting at 47 percent for the season. Smith would average double figure scoring in the Spurs' first round win over the Seattle SuperSonics, including 17 points in a game 1 victory, but struggled against the defending champion L.A. Lakers, who defeated the Spurs in 5 games.", "Smith would average double figure scoring in the Spurs' first round win over the Seattle SuperSonics, including 17 points in a game 1 victory, but struggled against the defending champion L.A. Lakers, who defeated the Spurs in 5 games. The following 2002–03 season would mark Smith's final year in San Antonio, while second-year point guard Tony Parker blossomed into the team's second leading scorer.", "The following 2002–03 season would mark Smith's final year in San Antonio, while second-year point guard Tony Parker blossomed into the team's second leading scorer. The same was the case for guard Stephen Jackson who consequently came to serve as the team's main starting shooting guard, with Smith starting in just 18 games for the season as a result of injuries limiting him to just 58 total games.", "The same was the case for guard Stephen Jackson who consequently came to serve as the team's main starting shooting guard, with Smith starting in just 18 games for the season as a result of injuries limiting him to just 58 total games. As a result, Smith averaged 6.8 points a game, and would be used sparingly in the Spurs' playoff run, in which the team eliminated the Phoenix Suns, the three-time champion Lakers and the Dallas Mavericks before defeating the New Jersey Nets in six games to win the NBA title, Smith's first and only championship.", "As a result, Smith averaged 6.8 points a game, and would be used sparingly in the Spurs' playoff run, in which the team eliminated the Phoenix Suns, the three-time champion Lakers and the Dallas Mavericks before defeating the New Jersey Nets in six games to win the NBA title, Smith's first and only championship. Just before the 2003–2004 season started, the free agent Smith signed with the New Orleans Hornets.", "Just before the 2003–2004 season started, the free agent Smith signed with the New Orleans Hornets. New Orleans Hornets Smith played in 71 games for the Hornets, who were led by Baron Davis and Jamaal Magloire. He averaged 5 points a game and shot 40 percent from beyond the three-point arc.", "He averaged 5 points a game and shot 40 percent from beyond the three-point arc. The Hornets made the playoffs but lost in a grueling back and forth series against Miami. Despite losing the final 7th game in Miami, Smith scored 25 points, including 5 three-pointers, against his former team.", "Despite losing the final 7th game in Miami, Smith scored 25 points, including 5 three-pointers, against his former team. Once again a free agent before the following season, Smith signed with the Charlotte Bobcats.", "Once again a free agent before the following season, Smith signed with the Charlotte Bobcats. Charlotte Bobcats, Return to Miami Smith played in 37 games for the young Bobcats team, and averaged 7.9 points a game, including hitting the franchise's first three-point field goal. At midseason he was traded to Miami for Malik Allen.", "At midseason he was traded to Miami for Malik Allen. He would be used sparingly by the Heat, including in their playoff run which concluded with a loss in the conference finals to the defending champion Detroit Pistons. Following the season Smith announced his retirement.", "Following the season Smith announced his retirement. NBA career statistics Regular season |- | align=\"left\" | 1991–92 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 61 || 59 || 29.6 || .454 || .320 || .748 || 3.1 || 4.6 || 1.0 || .3 || 12.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 1992–93 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 48 || 43 || 33.5 || .451 || .402 || .787 || 4.1 || 5.6 || 1.0 || .3 || 16.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 1993–94 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 78 || 77 || 35.6 || .456 || .347 || .835 || 4.5 || 5.1 || 1.1 || .4 || 17.3 |- | align=\"left\" | 1994–95 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 2 || 2 || 31.0 || .379 || .167 || .773 || 3.0 || 3.5 || 1.0 || .5 || 20.5 |- | align=\"left\" | 1994–95 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 78 || 59 || 33.4 || .427 || .334 || .845 || 3.5 || 3.4 || .8 || .4 || 16.2 |- | align=\"left\" | 1995–96 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 80 || 80 || 35.7 || .432 || .331 || .826 || 4.1 || 2.8 || .8 || .2 || 18.1 |- | align=\"left\" | 1996–97 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 72 || 72 || 39.1 || .429 || .335 || .847 || 3.3 || 4.2 || .9 || .3 || 20.1 |- | align=\"left\" | 1997–98 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 73 || 73 || 39.1 || .444 || .351 || .855 || 4.2 || 4.0 || 1.0 || .4 || 20.1 |- | align=\"left\" | 1998–99 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 36 || 36 || 36.5 || .402 || .338 || .849 || 4.2 || 3.3 || 1.0 || .3 || 18.7 |- | align=\"left\" | 1999–00 | align=\"left\" | Portland | 82 || 81 || 32.8 || .467 || .398 || .850 || 3.8 || 2.5 || .9 || .4 || 14.9 |- | align=\"left\" | 2000–01 | align=\"left\" | Portland | 81 || 36 || 31.4 || .456 || .339 || .890 || 3.4 || 2.6 || .6 || .3 || 13.6 |- | align=\"left\" | 2001–02 | align=\"left\" | San Antonio | 77 || 76 || 28.7 || .455 ||style=\"background:#cfecec;\"| .472* || .878 || 2.5 || 2.0 || .7 || .2 || 11.6 |- | style=\"text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;\"| 2002–03† | align=\"left\" | San Antonio | 53 || 18 || 19.5 || .388 || .331 || .833 || 1.9 || 1.3 || .5 || .2 || 6.8 |- | align=\"left\" | 2003–04 | align=\"left\" | New Orleans | 71 || 4 || 13.1 || .406 || .402 || .928 || 1.1 || .8 || .2 || .1 || 5.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 2004–05 | align=\"left\" | Charlotte | 37 || 1 || 17.2 || .427 || .422 || .870 || 1.3 || 1.5 || .3 || .2 || 7.9 |- | align=\"left\" | 2004–05 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 13 || 0 || 8.8 || .300 || .200 || .667 || 1.2 || 1.1 || .2 || .0 || 1.8 |- class=\"sortbottom\" | style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"2\"| Career | 942 || 717 || 30.6 || .440 || .358 || .845 || 3.2 || 3.1 || .8 || .2 || 14.3 |- class=\"sortbottom\" | style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"2\"| All-Star | 1 || 0 || 16.0 || .500 || .400 || .000 || 3.0 || .0 || .0 || .0 || 14.0 Playoffs |- | align=\"left\" | 1992 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 3 || 3 || 33.3 || .529 || .636 || .833 || 2.0 || 5.0 || 1.3 || .3 || 16.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 1994 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 5 || 5 || 38.4 || .413 || .409 || .840 || 6.0 || 2.2 || .8 || .4 || 19.2 |- | align=\"left\" | 1995 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 3 || 3 || 36.0 || .395 || .389 || .842 || 2.7 || 2.0 || 2.0 || .3 || 19.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 1996 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 10 || 10 || 42.1 || .439 || .410 || .808 || 4.1 || 3.2 || 1.3 || 1.3 || 21.7 |- | align=\"left\" | 1997 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 10 || 10 || 42.1 || .396 || .327 || .824 || 3.9 || 1.7 || .4 || .1 || 18.9 |- | align=\"left\" | 1998 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 4 || 4 || 40.0 || .574 || .500 || .688 || 2.8 || 2.3 || .5 || .8 || 24.8 |- | align=\"left\" | 1999 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 9 || 9 || 39.6 || .353 || .273 || .907 || 3.4 || 3.3 || 1.6 || .2 || 17.3 |- | align=\"left\" | 2000 | align=\"left\" | Portland | 16 || 16 || 37.8 || .486 || .547 || .885 || 2.5 || 2.8 || 1.2 || .3 || 17.1 |- | align=\"left\" | 2001 | align=\"left\" | Portland | 3 || 3 || 40.7 || .471 || .364 || .938 || 4.3 || 2.3 || .7 || .3 || 17.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 2002 | align=\"left\" | San Antonio | 10 || 10 || 29.8 || .368 || .263 || .967 || 3.4 || 1.7 || .8 || .1 || 10.3 |- | style=\"text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;\"| 2003† | align=\"left\" | San Antonio | 9 || 0 || 7.3 || .208 || .167 || 1.000 || .8 || .7 || .1 || .0 || 1.8 |- | align=\"left\" | 2004 | align=\"left\" | New Orleans | 5 || 0 || 9.2 || .462 || .545 || .667 || 1.6 || .2 || .0 || .0 || 6.4 |- | align=\"left\" | 2005 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 3 || 0 || 2.7 || .000 || - || - || .0 || .0 || .0 || .0 || .0 |- class=\"sortbottom\" | style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"2\"| Career | 90 || 73 || 32.2 || .426 || .394 || .858 || 3.0 || 2.2 || .9 || .3 || 14.9 Post-NBA career Smith worked as an announcer on Atlanta Hawks games with Bob Rathbun and on the Big Ten Network as a college basketball analyst.", "NBA career statistics Regular season |- | align=\"left\" | 1991–92 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 61 || 59 || 29.6 || .454 || .320 || .748 || 3.1 || 4.6 || 1.0 || .3 || 12.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 1992–93 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 48 || 43 || 33.5 || .451 || .402 || .787 || 4.1 || 5.6 || 1.0 || .3 || 16.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 1993–94 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 78 || 77 || 35.6 || .456 || .347 || .835 || 4.5 || 5.1 || 1.1 || .4 || 17.3 |- | align=\"left\" | 1994–95 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 2 || 2 || 31.0 || .379 || .167 || .773 || 3.0 || 3.5 || 1.0 || .5 || 20.5 |- | align=\"left\" | 1994–95 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 78 || 59 || 33.4 || .427 || .334 || .845 || 3.5 || 3.4 || .8 || .4 || 16.2 |- | align=\"left\" | 1995–96 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 80 || 80 || 35.7 || .432 || .331 || .826 || 4.1 || 2.8 || .8 || .2 || 18.1 |- | align=\"left\" | 1996–97 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 72 || 72 || 39.1 || .429 || .335 || .847 || 3.3 || 4.2 || .9 || .3 || 20.1 |- | align=\"left\" | 1997–98 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 73 || 73 || 39.1 || .444 || .351 || .855 || 4.2 || 4.0 || 1.0 || .4 || 20.1 |- | align=\"left\" | 1998–99 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 36 || 36 || 36.5 || .402 || .338 || .849 || 4.2 || 3.3 || 1.0 || .3 || 18.7 |- | align=\"left\" | 1999–00 | align=\"left\" | Portland | 82 || 81 || 32.8 || .467 || .398 || .850 || 3.8 || 2.5 || .9 || .4 || 14.9 |- | align=\"left\" | 2000–01 | align=\"left\" | Portland | 81 || 36 || 31.4 || .456 || .339 || .890 || 3.4 || 2.6 || .6 || .3 || 13.6 |- | align=\"left\" | 2001–02 | align=\"left\" | San Antonio | 77 || 76 || 28.7 || .455 ||style=\"background:#cfecec;\"| .472* || .878 || 2.5 || 2.0 || .7 || .2 || 11.6 |- | style=\"text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;\"| 2002–03† | align=\"left\" | San Antonio | 53 || 18 || 19.5 || .388 || .331 || .833 || 1.9 || 1.3 || .5 || .2 || 6.8 |- | align=\"left\" | 2003–04 | align=\"left\" | New Orleans | 71 || 4 || 13.1 || .406 || .402 || .928 || 1.1 || .8 || .2 || .1 || 5.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 2004–05 | align=\"left\" | Charlotte | 37 || 1 || 17.2 || .427 || .422 || .870 || 1.3 || 1.5 || .3 || .2 || 7.9 |- | align=\"left\" | 2004–05 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 13 || 0 || 8.8 || .300 || .200 || .667 || 1.2 || 1.1 || .2 || .0 || 1.8 |- class=\"sortbottom\" | style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"2\"| Career | 942 || 717 || 30.6 || .440 || .358 || .845 || 3.2 || 3.1 || .8 || .2 || 14.3 |- class=\"sortbottom\" | style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"2\"| All-Star | 1 || 0 || 16.0 || .500 || .400 || .000 || 3.0 || .0 || .0 || .0 || 14.0 Playoffs |- | align=\"left\" | 1992 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 3 || 3 || 33.3 || .529 || .636 || .833 || 2.0 || 5.0 || 1.3 || .3 || 16.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 1994 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 5 || 5 || 38.4 || .413 || .409 || .840 || 6.0 || 2.2 || .8 || .4 || 19.2 |- | align=\"left\" | 1995 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 3 || 3 || 36.0 || .395 || .389 || .842 || 2.7 || 2.0 || 2.0 || .3 || 19.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 1996 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 10 || 10 || 42.1 || .439 || .410 || .808 || 4.1 || 3.2 || 1.3 || 1.3 || 21.7 |- | align=\"left\" | 1997 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 10 || 10 || 42.1 || .396 || .327 || .824 || 3.9 || 1.7 || .4 || .1 || 18.9 |- | align=\"left\" | 1998 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 4 || 4 || 40.0 || .574 || .500 || .688 || 2.8 || 2.3 || .5 || .8 || 24.8 |- | align=\"left\" | 1999 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 9 || 9 || 39.6 || .353 || .273 || .907 || 3.4 || 3.3 || 1.6 || .2 || 17.3 |- | align=\"left\" | 2000 | align=\"left\" | Portland | 16 || 16 || 37.8 || .486 || .547 || .885 || 2.5 || 2.8 || 1.2 || .3 || 17.1 |- | align=\"left\" | 2001 | align=\"left\" | Portland | 3 || 3 || 40.7 || .471 || .364 || .938 || 4.3 || 2.3 || .7 || .3 || 17.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 2002 | align=\"left\" | San Antonio | 10 || 10 || 29.8 || .368 || .263 || .967 || 3.4 || 1.7 || .8 || .1 || 10.3 |- | style=\"text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;\"| 2003† | align=\"left\" | San Antonio | 9 || 0 || 7.3 || .208 || .167 || 1.000 || .8 || .7 || .1 || .0 || 1.8 |- | align=\"left\" | 2004 | align=\"left\" | New Orleans | 5 || 0 || 9.2 || .462 || .545 || .667 || 1.6 || .2 || .0 || .0 || 6.4 |- | align=\"left\" | 2005 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 3 || 0 || 2.7 || .000 || - || - || .0 || .0 || .0 || .0 || .0 |- class=\"sortbottom\" | style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"2\"| Career | 90 || 73 || 32.2 || .426 || .394 || .858 || 3.0 || 2.2 || .9 || .3 || 14.9 Post-NBA career Smith worked as an announcer on Atlanta Hawks games with Bob Rathbun and on the Big Ten Network as a college basketball analyst. For the 2008 season, Smith took a position at NBA TV, and was replaced for Hawks broadcasts by Dominique Wilkins.", "For the 2008 season, Smith took a position at NBA TV, and was replaced for Hawks broadcasts by Dominique Wilkins. During the 2011 NBA All-Star Weekend, he was a member of the Atlanta team that won the Shooting Stars Competition.", "During the 2011 NBA All-Star Weekend, he was a member of the Atlanta team that won the Shooting Stars Competition. Charitable work Smith is well known for his charitable pursuits, including a US$2.5 million gift in 1997 to his alma mater, Michigan State University, where he was a star guard under coach Jud Heathcote.", "Charitable work Smith is well known for his charitable pursuits, including a US$2.5 million gift in 1997 to his alma mater, Michigan State University, where he was a star guard under coach Jud Heathcote. Smith's donation helped to fund the Clara Bell Smith Student Athlete Academic Center, which is named for his mother.", "Smith's donation helped to fund the Clara Bell Smith Student Athlete Academic Center, which is named for his mother. This was the largest single donation by a professional athlete to his former school in history. Personal life Smith first met his wife, Millie, at a charity tennis tournament in Detroit.", "Personal life Smith first met his wife, Millie, at a charity tennis tournament in Detroit. They had a long-distance relationship for more than a year before getting married in 1996. The couple have two sons, Brayden and Davis, and Smith often coaches them in soccer and basketball.", "The couple have two sons, Brayden and Davis, and Smith often coaches them in soccer and basketball. He is the older cousin of NBA point guard Kay Felder. Steve, who now resides in Atlanta, enjoys spending time with his kids and also enjoys the challenges of raising children.", "Steve, who now resides in Atlanta, enjoys spending time with his kids and also enjoys the challenges of raising children. References External links NBA.com: Where Are They Now: Steve Smith 1969 births Living people 1994 FIBA World Championship players 21st-century African-American people African-American basketball players All-American college men's basketball players American men's basketball players Atlanta Hawks players Basketball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics Basketball players from Detroit Charlotte Bobcats players College basketball announcers in the United States FIBA World Championship-winning players Medalists at the 1989 Summer Universiade Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics Miami Heat draft picks Miami Heat players Michigan State Spartans men's basketball players National Basketball Association All-Stars National Basketball Association broadcasters New Orleans Hornets players Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball People from Highland Park, Michigan Pershing High School alumni Portland Trail Blazers players San Antonio Spurs players Shooting guards United States men's national basketball team players Universiade gold medalists for the United States Universiade medalists in basketball 20th-century African-American sportspeople" ]

[ "Steve Smith (basketball)", "Atlanta Hawks", "How did he play with the Hawks?", "Smith started in 59 of 78 games for Atlanta and averaged 16 points during the regular season and 19 points in the playoffs,", "How many seasons was he with the Hawks?", "1998-99", "How many points did he score with the Hawks?", "He would go on to average a then career high 18.1 points a game in 80 starts in the 1995-96 season, forming a formidable backcourt one-two punch with Mookie Blaylock.", "What else can you tell me about his time in Atlanta?", "The team under head coach Lenny Wilkens would win 46 games and defeat Indiana in the first round in 5 games before falling to the Orlando Magic", "What happened with the Magic?", "before falling to the Orlando Magic in the conference semifinals in 6 games." ]

[ "Christopher Lee Crawford (born May 13, 1975) is an American former professional basketball player who was selected by the Atlanta Hawks in the second round (50th pick overall) of the 1997 NBA Draft. A 6'9\" forward from Marquette University, Crawford played in 7 NBA seasons, all with the Hawks. His best year was in the 2003–04 season where he averaged a career high 10.2 points per game. After his stint with Atlanta, in which he missed the entire 2004–05 season because of a torn ligament in his right knee, Crawford was released, and had a tryout with the New Jersey Nets, but did not ever play for them.\n\nIn his NBA career, Crawford played in 252 games and scored a total of 1,654 points.\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\n NBA.com Profile\n\n1975 births\nLiving people\nAtlanta Hawks draft picks\nAtlanta Hawks players\nBasketball players from Michigan\nMarquette Golden Eagles men's basketball players\nPower forwards (basketball)\nSportspeople from Kalamazoo, Michigan\nAmerican men's basketball players", "The College Park Skyhawks are an American professional basketball team of the NBA G League and an affiliate of the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association. The team is based in College Park, Georgia, with home games at Gateway Center Arena at College Park after the franchise played its first two seasons in Erie, Pennsylvania, at the Erie Insurance Arena as the Erie BayHawks. The team became the sixteenth D-League team to be owned by an NBA team.\n\nHistory\nOn November 10, 2016, the Atlanta Hawks announced that they had bought and established a new NBA D-League team to play in a new arena in nearby College Park beginning with the 2019–20 season. In December 2016, the Orlando Magic purchased the original BayHawks franchise with the intent of relocating it to Florida for the 2017–18 season, eventually becoming the Lakeland Magic. In February 2017, the original BayHawks owners negotiated with the Atlanta Hawks to activate their franchise early and play as the BayHawks until the new arena in College Park is completed. The new Hawks' minor league franchise then became the BayHawks and began play in the rebranded NBA G League for the 2017–18 season.\n\nThe Hawks announced on February 21, 2019, that their G League affiliate would be known as the College Park Skyhawks when the team moved to Georgia for the 2019–20 season. On May 10, 2019, the Hawks announced that rapper and College Park native 2 Chainz would join the Skyhawks' ownership group.\n\nSeason-by-season\n\nCurrent roster\n\nHead coaches\n\nNBA affiliates\n\nErie BayHawks (2017–19)\n Atlanta Hawks (2017–2019)\n\nCollege Park Skyhawks\n Atlanta Hawks (2019–present)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n College Park Skyhawks website\n\n \n2016 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)\nBasketball teams established in 2016" ]

[ "Steven Delano Smith (born March 31, 1969) is an American former professional basketball player who is a basketball analyst for Turner Sports. After a collegiate career with Michigan State, he played with several teams in his 14-season National Basketball Association career, including the Miami Heat, the Portland Trail Blazers and the San Antonio Spurs, but is perhaps best known for his five-year stint with the Atlanta Hawks which included an All-Star Game appearance in 1998.", "After a collegiate career with Michigan State, he played with several teams in his 14-season National Basketball Association career, including the Miami Heat, the Portland Trail Blazers and the San Antonio Spurs, but is perhaps best known for his five-year stint with the Atlanta Hawks which included an All-Star Game appearance in 1998. He won a championship with the Spurs in 2003.", "He won a championship with the Spurs in 2003. Smith was widely regarded as an excellent three-point shooter, and is one of three players to make seven 3-pointers in a quarter. He joined the USA men's national basketball team in the 1994 FIBA World Championship winning the gold medal.", "He joined the USA men's national basketball team in the 1994 FIBA World Championship winning the gold medal. He won another gold medal at the 1999 Tournament of the Americas and an Olympic gold medal with the USA men's national basketball team at the 2000 Summer Olympics with eleven other NBA All-Stars.", "He won another gold medal at the 1999 Tournament of the Americas and an Olympic gold medal with the USA men's national basketball team at the 2000 Summer Olympics with eleven other NBA All-Stars. College career Smith finished his four-year career as the all-time leading scorer in Michigan State history, with 2,263 points.", "College career Smith finished his four-year career as the all-time leading scorer in Michigan State history, with 2,263 points. He ranks fourth on the school's all-time assists list (with 453) and fifth in rebounds (with 704). For his college career Smith averaged 18.5 points, 6.1 rebounds and 3.7 assists per contest in 122 games.", "For his college career Smith averaged 18.5 points, 6.1 rebounds and 3.7 assists per contest in 122 games. He was named to the NABC All-American First Team as a senior.", "He was named to the NABC All-American First Team as a senior. Smith led the Spartans to a Big Ten Championship and Sweet Sixteen appearance in 1990 and hit a game-winning, last-second three-pointer to beat Wisconsin–Green Bay in the first round of the 1991 NCAA Tournament. He was inducted into Michigan State's Athletics Hall of Fame in 2001.", "He was inducted into Michigan State's Athletics Hall of Fame in 2001. NBA career Miami Heat Smith was selected fifth overall in the 1991 NBA draft by the Miami Heat, a young expansion team which featured other young players such as Glen Rice, Rony Seikaly and Brian Shaw.", "NBA career Miami Heat Smith was selected fifth overall in the 1991 NBA draft by the Miami Heat, a young expansion team which featured other young players such as Glen Rice, Rony Seikaly and Brian Shaw. Smith played in 61 games in his rookie season, starting in 59 with averages of 12 points a game and 4.6 assists.", "Smith played in 61 games in his rookie season, starting in 59 with averages of 12 points a game and 4.6 assists. The young team made the playoffs to face the top seeded defending champion Chicago Bulls, who swept the Heat in 3 games in the first round. Smith averaged 16 points a game for the series.", "Smith averaged 16 points a game for the series. Injuries limited Smith to 48 games in the 1992–93 season, but he increased his scoring average to 16 points a game. Miami did not make the playoffs that year.", "Miami did not make the playoffs that year. The 1993–94 season would prove to be Smith's best in Miami, as he averaged 17.3 points a game with 5.1 assists as the Heat won 42 games and entered the first round of the playoffs against the Atlanta Hawks.", "The 1993–94 season would prove to be Smith's best in Miami, as he averaged 17.3 points a game with 5.1 assists as the Heat won 42 games and entered the first round of the playoffs against the Atlanta Hawks. The series went to 5 games, as Miami won its first playoff games in franchise history.", "The series went to 5 games, as Miami won its first playoff games in franchise history. Smith led the team in scoring during the series with 19.2 points and shot 40 percent from beyond the three-point line.", "Smith led the team in scoring during the series with 19.2 points and shot 40 percent from beyond the three-point line. Smith would play just two games to start the 1994–95 season before being traded along with Grant Long to Atlanta for Kevin Willis, a deal that was universally regarded as a one-sided heist by Atlanta, and that eventually led the Heat to hire Pat Riley as their coach and VP of Basketball Operations.", "Smith would play just two games to start the 1994–95 season before being traded along with Grant Long to Atlanta for Kevin Willis, a deal that was universally regarded as a one-sided heist by Atlanta, and that eventually led the Heat to hire Pat Riley as their coach and VP of Basketball Operations. Atlanta Hawks Smith started in 59 of 78 games for Atlanta and averaged 16 points during the regular season and 19 points in the playoffs, as the Hawks lost in a first round sweep to the Indiana Pacers.", "Atlanta Hawks Smith started in 59 of 78 games for Atlanta and averaged 16 points during the regular season and 19 points in the playoffs, as the Hawks lost in a first round sweep to the Indiana Pacers. He would go on to average a then career-high 18.1 points a game in 80 starts in the 1995–96 season, forming a formidable backcourt one-two punch with Mookie Blaylock.", "He would go on to average a then career-high 18.1 points a game in 80 starts in the 1995–96 season, forming a formidable backcourt one-two punch with Mookie Blaylock. The team under head coach Lenny Wilkens would win 46 games and defeat the Indiana Pacers in the first round in 5 games.", "The team under head coach Lenny Wilkens would win 46 games and defeat the Indiana Pacers in the first round in 5 games. The next round, while facing the Orlando Magic, Smith led all scorers in a Game 4 win with 35 points, before Atlanta lost the series 4 games to 1.", "The next round, while facing the Orlando Magic, Smith led all scorers in a Game 4 win with 35 points, before Atlanta lost the series 4 games to 1. Smith averaged 21.7 points in 10 playoff games that postseason.", "Smith averaged 21.7 points in 10 playoff games that postseason. The following season would feature another career high scoring average (20.1) for Smith, as he continued to serve as the Hawks' main option on offense.", "The following season would feature another career high scoring average (20.1) for Smith, as he continued to serve as the Hawks' main option on offense. On March 14, 1997, Smith made a career high 9 three-pointers en route to a 36 point total, during a loss to the Seattle SuperSonics.", "On March 14, 1997, Smith made a career high 9 three-pointers en route to a 36 point total, during a loss to the Seattle SuperSonics. On April 9, Smith recorded a career high 5 steals in a win over the Philadelphia 76ers.", "On April 9, Smith recorded a career high 5 steals in a win over the Philadelphia 76ers. Atlanta also featured players such as solid power-forward Christian Laettner and defensive star Dikembe Mutombo, and would go on to win 56 games before meeting and defeating the Detroit Pistons in a 5-game first round series.", "Atlanta also featured players such as solid power-forward Christian Laettner and defensive star Dikembe Mutombo, and would go on to win 56 games before meeting and defeating the Detroit Pistons in a 5-game first round series. Smith played well against Detroit and held his own against Michael Jordan and the defending champion Chicago Bulls, who defeated the Hawks in 5 games in the semifinals.", "Smith played well against Detroit and held his own against Michael Jordan and the defending champion Chicago Bulls, who defeated the Hawks in 5 games in the semifinals. The following season would be similar to Smith as he once again averaged 20.1 points a game, but this time managed to be named an NBA All-Star as he scored 14 points in 16 minutes of action in the 1998 NBA All-Star Game.", "The following season would be similar to Smith as he once again averaged 20.1 points a game, but this time managed to be named an NBA All-Star as he scored 14 points in 16 minutes of action in the 1998 NBA All-Star Game. The Hawks would disappoint in the playoffs yet again however, this time losing to the Charlotte Hornets 3 games to 1 in the conference semifinals despite a 24.8 ppg scoring average by Smith for the series.", "The Hawks would disappoint in the playoffs yet again however, this time losing to the Charlotte Hornets 3 games to 1 in the conference semifinals despite a 24.8 ppg scoring average by Smith for the series. The 1998–99 season would be limited to 50 games as a result of a league wide lockout, and in 36 games Smith averaged 18.7 points a game and led the Hawks to another 5 game first round victory over Detroit.", "The 1998–99 season would be limited to 50 games as a result of a league wide lockout, and in 36 games Smith averaged 18.7 points a game and led the Hawks to another 5 game first round victory over Detroit. The Hawks had no answer, however, for the New York Knicks, and again the Hawks were eliminated in the semifinals.", "The Hawks had no answer, however, for the New York Knicks, and again the Hawks were eliminated in the semifinals. Smith averaged 17.3 points a game in the 1999 playoffs.", "Smith averaged 17.3 points a game in the 1999 playoffs. In the offseason, the Hawks traded Smith in a 4 player trade to the Portland Trail Blazers which included Isaiah Rider, who had served as Portland's starting shooting guard and who Smith would now replace.", "In the offseason, the Hawks traded Smith in a 4 player trade to the Portland Trail Blazers which included Isaiah Rider, who had served as Portland's starting shooting guard and who Smith would now replace. Portland Trail Blazers Portland was a loaded team that had reached the Western Conference Finals in the 1999 playoffs and featured star forward Rasheed Wallace as well as the newly acquired Scottie Pippen.", "Portland Trail Blazers Portland was a loaded team that had reached the Western Conference Finals in the 1999 playoffs and featured star forward Rasheed Wallace as well as the newly acquired Scottie Pippen. Smith would no longer be required to carry the offensive load, and averaged 14.9 points a game in 81 starts as the Trail Blazers secured the second best record in the Western Conference.", "Smith would no longer be required to carry the offensive load, and averaged 14.9 points a game in 81 starts as the Trail Blazers secured the second best record in the Western Conference. Smith would increase his scoring average to 17.1 in the playoffs, as Portland would defeat the Minnesota Timberwolves in the first round before beating the Utah Jazz in the semifinals.", "Smith would increase his scoring average to 17.1 in the playoffs, as Portland would defeat the Minnesota Timberwolves in the first round before beating the Utah Jazz in the semifinals. Up next would be the league best Los Angeles Lakers, who took a 3–1 series lead over Portland before the Trail Blazers won game 5 on the road and game 6 at home as Smith scored 26 points to set up a game 7 matchup.", "Up next would be the league best Los Angeles Lakers, who took a 3–1 series lead over Portland before the Trail Blazers won game 5 on the road and game 6 at home as Smith scored 26 points to set up a game 7 matchup. Despite leading by double digits heading into the fourth quarter, the Lakers came back to win the game and advance to the NBA Finals where they would win the NBA Title.", "Despite leading by double digits heading into the fourth quarter, the Lakers came back to win the game and advance to the NBA Finals where they would win the NBA Title. That summer, Smith represented the United States at the 2000 Summer Olympics for the United States men's national basketball team, which won the gold medal.", "That summer, Smith represented the United States at the 2000 Summer Olympics for the United States men's national basketball team, which won the gold medal. He averaged just over 6 points a game in the Olympics including a 12-point performance against China in the group stage of the tournament.", "He averaged just over 6 points a game in the Olympics including a 12-point performance against China in the group stage of the tournament. The Trail Blazers entered the 2000–01 season with high expectations, but struggled to repeat the success of the previous season, as injuries took their toll and new additions and trades hurt team chemistry.", "The Trail Blazers entered the 2000–01 season with high expectations, but struggled to repeat the success of the previous season, as injuries took their toll and new additions and trades hurt team chemistry. Smith only started in 36 of 81 games, but still managed to 13.6 points a game.", "Smith only started in 36 of 81 games, but still managed to 13.6 points a game. Portland would suffer another loss to the Lakers in the playoffs, this time in a three-game sweep in the first round. Following the season he would be traded to the San Antonio Spurs for Derek Anderson and Steve Kerr.", "Following the season he would be traded to the San Antonio Spurs for Derek Anderson and Steve Kerr. San Antonio Spurs The Spurs featured superstars Tim Duncan and David Robinson, and were attempting to win another championship as they had in 1999.", "San Antonio Spurs The Spurs featured superstars Tim Duncan and David Robinson, and were attempting to win another championship as they had in 1999. Smith would be utilized as the team's starting shooting guard, averaging 11.6 points a game in 76 starts while leading in the league in three-point shooting at 47 percent for the season.", "Smith would be utilized as the team's starting shooting guard, averaging 11.6 points a game in 76 starts while leading in the league in three-point shooting at 47 percent for the season. Smith would average double figure scoring in the Spurs' first round win over the Seattle SuperSonics, including 17 points in a game 1 victory, but struggled against the defending champion L.A. Lakers, who defeated the Spurs in 5 games.", "Smith would average double figure scoring in the Spurs' first round win over the Seattle SuperSonics, including 17 points in a game 1 victory, but struggled against the defending champion L.A. Lakers, who defeated the Spurs in 5 games. The following 2002–03 season would mark Smith's final year in San Antonio, while second-year point guard Tony Parker blossomed into the team's second leading scorer.", "The following 2002–03 season would mark Smith's final year in San Antonio, while second-year point guard Tony Parker blossomed into the team's second leading scorer. The same was the case for guard Stephen Jackson who consequently came to serve as the team's main starting shooting guard, with Smith starting in just 18 games for the season as a result of injuries limiting him to just 58 total games.", "The same was the case for guard Stephen Jackson who consequently came to serve as the team's main starting shooting guard, with Smith starting in just 18 games for the season as a result of injuries limiting him to just 58 total games. As a result, Smith averaged 6.8 points a game, and would be used sparingly in the Spurs' playoff run, in which the team eliminated the Phoenix Suns, the three-time champion Lakers and the Dallas Mavericks before defeating the New Jersey Nets in six games to win the NBA title, Smith's first and only championship.", "As a result, Smith averaged 6.8 points a game, and would be used sparingly in the Spurs' playoff run, in which the team eliminated the Phoenix Suns, the three-time champion Lakers and the Dallas Mavericks before defeating the New Jersey Nets in six games to win the NBA title, Smith's first and only championship. Just before the 2003–2004 season started, the free agent Smith signed with the New Orleans Hornets.", "Just before the 2003–2004 season started, the free agent Smith signed with the New Orleans Hornets. New Orleans Hornets Smith played in 71 games for the Hornets, who were led by Baron Davis and Jamaal Magloire. He averaged 5 points a game and shot 40 percent from beyond the three-point arc.", "He averaged 5 points a game and shot 40 percent from beyond the three-point arc. The Hornets made the playoffs but lost in a grueling back and forth series against Miami. Despite losing the final 7th game in Miami, Smith scored 25 points, including 5 three-pointers, against his former team.", "Despite losing the final 7th game in Miami, Smith scored 25 points, including 5 three-pointers, against his former team. Once again a free agent before the following season, Smith signed with the Charlotte Bobcats.", "Once again a free agent before the following season, Smith signed with the Charlotte Bobcats. Charlotte Bobcats, Return to Miami Smith played in 37 games for the young Bobcats team, and averaged 7.9 points a game, including hitting the franchise's first three-point field goal. At midseason he was traded to Miami for Malik Allen.", "At midseason he was traded to Miami for Malik Allen. He would be used sparingly by the Heat, including in their playoff run which concluded with a loss in the conference finals to the defending champion Detroit Pistons. Following the season Smith announced his retirement.", "Following the season Smith announced his retirement. NBA career statistics Regular season |- | align=\"left\" | 1991–92 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 61 || 59 || 29.6 || .454 || .320 || .748 || 3.1 || 4.6 || 1.0 || .3 || 12.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 1992–93 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 48 || 43 || 33.5 || .451 || .402 || .787 || 4.1 || 5.6 || 1.0 || .3 || 16.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 1993–94 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 78 || 77 || 35.6 || .456 || .347 || .835 || 4.5 || 5.1 || 1.1 || .4 || 17.3 |- | align=\"left\" | 1994–95 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 2 || 2 || 31.0 || .379 || .167 || .773 || 3.0 || 3.5 || 1.0 || .5 || 20.5 |- | align=\"left\" | 1994–95 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 78 || 59 || 33.4 || .427 || .334 || .845 || 3.5 || 3.4 || .8 || .4 || 16.2 |- | align=\"left\" | 1995–96 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 80 || 80 || 35.7 || .432 || .331 || .826 || 4.1 || 2.8 || .8 || .2 || 18.1 |- | align=\"left\" | 1996–97 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 72 || 72 || 39.1 || .429 || .335 || .847 || 3.3 || 4.2 || .9 || .3 || 20.1 |- | align=\"left\" | 1997–98 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 73 || 73 || 39.1 || .444 || .351 || .855 || 4.2 || 4.0 || 1.0 || .4 || 20.1 |- | align=\"left\" | 1998–99 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 36 || 36 || 36.5 || .402 || .338 || .849 || 4.2 || 3.3 || 1.0 || .3 || 18.7 |- | align=\"left\" | 1999–00 | align=\"left\" | Portland | 82 || 81 || 32.8 || .467 || .398 || .850 || 3.8 || 2.5 || .9 || .4 || 14.9 |- | align=\"left\" | 2000–01 | align=\"left\" | Portland | 81 || 36 || 31.4 || .456 || .339 || .890 || 3.4 || 2.6 || .6 || .3 || 13.6 |- | align=\"left\" | 2001–02 | align=\"left\" | San Antonio | 77 || 76 || 28.7 || .455 ||style=\"background:#cfecec;\"| .472* || .878 || 2.5 || 2.0 || .7 || .2 || 11.6 |- | style=\"text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;\"| 2002–03† | align=\"left\" | San Antonio | 53 || 18 || 19.5 || .388 || .331 || .833 || 1.9 || 1.3 || .5 || .2 || 6.8 |- | align=\"left\" | 2003–04 | align=\"left\" | New Orleans | 71 || 4 || 13.1 || .406 || .402 || .928 || 1.1 || .8 || .2 || .1 || 5.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 2004–05 | align=\"left\" | Charlotte | 37 || 1 || 17.2 || .427 || .422 || .870 || 1.3 || 1.5 || .3 || .2 || 7.9 |- | align=\"left\" | 2004–05 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 13 || 0 || 8.8 || .300 || .200 || .667 || 1.2 || 1.1 || .2 || .0 || 1.8 |- class=\"sortbottom\" | style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"2\"| Career | 942 || 717 || 30.6 || .440 || .358 || .845 || 3.2 || 3.1 || .8 || .2 || 14.3 |- class=\"sortbottom\" | style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"2\"| All-Star | 1 || 0 || 16.0 || .500 || .400 || .000 || 3.0 || .0 || .0 || .0 || 14.0 Playoffs |- | align=\"left\" | 1992 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 3 || 3 || 33.3 || .529 || .636 || .833 || 2.0 || 5.0 || 1.3 || .3 || 16.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 1994 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 5 || 5 || 38.4 || .413 || .409 || .840 || 6.0 || 2.2 || .8 || .4 || 19.2 |- | align=\"left\" | 1995 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 3 || 3 || 36.0 || .395 || .389 || .842 || 2.7 || 2.0 || 2.0 || .3 || 19.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 1996 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 10 || 10 || 42.1 || .439 || .410 || .808 || 4.1 || 3.2 || 1.3 || 1.3 || 21.7 |- | align=\"left\" | 1997 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 10 || 10 || 42.1 || .396 || .327 || .824 || 3.9 || 1.7 || .4 || .1 || 18.9 |- | align=\"left\" | 1998 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 4 || 4 || 40.0 || .574 || .500 || .688 || 2.8 || 2.3 || .5 || .8 || 24.8 |- | align=\"left\" | 1999 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 9 || 9 || 39.6 || .353 || .273 || .907 || 3.4 || 3.3 || 1.6 || .2 || 17.3 |- | align=\"left\" | 2000 | align=\"left\" | Portland | 16 || 16 || 37.8 || .486 || .547 || .885 || 2.5 || 2.8 || 1.2 || .3 || 17.1 |- | align=\"left\" | 2001 | align=\"left\" | Portland | 3 || 3 || 40.7 || .471 || .364 || .938 || 4.3 || 2.3 || .7 || .3 || 17.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 2002 | align=\"left\" | San Antonio | 10 || 10 || 29.8 || .368 || .263 || .967 || 3.4 || 1.7 || .8 || .1 || 10.3 |- | style=\"text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;\"| 2003† | align=\"left\" | San Antonio | 9 || 0 || 7.3 || .208 || .167 || 1.000 || .8 || .7 || .1 || .0 || 1.8 |- | align=\"left\" | 2004 | align=\"left\" | New Orleans | 5 || 0 || 9.2 || .462 || .545 || .667 || 1.6 || .2 || .0 || .0 || 6.4 |- | align=\"left\" | 2005 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 3 || 0 || 2.7 || .000 || - || - || .0 || .0 || .0 || .0 || .0 |- class=\"sortbottom\" | style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"2\"| Career | 90 || 73 || 32.2 || .426 || .394 || .858 || 3.0 || 2.2 || .9 || .3 || 14.9 Post-NBA career Smith worked as an announcer on Atlanta Hawks games with Bob Rathbun and on the Big Ten Network as a college basketball analyst.", "NBA career statistics Regular season |- | align=\"left\" | 1991–92 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 61 || 59 || 29.6 || .454 || .320 || .748 || 3.1 || 4.6 || 1.0 || .3 || 12.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 1992–93 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 48 || 43 || 33.5 || .451 || .402 || .787 || 4.1 || 5.6 || 1.0 || .3 || 16.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 1993–94 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 78 || 77 || 35.6 || .456 || .347 || .835 || 4.5 || 5.1 || 1.1 || .4 || 17.3 |- | align=\"left\" | 1994–95 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 2 || 2 || 31.0 || .379 || .167 || .773 || 3.0 || 3.5 || 1.0 || .5 || 20.5 |- | align=\"left\" | 1994–95 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 78 || 59 || 33.4 || .427 || .334 || .845 || 3.5 || 3.4 || .8 || .4 || 16.2 |- | align=\"left\" | 1995–96 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 80 || 80 || 35.7 || .432 || .331 || .826 || 4.1 || 2.8 || .8 || .2 || 18.1 |- | align=\"left\" | 1996–97 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 72 || 72 || 39.1 || .429 || .335 || .847 || 3.3 || 4.2 || .9 || .3 || 20.1 |- | align=\"left\" | 1997–98 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 73 || 73 || 39.1 || .444 || .351 || .855 || 4.2 || 4.0 || 1.0 || .4 || 20.1 |- | align=\"left\" | 1998–99 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 36 || 36 || 36.5 || .402 || .338 || .849 || 4.2 || 3.3 || 1.0 || .3 || 18.7 |- | align=\"left\" | 1999–00 | align=\"left\" | Portland | 82 || 81 || 32.8 || .467 || .398 || .850 || 3.8 || 2.5 || .9 || .4 || 14.9 |- | align=\"left\" | 2000–01 | align=\"left\" | Portland | 81 || 36 || 31.4 || .456 || .339 || .890 || 3.4 || 2.6 || .6 || .3 || 13.6 |- | align=\"left\" | 2001–02 | align=\"left\" | San Antonio | 77 || 76 || 28.7 || .455 ||style=\"background:#cfecec;\"| .472* || .878 || 2.5 || 2.0 || .7 || .2 || 11.6 |- | style=\"text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;\"| 2002–03† | align=\"left\" | San Antonio | 53 || 18 || 19.5 || .388 || .331 || .833 || 1.9 || 1.3 || .5 || .2 || 6.8 |- | align=\"left\" | 2003–04 | align=\"left\" | New Orleans | 71 || 4 || 13.1 || .406 || .402 || .928 || 1.1 || .8 || .2 || .1 || 5.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 2004–05 | align=\"left\" | Charlotte | 37 || 1 || 17.2 || .427 || .422 || .870 || 1.3 || 1.5 || .3 || .2 || 7.9 |- | align=\"left\" | 2004–05 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 13 || 0 || 8.8 || .300 || .200 || .667 || 1.2 || 1.1 || .2 || .0 || 1.8 |- class=\"sortbottom\" | style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"2\"| Career | 942 || 717 || 30.6 || .440 || .358 || .845 || 3.2 || 3.1 || .8 || .2 || 14.3 |- class=\"sortbottom\" | style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"2\"| All-Star | 1 || 0 || 16.0 || .500 || .400 || .000 || 3.0 || .0 || .0 || .0 || 14.0 Playoffs |- | align=\"left\" | 1992 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 3 || 3 || 33.3 || .529 || .636 || .833 || 2.0 || 5.0 || 1.3 || .3 || 16.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 1994 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 5 || 5 || 38.4 || .413 || .409 || .840 || 6.0 || 2.2 || .8 || .4 || 19.2 |- | align=\"left\" | 1995 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 3 || 3 || 36.0 || .395 || .389 || .842 || 2.7 || 2.0 || 2.0 || .3 || 19.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 1996 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 10 || 10 || 42.1 || .439 || .410 || .808 || 4.1 || 3.2 || 1.3 || 1.3 || 21.7 |- | align=\"left\" | 1997 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 10 || 10 || 42.1 || .396 || .327 || .824 || 3.9 || 1.7 || .4 || .1 || 18.9 |- | align=\"left\" | 1998 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 4 || 4 || 40.0 || .574 || .500 || .688 || 2.8 || 2.3 || .5 || .8 || 24.8 |- | align=\"left\" | 1999 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 9 || 9 || 39.6 || .353 || .273 || .907 || 3.4 || 3.3 || 1.6 || .2 || 17.3 |- | align=\"left\" | 2000 | align=\"left\" | Portland | 16 || 16 || 37.8 || .486 || .547 || .885 || 2.5 || 2.8 || 1.2 || .3 || 17.1 |- | align=\"left\" | 2001 | align=\"left\" | Portland | 3 || 3 || 40.7 || .471 || .364 || .938 || 4.3 || 2.3 || .7 || .3 || 17.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 2002 | align=\"left\" | San Antonio | 10 || 10 || 29.8 || .368 || .263 || .967 || 3.4 || 1.7 || .8 || .1 || 10.3 |- | style=\"text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;\"| 2003† | align=\"left\" | San Antonio | 9 || 0 || 7.3 || .208 || .167 || 1.000 || .8 || .7 || .1 || .0 || 1.8 |- | align=\"left\" | 2004 | align=\"left\" | New Orleans | 5 || 0 || 9.2 || .462 || .545 || .667 || 1.6 || .2 || .0 || .0 || 6.4 |- | align=\"left\" | 2005 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 3 || 0 || 2.7 || .000 || - || - || .0 || .0 || .0 || .0 || .0 |- class=\"sortbottom\" | style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"2\"| Career | 90 || 73 || 32.2 || .426 || .394 || .858 || 3.0 || 2.2 || .9 || .3 || 14.9 Post-NBA career Smith worked as an announcer on Atlanta Hawks games with Bob Rathbun and on the Big Ten Network as a college basketball analyst. For the 2008 season, Smith took a position at NBA TV, and was replaced for Hawks broadcasts by Dominique Wilkins.", "For the 2008 season, Smith took a position at NBA TV, and was replaced for Hawks broadcasts by Dominique Wilkins. During the 2011 NBA All-Star Weekend, he was a member of the Atlanta team that won the Shooting Stars Competition.", "During the 2011 NBA All-Star Weekend, he was a member of the Atlanta team that won the Shooting Stars Competition. Charitable work Smith is well known for his charitable pursuits, including a US$2.5 million gift in 1997 to his alma mater, Michigan State University, where he was a star guard under coach Jud Heathcote.", "Charitable work Smith is well known for his charitable pursuits, including a US$2.5 million gift in 1997 to his alma mater, Michigan State University, where he was a star guard under coach Jud Heathcote. Smith's donation helped to fund the Clara Bell Smith Student Athlete Academic Center, which is named for his mother.", "Smith's donation helped to fund the Clara Bell Smith Student Athlete Academic Center, which is named for his mother. This was the largest single donation by a professional athlete to his former school in history. Personal life Smith first met his wife, Millie, at a charity tennis tournament in Detroit.", "Personal life Smith first met his wife, Millie, at a charity tennis tournament in Detroit. They had a long-distance relationship for more than a year before getting married in 1996. The couple have two sons, Brayden and Davis, and Smith often coaches them in soccer and basketball.", "The couple have two sons, Brayden and Davis, and Smith often coaches them in soccer and basketball. He is the older cousin of NBA point guard Kay Felder. Steve, who now resides in Atlanta, enjoys spending time with his kids and also enjoys the challenges of raising children.", "Steve, who now resides in Atlanta, enjoys spending time with his kids and also enjoys the challenges of raising children. References External links NBA.com: Where Are They Now: Steve Smith 1969 births Living people 1994 FIBA World Championship players 21st-century African-American people African-American basketball players All-American college men's basketball players American men's basketball players Atlanta Hawks players Basketball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics Basketball players from Detroit Charlotte Bobcats players College basketball announcers in the United States FIBA World Championship-winning players Medalists at the 1989 Summer Universiade Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics Miami Heat draft picks Miami Heat players Michigan State Spartans men's basketball players National Basketball Association All-Stars National Basketball Association broadcasters New Orleans Hornets players Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball People from Highland Park, Michigan Pershing High School alumni Portland Trail Blazers players San Antonio Spurs players Shooting guards United States men's national basketball team players Universiade gold medalists for the United States Universiade medalists in basketball 20th-century African-American sportspeople" ]

[ "Steve Smith (basketball)", "Atlanta Hawks", "How did he play with the Hawks?", "Smith started in 59 of 78 games for Atlanta and averaged 16 points during the regular season and 19 points in the playoffs,", "How many seasons was he with the Hawks?", "1998-99", "How many points did he score with the Hawks?", "He would go on to average a then career high 18.1 points a game in 80 starts in the 1995-96 season, forming a formidable backcourt one-two punch with Mookie Blaylock.", "What else can you tell me about his time in Atlanta?", "The team under head coach Lenny Wilkens would win 46 games and defeat Indiana in the first round in 5 games before falling to the Orlando Magic", "What happened with the Magic?", "before falling to the Orlando Magic in the conference semifinals in 6 games.", "Did he make the NBA play offs with the Hawks?", "The Hawks would disappoint in the playoffs yet again however, this time losing to the Charlotte Hornets 3 games to 1 in the conference semifinals" ]

[ "\"This Is What It Feels Like\" is a song by Dutch DJ and record producer Armin van Buuren, featuring Canadian singer, songwriter and former soulDecision frontman Trevor Guthrie, released in the Netherlands by Armada Music on 29 April 2013 as the second single from van Buuren's fifth studio album, Intense (2013).\n\n\"This Is What It Feels Like\" peaked at number three on the Dutch Top 40. Outside the Netherlands, \"This Is What It Feels Like\" peaked within the top ten of the charts in ten countries, including Austria, Belgium (Flanders), Canada, Israel and the United Kingdom.\n\nThe song was written by Armin van Buuren, Benno de Goeij, Jenson Vaughan, Trevor Guthrie and John Ewbank. Van Buuren wrote the instrumental with de Goeij and Ewbank in 2012. Trevor Guthrie wrote the lyrics with Jenson Vaughan, and it was inspired by Guthrie's neighbour who was diagnosed with a brain tumor. \"This Is What It Feels Like\" was nominated for the 2014 Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording. The song was featured in the intro for a 2019 episode of America's Got Talent.\n\nMusic video\nA music video to accompany the release of \"This is What It Feels Like\" was first released onto YouTube on 17 March 2013. The video also features a guest appearance by Ron Jeremy. As of September 2017, it has received over 100 million views, making it the fifth most viewed video on Armada Music's YouTube channel.\n\nTrack listing\n Digital downloads\n \"This Is What It Feels Like\" – 3:25\n \"This Is What It Feels Like\" (extended mix) – 5:16\n \"This Is What It Feels Like\" (W&W remix) – 6:16\n \"This Is What It Feels Like\" (David Guetta remix) – 5:28\n \"This Is What It Feels Like\" (Antillas and Dankann remix) – 5:44\n \"This Is What It Feels Like\" (Antillas and Dankann radio edit) – 3:34\n \"This Is What It Feels Like\" (Giuseppe Ottaviani remix) – 6:38\n \"This Is What It Feels Like\" (Giuseppe Ottaviani radio edit) – 3:55\n \"This Is What It Feels Like\" (John Ewbank classical remix) – 3:12\n UK CD single\n \"This Is What It Feels Like\" – 3:25\n \"This Is What It Feels Like\" (extended mix) – 5:16\n \"This Is What It Feels Like\" (W&W remix) – 6:16\n \"Waiting for the Night\" – 3:03\n German CD single\n \"This Is What It Feels Like\" – 3:25\n \"This Is What It Feels Like\" (David Guetta remix) – 5:28\n\n Maddix remix\n \"This Is What It Feels Like\" (Maddix remix) – 3:50\n \"This Is What It Feels Like\" (Maddix extended mix) – 4:50\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nRelease history\n\nJason Benoit version\n\n\"This Is What It Feels Like\" was covered by Canadian country music artist Jason Benoit and released through Sky Hit Records, under license to Sony Music Canada, as Benoit's debut single on 10 September 2013. His rendition reached number 46 on the Billboard Canada Country chart. It received positive reviews for Benoit's \"strong vocal performance\" was also included on the compilation album, Country Heat 2014.\n\nMusic video\nAn official lyric video was uploaded to Benoit's Vevo channel on 4 October 2013.\n\nChart performance\n\nReferences\n\n2013 singles\n2013 songs\nArmin van Buuren songs\nArmada Music singles\nJuno Award for Dance Recording of the Year recordings\nSongs written by Armin van Buuren\nSongs written by Benno de Goeij\nSongs written by Jenson Vaughan\nSongs written by Trevor Guthrie\nTrevor Guthrie songs", "The What A Summer Stakes is an American Thoroughbred horse race held annually in January at Laurel Park Racecourse in Laurel, Maryland. The race is open to fillies and mares four years old and up and is run at six furlongs on the dirt.\n\nAn ungraded stakes race, it offers a purse of $100,000. The race was restricted to Maryland-breds between 1978 and 1992. It was run for fillies and mares from age three and up from 1978 through 1985 and was run under handicap conditions during that same time. The race was restricted to two-year-olds from 1985 to 1992.\n\nThe race was named in honor of What A Summer, a gray mare by What Luck. She was an Eclipse Award winner and was named American Champion Sprint Horse in 1977. She was bred in Maryland by Milton Polinger. What A Summer was a foal in 1973 and won 18 of 31 starts in her career. She won the de facto second leg of the filly Triple Crown, the Black-Eyed Susan Stakes, won the Fall Highweight Handicap twice (carrying 134 pounds each time), the Silver Spoon Handicap twice, the Maskette Handicap and four other stakes. In addition to her 18 wins, she placed nine times with earnings of $479,161. That record of 27 first or second finishes in 31 starts at 87% is among the best in history.\n\nWhat A Summer was trained by Bud Delp while racing for Polinger. She was bought by Diana Firestone following Polinger's death in 1976. Mrs. Firestone turned the mare over to trainer LeRoy Jolley. She was named Maryland-bred horse of the year in 1977 and twice was named champion older mare. What A Summer was retired in 1878 and as a broodmare produced several graded stakes winners.\n\nA venue of 1994 race was Gulfstream Park.\n\nRecords \n\nSpeed record: \n 6 furlongs – 1:09.20 – Xtra Heat (2003) \n 7 furlongs – 1:23.60 – Sea Siren (1983)\n\nMost wins by an horse:\n 2 – Silmaril (2006 & 2007)\n 2 – Sweet on Smokey (2016 & 2017)\n\nMost wins by an owner:\n 3 – Stephen E. Quick (1982, 2007 & 2008)\n\nMost wins by a jockey:\n 2 – five different jockeys share this record with 2 wins each\n\nMost wins by a trainer:\n 3 – Christopher W. Grove (2007, 2008 & 2010)\n\nWinners of the What A Summer Stakes since 1978\n\nSee also \n\n What A Summer Stakes top three finishers\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Laurel Park website\n\n1978 establishments in Maryland\nLaurel Park Racecourse\nHorse races in Maryland\nRecurring sporting events established in 1978" ]

[ "Steven Delano Smith (born March 31, 1969) is an American former professional basketball player who is a basketball analyst for Turner Sports. After a collegiate career with Michigan State, he played with several teams in his 14-season National Basketball Association career, including the Miami Heat, the Portland Trail Blazers and the San Antonio Spurs, but is perhaps best known for his five-year stint with the Atlanta Hawks which included an All-Star Game appearance in 1998.", "After a collegiate career with Michigan State, he played with several teams in his 14-season National Basketball Association career, including the Miami Heat, the Portland Trail Blazers and the San Antonio Spurs, but is perhaps best known for his five-year stint with the Atlanta Hawks which included an All-Star Game appearance in 1998. He won a championship with the Spurs in 2003.", "He won a championship with the Spurs in 2003. Smith was widely regarded as an excellent three-point shooter, and is one of three players to make seven 3-pointers in a quarter. He joined the USA men's national basketball team in the 1994 FIBA World Championship winning the gold medal.", "He joined the USA men's national basketball team in the 1994 FIBA World Championship winning the gold medal. He won another gold medal at the 1999 Tournament of the Americas and an Olympic gold medal with the USA men's national basketball team at the 2000 Summer Olympics with eleven other NBA All-Stars.", "He won another gold medal at the 1999 Tournament of the Americas and an Olympic gold medal with the USA men's national basketball team at the 2000 Summer Olympics with eleven other NBA All-Stars. College career Smith finished his four-year career as the all-time leading scorer in Michigan State history, with 2,263 points.", "College career Smith finished his four-year career as the all-time leading scorer in Michigan State history, with 2,263 points. He ranks fourth on the school's all-time assists list (with 453) and fifth in rebounds (with 704). For his college career Smith averaged 18.5 points, 6.1 rebounds and 3.7 assists per contest in 122 games.", "For his college career Smith averaged 18.5 points, 6.1 rebounds and 3.7 assists per contest in 122 games. He was named to the NABC All-American First Team as a senior.", "He was named to the NABC All-American First Team as a senior. Smith led the Spartans to a Big Ten Championship and Sweet Sixteen appearance in 1990 and hit a game-winning, last-second three-pointer to beat Wisconsin–Green Bay in the first round of the 1991 NCAA Tournament. He was inducted into Michigan State's Athletics Hall of Fame in 2001.", "He was inducted into Michigan State's Athletics Hall of Fame in 2001. NBA career Miami Heat Smith was selected fifth overall in the 1991 NBA draft by the Miami Heat, a young expansion team which featured other young players such as Glen Rice, Rony Seikaly and Brian Shaw.", "NBA career Miami Heat Smith was selected fifth overall in the 1991 NBA draft by the Miami Heat, a young expansion team which featured other young players such as Glen Rice, Rony Seikaly and Brian Shaw. Smith played in 61 games in his rookie season, starting in 59 with averages of 12 points a game and 4.6 assists.", "Smith played in 61 games in his rookie season, starting in 59 with averages of 12 points a game and 4.6 assists. The young team made the playoffs to face the top seeded defending champion Chicago Bulls, who swept the Heat in 3 games in the first round. Smith averaged 16 points a game for the series.", "Smith averaged 16 points a game for the series. Injuries limited Smith to 48 games in the 1992–93 season, but he increased his scoring average to 16 points a game. Miami did not make the playoffs that year.", "Miami did not make the playoffs that year. The 1993–94 season would prove to be Smith's best in Miami, as he averaged 17.3 points a game with 5.1 assists as the Heat won 42 games and entered the first round of the playoffs against the Atlanta Hawks.", "The 1993–94 season would prove to be Smith's best in Miami, as he averaged 17.3 points a game with 5.1 assists as the Heat won 42 games and entered the first round of the playoffs against the Atlanta Hawks. The series went to 5 games, as Miami won its first playoff games in franchise history.", "The series went to 5 games, as Miami won its first playoff games in franchise history. Smith led the team in scoring during the series with 19.2 points and shot 40 percent from beyond the three-point line.", "Smith led the team in scoring during the series with 19.2 points and shot 40 percent from beyond the three-point line. Smith would play just two games to start the 1994–95 season before being traded along with Grant Long to Atlanta for Kevin Willis, a deal that was universally regarded as a one-sided heist by Atlanta, and that eventually led the Heat to hire Pat Riley as their coach and VP of Basketball Operations.", "Smith would play just two games to start the 1994–95 season before being traded along with Grant Long to Atlanta for Kevin Willis, a deal that was universally regarded as a one-sided heist by Atlanta, and that eventually led the Heat to hire Pat Riley as their coach and VP of Basketball Operations. Atlanta Hawks Smith started in 59 of 78 games for Atlanta and averaged 16 points during the regular season and 19 points in the playoffs, as the Hawks lost in a first round sweep to the Indiana Pacers.", "Atlanta Hawks Smith started in 59 of 78 games for Atlanta and averaged 16 points during the regular season and 19 points in the playoffs, as the Hawks lost in a first round sweep to the Indiana Pacers. He would go on to average a then career-high 18.1 points a game in 80 starts in the 1995–96 season, forming a formidable backcourt one-two punch with Mookie Blaylock.", "He would go on to average a then career-high 18.1 points a game in 80 starts in the 1995–96 season, forming a formidable backcourt one-two punch with Mookie Blaylock. The team under head coach Lenny Wilkens would win 46 games and defeat the Indiana Pacers in the first round in 5 games.", "The team under head coach Lenny Wilkens would win 46 games and defeat the Indiana Pacers in the first round in 5 games. The next round, while facing the Orlando Magic, Smith led all scorers in a Game 4 win with 35 points, before Atlanta lost the series 4 games to 1.", "The next round, while facing the Orlando Magic, Smith led all scorers in a Game 4 win with 35 points, before Atlanta lost the series 4 games to 1. Smith averaged 21.7 points in 10 playoff games that postseason.", "Smith averaged 21.7 points in 10 playoff games that postseason. The following season would feature another career high scoring average (20.1) for Smith, as he continued to serve as the Hawks' main option on offense.", "The following season would feature another career high scoring average (20.1) for Smith, as he continued to serve as the Hawks' main option on offense. On March 14, 1997, Smith made a career high 9 three-pointers en route to a 36 point total, during a loss to the Seattle SuperSonics.", "On March 14, 1997, Smith made a career high 9 three-pointers en route to a 36 point total, during a loss to the Seattle SuperSonics. On April 9, Smith recorded a career high 5 steals in a win over the Philadelphia 76ers.", "On April 9, Smith recorded a career high 5 steals in a win over the Philadelphia 76ers. Atlanta also featured players such as solid power-forward Christian Laettner and defensive star Dikembe Mutombo, and would go on to win 56 games before meeting and defeating the Detroit Pistons in a 5-game first round series.", "Atlanta also featured players such as solid power-forward Christian Laettner and defensive star Dikembe Mutombo, and would go on to win 56 games before meeting and defeating the Detroit Pistons in a 5-game first round series. Smith played well against Detroit and held his own against Michael Jordan and the defending champion Chicago Bulls, who defeated the Hawks in 5 games in the semifinals.", "Smith played well against Detroit and held his own against Michael Jordan and the defending champion Chicago Bulls, who defeated the Hawks in 5 games in the semifinals. The following season would be similar to Smith as he once again averaged 20.1 points a game, but this time managed to be named an NBA All-Star as he scored 14 points in 16 minutes of action in the 1998 NBA All-Star Game.", "The following season would be similar to Smith as he once again averaged 20.1 points a game, but this time managed to be named an NBA All-Star as he scored 14 points in 16 minutes of action in the 1998 NBA All-Star Game. The Hawks would disappoint in the playoffs yet again however, this time losing to the Charlotte Hornets 3 games to 1 in the conference semifinals despite a 24.8 ppg scoring average by Smith for the series.", "The Hawks would disappoint in the playoffs yet again however, this time losing to the Charlotte Hornets 3 games to 1 in the conference semifinals despite a 24.8 ppg scoring average by Smith for the series. The 1998–99 season would be limited to 50 games as a result of a league wide lockout, and in 36 games Smith averaged 18.7 points a game and led the Hawks to another 5 game first round victory over Detroit.", "The 1998–99 season would be limited to 50 games as a result of a league wide lockout, and in 36 games Smith averaged 18.7 points a game and led the Hawks to another 5 game first round victory over Detroit. The Hawks had no answer, however, for the New York Knicks, and again the Hawks were eliminated in the semifinals.", "The Hawks had no answer, however, for the New York Knicks, and again the Hawks were eliminated in the semifinals. Smith averaged 17.3 points a game in the 1999 playoffs.", "Smith averaged 17.3 points a game in the 1999 playoffs. In the offseason, the Hawks traded Smith in a 4 player trade to the Portland Trail Blazers which included Isaiah Rider, who had served as Portland's starting shooting guard and who Smith would now replace.", "In the offseason, the Hawks traded Smith in a 4 player trade to the Portland Trail Blazers which included Isaiah Rider, who had served as Portland's starting shooting guard and who Smith would now replace. Portland Trail Blazers Portland was a loaded team that had reached the Western Conference Finals in the 1999 playoffs and featured star forward Rasheed Wallace as well as the newly acquired Scottie Pippen.", "Portland Trail Blazers Portland was a loaded team that had reached the Western Conference Finals in the 1999 playoffs and featured star forward Rasheed Wallace as well as the newly acquired Scottie Pippen. Smith would no longer be required to carry the offensive load, and averaged 14.9 points a game in 81 starts as the Trail Blazers secured the second best record in the Western Conference.", "Smith would no longer be required to carry the offensive load, and averaged 14.9 points a game in 81 starts as the Trail Blazers secured the second best record in the Western Conference. Smith would increase his scoring average to 17.1 in the playoffs, as Portland would defeat the Minnesota Timberwolves in the first round before beating the Utah Jazz in the semifinals.", "Smith would increase his scoring average to 17.1 in the playoffs, as Portland would defeat the Minnesota Timberwolves in the first round before beating the Utah Jazz in the semifinals. Up next would be the league best Los Angeles Lakers, who took a 3–1 series lead over Portland before the Trail Blazers won game 5 on the road and game 6 at home as Smith scored 26 points to set up a game 7 matchup.", "Up next would be the league best Los Angeles Lakers, who took a 3–1 series lead over Portland before the Trail Blazers won game 5 on the road and game 6 at home as Smith scored 26 points to set up a game 7 matchup. Despite leading by double digits heading into the fourth quarter, the Lakers came back to win the game and advance to the NBA Finals where they would win the NBA Title.", "Despite leading by double digits heading into the fourth quarter, the Lakers came back to win the game and advance to the NBA Finals where they would win the NBA Title. That summer, Smith represented the United States at the 2000 Summer Olympics for the United States men's national basketball team, which won the gold medal.", "That summer, Smith represented the United States at the 2000 Summer Olympics for the United States men's national basketball team, which won the gold medal. He averaged just over 6 points a game in the Olympics including a 12-point performance against China in the group stage of the tournament.", "He averaged just over 6 points a game in the Olympics including a 12-point performance against China in the group stage of the tournament. The Trail Blazers entered the 2000–01 season with high expectations, but struggled to repeat the success of the previous season, as injuries took their toll and new additions and trades hurt team chemistry.", "The Trail Blazers entered the 2000–01 season with high expectations, but struggled to repeat the success of the previous season, as injuries took their toll and new additions and trades hurt team chemistry. Smith only started in 36 of 81 games, but still managed to 13.6 points a game.", "Smith only started in 36 of 81 games, but still managed to 13.6 points a game. Portland would suffer another loss to the Lakers in the playoffs, this time in a three-game sweep in the first round. Following the season he would be traded to the San Antonio Spurs for Derek Anderson and Steve Kerr.", "Following the season he would be traded to the San Antonio Spurs for Derek Anderson and Steve Kerr. San Antonio Spurs The Spurs featured superstars Tim Duncan and David Robinson, and were attempting to win another championship as they had in 1999.", "San Antonio Spurs The Spurs featured superstars Tim Duncan and David Robinson, and were attempting to win another championship as they had in 1999. Smith would be utilized as the team's starting shooting guard, averaging 11.6 points a game in 76 starts while leading in the league in three-point shooting at 47 percent for the season.", "Smith would be utilized as the team's starting shooting guard, averaging 11.6 points a game in 76 starts while leading in the league in three-point shooting at 47 percent for the season. Smith would average double figure scoring in the Spurs' first round win over the Seattle SuperSonics, including 17 points in a game 1 victory, but struggled against the defending champion L.A. Lakers, who defeated the Spurs in 5 games.", "Smith would average double figure scoring in the Spurs' first round win over the Seattle SuperSonics, including 17 points in a game 1 victory, but struggled against the defending champion L.A. Lakers, who defeated the Spurs in 5 games. The following 2002–03 season would mark Smith's final year in San Antonio, while second-year point guard Tony Parker blossomed into the team's second leading scorer.", "The following 2002–03 season would mark Smith's final year in San Antonio, while second-year point guard Tony Parker blossomed into the team's second leading scorer. The same was the case for guard Stephen Jackson who consequently came to serve as the team's main starting shooting guard, with Smith starting in just 18 games for the season as a result of injuries limiting him to just 58 total games.", "The same was the case for guard Stephen Jackson who consequently came to serve as the team's main starting shooting guard, with Smith starting in just 18 games for the season as a result of injuries limiting him to just 58 total games. As a result, Smith averaged 6.8 points a game, and would be used sparingly in the Spurs' playoff run, in which the team eliminated the Phoenix Suns, the three-time champion Lakers and the Dallas Mavericks before defeating the New Jersey Nets in six games to win the NBA title, Smith's first and only championship.", "As a result, Smith averaged 6.8 points a game, and would be used sparingly in the Spurs' playoff run, in which the team eliminated the Phoenix Suns, the three-time champion Lakers and the Dallas Mavericks before defeating the New Jersey Nets in six games to win the NBA title, Smith's first and only championship. Just before the 2003–2004 season started, the free agent Smith signed with the New Orleans Hornets.", "Just before the 2003–2004 season started, the free agent Smith signed with the New Orleans Hornets. New Orleans Hornets Smith played in 71 games for the Hornets, who were led by Baron Davis and Jamaal Magloire. He averaged 5 points a game and shot 40 percent from beyond the three-point arc.", "He averaged 5 points a game and shot 40 percent from beyond the three-point arc. The Hornets made the playoffs but lost in a grueling back and forth series against Miami. Despite losing the final 7th game in Miami, Smith scored 25 points, including 5 three-pointers, against his former team.", "Despite losing the final 7th game in Miami, Smith scored 25 points, including 5 three-pointers, against his former team. Once again a free agent before the following season, Smith signed with the Charlotte Bobcats.", "Once again a free agent before the following season, Smith signed with the Charlotte Bobcats. Charlotte Bobcats, Return to Miami Smith played in 37 games for the young Bobcats team, and averaged 7.9 points a game, including hitting the franchise's first three-point field goal. At midseason he was traded to Miami for Malik Allen.", "At midseason he was traded to Miami for Malik Allen. He would be used sparingly by the Heat, including in their playoff run which concluded with a loss in the conference finals to the defending champion Detroit Pistons. Following the season Smith announced his retirement.", "Following the season Smith announced his retirement. NBA career statistics Regular season |- | align=\"left\" | 1991–92 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 61 || 59 || 29.6 || .454 || .320 || .748 || 3.1 || 4.6 || 1.0 || .3 || 12.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 1992–93 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 48 || 43 || 33.5 || .451 || .402 || .787 || 4.1 || 5.6 || 1.0 || .3 || 16.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 1993–94 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 78 || 77 || 35.6 || .456 || .347 || .835 || 4.5 || 5.1 || 1.1 || .4 || 17.3 |- | align=\"left\" | 1994–95 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 2 || 2 || 31.0 || .379 || .167 || .773 || 3.0 || 3.5 || 1.0 || .5 || 20.5 |- | align=\"left\" | 1994–95 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 78 || 59 || 33.4 || .427 || .334 || .845 || 3.5 || 3.4 || .8 || .4 || 16.2 |- | align=\"left\" | 1995–96 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 80 || 80 || 35.7 || .432 || .331 || .826 || 4.1 || 2.8 || .8 || .2 || 18.1 |- | align=\"left\" | 1996–97 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 72 || 72 || 39.1 || .429 || .335 || .847 || 3.3 || 4.2 || .9 || .3 || 20.1 |- | align=\"left\" | 1997–98 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 73 || 73 || 39.1 || .444 || .351 || .855 || 4.2 || 4.0 || 1.0 || .4 || 20.1 |- | align=\"left\" | 1998–99 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 36 || 36 || 36.5 || .402 || .338 || .849 || 4.2 || 3.3 || 1.0 || .3 || 18.7 |- | align=\"left\" | 1999–00 | align=\"left\" | Portland | 82 || 81 || 32.8 || .467 || .398 || .850 || 3.8 || 2.5 || .9 || .4 || 14.9 |- | align=\"left\" | 2000–01 | align=\"left\" | Portland | 81 || 36 || 31.4 || .456 || .339 || .890 || 3.4 || 2.6 || .6 || .3 || 13.6 |- | align=\"left\" | 2001–02 | align=\"left\" | San Antonio | 77 || 76 || 28.7 || .455 ||style=\"background:#cfecec;\"| .472* || .878 || 2.5 || 2.0 || .7 || .2 || 11.6 |- | style=\"text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;\"| 2002–03† | align=\"left\" | San Antonio | 53 || 18 || 19.5 || .388 || .331 || .833 || 1.9 || 1.3 || .5 || .2 || 6.8 |- | align=\"left\" | 2003–04 | align=\"left\" | New Orleans | 71 || 4 || 13.1 || .406 || .402 || .928 || 1.1 || .8 || .2 || .1 || 5.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 2004–05 | align=\"left\" | Charlotte | 37 || 1 || 17.2 || .427 || .422 || .870 || 1.3 || 1.5 || .3 || .2 || 7.9 |- | align=\"left\" | 2004–05 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 13 || 0 || 8.8 || .300 || .200 || .667 || 1.2 || 1.1 || .2 || .0 || 1.8 |- class=\"sortbottom\" | style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"2\"| Career | 942 || 717 || 30.6 || .440 || .358 || .845 || 3.2 || 3.1 || .8 || .2 || 14.3 |- class=\"sortbottom\" | style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"2\"| All-Star | 1 || 0 || 16.0 || .500 || .400 || .000 || 3.0 || .0 || .0 || .0 || 14.0 Playoffs |- | align=\"left\" | 1992 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 3 || 3 || 33.3 || .529 || .636 || .833 || 2.0 || 5.0 || 1.3 || .3 || 16.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 1994 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 5 || 5 || 38.4 || .413 || .409 || .840 || 6.0 || 2.2 || .8 || .4 || 19.2 |- | align=\"left\" | 1995 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 3 || 3 || 36.0 || .395 || .389 || .842 || 2.7 || 2.0 || 2.0 || .3 || 19.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 1996 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 10 || 10 || 42.1 || .439 || .410 || .808 || 4.1 || 3.2 || 1.3 || 1.3 || 21.7 |- | align=\"left\" | 1997 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 10 || 10 || 42.1 || .396 || .327 || .824 || 3.9 || 1.7 || .4 || .1 || 18.9 |- | align=\"left\" | 1998 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 4 || 4 || 40.0 || .574 || .500 || .688 || 2.8 || 2.3 || .5 || .8 || 24.8 |- | align=\"left\" | 1999 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 9 || 9 || 39.6 || .353 || .273 || .907 || 3.4 || 3.3 || 1.6 || .2 || 17.3 |- | align=\"left\" | 2000 | align=\"left\" | Portland | 16 || 16 || 37.8 || .486 || .547 || .885 || 2.5 || 2.8 || 1.2 || .3 || 17.1 |- | align=\"left\" | 2001 | align=\"left\" | Portland | 3 || 3 || 40.7 || .471 || .364 || .938 || 4.3 || 2.3 || .7 || .3 || 17.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 2002 | align=\"left\" | San Antonio | 10 || 10 || 29.8 || .368 || .263 || .967 || 3.4 || 1.7 || .8 || .1 || 10.3 |- | style=\"text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;\"| 2003† | align=\"left\" | San Antonio | 9 || 0 || 7.3 || .208 || .167 || 1.000 || .8 || .7 || .1 || .0 || 1.8 |- | align=\"left\" | 2004 | align=\"left\" | New Orleans | 5 || 0 || 9.2 || .462 || .545 || .667 || 1.6 || .2 || .0 || .0 || 6.4 |- | align=\"left\" | 2005 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 3 || 0 || 2.7 || .000 || - || - || .0 || .0 || .0 || .0 || .0 |- class=\"sortbottom\" | style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"2\"| Career | 90 || 73 || 32.2 || .426 || .394 || .858 || 3.0 || 2.2 || .9 || .3 || 14.9 Post-NBA career Smith worked as an announcer on Atlanta Hawks games with Bob Rathbun and on the Big Ten Network as a college basketball analyst.", "NBA career statistics Regular season |- | align=\"left\" | 1991–92 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 61 || 59 || 29.6 || .454 || .320 || .748 || 3.1 || 4.6 || 1.0 || .3 || 12.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 1992–93 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 48 || 43 || 33.5 || .451 || .402 || .787 || 4.1 || 5.6 || 1.0 || .3 || 16.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 1993–94 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 78 || 77 || 35.6 || .456 || .347 || .835 || 4.5 || 5.1 || 1.1 || .4 || 17.3 |- | align=\"left\" | 1994–95 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 2 || 2 || 31.0 || .379 || .167 || .773 || 3.0 || 3.5 || 1.0 || .5 || 20.5 |- | align=\"left\" | 1994–95 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 78 || 59 || 33.4 || .427 || .334 || .845 || 3.5 || 3.4 || .8 || .4 || 16.2 |- | align=\"left\" | 1995–96 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 80 || 80 || 35.7 || .432 || .331 || .826 || 4.1 || 2.8 || .8 || .2 || 18.1 |- | align=\"left\" | 1996–97 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 72 || 72 || 39.1 || .429 || .335 || .847 || 3.3 || 4.2 || .9 || .3 || 20.1 |- | align=\"left\" | 1997–98 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 73 || 73 || 39.1 || .444 || .351 || .855 || 4.2 || 4.0 || 1.0 || .4 || 20.1 |- | align=\"left\" | 1998–99 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 36 || 36 || 36.5 || .402 || .338 || .849 || 4.2 || 3.3 || 1.0 || .3 || 18.7 |- | align=\"left\" | 1999–00 | align=\"left\" | Portland | 82 || 81 || 32.8 || .467 || .398 || .850 || 3.8 || 2.5 || .9 || .4 || 14.9 |- | align=\"left\" | 2000–01 | align=\"left\" | Portland | 81 || 36 || 31.4 || .456 || .339 || .890 || 3.4 || 2.6 || .6 || .3 || 13.6 |- | align=\"left\" | 2001–02 | align=\"left\" | San Antonio | 77 || 76 || 28.7 || .455 ||style=\"background:#cfecec;\"| .472* || .878 || 2.5 || 2.0 || .7 || .2 || 11.6 |- | style=\"text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;\"| 2002–03† | align=\"left\" | San Antonio | 53 || 18 || 19.5 || .388 || .331 || .833 || 1.9 || 1.3 || .5 || .2 || 6.8 |- | align=\"left\" | 2003–04 | align=\"left\" | New Orleans | 71 || 4 || 13.1 || .406 || .402 || .928 || 1.1 || .8 || .2 || .1 || 5.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 2004–05 | align=\"left\" | Charlotte | 37 || 1 || 17.2 || .427 || .422 || .870 || 1.3 || 1.5 || .3 || .2 || 7.9 |- | align=\"left\" | 2004–05 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 13 || 0 || 8.8 || .300 || .200 || .667 || 1.2 || 1.1 || .2 || .0 || 1.8 |- class=\"sortbottom\" | style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"2\"| Career | 942 || 717 || 30.6 || .440 || .358 || .845 || 3.2 || 3.1 || .8 || .2 || 14.3 |- class=\"sortbottom\" | style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"2\"| All-Star | 1 || 0 || 16.0 || .500 || .400 || .000 || 3.0 || .0 || .0 || .0 || 14.0 Playoffs |- | align=\"left\" | 1992 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 3 || 3 || 33.3 || .529 || .636 || .833 || 2.0 || 5.0 || 1.3 || .3 || 16.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 1994 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 5 || 5 || 38.4 || .413 || .409 || .840 || 6.0 || 2.2 || .8 || .4 || 19.2 |- | align=\"left\" | 1995 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 3 || 3 || 36.0 || .395 || .389 || .842 || 2.7 || 2.0 || 2.0 || .3 || 19.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 1996 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 10 || 10 || 42.1 || .439 || .410 || .808 || 4.1 || 3.2 || 1.3 || 1.3 || 21.7 |- | align=\"left\" | 1997 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 10 || 10 || 42.1 || .396 || .327 || .824 || 3.9 || 1.7 || .4 || .1 || 18.9 |- | align=\"left\" | 1998 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 4 || 4 || 40.0 || .574 || .500 || .688 || 2.8 || 2.3 || .5 || .8 || 24.8 |- | align=\"left\" | 1999 | align=\"left\" | Atlanta | 9 || 9 || 39.6 || .353 || .273 || .907 || 3.4 || 3.3 || 1.6 || .2 || 17.3 |- | align=\"left\" | 2000 | align=\"left\" | Portland | 16 || 16 || 37.8 || .486 || .547 || .885 || 2.5 || 2.8 || 1.2 || .3 || 17.1 |- | align=\"left\" | 2001 | align=\"left\" | Portland | 3 || 3 || 40.7 || .471 || .364 || .938 || 4.3 || 2.3 || .7 || .3 || 17.0 |- | align=\"left\" | 2002 | align=\"left\" | San Antonio | 10 || 10 || 29.8 || .368 || .263 || .967 || 3.4 || 1.7 || .8 || .1 || 10.3 |- | style=\"text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;\"| 2003† | align=\"left\" | San Antonio | 9 || 0 || 7.3 || .208 || .167 || 1.000 || .8 || .7 || .1 || .0 || 1.8 |- | align=\"left\" | 2004 | align=\"left\" | New Orleans | 5 || 0 || 9.2 || .462 || .545 || .667 || 1.6 || .2 || .0 || .0 || 6.4 |- | align=\"left\" | 2005 | align=\"left\" | Miami | 3 || 0 || 2.7 || .000 || - || - || .0 || .0 || .0 || .0 || .0 |- class=\"sortbottom\" | style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"2\"| Career | 90 || 73 || 32.2 || .426 || .394 || .858 || 3.0 || 2.2 || .9 || .3 || 14.9 Post-NBA career Smith worked as an announcer on Atlanta Hawks games with Bob Rathbun and on the Big Ten Network as a college basketball analyst. For the 2008 season, Smith took a position at NBA TV, and was replaced for Hawks broadcasts by Dominique Wilkins.", "For the 2008 season, Smith took a position at NBA TV, and was replaced for Hawks broadcasts by Dominique Wilkins. During the 2011 NBA All-Star Weekend, he was a member of the Atlanta team that won the Shooting Stars Competition.", "During the 2011 NBA All-Star Weekend, he was a member of the Atlanta team that won the Shooting Stars Competition. Charitable work Smith is well known for his charitable pursuits, including a US$2.5 million gift in 1997 to his alma mater, Michigan State University, where he was a star guard under coach Jud Heathcote.", "Charitable work Smith is well known for his charitable pursuits, including a US$2.5 million gift in 1997 to his alma mater, Michigan State University, where he was a star guard under coach Jud Heathcote. Smith's donation helped to fund the Clara Bell Smith Student Athlete Academic Center, which is named for his mother.", "Smith's donation helped to fund the Clara Bell Smith Student Athlete Academic Center, which is named for his mother. This was the largest single donation by a professional athlete to his former school in history. Personal life Smith first met his wife, Millie, at a charity tennis tournament in Detroit.", "Personal life Smith first met his wife, Millie, at a charity tennis tournament in Detroit. They had a long-distance relationship for more than a year before getting married in 1996. The couple have two sons, Brayden and Davis, and Smith often coaches them in soccer and basketball.", "The couple have two sons, Brayden and Davis, and Smith often coaches them in soccer and basketball. He is the older cousin of NBA point guard Kay Felder. Steve, who now resides in Atlanta, enjoys spending time with his kids and also enjoys the challenges of raising children.", "Steve, who now resides in Atlanta, enjoys spending time with his kids and also enjoys the challenges of raising children. References External links NBA.com: Where Are They Now: Steve Smith 1969 births Living people 1994 FIBA World Championship players 21st-century African-American people African-American basketball players All-American college men's basketball players American men's basketball players Atlanta Hawks players Basketball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics Basketball players from Detroit Charlotte Bobcats players College basketball announcers in the United States FIBA World Championship-winning players Medalists at the 1989 Summer Universiade Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics Miami Heat draft picks Miami Heat players Michigan State Spartans men's basketball players National Basketball Association All-Stars National Basketball Association broadcasters New Orleans Hornets players Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball People from Highland Park, Michigan Pershing High School alumni Portland Trail Blazers players San Antonio Spurs players Shooting guards United States men's national basketball team players Universiade gold medalists for the United States Universiade medalists in basketball 20th-century African-American sportspeople" ]

[ "Helloween", "Hansen and Kiske's departures (1989-1993)", "How did these departures effect the band?", "The remaining members continued on but ran into label problems with Noise,", "Did the musical direction change after they left?", "Instead of taking a heavier approach, the band ventured into new territory,", "What kind of new territory did they go into?", "eschewing its signature double-guitar harmonies for synthesizers, horns, acoustic guitars, a children's chorus, country music, and swing.", "How did the fans react to their new direction?", "Chameleon failed commercially and critically.", "Did this make the band return to their roots?", "Abdel-Nabi, whose inability to replicate Schwichtenberg's machine-gun style of drumming hindered Helloween's ability to play live fan-favorites" ]

[ "The Hurt Building is an 18-story building located at 50 Hurt Plaza in Atlanta, Georgia with a unique triangular shape. One of the nation's earliest skyscrapers, the Hurt Building was built between 1913 and 1926, and was the initial home for the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. It was renovated in 1985. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.\n\nHistory\n\nConcept\nThe eponymous building was conceived and developed by Joel Hurt, a prominent Atlanta businessman and prolific developer. Hurt had already built the city's first skyscraper, the original Equitable Building, nearly two decades before. He was part owner of Atlanta and Edgewood Street Railroad, the city's first electric streetcar, which connected the city center to the Inman Park residential area he developed. He also co-founded the Trust Company of Georgia (an early predecessor of what is now Suntrust) and was its president for nine years starting in 1895. Moreover, Hurt married into the Woodruff family, which would eventually control both the Trust Company of Georgia and The Coca-Cola Company.\n\nHurt made preliminary drawings for several years before choosing well-known New York architect J.E.R. Carpenter to complete the design. Though Carpenter was based in New York by then, he was born and raised outside of Nashville, Tennessee.\n\nIt was the 17th largest office building in the world at the time of its construction, it is considered a good example of the skyscraper developed by the famed Louis Sullivan and the Chicago School style.\n\nConstruction and design\nThe Hurt Building was constructed during a turbulent economic period between 1913 and 1926 that was marred by four recessions as well as World War I, which delayed the construction of the wings and light court of the building until 1924. Nonetheless, the bulk of the building was completed in 1913, with a courtyard and the entry rotunda pushing the final completion to 1926.\n\nWith restrained ornamentation, it occupies a middle ground between Beaux Arts classicism and the emerging modernist aesthetic. The 17-floor building is characterized by a unique triangular shape, most closely associated with the Flatiron Building in New York City, which was necessitated by its triangular site.\n\nThe building is constructed of steel frame and reinforced concrete. The building envelope is uninterrupted marble and glazed brick piers with ornamental terra cotta spandrels terminating in a heavy decorative cornice exemplifying the craftsmanship of the early 1900s. It is composed of straight fronts, a flat roof, level skyline, subordination of ornament, a regular pattern of fenestration, and cornices of moderate projection. The lower four floors were designed to fill the building's footprint with the exception of the apex of the building, which faces Five Points, and was cut back 30 feet to allow a greater window area and a more majestic view of the building. The upper 13 floors above lower base is arranged in a V-shape, with the two wings extend from the western apex of the property along both Exchange Place and Edgewood Avenue leaving an open light court between the wings opening toward Ivy Street.\n\nAnother key feature is three-story domed rotunda. The original 1913 chandelier underscores the artistically vibrant ceiling, decorated with brilliant gold leaf panels and dramatic sunbursts, reflected in the circular grand marble staircase leading to the Venetian Room, an event space.\n\nThe first tenant occupied the Hurt Building in October 1913. Among the first tenants was the newly created Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, which paid rent of $6,500 for the first year, $8,000 for the second, and $9,000 for the third. until its own building was completed in 1918 at 104 Marietta Street.\n\nSix decades later, beginning in 1983, the Hurt Building was completely renovated, inside and out, reopening in 1985.\n\nThe Hurt Building at 96 years old became the first commercial office building in the state of Georgia (and 6th oldest in the nation) to earn LEED-EBOM Gold Certification as well as the first in Georgia to be awarded the BOMA 360 designation, both in 2009.\n\nIn popular culture\nThe NBC legal drama Matlock, starring Andy Griffith, used exterior shots of the Hurt Building to represent the office of the fictional Ben Matlock. In the 2016 crime thriller Triple 9, the Hurt Building was the site of the bank robbery committed at the start of the film.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Hurt Building, The official website for the Hurt Building\nHurt Building, National Park Service Atlanta\nHurt Building, Atlanta Urban Design Commission\n\nCommercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Georgia (U.S. state)\nOffice buildings completed in 1913\nSkyscraper office buildings in Atlanta\nCity of Atlanta-designated historic sites\n1913 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)\nNational Register of Historic Places in Atlanta\nChicago school architecture in Georgia (U.S. state)", "Departure, Departures or The Departure may refer to:\n\nArts, entertainment, and media\n\nPaintings\nDeparture (Beckmann), a 1932–1935 triptych by German painter Max Beckmann\n\nFilms\nDeparture (1931 film), a French drama film \nDeparture (1938 film), a 1938 Italian comedy film\nDeparture (1986 film), an Australian film \nDepartures (2008 film), a Japanese drama film \nDepartures (2011 film), a Turkish short film\nDeparture (2015 film), a British film starring Juliet Stevenson\nThe Departure (1967 film), a Belgian film\nThe Departure (2017 film), a 2017 American film\nThen Came You (2018 film), a 2018 American film also known as Departures\nUnfinished (film), a 2018 Korean film previously known as Departure\n\nLiterature\nDepartures (magazine), an American lifestyle magazine\nDepartures (short story collection), by Harry Turtledove\nThe Departure (novel), by K.A. Applegate\n\"The Departure\" (short story), by Franz Kafka\n\nMusic\nThe Departure, an English rock band\n\nAlbums\nDeparture (Jesse McCartney album), 2008\nDeparture (Journey album), 1980\nDeparture (Taio Cruz album), 2008\nDeparture, 1969 album by Pat Boone\nDepartures (album), 2013 album by Bernard Fanning\nSamurai Champloo Music Record: Departure, 2004\nThe Departure (album), by Jamie Teachenor, 2012\nDepartures, 2021 album by Jon Foreman\n\nSongs\n\"Departure\", a song by The Moody Blues from the 1968 album In Search of the Lost Chord \n\"Departure\", a song by R.E.M. from the 1996 album New Adventures in Hi-Fi \n\"Departure\", a song by Trivium from the 2005 album Ascendancy \n\"Departure\", a 2011 song by Masatoshi Ono\n\"Departure\", a song by Misery Signals from the 2013 album Absent Light\n\"Departure\", a song by Scandal from the 2014 album Hello World\n\"Departures\" (Globe song), 1996\n\"(It's A) Departure\", a song by The Long Winters from the 2006 album Putting the Days to Bed\n\"The Departure\", a song by Falling in Reverse from the 2017 album Coming Home\n\"Départe\" (French for \"Departure\"), a song by Rosetta from the 2005 album The Galilean Satellites\n\nTelevision\nDeparture (TV series), a Canadian-British drama series\nDepartures (TV series), a Canadian adventure travel television series\n\nTransport\n Departure, also called takeoff, the phase of flight from moving along the ground to flying in the air\n Departures, the section of a transport hub designated for outgoing passengers, freight, and vehicles\n\nSee also \n \n \n Departure Lake (disambiguation)\n Departure Lounge (disambiguation)\n Point of Departure (disambiguation)" ]

[ "Helloween is a German power metal band founded in 1984 in Hamburg by members of bands Iron Fist, Gentry, Second Hell and Powerfool. Its first lineup consisted of singer and guitarist Kai Hansen, bassist Markus Grosskopf, guitarist Michael Weikath and drummer Ingo Schwichtenberg.", "Its first lineup consisted of singer and guitarist Kai Hansen, bassist Markus Grosskopf, guitarist Michael Weikath and drummer Ingo Schwichtenberg. By the time Hansen quit Helloween in 1989 to form Gamma Ray, the band had evolved into a five-piece, with Michael Kiske taking over as lead vocalist.", "By the time Hansen quit Helloween in 1989 to form Gamma Ray, the band had evolved into a five-piece, with Michael Kiske taking over as lead vocalist. Schwichtenberg and Kiske both parted ways with Helloween in 1993; Schwichtenberg died two years later as the result of suicide.", "Schwichtenberg and Kiske both parted ways with Helloween in 1993; Schwichtenberg died two years later as the result of suicide. Between then and 2016, there had been numerous line-up changes, leaving Grosskopf and Weikath as the only remaining original members.", "Between then and 2016, there had been numerous line-up changes, leaving Grosskopf and Weikath as the only remaining original members. As a septet, their current lineup includes four-fifths of the Keeper of the Seven Keys: Parts I and II-era (1987–1988) lineup, featuring three additional members, vocalist Andi Deris (who had replaced Kiske in 1994), guitarist Sascha Gerstner and drummer Daniel Löble.", "As a septet, their current lineup includes four-fifths of the Keeper of the Seven Keys: Parts I and II-era (1987–1988) lineup, featuring three additional members, vocalist Andi Deris (who had replaced Kiske in 1994), guitarist Sascha Gerstner and drummer Daniel Löble. Since its inception, Helloween has released 16 studio albums, three live albums, three EPs and 29 singles, was honored with 14 gold and six platinum awards and has sold more than ten million records worldwide.", "Since its inception, Helloween has released 16 studio albums, three live albums, three EPs and 29 singles, was honored with 14 gold and six platinum awards and has sold more than ten million records worldwide. Helloween has been referred to as the \"fathers of power metal\", as well as one of the so-called \"big four\" of the genre's early German scene, along with Grave Digger, Rage and Running Wild, and as one of power metal \"big four\" overall, along with Blind Guardian, Sabaton and DragonForce.", "Helloween has been referred to as the \"fathers of power metal\", as well as one of the so-called \"big four\" of the genre's early German scene, along with Grave Digger, Rage and Running Wild, and as one of power metal \"big four\" overall, along with Blind Guardian, Sabaton and DragonForce. History Early years and first album (1984–1986) Helloween was formed 1984 in Hamburg, West Germany.", "History Early years and first album (1984–1986) Helloween was formed 1984 in Hamburg, West Germany. The original line-up included Kai Hansen on vocals and rhythm guitar, Michael Weikath on lead guitar, Markus Grosskopf on bass and Ingo Schwichtenberg on drums.", "The original line-up included Kai Hansen on vocals and rhythm guitar, Michael Weikath on lead guitar, Markus Grosskopf on bass and Ingo Schwichtenberg on drums. That year, the band signed with Noise Records and recorded two songs for a Noise compilation record called Death Metal. The compilation featured the bands Hellhammer, Running Wild and Dark Avenger.", "The compilation featured the bands Hellhammer, Running Wild and Dark Avenger. The two tracks were \"Oernst of Life\" by Weikath and Hansen's \"Metal Invaders,\" a faster version of which would appear on the band's first full-length album. Helloween recorded and released its first record in 1985, a self-titled EP containing five tracks.", "Helloween recorded and released its first record in 1985, a self-titled EP containing five tracks. Also that year, the band released its first full-length album, Walls of Jericho. During the following concert tour, Hansen had difficulties singing and playing the guitar at the same time.", "During the following concert tour, Hansen had difficulties singing and playing the guitar at the same time. Hansen's last recording as the band's lead singer was in 1986 on a vinyl EP titled Judas, which contained the song \"Judas\" and live versions of \"Ride the Sky\" and \"Guardians\" recorded at Gelsenkirchen.", "Hansen's last recording as the band's lead singer was in 1986 on a vinyl EP titled Judas, which contained the song \"Judas\" and live versions of \"Ride the Sky\" and \"Guardians\" recorded at Gelsenkirchen. (The CD edition has the live introduction, but the songs have been replaced with studio versions and crowd noise spliced in.)", "(The CD edition has the live introduction, but the songs have been replaced with studio versions and crowd noise spliced in.) Following these releases, Helloween began the search for a new vocalist.", "Following these releases, Helloween began the search for a new vocalist. Hansen said in an interview 1999: Keeper of the Seven Keys (1986–1989) The band found an 18-year-old vocalist, Michael Kiske, from a local Hamburg band named Ill Prophecy.", "Hansen said in an interview 1999: Keeper of the Seven Keys (1986–1989) The band found an 18-year-old vocalist, Michael Kiske, from a local Hamburg band named Ill Prophecy. Kiske was initially uninterested in them, having heard the more thrashy Walls of Jericho, but after Weikath insisted, he attended one of their sessions and heard some songs they had composed for his voice (songs which would later be featured in their next albums), and he changed his mind.", "Kiske was initially uninterested in them, having heard the more thrashy Walls of Jericho, but after Weikath insisted, he attended one of their sessions and heard some songs they had composed for his voice (songs which would later be featured in their next albums), and he changed his mind. With their new lead vocalist in tow, Helloween approached record labels Noise International and RCA and proposed the release of a double-LP to introduce the line-up.", "With their new lead vocalist in tow, Helloween approached record labels Noise International and RCA and proposed the release of a double-LP to introduce the line-up. This proposition was turned down. Instead, they recorded a single LP, Keeper of the Seven Keys: Part I.", "Instead, they recorded a single LP, Keeper of the Seven Keys: Part I. The album was released by Noise Records on 23 May 1987, months after the band spent the winter of 1986 into 1987 hard at work inside Horus Sound Studio in Hannover, Germany. It consisted of songs mostly written by Hansen.", "It consisted of songs mostly written by Hansen. Due to guitarist Michael Weikath's illness, he was recovering from a nervous breakdown, all the rhythm guitars on the album were played by Hansen. Weikath was only able to play some guitar solos and only wrote the ballad \"A Tale That Wasn't Right\".", "Weikath was only able to play some guitar solos and only wrote the ballad \"A Tale That Wasn't Right\". Weikath said in an interview: \"I was pleased to still be in the band.\" The album received great reviews from the press and a great response from the fans.", "The album received great reviews from the press and a great response from the fans. The positive reception took Helloween across the ocean, as they toured the US together with Grim Reaper and Armored Saint.", "The positive reception took Helloween across the ocean, as they toured the US together with Grim Reaper and Armored Saint. Their American distributor at the time, RCA, got them to record a video for the epic \"Halloween\", but cut it to four minutes so that the video can be played on MTV.", "Their American distributor at the time, RCA, got them to record a video for the epic \"Halloween\", but cut it to four minutes so that the video can be played on MTV. However, after the European tour together with Overkill, the first struggles within the band started taking shape.", "However, after the European tour together with Overkill, the first struggles within the band started taking shape. Exhausted from touring, Hansen asked the band to take a short break from live performances. However, as the band was just starting to gain momentum the time to take a break was just not right.", "However, as the band was just starting to gain momentum the time to take a break was just not right. The disputes ranged from arguing about their musical direction on the future releases to extensive touring and other, mostly insignificant topics. Hansen started contemplating leaving the band.", "Hansen started contemplating leaving the band. In August 1988, Helloween released Keeper of the Seven Keys: Part II. This time the record featured more Weikath-penned tracks.", "This time the record featured more Weikath-penned tracks. The idea behind this was that the first album should feature tracks written by Hansen due to their similarity to the style of their debut, while the second album would feature tracks composed by Weikath which were a lot more mainstream by comparison.", "The idea behind this was that the first album should feature tracks written by Hansen due to their similarity to the style of their debut, while the second album would feature tracks composed by Weikath which were a lot more mainstream by comparison. The album capitalized on the success of Keeper of the Seven Keys Part 1 and picks up where it left off.", "The album capitalized on the success of Keeper of the Seven Keys Part 1 and picks up where it left off. Success bloomed all over Europe, Asia and even the US.", "Success bloomed all over Europe, Asia and even the US. The album went gold in Germany, reached #108 in the US, hit the UK top 30 albums and single \"Dr Stein\" reached the lofty heights of #57.", "The album went gold in Germany, reached #108 in the US, hit the UK top 30 albums and single \"Dr Stein\" reached the lofty heights of #57. Despite the vast commercial success of the Keeper's part two, the rift between the band members kept growing.", "Despite the vast commercial success of the Keeper's part two, the rift between the band members kept growing. They spent more time arguing about the music rather than composing it. Hansen called for a meeting and once again asked the band if they could take a break from touring.", "Hansen called for a meeting and once again asked the band if they could take a break from touring. The band got the chance to perform, in front of 100.000 people, as a part of the Monsters of Rock festival along with Iron Maiden, David Lee Roth, Kiss, Megadeth and Guns N' Roses at Donington Park on 20 August 1988.", "The band got the chance to perform, in front of 100.000 people, as a part of the Monsters of Rock festival along with Iron Maiden, David Lee Roth, Kiss, Megadeth and Guns N' Roses at Donington Park on 20 August 1988. Around the same time, the tension between the band and their record label Noise led to an argument which would later lead to a lawsuit.", "Around the same time, the tension between the band and their record label Noise led to an argument which would later lead to a lawsuit. The band was discontent with how much they were being paid taking into account great record and merchandise sales, as well as frequent touring.", "The band was discontent with how much they were being paid taking into account great record and merchandise sales, as well as frequent touring. Helloween also supported Iron Maiden on their Seventh Tour of a Seventh Tour, on some dates in Europe.", "Helloween also supported Iron Maiden on their Seventh Tour of a Seventh Tour, on some dates in Europe. In the fall of 1988, the band went on yet another European tour, now as headlining act, named \"Pumpkins Fly Free Tour\", which spawned their first ever live album, released the year after, titled \"Live in the U.K.\" recorded during their show in Scotland.", "In the fall of 1988, the band went on yet another European tour, now as headlining act, named \"Pumpkins Fly Free Tour\", which spawned their first ever live album, released the year after, titled \"Live in the U.K.\" recorded during their show in Scotland. The same record was also released as \"Keepers Live\" in Japan and \"I Want Out Live\" in the US.", "The same record was also released as \"Keepers Live\" in Japan and \"I Want Out Live\" in the US. MTV put the single \"I Want Out\" into heavy rotation. A video that was directed by Storm Thorgerson.", "A video that was directed by Storm Thorgerson. In Hansen's I Want Out the guitarist very publicly laid out his disillusion with life as a member of Helloween at this time. In support of its Headbangers Ball show, MTV also presented the Headbangers Ball Tour in US and invited Helloween to be a part of it in 1989.", "In support of its Headbangers Ball show, MTV also presented the Headbangers Ball Tour in US and invited Helloween to be a part of it in 1989. However, before the start of that tour, in December 1988 Kai Hansen broke the news to the other members that he was leaving Helloween.", "However, before the start of that tour, in December 1988 Kai Hansen broke the news to the other members that he was leaving Helloween. Hansen's last show with the band was at The Hummingbird, Birmingham, UK on 8 November 1988. Hansen and Kiske's departures (1989–1993) Helloween chose Roland Grapow to replace Hansen.", "Hansen and Kiske's departures (1989–1993) Helloween chose Roland Grapow to replace Hansen. Grapow was originally discovered in a club in Hamburg, Germany playing with his band Rampage. Helloween guitarist Michael Weikath, who kept Grapow's name in mind in the event Hansen would potentially leave.", "Helloween guitarist Michael Weikath, who kept Grapow's name in mind in the event Hansen would potentially leave. Grapow, who was a car mechanic at the time, stated in 2017 that, if Weikath had not happened to ask him to join the band, he would have kept his job and given up on his dream of becoming a professional musician.", "Grapow, who was a car mechanic at the time, stated in 2017 that, if Weikath had not happened to ask him to join the band, he would have kept his job and given up on his dream of becoming a professional musician. Grapow said in 2020: The inaugural Headbangers Ball Tour started in April 1989 with Helloween joining San Francisco Bay Area thrash-metal band Exodus in support of headlining act Anthrax.", "Grapow said in 2020: The inaugural Headbangers Ball Tour started in April 1989 with Helloween joining San Francisco Bay Area thrash-metal band Exodus in support of headlining act Anthrax. The band was slotted in the prestigious second spot, right before Anthrax's set. On the heels of this exposure to U.S. audiences, the band achieved worldwide success.", "On the heels of this exposure to U.S. audiences, the band achieved worldwide success. Kiske reflected at the time: At the height of their success Helloween decided to sign with then-major label EMI after being urged to do so by their management company Sanctuary, who also managed Iron Maiden.", "Kiske reflected at the time: At the height of their success Helloween decided to sign with then-major label EMI after being urged to do so by their management company Sanctuary, who also managed Iron Maiden. Their former label Noise Records sued them for breach of contract which effectively put the band on hold.", "Their former label Noise Records sued them for breach of contract which effectively put the band on hold. Between June 1989 and April 1992 they did not play one show. All the momentum the band had build up came to a halt.", "All the momentum the band had build up came to a halt. Their first album with new guitarist Grapow Pink Bubbles Go Ape was released on EMI in the spring of 1991 in Europe and Japan.", "Their first album with new guitarist Grapow Pink Bubbles Go Ape was released on EMI in the spring of 1991 in Europe and Japan. In the rest of the world as well as the band's home country Germany the album was delayed until April 1992 due to the ongoing legal battle between the band's current and former labels.", "In the rest of the world as well as the band's home country Germany the album was delayed until April 1992 due to the ongoing legal battle between the band's current and former labels. By that time the music landscape had changed drastically.", "By that time the music landscape had changed drastically. It also did not help that Helloween moved even further away from their speed metal roots and further embrace the hard rocking side of their sound. As a result, Pink Bubbles Go Ape failed commercially and tensions started to build amongst the band members.", "As a result, Pink Bubbles Go Ape failed commercially and tensions started to build amongst the band members. They played their first show on their \"Quick Hello Tour\" in Hamburg 30 April 1992 and continued with some more dates in Europe and the band also went to Japan in the autumn of 1992.", "They played their first show on their \"Quick Hello Tour\" in Hamburg 30 April 1992 and continued with some more dates in Europe and the band also went to Japan in the autumn of 1992. The follow-up Chameleon was released on EMI in the summer of 1993. The very experimental album was a commercial failure.", "The very experimental album was a commercial failure. The band's diversion away from the sound that had made them famous alienated a large portion of their fanbase. The original drummer Ingo Schwichtenberg was then fired from the band due to his deteriorating mental state.", "The original drummer Ingo Schwichtenberg was then fired from the band due to his deteriorating mental state. Grosskopf said 1996: Schwichtenberg could not be part of the band anymore until he recovered from drugs and alcohol abuse and took his medications against schizophrenia.", "Grosskopf said 1996: Schwichtenberg could not be part of the band anymore until he recovered from drugs and alcohol abuse and took his medications against schizophrenia. After a long telephone call with Weikath, in which he explained why they had made that hard and painful decision, Schwichtenberg was asked to leave Helloween.", "After a long telephone call with Weikath, in which he explained why they had made that hard and painful decision, Schwichtenberg was asked to leave Helloween. He was replaced by session drummer Ritchie Abdel-Nabi on a temporary basis to finish the Chameleon Tour. Also many of the European dates were cancelled.", "Also many of the European dates were cancelled. Helloween played in half-filled venues and their decision to focus the setlist mostly on Chameleon and Pink Bubbles songs did not help either. Weikath said 1994 about Kiske and the Chameleon Tour: Meanwhile, the conflicts within the rest of the band worsened and the decision was made to fire Kiske.", "Weikath said 1994 about Kiske and the Chameleon Tour: Meanwhile, the conflicts within the rest of the band worsened and the decision was made to fire Kiske. His last performance with the band was at a Charity show at Rockfabrik Ludwigsburg 22 December 1993, until he returned to the stage with Helloween 24 years later.", "His last performance with the band was at a Charity show at Rockfabrik Ludwigsburg 22 December 1993, until he returned to the stage with Helloween 24 years later. Kiske did not have any contact with Grosskopf and Weikath for many years. He would later release soloalbums with different musical directions.", "He would later release soloalbums with different musical directions. In 2008, Kiske released Past in Different Ways; an album featuring most of his old Helloween songs, albeit rearranged and re-recorded acoustically.", "In 2008, Kiske released Past in Different Ways; an album featuring most of his old Helloween songs, albeit rearranged and re-recorded acoustically. Commenting on Kiske's dismissal, Grosskopf later said: 1993 would come to a close for Helloween with no singer, no drummer, and no record contract (EMI released the band from its agreement for the low sales numbers for Pink Bubbles Go Ape and Chameleon).", "Commenting on Kiske's dismissal, Grosskopf later said: 1993 would come to a close for Helloween with no singer, no drummer, and no record contract (EMI released the band from its agreement for the low sales numbers for Pink Bubbles Go Ape and Chameleon). Weikath said 1994: Grosskopf continued: First years with Andi Deris and return to the roots (1994–2000) Helloween returned in 1994 with former Pink Cream 69 frontman Andi Deris as their new lead vocalist and Uli Kusch, formerly of Kai Hansen's Gamma Ray, on drums.", "Weikath said 1994: Grosskopf continued: First years with Andi Deris and return to the roots (1994–2000) Helloween returned in 1994 with former Pink Cream 69 frontman Andi Deris as their new lead vocalist and Uli Kusch, formerly of Kai Hansen's Gamma Ray, on drums. The band already knew Deris from some recording sessions in Hamburg, though both Deris and new drummer Uli Kusch played on the band s next album Master Of The Rings, which was released on 8 July 1994, they were temporary members of the band back during the recording sessions, but they eventually became permanent members of the band on 1 September 1994.", "The band already knew Deris from some recording sessions in Hamburg, though both Deris and new drummer Uli Kusch played on the band s next album Master Of The Rings, which was released on 8 July 1994, they were temporary members of the band back during the recording sessions, but they eventually became permanent members of the band on 1 September 1994. He had been approached by Weikath to join the band in 1991, but he had declined, despite being intrigued by the offer and having to deal with emerging conflicts between him and his band.", "He had been approached by Weikath to join the band in 1991, but he had declined, despite being intrigued by the offer and having to deal with emerging conflicts between him and his band. In the years since, however, Kiske was fired from Helloween and the issues within Pink Cream 69 worsened.", "In the years since, however, Kiske was fired from Helloween and the issues within Pink Cream 69 worsened. Faced with the inevitability of his firing, Deris accepted Weikath's offer during a night out with the band members.", "Faced with the inevitability of his firing, Deris accepted Weikath's offer during a night out with the band members. With this new lineup and a new record contract with Castle Communications, Helloween released its comeback album, Master of the Rings.", "With this new lineup and a new record contract with Castle Communications, Helloween released its comeback album, Master of the Rings. 8 March 1995, original drummer Ingo Schwichtenberg committed suicide by jumping in front of a train in his native Hamburg. In the years since his departure from Helloween, Schwichtenberg had gotten worse from schizophrenia.", "In the years since his departure from Helloween, Schwichtenberg had gotten worse from schizophrenia. 1996's The Time of the Oath was dedicated to his memory. Following another world tour, a double live album called High Live was released.", "Following another world tour, a double live album called High Live was released. In 1998, Helloween released Better Than Raw, one of the band's heaviest albums since the full-length debut.", "In 1998, Helloween released Better Than Raw, one of the band's heaviest albums since the full-length debut. The subsequent supporting tour was made up of stops in Europe, Japan and Brazil, but on 20 December 1998, the band visited New York and played a show at the venue Coney Island High in Manhattan, the first show for Helloween in the United States in nearly a decade.", "The subsequent supporting tour was made up of stops in Europe, Japan and Brazil, but on 20 December 1998, the band visited New York and played a show at the venue Coney Island High in Manhattan, the first show for Helloween in the United States in nearly a decade. The band would follow Better Than Raw with a 1999 release titled Metal Jukebox, a cover-album featuring Helloween's versions of songs from such bands as Scorpions, Jethro Tull, Faith No More, The Beatles, ABBA and Deep Purple.", "The band would follow Better Than Raw with a 1999 release titled Metal Jukebox, a cover-album featuring Helloween's versions of songs from such bands as Scorpions, Jethro Tull, Faith No More, The Beatles, ABBA and Deep Purple. Line-up changes (2002–2004) 2000 saw the release of The Dark Ride, a more experimental and darker album than their previous releases.", "Line-up changes (2002–2004) 2000 saw the release of The Dark Ride, a more experimental and darker album than their previous releases. It came complete with downtuned guitars and a gruffer singing style from Deris. Immediately following the tour, Helloween parted ways with guitarist Roland Grapow and drummer Uli Kusch.", "Immediately following the tour, Helloween parted ways with guitarist Roland Grapow and drummer Uli Kusch. One version of events states that Weikath, Deris and Grosskopf felt that Kusch and Grapow, in particular, were spending more time on and paying more attention to their new side-project, Masterplan (Grapow's output on Helloween albums had dropped to barely one song per album by that point); since the others believed that Kusch and Grapow were not one hundred percent dedicated to Helloween, they were dismissed.", "One version of events states that Weikath, Deris and Grosskopf felt that Kusch and Grapow, in particular, were spending more time on and paying more attention to their new side-project, Masterplan (Grapow's output on Helloween albums had dropped to barely one song per album by that point); since the others believed that Kusch and Grapow were not one hundred percent dedicated to Helloween, they were dismissed. They were replaced by guitarist Sascha Gerstner (ex-Freedom Call, Neumond) and drummer Mark Cross (ex-Metalium, Kingdom Come, At Vance, Firewind), culminating with the recording of another studio album, titled Rabbit Don't Come Easy, in 2003.", "They were replaced by guitarist Sascha Gerstner (ex-Freedom Call, Neumond) and drummer Mark Cross (ex-Metalium, Kingdom Come, At Vance, Firewind), culminating with the recording of another studio album, titled Rabbit Don't Come Easy, in 2003. The band met Gerstner via a recommendation by producer Charlie Bauerfeind.", "The band met Gerstner via a recommendation by producer Charlie Bauerfeind. According to Grosskopf, one day he was recording something with Freedom Call \"and later on we called him up and he went to first meet Weiki because it was very important that Weiki finds a player that he can play with and also communicate and understand.", "According to Grosskopf, one day he was recording something with Freedom Call \"and later on we called him up and he went to first meet Weiki because it was very important that Weiki finds a player that he can play with and also communicate and understand. [...] So we got him on the island where we recorded and let him hang out with us a little and then he decided 'Good, let's go'.\"", "[...] So we got him on the island where we recorded and let him hang out with us a little and then he decided 'Good, let's go'.\" Later in 2012, on an interview with Metal Shock Finland's Chief Editor, Mohsen Fayyazi, Grapow stated: Cross could not finish the album due to mononucleosis, completing only two tracks; the drum tracks were completed by Motörhead's Mikkey Dee.", "Later in 2012, on an interview with Metal Shock Finland's Chief Editor, Mohsen Fayyazi, Grapow stated: Cross could not finish the album due to mononucleosis, completing only two tracks; the drum tracks were completed by Motörhead's Mikkey Dee. Stefan Schwarzmann, former drummer of Running Wild and Accept would shortly thereafter take over the drumming duties.", "Stefan Schwarzmann, former drummer of Running Wild and Accept would shortly thereafter take over the drumming duties. Despite a somewhat tepid response to the album, Helloween nonetheless completed a successful world tour, highlighted by the return of classic songs such as \"Starlight\", \"Murderer\", and \"Keeper of the Seven Keys\" to the setlist.", "Despite a somewhat tepid response to the album, Helloween nonetheless completed a successful world tour, highlighted by the return of classic songs such as \"Starlight\", \"Murderer\", and \"Keeper of the Seven Keys\" to the setlist. Additionally, the band toured the United States for the first time since 1989, playing to sold-out crowds at nearly every venue.", "Additionally, the band toured the United States for the first time since 1989, playing to sold-out crowds at nearly every venue. Steady line-up (2005–2016) 2005 saw yet another line-up change, following the \"Rabbits on the Run\" tour, as it became apparent that Helloween and Stefan Schwarzmann did not share the same musical vision.", "Steady line-up (2005–2016) 2005 saw yet another line-up change, following the \"Rabbits on the Run\" tour, as it became apparent that Helloween and Stefan Schwarzmann did not share the same musical vision. As further noted by the band, he had some trouble performing fast drum parts, so he was replaced by Daniel Löble, the former drummer of German metal band Rawhead Rexx.", "As further noted by the band, he had some trouble performing fast drum parts, so he was replaced by Daniel Löble, the former drummer of German metal band Rawhead Rexx. A change in record company also followed as they inked a deal with German label SPV.", "A change in record company also followed as they inked a deal with German label SPV. Any fears that what had now become a revolving door of band members would affect the quality of their new album were laid to rest as Helloween's new studio album, titled Keeper of the Seven Keys – The Legacy, was released on 28 October 2005 in Germany and 8 November in the US to commercial and critical acclaim.", "Any fears that what had now become a revolving door of band members would affect the quality of their new album were laid to rest as Helloween's new studio album, titled Keeper of the Seven Keys – The Legacy, was released on 28 October 2005 in Germany and 8 November in the US to commercial and critical acclaim. The album had a pre-release single, \"Mrs. God\", as well as a video for the track.", "The album had a pre-release single, \"Mrs. God\", as well as a video for the track. The track \"Light the Universe\" was released as a single on 22 November, featuring Candice Night of Blackmore's Night on guest vocals. She also appears in the video clip for that track.", "She also appears in the video clip for that track. In late 2006, Helloween filmed and recorded shows in São Paulo (Brazil), Sofia (Bulgaria) and Tokyo (Japan) for their live album Keeper of the Seven Keys – The Legacy World Tour 2005/2006.", "In late 2006, Helloween filmed and recorded shows in São Paulo (Brazil), Sofia (Bulgaria) and Tokyo (Japan) for their live album Keeper of the Seven Keys – The Legacy World Tour 2005/2006. The DVD also featured extra footage of the band, as well as interviews and a road movie.", "The DVD also featured extra footage of the band, as well as interviews and a road movie. This was the second Helloween live album to feature Andi Deris as frontman and third overall.", "This was the second Helloween live album to feature Andi Deris as frontman and third overall. It enjoyed chart success in several countries: Germany: 9 (DVD) & 58 (CD), Sweden: 9 (DVD), France: 10 (DVD) Helloween has since completed their studio album Gambling with the Devil, which was released on 23 October 2007.", "It enjoyed chart success in several countries: Germany: 9 (DVD) & 58 (CD), Sweden: 9 (DVD), France: 10 (DVD) Helloween has since completed their studio album Gambling with the Devil, which was released on 23 October 2007. It received many positive reviews, with most fans praising the album as being one of the best Deris-era albums.", "It received many positive reviews, with most fans praising the album as being one of the best Deris-era albums. Despite being one of Helloween's heaviest albums, it is noted for featuring more keyboards.", "Despite being one of Helloween's heaviest albums, it is noted for featuring more keyboards. \"As Long as I Fall\", the first single, was released in early September and only available via download (save for Japan, where it was released on CD). The video for the song is available at their official site.", "The video for the song is available at their official site. Helloween teamed up with Kai Hansen's current band Gamma Ray for their 2007–2008 \"Hellish Rock\" world tour, which started in early November 2007.", "Helloween teamed up with Kai Hansen's current band Gamma Ray for their 2007–2008 \"Hellish Rock\" world tour, which started in early November 2007. Helloween were headlining and Gamma Ray were labeled as the \"very special guest\" with most shows also having fellow German \"guest\" Axxis.", "Helloween were headlining and Gamma Ray were labeled as the \"very special guest\" with most shows also having fellow German \"guest\" Axxis. The tour went through Europe, Asia and South America, as well as a few dates in the US.", "The tour went through Europe, Asia and South America, as well as a few dates in the US. The tour is notable for Kai Hansen stepping on stage with his former band fellows Weikath and Grosskopf to perform hits \"I Want Out\" and \"Future World\" in the last encore segment of Helloween.", "The tour is notable for Kai Hansen stepping on stage with his former band fellows Weikath and Grosskopf to perform hits \"I Want Out\" and \"Future World\" in the last encore segment of Helloween. On 26 December 2009, Helloween released the Unarmed – Best of 25th Anniversary album in Japan.", "On 26 December 2009, Helloween released the Unarmed – Best of 25th Anniversary album in Japan. The album was released on 1 February 2010 in Europe. The album is a compilation of ten of the band's best known songs, re-recorded in different musical styles than the original recordings and by the current lineup.", "The album is a compilation of ten of the band's best known songs, re-recorded in different musical styles than the original recordings and by the current lineup. It features a seventeen-minute \"Keepers Medley\", recorded by a seventy-piece orchestra from Prague, mixing together \"Halloween\", \"The Keeper of the Seven Keys\" and \"The King for a 1000 Years\".", "It features a seventeen-minute \"Keepers Medley\", recorded by a seventy-piece orchestra from Prague, mixing together \"Halloween\", \"The Keeper of the Seven Keys\" and \"The King for a 1000 Years\". There is a limited edition digipak, including a thirty-minute \"making of\"-DVD with interviews and studio footage.", "There is a limited edition digipak, including a thirty-minute \"making of\"-DVD with interviews and studio footage. The band's website states that the album was released on 13 April 2010 in North America via Sony & THE END RECORDS labels.", "The band's website states that the album was released on 13 April 2010 in North America via Sony & THE END RECORDS labels. On 14 May 2010, it was announced on their site that they were working on a new studio album, which was the fastest and heaviest effort in years.", "On 14 May 2010, it was announced on their site that they were working on a new studio album, which was the fastest and heaviest effort in years. Helloween released their thirteenth studio album, 7 Sinners, on 31 October in Europe and 3 November in the US.", "Helloween released their thirteenth studio album, 7 Sinners, on 31 October in Europe and 3 November in the US. Before its physical release, the band made it available worldwide for streaming via their Myspace page. The name of the album alludes to the seven deadly sins.", "The name of the album alludes to the seven deadly sins. According to Andi Deris, the album goes straight to the point: \"After an acoustic album, we needed definitely something that shows the people without any question that this is a metal album.\"", "According to Andi Deris, the album goes straight to the point: \"After an acoustic album, we needed definitely something that shows the people without any question that this is a metal album.\" The band toured to promote the new album with Stratovarius and Pink Cream 69 as their guests.", "The band toured to promote the new album with Stratovarius and Pink Cream 69 as their guests. On 5 April 2011, via the band's website, it was announced that 7 Sinners was awarded 'Gold status' in the Czech Republic.", "On 5 April 2011, via the band's website, it was announced that 7 Sinners was awarded 'Gold status' in the Czech Republic. In June 2012, Helloween entered the studio to begin recording their fourteenth album, Straight Out of Hell, which was released on 18 January 2013.", "In June 2012, Helloween entered the studio to begin recording their fourteenth album, Straight Out of Hell, which was released on 18 January 2013. They then went on tour around the world with Gamma Ray again. In September, Helloween played at Rock in Rio 2013 with former member Kai Hansen as a special guest.", "In September, Helloween played at Rock in Rio 2013 with former member Kai Hansen as a special guest. In October 2014, the band announced a new album for a May 2015 release.", "In October 2014, the band announced a new album for a May 2015 release. It was produced by Charlie Bauerfeind at Mi Sueño Studio on Tenerife and marked their return to the Nuclear Blast label with which they released The Dark Ride and Rabbit Don't Come Easy.", "It was produced by Charlie Bauerfeind at Mi Sueño Studio on Tenerife and marked their return to the Nuclear Blast label with which they released The Dark Ride and Rabbit Don't Come Easy. On 26 February 2015, the band revealed the name and the cover artwork of the album, My God-Given Right, released on 29 May 2015.", "On 26 February 2015, the band revealed the name and the cover artwork of the album, My God-Given Right, released on 29 May 2015. The artwork was created by Martin Häusler. In June 2015, it was discovered that the band members were working on a book, released as \"Hellbook\".", "In June 2015, it was discovered that the band members were working on a book, released as \"Hellbook\". Grosskopf stated that it is \"a kind of history book with lots of pictures\".", "Grosskopf stated that it is \"a kind of history book with lots of pictures\". Pumpkins United (2016–present) In November 2016, it was announced that former members Kai Hansen and Michael Kiske were re-joining the band for a world tour titled the Pumpkins United World Tour, that would start on 19 October 2017 in Monterrey, Mexico, and conclude the following year.", "Pumpkins United (2016–present) In November 2016, it was announced that former members Kai Hansen and Michael Kiske were re-joining the band for a world tour titled the Pumpkins United World Tour, that would start on 19 October 2017 in Monterrey, Mexico, and conclude the following year. Although Hansen had been occasionally appearing as a guest on Helloween shows for a few years, Kiske had been particularly reluctant in interviews to the idea of performing with Helloween again due to bad blood with Markus Grosskopf and especially Michael Weikath, dating from when he was fired from the band in 1993; this started to change in 2013, when he ran into Weikath at the Sweden Rock Festival.", "Although Hansen had been occasionally appearing as a guest on Helloween shows for a few years, Kiske had been particularly reluctant in interviews to the idea of performing with Helloween again due to bad blood with Markus Grosskopf and especially Michael Weikath, dating from when he was fired from the band in 1993; this started to change in 2013, when he ran into Weikath at the Sweden Rock Festival. He stated in 2017: \"The first thing [Weikath] said was, 'What have I done that you can't forgive me?'", "He stated in 2017: \"The first thing [Weikath] said was, 'What have I done that you can't forgive me?' That was the first line he said to me. And I realized that I had forgiven somehow a long time ago without noticing. That's how it all started\".", "That's how it all started\". It was Hansen, who had been his bandmate as a part of Unisonic since 2011, who ultimately convinced him in 2014. Other popular former members Roland Grapow and Uli Kusch were not asked to re-join, with Grosskopf stating \"it would be too many people\".", "Other popular former members Roland Grapow and Uli Kusch were not asked to re-join, with Grosskopf stating \"it would be too many people\". This new line-up released an original song, \"Pumpkins United\", on 13 October 2017, as a free download (with a vinyl release on 8 December), on which Deris, Hansen and Kiske all share lead vocals.", "This new line-up released an original song, \"Pumpkins United\", on 13 October 2017, as a free download (with a vinyl release on 8 December), on which Deris, Hansen and Kiske all share lead vocals. The Pumpkins United World Tour started in Monterrey, Mexico on 19 October 2017.", "The Pumpkins United World Tour started in Monterrey, Mexico on 19 October 2017. The first show saw both Deris and Kiske performing songs from their respective Helloween albums and sing duets together, while Hansen performed lead vocals for a medley of songs from Walls of Jericho.", "The first show saw both Deris and Kiske performing songs from their respective Helloween albums and sing duets together, while Hansen performed lead vocals for a medley of songs from Walls of Jericho. The show also included a tribute to the late original Helloween drummer Ingo Schwichtenberg.", "The show also included a tribute to the late original Helloween drummer Ingo Schwichtenberg. However, Kiske started suffering health issues related to his voice shortly before starting the tour, to the point where after the first two shows in Mexico, his involvement for the next dates was unsure.", "However, Kiske started suffering health issues related to his voice shortly before starting the tour, to the point where after the first two shows in Mexico, his involvement for the next dates was unsure. He was cleared to perform by doctors in time for the next show in San José, Costa Rica on 23 October, although his illness forced the band to temporally remove a few songs from their setlist, and to have Deris, Hansen and Gerstner support him more vocally.", "He was cleared to perform by doctors in time for the next show in San José, Costa Rica on 23 October, although his illness forced the band to temporally remove a few songs from their setlist, and to have Deris, Hansen and Gerstner support him more vocally. After accusations from fans of Kiske using lip sync on the more vocally demanding parts of some songs, Kai Hansen confirmed that Kiske had indeed partially used taped vocals, but only for the tour's opening show in Monterrey, and because the band feared they would have to cancel the show, as Kiske felt unsure he would be able to perform at all due to his illness.", "After accusations from fans of Kiske using lip sync on the more vocally demanding parts of some songs, Kai Hansen confirmed that Kiske had indeed partially used taped vocals, but only for the tour's opening show in Monterrey, and because the band feared they would have to cancel the show, as Kiske felt unsure he would be able to perform at all due to his illness. On 28–29 October 2017, the band recorded their concerts in São Paulo, Brazil for a future live album and DVD.", "On 28–29 October 2017, the band recorded their concerts in São Paulo, Brazil for a future live album and DVD. About a potential studio album under the Pumpkins United line-up, Deris stated in March 2018: \"We certainly have lots and lots of talks [about it].", "About a potential studio album under the Pumpkins United line-up, Deris stated in March 2018: \"We certainly have lots and lots of talks [about it]. This summer, if the chemistry goes on like this, then everything is possible.", "This summer, if the chemistry goes on like this, then everything is possible. After recording that particular \"Pumpkins United\" song, we realized that it's easy working together. [...] Yeah, it was no problem at all, as if we would have worked together for decades already.", "[...] Yeah, it was no problem at all, as if we would have worked together for decades already. So, I could see an upcoming album for the future. If the chemistry stays the way it is now, I definitely would say 99 percent yes, we're going for it.\"", "If the chemistry stays the way it is now, I definitely would say 99 percent yes, we're going for it.\" When they were interviewed together in June, Weikath stated: \"We don't really feel like starting with it because it's going to be a lot of work and it's going to take a lot of time and right now, we are kind of comfy with what we are doing, so to say.", "When they were interviewed together in June, Weikath stated: \"We don't really feel like starting with it because it's going to be a lot of work and it's going to take a lot of time and right now, we are kind of comfy with what we are doing, so to say. So, we are not lying.", "So, we are not lying. It's very easy to say; we are just too lazy to get started with that\", while Hansen stated \"There's a lot of ideas in the room for what we do next and so on. But, nothing is kind of decided. Nothing is ripe for the decision.", "Nothing is ripe for the decision. We leave that open, kind of.\"", "We leave that open, kind of.\" On 21 August 2018, the band announced that, at the request of their label Nuclear Blast, the Pumpkins United line-up would perdure after 2018, and that a live CD and DVD for the Pumpkins United World Tour would be released in early 2019, followed by a new studio album to be recorded later that year for a planned 2020 release, with Weikath, Hansen and Deris acting as a \"songwriting trio\"; this will be their first studio album to feature Hansen since Keeper of the Seven Keys: Part II in 1988 and the first with Kiske since Chameleon in 1993.", "On 21 August 2018, the band announced that, at the request of their label Nuclear Blast, the Pumpkins United line-up would perdure after 2018, and that a live CD and DVD for the Pumpkins United World Tour would be released in early 2019, followed by a new studio album to be recorded later that year for a planned 2020 release, with Weikath, Hansen and Deris acting as a \"songwriting trio\"; this will be their first studio album to feature Hansen since Keeper of the Seven Keys: Part II in 1988 and the first with Kiske since Chameleon in 1993. The Pumpkins United World Tour concluded on 22 December 2018 in Hamburg.", "The Pumpkins United World Tour concluded on 22 December 2018 in Hamburg. On 4 October 2019, Helloween performed at the 2019 edition of Rock in Rio and on the same day the live DVD/Blu-ray United Alive and the live album United Alive in Madrid, both recorded during the Pumpkins United World Tour, were released.", "On 4 October 2019, Helloween performed at the 2019 edition of Rock in Rio and on the same day the live DVD/Blu-ray United Alive and the live album United Alive in Madrid, both recorded during the Pumpkins United World Tour, were released. The first comprises recordings of the band's performances in Madrid WiZink Centre (2017), at Wacken Open Air 2018 and in São Paulo (2017) and the second is a recording of the full performance in Madrid, with songs recorded in shows in Prague, São Paulo, Wacken and Santiago acting as bonus tracks.", "The first comprises recordings of the band's performances in Madrid WiZink Centre (2017), at Wacken Open Air 2018 and in São Paulo (2017) and the second is a recording of the full performance in Madrid, with songs recorded in shows in Prague, São Paulo, Wacken and Santiago acting as bonus tracks. On 26 November 2019, the band published a video in which they shared that they had begun recording their next album in Hamburg and that they were planning to resume touring in late 2020.", "On 26 November 2019, the band published a video in which they shared that they had begun recording their next album in Hamburg and that they were planning to resume touring in late 2020. On 1 June 2020, Helloween confirmed that they had postponed their fall European tour to the spring of 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.", "On 1 June 2020, Helloween confirmed that they had postponed their fall European tour to the spring of 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The band also announced that they had \"decided to shift the release\" of their new album to early next year; with six years between My God-Given Right and the new album, this marks the longest time between two Helloween studio albums, as the band had never previously spent more than three years without releasing a new studio album.", "The band also announced that they had \"decided to shift the release\" of their new album to early next year; with six years between My God-Given Right and the new album, this marks the longest time between two Helloween studio albums, as the band had never previously spent more than three years without releasing a new studio album. On 25 March 2021, Helloween releases in Japan their new book, an encyclopedia called Seven Keys United Memorial: Complete Collection of Helloween.", "On 25 March 2021, Helloween releases in Japan their new book, an encyclopedia called Seven Keys United Memorial: Complete Collection of Helloween. In March 2021, it was announced that the band's first album with the Pumpkins United line-up would be titled Helloween, and it was released on 18 June 2021.", "In March 2021, it was announced that the band's first album with the Pumpkins United line-up would be titled Helloween, and it was released on 18 June 2021. The album topped German charts and also reached number one in sales in other countries.", "The album topped German charts and also reached number one in sales in other countries. Following the success of this album, the band launched a comic book and a line of collectible action figures inspired by the bands' cover artwork and lyrical lore.", "Following the success of this album, the band launched a comic book and a line of collectible action figures inspired by the bands' cover artwork and lyrical lore. Band members Current members Michael Weikath – guitars, backing vocals (1984–present) Markus Grosskopf – bass, backing vocals (1984–present) Kai Hansen – guitars (1984–1989, 2016–present), lead vocals (1984–1986, 2016–present) backing vocals (1986–1989) Michael Kiske – lead vocals (1986–1993, 2016–present) Andi Deris – lead vocals (1994–present) Sascha Gerstner – guitars, backing vocals (2002–present) Daniel Löble – drums (2005–present) Additional musicians Jörn Ellerbrock – keyboards, piano (1988–2003) Matthias Ulmer – keyboards (2007–present) Eddy Wrapiprou – keyboards (2010) Former members Ingo Schwichtenberg – drums (1984–1993; died 1995) Roland Grapow – guitars, backing vocals (1989–2001) Uli Kusch – drums, backing vocals (1994–2001) Mark Cross – drums (2001–2003) Stefan Schwarzmann – drums (2003–2005) Timeline Awards and nominations Metal Hammer Awards (GER) |- | 2014 || Helloween || Maximum Metal || Discography Walls of Jericho (1985) Keeper of the Seven Keys: Part I (1987) Keeper of the Seven Keys: Part II (1988) Pink Bubbles Go Ape (1991) Chameleon (1993) Master of the Rings (1994) The Time of the Oath (1996) Better Than Raw (1998) The Dark Ride (2000) Rabbit Don't Come Easy (2003) Keeper of the Seven Keys: The Legacy (2005) Gambling with the Devil (2007) 7 Sinners (2010) Straight Out of Hell (2013) My God-Given Right (2015) Helloween (2021) Bibliography Hellbook (2015) Seven Keys United Memorial – Complete Collection of Helloween (2021) Helloween: The Full History (2021) References External links 1984 establishments in Germany Articles which contain graphical timelines German heavy metal musical groups German power metal musical groups German progressive metal musical groups Musical groups established in 1984 Musical groups from Hamburg Nuclear Blast artists RCA Records artists Noise Records artists" ]

[ "Exposé (group)", "Exposure (1986-1988)", "When did they come to light?", "In March 1987, the new lineup of Expose released its debut album" ]

[ "SUNDANCER is the seventh full-length studio album released by German melodic hard rock band Fair Warning. The album was recorded in 2011 thru 2012 with final \nmixing and production concluding in early 2013. The CD was released in Japan in April, 2013 and subsequently released in Europe and The United States in May and June 2013 respectfully. As with their previous release, 2009's Aura, the band recorded as a four-piece with Tommy Heart (vocals), Helge Engelke (guitars), Ule W. Ritgen (bass) and C.C. Behrens (drums).\n\nRecording\nWhile Ule Ritgen and Helge Engelke were the primary individual songwriters for Fair Warning's first six studio offerings, SUNDANCER has three tracks that were collectively written by the band. Ritgen said: \"This approach was new to us and it was certainly accompanied by one or two doubts, because you never know if something like that is going to work out. But, to our own surprise, we had an incredible amount of fun, resulting in three excellent songs.\" Engelke said of the process \"Three of the songs on “Sundancer” we wrote together. We never did it before but it turned out to be a nice experience resulting in good songs. The rest of the songs are written by Ule or me like on all the previous albums.\"\n\nTouring and promotion\nFair Warning supported SUNDANCER with a brief tour of Japan with concerts in Tokyo, Nagoya and Osaka in July, 2013. The band enlisted Niklas Turmann (guitar) and Torsten Luederwaldt (keyboards) to supplement the live performances. In mid May, 2013, to promote the new album, record company Steamhammer/SPV, (SPV GmbH) posted the song \"Hit and Run\" on SoundCloud.\n\nTrack listing\n \"Troubled Love\" – 4:25   b\n \"Keep it in the Dark\" – 4:54   c\n \"Real Love\" – 5:07   a\n \"Hit and Run\" – 3:42   c\n \"Man in the Mirror\" – 3:58   b\n \"Natural High\" – 3:28   b\n \"Jealous Heart\" – 4:54   a\n \"Touch my Soul\" – 4:48   b\n \"Send me a Dream\" – 5:00   b \n \"Pride\" – 4:21   c\n \"Get Real\" – 4:02   c\n \"How does it Feel\" – 5:07   a\n \"Living on the Streets\" – 4:00   b\n \"Cool\" - 3:28   c\n \"Just as She Smiles\" (Bonus Track) – 4:53\n\nSong credits:\n a. Music by Engelke, Heart, Ritgen / Lyrics by Ritgen \n b. Music and Lyrics by Ritgen \n c. Music and Lyrics by Engelke\n\nPersonnel\nTommy Heart – Vocals\nHelge Engelke – Guitars / Keyboards / Backing Vocals\nUle W. Ritgen – Bass / Backing Vocals\nC.C. Behrens – Drums\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nFair Warning\nHeavy Harmonies Website\nSPV Fair Warning Sundancer\nMetal Temple Review\n\nFair Warning (band) albums\n2013 albums", "Running to Follow is the debut studio album from the American-Christian praise & worship group Fellowship Creative. This is the band's third album overall, but first with label partners Fair Trade Services. The album released on May 13, 2014, and it was produced by C.J. Eiriksson. It charted on two Billboard charts, and received a four star reviews from New Release Tuesday and a two star review by CCM Magazine.\n\nBackground\nThis album is the follow to the commercially success second independent album by the group entitled, Always Been about You that released in 2013. This album was the band first with new label partners Fair Trade Services, and its production was handled by C.J. Eiriksson. The album released on May 13, 2014.\n\nCritical reception\n\nRunning to Follow received generally positive reception from the ratings and reviews of music critics. At New Release Tuesday, Kevin Davis rated the album four stars out of five, calling this a \"solid gourmet worship album\". Grace S. Aspinwall of CCM Magazine rated the album two stars out of five, indicating how the release \"feels incredibly disjointed.\" At 365 Days of Inspiring Media, Joshua Andre rated the album four stars out of five, stating how this is \"a fantastic label debut.\" David Bunce of CM Addict rated the album a perfect five stars, remarking how \"Not only are the instruments combined to create a high quality sound in every song, but the lyrics are well thought out and beautifully written.\" At Alpha Omega News, Rob Snyder graded the album an A-, writing how \"This is buoyant, well-produced rock/pop worship.\"\n\nCommercial performance\nFor the Billboard charting week of May 31, 2014, Running to Follow was the No. 22 most sold of the Christian Albums, and it was the No. 11 most sold in the breaking-and-entry chart of the Heatseekers Albums.\n\nTrack listing\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\n2014 debut albums\nFair Trade Services albums" ]

[ "Exposé is an American Latin freestyle vocal group formed in 1984 in Miami, FL. Primarily consisting of lead vocalists Jeanette Jurado, Ann Curless, and Gioia Bruno, the group achieved much of their success between 1984 and 1993, becoming the first group to have four top ten hits on the Billboard Hot 100 chart from its debut album, including the 1988 #1 hit \"Seasons Change\".", "Primarily consisting of lead vocalists Jeanette Jurado, Ann Curless, and Gioia Bruno, the group achieved much of their success between 1984 and 1993, becoming the first group to have four top ten hits on the Billboard Hot 100 chart from its debut album, including the 1988 #1 hit \"Seasons Change\". In March 2015, Billboard magazine named the group the eighth most-successful girl group of all-time.", "In March 2015, Billboard magazine named the group the eighth most-successful girl group of all-time. The group was popular in dance clubs, mainstream Top 40 and adult contemporary charts in the United States. The group actively toured and recorded music from 1984 to 1995, then retired from recording and public performances until 2003, and currently tour today.", "The group actively toured and recorded music from 1984 to 1995, then retired from recording and public performances until 2003, and currently tour today. History Formation of the group and original members (1983–1986) Exposé was initially formed in 1984 when Lewis Martineé, a Miami disc jockey and producer, decided to form a dance-based group.", "History Formation of the group and original members (1983–1986) Exposé was initially formed in 1984 when Lewis Martineé, a Miami disc jockey and producer, decided to form a dance-based group. Working with his partners Ismael Garcia and Frank Diaz at Pantera Productions, talent scouts hired Sandra Casañas (Sandeé), Alejandra Lorenzo (Alé), and Laurie Miller as the group's lineup, under the name X-Posed, which later became Exposé.", "Working with his partners Ismael Garcia and Frank Diaz at Pantera Productions, talent scouts hired Sandra Casañas (Sandeé), Alejandra Lorenzo (Alé), and Laurie Miller as the group's lineup, under the name X-Posed, which later became Exposé. The next year, the trio recorded \"Point of No Return\" for Pantera Records as a 7-inch vinyl single and a 12-inch vinyl single, the latter of which became a #1 hit on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart.", "The next year, the trio recorded \"Point of No Return\" for Pantera Records as a 7-inch vinyl single and a 12-inch vinyl single, the latter of which became a #1 hit on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart. The song helped to introduce a still-popular genre of music that became known as freestyle, which often features keyboard riffs, a sing-along chorus, and electro funk drum-machine patterns in the music arrangement.", "The song helped to introduce a still-popular genre of music that became known as freestyle, which often features keyboard riffs, a sing-along chorus, and electro funk drum-machine patterns in the music arrangement. The success of \"Point of No Return\" on the dance charts caught the attention of major labels and Expose signed with Arista Records, which promptly assumed distribution of the 12-inch vinyl single.", "The success of \"Point of No Return\" on the dance charts caught the attention of major labels and Expose signed with Arista Records, which promptly assumed distribution of the 12-inch vinyl single. A year later, Exposé recorded and released its second club-dance freestyle 12-inch single entitled \"Exposed to Love\".", "A year later, Exposé recorded and released its second club-dance freestyle 12-inch single entitled \"Exposed to Love\". These songs were released during the period when radio began airing continuous mixes of House/Club/Dance songs in major markets. As such, Exposé realized continued success, including a club tour to key cities.", "As such, Exposé realized continued success, including a club tour to key cities. Impressed with the performance of the two singles on the dance charts, Arista granted approval for the group to record a full-length album.", "Impressed with the performance of the two singles on the dance charts, Arista granted approval for the group to record a full-length album. Personnel changes (1986) During the recording of the group's first studio album Exposure, the personnel of the group changed. Reports vary based on the source.", "Reports vary based on the source. According to People magazine, two of the original singers quit while one of the girls was fired midway through the recording of the first album, but according to Billboard, all three were fired. Arista records felt that the three original singers lacked star potential.", "Arista records felt that the three original singers lacked star potential. Martinee states that he made the decision himself to replace the three girls, while Miller maintains it was all their choice, and Jurado confirms that Lorenzo wanted to leave.", "Martinee states that he made the decision himself to replace the three girls, while Miller maintains it was all their choice, and Jurado confirms that Lorenzo wanted to leave. Shortly thereafter, Casañas pursued a solo career and Lorenzo pursued other ambitions; they were replaced by Jeanette Jurado and Gioia Bruno.", "Shortly thereafter, Casañas pursued a solo career and Lorenzo pursued other ambitions; they were replaced by Jeanette Jurado and Gioia Bruno. Miller began a solo career; she was replaced by Ann Curless.", "Miller began a solo career; she was replaced by Ann Curless. Lorenzo returned to the dance charts with the Vendetta Records releases \"I Wanna Know\" in 1988, and \"Stop Me if I Fall in Love\" in 1990, while Laurie Miller released the 12\" single \"Parallels\" on Atlantic Records and a second single \"Love is a Natural Magical Thing\" on Meet Me In Miami Records.", "Lorenzo returned to the dance charts with the Vendetta Records releases \"I Wanna Know\" in 1988, and \"Stop Me if I Fall in Love\" in 1990, while Laurie Miller released the 12\" single \"Parallels\" on Atlantic Records and a second single \"Love is a Natural Magical Thing\" on Meet Me In Miami Records. Laurie evolved into a headline performer frequently showcasing her talents on cruises with a more intimate jazz style, and formed her own entertainment company called Xica productions.", "Laurie evolved into a headline performer frequently showcasing her talents on cruises with a more intimate jazz style, and formed her own entertainment company called Xica productions. Casañas later resurfaced as a solo artist (Sandeé) and released a solo album, Only Time Will Tell, which garnered the club hits \"You're The One\", \"Love Desire\", and the Clivilles & Cole-produced bassline-heavy hit \"Notice Me\".", "Casañas later resurfaced as a solo artist (Sandeé) and released a solo album, Only Time Will Tell, which garnered the club hits \"You're The One\", \"Love Desire\", and the Clivilles & Cole-produced bassline-heavy hit \"Notice Me\". She continued to tour actively in dance clubs and freestyle shows, until her death on December 15, 2008, of a seizure at the age of 46.", "She continued to tour actively in dance clubs and freestyle shows, until her death on December 15, 2008, of a seizure at the age of 46. All three original members: Casañas, Lorenzo and Miller later contributed vocals on songs on the Miami group Will to Power's eponymous 1988 debut album.", "All three original members: Casañas, Lorenzo and Miller later contributed vocals on songs on the Miami group Will to Power's eponymous 1988 debut album. Gioia Bruno also provided lead vocals on Will to Power's 2004 album, Spirit Warrior.", "Gioia Bruno also provided lead vocals on Will to Power's 2004 album, Spirit Warrior. Exposure (1986–1988) In March 1987, the new lineup of Exposé released its debut album Exposure on Arista Records, led by the pop/dance hit \"Come Go with Me\" which reached #5 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart.", "Exposure (1986–1988) In March 1987, the new lineup of Exposé released its debut album Exposure on Arista Records, led by the pop/dance hit \"Come Go with Me\" which reached #5 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. During the summer of 1987, a re-recorded version of \"Point of No Return\" was released, with Jurado now performing lead vocals, and it too topped out at #5 on the US Hot 100.", "During the summer of 1987, a re-recorded version of \"Point of No Return\" was released, with Jurado now performing lead vocals, and it too topped out at #5 on the US Hot 100. While the initial distribution of Exposure to suppliers contained the original 1984 version of that song, subsequent pressings contained the new version.", "While the initial distribution of Exposure to suppliers contained the original 1984 version of that song, subsequent pressings contained the new version. \"Let Me Be the One\", a mid-tempo R&B song with Bruno on lead vocal, became yet another hit reaching #7 on the US Hot 100 and also garnering significant R&B radio airplay.", "\"Let Me Be the One\", a mid-tempo R&B song with Bruno on lead vocal, became yet another hit reaching #7 on the US Hot 100 and also garnering significant R&B radio airplay. The group's highest charting hit occurred in February 1988 with the #1 US hit ballad \"Seasons Change\".", "The group's highest charting hit occurred in February 1988 with the #1 US hit ballad \"Seasons Change\". Along with that came a Soul Train Award nomination for Best New Artist; television appearances on American Bandstand, Solid Gold, Showtime at the Apollo, and The Late Show Starring Joan Rivers; and the group was tapped to be the opening act for Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam during its national tour.", "Along with that came a Soul Train Award nomination for Best New Artist; television appearances on American Bandstand, Solid Gold, Showtime at the Apollo, and The Late Show Starring Joan Rivers; and the group was tapped to be the opening act for Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam during its national tour. Exposé also performed backing vocals on Kashif's 1987 Arista/BMG Records album Love Changes, on the song \"Who's Getting Serious?\".", "Exposé also performed backing vocals on Kashif's 1987 Arista/BMG Records album Love Changes, on the song \"Who's Getting Serious?\". During Exposé's peak, the group endured legal issues behind the scenes. The members had a restrictive contract and there were reports in the media of backstage battles.", "The members had a restrictive contract and there were reports in the media of backstage battles. According to Bruno, they were only paid $200 per show. Reportedly, the record label had to intervene to try to keep the peace between the members and their producers.", "Reportedly, the record label had to intervene to try to keep the peace between the members and their producers. Despite this intervention, the members filed a lawsuit and ultimately settled their legal case for a renegotiated contract.", "Despite this intervention, the members filed a lawsuit and ultimately settled their legal case for a renegotiated contract. What You Don't Know (1989–1990) Although not as strong a seller as its predecessor, the group's second album, What You Don't Know (1989), performed very well and was certified gold in the US for sales over 500,000.", "What You Don't Know (1989–1990) Although not as strong a seller as its predecessor, the group's second album, What You Don't Know (1989), performed very well and was certified gold in the US for sales over 500,000. The success of Exposé led to similar girl groups being created by producers and existing ones being signed to major labels, such as Company B, The Cover Girls, Sweet Sensation and Seduction.", "The success of Exposé led to similar girl groups being created by producers and existing ones being signed to major labels, such as Company B, The Cover Girls, Sweet Sensation and Seduction. The first single, \"What You Don't Know\", peaked at #8; and the second single \"When I Looked at Him\" rose to #10 on the US Hot 100.", "The first single, \"What You Don't Know\", peaked at #8; and the second single \"When I Looked at Him\" rose to #10 on the US Hot 100. As an all-female group, the next single \"Tell Me Why\" (#9) gave Expose seven consecutive Top 10 hits on the US Hot 100, behind The Supremes nine consecutive Top 10 hits.", "As an all-female group, the next single \"Tell Me Why\" (#9) gave Expose seven consecutive Top 10 hits on the US Hot 100, behind The Supremes nine consecutive Top 10 hits. \"Tell Me Why\" addressed the issue of street gangs and youth and rewarded the group with additional praise for its socially conscious lyrics.", "\"Tell Me Why\" addressed the issue of street gangs and youth and rewarded the group with additional praise for its socially conscious lyrics. \"Your Baby Never Looked Good in Blue\" (#9 U.S.", "\"Your Baby Never Looked Good in Blue\" (#9 U.S. Adult Contemporary / #17 Pop) and \"Stop, Listen, Look & Think\" (only released as a promotional 12\" single) followed soon afterwards.", "Adult Contemporary / #17 Pop) and \"Stop, Listen, Look & Think\" (only released as a promotional 12\" single) followed soon afterwards. \"Stop, Listen, Look & Think\" was also included in the movie The Forbidden Dance (1990), a theatrical film released during the Lambada dance craze of that period.", "\"Stop, Listen, Look & Think\" was also included in the movie The Forbidden Dance (1990), a theatrical film released during the Lambada dance craze of that period. Exposé did their first headlining tour and continued television appearances on Soul Train, The Pat Sajak Show, The Byron Allen Show, and the Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve broadcast on December 31, 1989, among others.", "Exposé did their first headlining tour and continued television appearances on Soul Train, The Pat Sajak Show, The Byron Allen Show, and the Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve broadcast on December 31, 1989, among others. The popularity of the group also increased overseas to countries such as Japan, where the members appeared in a few music video-style television commercials in 1989 for Takara CAN Chuhai, a Japanese alcoholic beverage.", "The popularity of the group also increased overseas to countries such as Japan, where the members appeared in a few music video-style television commercials in 1989 for Takara CAN Chuhai, a Japanese alcoholic beverage. The music used in the Japanese commercials was the song \"What You Don't Know\" with slightly different lyrics in the chorus than the regular version.", "The music used in the Japanese commercials was the song \"What You Don't Know\" with slightly different lyrics in the chorus than the regular version. With the success of Exposé's first two albums, Arista Records released the music-video compilation, Video Exposure, on VHS and laser disc formats in 1990.", "With the success of Exposé's first two albums, Arista Records released the music-video compilation, Video Exposure, on VHS and laser disc formats in 1990. It contained music videos for the first eight singles released by Bruno, Curless and Jurado—from \"Come Go with Me\" through \"Your Baby Never Looked Good in Blue.\"", "It contained music videos for the first eight singles released by Bruno, Curless and Jurado—from \"Come Go with Me\" through \"Your Baby Never Looked Good in Blue.\" Exposé performed backing vocals on Barry Manilow's 1990 Arista album Because It's Christmas on the track \"Jingle Bells\" and also appeared in Manilow's long-form music video of \"Because It's Christmas.\"", "Exposé performed backing vocals on Barry Manilow's 1990 Arista album Because It's Christmas on the track \"Jingle Bells\" and also appeared in Manilow's long-form music video of \"Because It's Christmas.\" This version of \"Jingle Bells\" was patterned after the 1943 Bing Crosby/Andrews Sisters version.", "This version of \"Jingle Bells\" was patterned after the 1943 Bing Crosby/Andrews Sisters version. In August 1990, while touring with Exposé, Bruno began having throat problems—later linked to a benign tumor on her vocal cords—which caused the group to cut the tour short. The group took time off from their schedule in hopes that she would recover.", "The group took time off from their schedule in hopes that she would recover. Ultimately, Bruno lost her voice, and could not sing at all for several years—she also had to keep talking to a minimum. She was replaced by Kelly Moneymaker in 1992.", "She was replaced by Kelly Moneymaker in 1992. Exposé (1991–1996) After Kelly Moneymaker joined Exposé, the group released its self-titled, third album Exposé, which integrated more mature material in addition to their established freestyle, house, R&B, pop, and love-ballad repertoire.", "Exposé (1991–1996) After Kelly Moneymaker joined Exposé, the group released its self-titled, third album Exposé, which integrated more mature material in addition to their established freestyle, house, R&B, pop, and love-ballad repertoire. It was also the first album to use producers besides Martineé, with Clive Davis taking over as executive producer and Martineé only contributing production to four songs.", "It was also the first album to use producers besides Martineé, with Clive Davis taking over as executive producer and Martineé only contributing production to four songs. The album was aimed to demonstrate musical growth for the group and to compete with the success of Wilson Phillips, which had great success in 1990 with its debut album.", "The album was aimed to demonstrate musical growth for the group and to compete with the success of Wilson Phillips, which had great success in 1990 with its debut album. The third album was not as commercially successful as their previous two, but it still achieved gold status, and several singles fared better on the adult-contemporary charts.", "The third album was not as commercially successful as their previous two, but it still achieved gold status, and several singles fared better on the adult-contemporary charts. The group, however, did manage to crack the U.S. Top 40 pop chart with \"I Wish the Phone Would Ring\" and \"I'll Never Get Over You Getting Over Me\", a top-ten pop single which also reached #1 on the adult contemporary chart.", "The group, however, did manage to crack the U.S. Top 40 pop chart with \"I Wish the Phone Would Ring\" and \"I'll Never Get Over You Getting Over Me\", a top-ten pop single which also reached #1 on the adult contemporary chart. Subsequent releases \"As Long as I Can Dream\" and \"In Walked Love\" featured Curless in the lead-vocal spotlight.", "Subsequent releases \"As Long as I Can Dream\" and \"In Walked Love\" featured Curless in the lead-vocal spotlight. A final, club-marketed single in 1995 saw the release of the group's first remake. \"I Specialize in Love\" featured Curless and Jurado on lead with Moneymaker supporting lead vocals toward the song's conclusion.", "\"I Specialize in Love\" featured Curless and Jurado on lead with Moneymaker supporting lead vocals toward the song's conclusion. The original version was performed by Sharon Brown and was a top ten hit on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart in 1982.", "The original version was performed by Sharon Brown and was a top ten hit on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart in 1982. Among the group's television appearances during this period include Live with Regis and Kathie Lee, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, The Les Brown Show, and the Brazilian actress-singer children's show Xuxa.", "Among the group's television appearances during this period include Live with Regis and Kathie Lee, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, The Les Brown Show, and the Brazilian actress-singer children's show Xuxa. In 1995, Exposé recorded the Diane Warren-penned song \"I'll Say Good-Bye for the Two of Us\", which appeared on the soundtrack of the film Free Willy 2: The Adventure Home with Jurado performing lead vocals; that same year, the song was issued on its Greatest Hits.", "In 1995, Exposé recorded the Diane Warren-penned song \"I'll Say Good-Bye for the Two of Us\", which appeared on the soundtrack of the film Free Willy 2: The Adventure Home with Jurado performing lead vocals; that same year, the song was issued on its Greatest Hits. The song is distinctive for the group as Jurado performs solo without backing vocals.", "The song is distinctive for the group as Jurado performs solo without backing vocals. Label inactivity and solo projects Toward the end of 1995, Arista dropped the group, and the members disbanded at the beginning of 1996 to pursue their own projects.", "Label inactivity and solo projects Toward the end of 1995, Arista dropped the group, and the members disbanded at the beginning of 1996 to pursue their own projects. However, over time, labels licensing music from Sony Music Entertainment, the current owners of Arista, have released two other variations of greatest hits collections, as well as a collection of popular remixes from the group's 12-inch singles, including the extended version of the original 1985 \"Point of No Return.\"", "However, over time, labels licensing music from Sony Music Entertainment, the current owners of Arista, have released two other variations of greatest hits collections, as well as a collection of popular remixes from the group's 12-inch singles, including the extended version of the original 1985 \"Point of No Return.\" After the group broke up, Jurado performed in the stage play Mad Hattan and supplied vocals for contemporary jazz guitarist Nils and Safe Sax; Moneymaker married soap opera actor Peter Reckell and released four solo albums (Like a Blackbird, Through These Basement Walls, \"Race Against the Sky\", and \"Stone\").", "After the group broke up, Jurado performed in the stage play Mad Hattan and supplied vocals for contemporary jazz guitarist Nils and Safe Sax; Moneymaker married soap opera actor Peter Reckell and released four solo albums (Like a Blackbird, Through These Basement Walls, \"Race Against the Sky\", and \"Stone\"). Moneymaker wrote and produced the \"Love Songs\" LP for NBC's Days of Our Lives and has had original songs placed in over 25 film, TV and game productions including \"Guitar Hero\", \"Hawaii 5-0\", \"CSI\", etc; Curless engaged in songwriting, supplying vocals to several club-dance projects, and also provided academic instruction on music and the music business.", "Moneymaker wrote and produced the \"Love Songs\" LP for NBC's Days of Our Lives and has had original songs placed in over 25 film, TV and game productions including \"Guitar Hero\", \"Hawaii 5-0\", \"CSI\", etc; Curless engaged in songwriting, supplying vocals to several club-dance projects, and also provided academic instruction on music and the music business. Eventually, both Jurado and Curless married and had children, temporarily retiring from performing.", "Eventually, both Jurado and Curless married and had children, temporarily retiring from performing. In 1997, Bruno fully recovered from her throat tumor and began singing again. After a small stint with the band Wet, she worked on a solo career focused mostly on dance-oriented material.", "After a small stint with the band Wet, she worked on a solo career focused mostly on dance-oriented material. Her first album, Expose This, was released in the spring of 2004.", "Her first album, Expose This, was released in the spring of 2004. Reformation After a long hiatus, on August 1, 2003, the lineup of Curless, Jurado, and Moneymaker, reunited briefly for a reunion concert at the Mid State Fair in Paso Robles, California.", "Reformation After a long hiatus, on August 1, 2003, the lineup of Curless, Jurado, and Moneymaker, reunited briefly for a reunion concert at the Mid State Fair in Paso Robles, California. Members of Safe Sax, including music director/guitarist Steve Fansler, were part of the live band Exposé used.", "Members of Safe Sax, including music director/guitarist Steve Fansler, were part of the live band Exposé used. While there was a desire to do more shows, according to Moneymaker they were unable to get things active at that time.", "While there was a desire to do more shows, according to Moneymaker they were unable to get things active at that time. In 2006, Jurado announced on MySpace they had signed with a major booking agency, and Bruno announced she was back with Exposé for the first time in 15 years.", "In 2006, Jurado announced on MySpace they had signed with a major booking agency, and Bruno announced she was back with Exposé for the first time in 15 years. Moneymaker remains an honorary member of the group and has stated she would fill in for any member who may not be available, or to appear with the full lineup on special occasions.", "Moneymaker remains an honorary member of the group and has stated she would fill in for any member who may not be available, or to appear with the full lineup on special occasions. On October 21, 2006, Exposé kicked off its tour at the American Airlines Arena in Miami for the Freestyle Explosion concert, with the lineup of Curless, Jurado, and Bruno.", "On October 21, 2006, Exposé kicked off its tour at the American Airlines Arena in Miami for the Freestyle Explosion concert, with the lineup of Curless, Jurado, and Bruno. On November 29, 2006, at the Potawatomi Bingo Casino Northern Lights Theater in Milwaukee, Exposé performed a 16-song show with a full band led by Steve Fansler, marking their first full concert together with Bruno since 1990.", "On November 29, 2006, at the Potawatomi Bingo Casino Northern Lights Theater in Milwaukee, Exposé performed a 16-song show with a full band led by Steve Fansler, marking their first full concert together with Bruno since 1990. The group performed sets at freestyle concerts and gay pride events throughout the country.", "The group performed sets at freestyle concerts and gay pride events throughout the country. The group continues to perform at special events throughout the United States, including venues such as Epcot and Mohegan Sun's Wolf Den. In 2010, Exposé informed fans on Facebook that they are recording a new album.", "In 2010, Exposé informed fans on Facebook that they are recording a new album. Exposé recorded a 2011 version of their hit \"Point Of No Return\" working with dance producer Giuseppe D. and Chris Cox. The cd single was released on June 20, 2011.", "The cd single was released on June 20, 2011. The group released a single for Christmas called \"I Believe In Christmas (Like It Use To Be)\" in December, 2011 co-written by Adam Gorgoni, Jeanette Jurado and Shelly Peiken. Proceeds of the single went to the Wounded Warrior Project.", "Proceeds of the single went to the Wounded Warrior Project. In August 2012, the group independently released the single \"Shine On,\" co-written by Ann Curless. Curless also sings lead vocals on the track.", "Curless also sings lead vocals on the track. Lawsuit over trademark In December 2007, Jurado, Bruno, Curless, Moneymaker, Paradise Artists, and Walking Distance Entertainment were named as defendants in a lawsuit by Crystal Entertainment & Filmworks (I & II).", "Lawsuit over trademark In December 2007, Jurado, Bruno, Curless, Moneymaker, Paradise Artists, and Walking Distance Entertainment were named as defendants in a lawsuit by Crystal Entertainment & Filmworks (I & II). At issue was the trademark licensing agreement for the rights to use the name Exposé. The first case was dismissed without prejudice.", "The first case was dismissed without prejudice. The second one went to trial. During the process both Paradise Artists and Moneymaker were dismissed as defendants, and a counter suit was filed against the plaintiffs.", "During the process both Paradise Artists and Moneymaker were dismissed as defendants, and a counter suit was filed against the plaintiffs. On May 26, 2009, the court ruled in favor of the defendants on most counts, finding them only guilty of a contractual breach with the plaintiffs.", "On May 26, 2009, the court ruled in favor of the defendants on most counts, finding them only guilty of a contractual breach with the plaintiffs. The court also ruled that the plaintiffs did not prove ownership of the mark, and established that due to the line-up being the same since 1986 (with Moneymaker only replacing Bruno because of her illness) and clear identification of the group members on the albums and with touring, the defendants showed common-law proof of ownership and the \"[consumer] goodwill associated with Exposé was with the members\".", "The court also ruled that the plaintiffs did not prove ownership of the mark, and established that due to the line-up being the same since 1986 (with Moneymaker only replacing Bruno because of her illness) and clear identification of the group members on the albums and with touring, the defendants showed common-law proof of ownership and the \"[consumer] goodwill associated with Exposé was with the members\". The court awarded Jurado, Bruno, and Curless exclusive rights to the name Exposé as a trademark.", "The court awarded Jurado, Bruno, and Curless exclusive rights to the name Exposé as a trademark. Exposé mentioned this victory, and performed for the first time with Moneymaker as a guest at the LA Gay Pride Festival on June 14, 2009, making it the first time all four core members, Jurado, Bruno, Curless, and Moneymaker, appeared on stage together.", "Exposé mentioned this victory, and performed for the first time with Moneymaker as a guest at the LA Gay Pride Festival on June 14, 2009, making it the first time all four core members, Jurado, Bruno, Curless, and Moneymaker, appeared on stage together. The plaintiffs appealed in The Eleventh Circuit court, and the judgment was affirmed in a published opinion by the district court on June 21, 2011.", "The plaintiffs appealed in The Eleventh Circuit court, and the judgment was affirmed in a published opinion by the district court on June 21, 2011. Exposure (Re-issued) In January 2015, Cherry Pop Records re-issued the group's debut album.", "Exposure (Re-issued) In January 2015, Cherry Pop Records re-issued the group's debut album. Comprising two discs, this re-issue came with an extensive booklet, which detailed the history of Exposé, the story behind the songs, as well as the lyrics to all the tracks.", "Comprising two discs, this re-issue came with an extensive booklet, which detailed the history of Exposé, the story behind the songs, as well as the lyrics to all the tracks. Disc One contains the full album, along with numerous bonus tracks including the radio versions of 'Come Go With Me', 'Point Of No Return', 'Seasons Change', & 'Let Me Be The One', as well as 'December' and 'Exposed To Love'.", "Disc One contains the full album, along with numerous bonus tracks including the radio versions of 'Come Go With Me', 'Point Of No Return', 'Seasons Change', & 'Let Me Be The One', as well as 'December' and 'Exposed To Love'. Disc Two consists of extended versions, along with the crossover mixes, often featured on the 12\" & CD Singles.", "Disc Two consists of extended versions, along with the crossover mixes, often featured on the 12\" & CD Singles. One of these 'Extended' Versions is the rare original 12\" version of 'Exposed To Love'.", "One of these 'Extended' Versions is the rare original 12\" version of 'Exposed To Love'. Discography Exposure (1987) What You Don't Know (1989) Exposé (1992) References External links Official Web Site Further reading American dance music groups Arista Records artists American freestyle music groups American dance girl groups Musical groups established in 1984 Musical groups from Miami" ]

[ "Exposé (group)", "Exposure (1986-1988)", "When did they come to light?", "In March 1987, the new lineup of Expose released its debut album", "How did the band fair starting out?", "\"Come Go with Me\" which reached #5 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart." ]

[ "Return of the 1 Hit Wonder is the fourth album by rapper, Young MC. The album was released in 1997 for Overall Records and was Young MC's first release on an independent record label. While the album did not chart on any album charts, it did have two charting singles; \"Madame Buttafly\" reached No. 25 on the Hot Rap Songs and \"On & Poppin\" reached No. 23. The title refers to Young MC's only Billboard Hot 100 top 10 hit, \"Bust A Move\".\n\nTrack listing\n\"One Hit\" \n\"Freakie\" \n\"On & Poppin'\" \n\"You Ain't Gotta Lie Ta Kick It\" \n\"Madame Buttafly\" \n\"Lingerie\" \n\"Coast 2 Coast\" \n\"Fuel to the Fire\" \n\"Bring It Home\" \n\"Intensify\" \n\"Mr. Right Now\" \n\"On & Poppin'\" (Remix)\n\nReferences\n\nYoung MC albums\n1997 albums", "Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States, 348 U.S. 272 (1955), is a United States Supreme Court case involving a suit by the Tee-Hit-Ton, a subgroup of the Tlingit people. The Tee-Hit-Ton sought compensation from Congress for lumber taken from lands they occupied. The court ruled against the Tee-Hit-Ton.\n\nBackground \nThe Tee-Hit-Ton, a subgroup of the Tlingit people, brought an action in Court of Claims for compensation, under Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, for timber taken from tribal-occupied lands in Alaska authorized by the Secretary of Agriculture. The tribe contended it had \"full proprietary ownership\" or at least a recognized right to unrestricted possession; the federal government asserted the opposite, and argued that if the tribe had any rights, they were to use the land at the government’s will.\n\nProcedural posture \nThe tribe first filed a suit in the United States Court of Claims, which found that the tribe was an identifiable group residing in Alaska; its interest in the lands prior to purchase of Alaska was an “original Indian title” but such a title was not enough to bring suit because the Congress did not recognize the tribe's legal rights of property ownership. The Court of Claims dismissed the tribe's suit.\n\nDecision \nJustice Stanley Forman Reed, writing for the Court, stated that Congress did not intend to grant the Tee-Hit-Ton any permanent rights to the occupied lands but had given them permission to occupy it. Under the concept of conquest, any title to the land was extinguished when the \"white man\" came per Johnson v. M'Intosh. No case has held that taking of Indian title or use by Congress required compensation. Because there was no recognized title to the land, the court decided there was no right to compensation under the Fifth Amendment.\n\nSee also\nList of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 348\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\n1955 in Alaska\n1955 in United States case law\nAboriginal title case law in the United States\nAlaska Natives and United States law\nTakings Clause case law\nTlingit\nUnited States Supreme Court cases\nUnited States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court" ]

[ "Exposé is an American Latin freestyle vocal group formed in 1984 in Miami, FL. Primarily consisting of lead vocalists Jeanette Jurado, Ann Curless, and Gioia Bruno, the group achieved much of their success between 1984 and 1993, becoming the first group to have four top ten hits on the Billboard Hot 100 chart from its debut album, including the 1988 #1 hit \"Seasons Change\".", "Primarily consisting of lead vocalists Jeanette Jurado, Ann Curless, and Gioia Bruno, the group achieved much of their success between 1984 and 1993, becoming the first group to have four top ten hits on the Billboard Hot 100 chart from its debut album, including the 1988 #1 hit \"Seasons Change\". In March 2015, Billboard magazine named the group the eighth most-successful girl group of all-time.", "In March 2015, Billboard magazine named the group the eighth most-successful girl group of all-time. The group was popular in dance clubs, mainstream Top 40 and adult contemporary charts in the United States. The group actively toured and recorded music from 1984 to 1995, then retired from recording and public performances until 2003, and currently tour today.", "The group actively toured and recorded music from 1984 to 1995, then retired from recording and public performances until 2003, and currently tour today. History Formation of the group and original members (1983–1986) Exposé was initially formed in 1984 when Lewis Martineé, a Miami disc jockey and producer, decided to form a dance-based group.", "History Formation of the group and original members (1983–1986) Exposé was initially formed in 1984 when Lewis Martineé, a Miami disc jockey and producer, decided to form a dance-based group. Working with his partners Ismael Garcia and Frank Diaz at Pantera Productions, talent scouts hired Sandra Casañas (Sandeé), Alejandra Lorenzo (Alé), and Laurie Miller as the group's lineup, under the name X-Posed, which later became Exposé.", "Working with his partners Ismael Garcia and Frank Diaz at Pantera Productions, talent scouts hired Sandra Casañas (Sandeé), Alejandra Lorenzo (Alé), and Laurie Miller as the group's lineup, under the name X-Posed, which later became Exposé. The next year, the trio recorded \"Point of No Return\" for Pantera Records as a 7-inch vinyl single and a 12-inch vinyl single, the latter of which became a #1 hit on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart.", "The next year, the trio recorded \"Point of No Return\" for Pantera Records as a 7-inch vinyl single and a 12-inch vinyl single, the latter of which became a #1 hit on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart. The song helped to introduce a still-popular genre of music that became known as freestyle, which often features keyboard riffs, a sing-along chorus, and electro funk drum-machine patterns in the music arrangement.", "The song helped to introduce a still-popular genre of music that became known as freestyle, which often features keyboard riffs, a sing-along chorus, and electro funk drum-machine patterns in the music arrangement. The success of \"Point of No Return\" on the dance charts caught the attention of major labels and Expose signed with Arista Records, which promptly assumed distribution of the 12-inch vinyl single.", "The success of \"Point of No Return\" on the dance charts caught the attention of major labels and Expose signed with Arista Records, which promptly assumed distribution of the 12-inch vinyl single. A year later, Exposé recorded and released its second club-dance freestyle 12-inch single entitled \"Exposed to Love\".", "A year later, Exposé recorded and released its second club-dance freestyle 12-inch single entitled \"Exposed to Love\". These songs were released during the period when radio began airing continuous mixes of House/Club/Dance songs in major markets. As such, Exposé realized continued success, including a club tour to key cities.", "As such, Exposé realized continued success, including a club tour to key cities. Impressed with the performance of the two singles on the dance charts, Arista granted approval for the group to record a full-length album.", "Impressed with the performance of the two singles on the dance charts, Arista granted approval for the group to record a full-length album. Personnel changes (1986) During the recording of the group's first studio album Exposure, the personnel of the group changed. Reports vary based on the source.", "Reports vary based on the source. According to People magazine, two of the original singers quit while one of the girls was fired midway through the recording of the first album, but according to Billboard, all three were fired. Arista records felt that the three original singers lacked star potential.", "Arista records felt that the three original singers lacked star potential. Martinee states that he made the decision himself to replace the three girls, while Miller maintains it was all their choice, and Jurado confirms that Lorenzo wanted to leave.", "Martinee states that he made the decision himself to replace the three girls, while Miller maintains it was all their choice, and Jurado confirms that Lorenzo wanted to leave. Shortly thereafter, Casañas pursued a solo career and Lorenzo pursued other ambitions; they were replaced by Jeanette Jurado and Gioia Bruno.", "Shortly thereafter, Casañas pursued a solo career and Lorenzo pursued other ambitions; they were replaced by Jeanette Jurado and Gioia Bruno. Miller began a solo career; she was replaced by Ann Curless.", "Miller began a solo career; she was replaced by Ann Curless. Lorenzo returned to the dance charts with the Vendetta Records releases \"I Wanna Know\" in 1988, and \"Stop Me if I Fall in Love\" in 1990, while Laurie Miller released the 12\" single \"Parallels\" on Atlantic Records and a second single \"Love is a Natural Magical Thing\" on Meet Me In Miami Records.", "Lorenzo returned to the dance charts with the Vendetta Records releases \"I Wanna Know\" in 1988, and \"Stop Me if I Fall in Love\" in 1990, while Laurie Miller released the 12\" single \"Parallels\" on Atlantic Records and a second single \"Love is a Natural Magical Thing\" on Meet Me In Miami Records. Laurie evolved into a headline performer frequently showcasing her talents on cruises with a more intimate jazz style, and formed her own entertainment company called Xica productions.", "Laurie evolved into a headline performer frequently showcasing her talents on cruises with a more intimate jazz style, and formed her own entertainment company called Xica productions. Casañas later resurfaced as a solo artist (Sandeé) and released a solo album, Only Time Will Tell, which garnered the club hits \"You're The One\", \"Love Desire\", and the Clivilles & Cole-produced bassline-heavy hit \"Notice Me\".", "Casañas later resurfaced as a solo artist (Sandeé) and released a solo album, Only Time Will Tell, which garnered the club hits \"You're The One\", \"Love Desire\", and the Clivilles & Cole-produced bassline-heavy hit \"Notice Me\". She continued to tour actively in dance clubs and freestyle shows, until her death on December 15, 2008, of a seizure at the age of 46.", "She continued to tour actively in dance clubs and freestyle shows, until her death on December 15, 2008, of a seizure at the age of 46. All three original members: Casañas, Lorenzo and Miller later contributed vocals on songs on the Miami group Will to Power's eponymous 1988 debut album.", "All three original members: Casañas, Lorenzo and Miller later contributed vocals on songs on the Miami group Will to Power's eponymous 1988 debut album. Gioia Bruno also provided lead vocals on Will to Power's 2004 album, Spirit Warrior.", "Gioia Bruno also provided lead vocals on Will to Power's 2004 album, Spirit Warrior. Exposure (1986–1988) In March 1987, the new lineup of Exposé released its debut album Exposure on Arista Records, led by the pop/dance hit \"Come Go with Me\" which reached #5 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart.", "Exposure (1986–1988) In March 1987, the new lineup of Exposé released its debut album Exposure on Arista Records, led by the pop/dance hit \"Come Go with Me\" which reached #5 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. During the summer of 1987, a re-recorded version of \"Point of No Return\" was released, with Jurado now performing lead vocals, and it too topped out at #5 on the US Hot 100.", "During the summer of 1987, a re-recorded version of \"Point of No Return\" was released, with Jurado now performing lead vocals, and it too topped out at #5 on the US Hot 100. While the initial distribution of Exposure to suppliers contained the original 1984 version of that song, subsequent pressings contained the new version.", "While the initial distribution of Exposure to suppliers contained the original 1984 version of that song, subsequent pressings contained the new version. \"Let Me Be the One\", a mid-tempo R&B song with Bruno on lead vocal, became yet another hit reaching #7 on the US Hot 100 and also garnering significant R&B radio airplay.", "\"Let Me Be the One\", a mid-tempo R&B song with Bruno on lead vocal, became yet another hit reaching #7 on the US Hot 100 and also garnering significant R&B radio airplay. The group's highest charting hit occurred in February 1988 with the #1 US hit ballad \"Seasons Change\".", "The group's highest charting hit occurred in February 1988 with the #1 US hit ballad \"Seasons Change\". Along with that came a Soul Train Award nomination for Best New Artist; television appearances on American Bandstand, Solid Gold, Showtime at the Apollo, and The Late Show Starring Joan Rivers; and the group was tapped to be the opening act for Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam during its national tour.", "Along with that came a Soul Train Award nomination for Best New Artist; television appearances on American Bandstand, Solid Gold, Showtime at the Apollo, and The Late Show Starring Joan Rivers; and the group was tapped to be the opening act for Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam during its national tour. Exposé also performed backing vocals on Kashif's 1987 Arista/BMG Records album Love Changes, on the song \"Who's Getting Serious?\".", "Exposé also performed backing vocals on Kashif's 1987 Arista/BMG Records album Love Changes, on the song \"Who's Getting Serious?\". During Exposé's peak, the group endured legal issues behind the scenes. The members had a restrictive contract and there were reports in the media of backstage battles.", "The members had a restrictive contract and there were reports in the media of backstage battles. According to Bruno, they were only paid $200 per show. Reportedly, the record label had to intervene to try to keep the peace between the members and their producers.", "Reportedly, the record label had to intervene to try to keep the peace between the members and their producers. Despite this intervention, the members filed a lawsuit and ultimately settled their legal case for a renegotiated contract.", "Despite this intervention, the members filed a lawsuit and ultimately settled their legal case for a renegotiated contract. What You Don't Know (1989–1990) Although not as strong a seller as its predecessor, the group's second album, What You Don't Know (1989), performed very well and was certified gold in the US for sales over 500,000.", "What You Don't Know (1989–1990) Although not as strong a seller as its predecessor, the group's second album, What You Don't Know (1989), performed very well and was certified gold in the US for sales over 500,000. The success of Exposé led to similar girl groups being created by producers and existing ones being signed to major labels, such as Company B, The Cover Girls, Sweet Sensation and Seduction.", "The success of Exposé led to similar girl groups being created by producers and existing ones being signed to major labels, such as Company B, The Cover Girls, Sweet Sensation and Seduction. The first single, \"What You Don't Know\", peaked at #8; and the second single \"When I Looked at Him\" rose to #10 on the US Hot 100.", "The first single, \"What You Don't Know\", peaked at #8; and the second single \"When I Looked at Him\" rose to #10 on the US Hot 100. As an all-female group, the next single \"Tell Me Why\" (#9) gave Expose seven consecutive Top 10 hits on the US Hot 100, behind The Supremes nine consecutive Top 10 hits.", "As an all-female group, the next single \"Tell Me Why\" (#9) gave Expose seven consecutive Top 10 hits on the US Hot 100, behind The Supremes nine consecutive Top 10 hits. \"Tell Me Why\" addressed the issue of street gangs and youth and rewarded the group with additional praise for its socially conscious lyrics.", "\"Tell Me Why\" addressed the issue of street gangs and youth and rewarded the group with additional praise for its socially conscious lyrics. \"Your Baby Never Looked Good in Blue\" (#9 U.S.", "\"Your Baby Never Looked Good in Blue\" (#9 U.S. Adult Contemporary / #17 Pop) and \"Stop, Listen, Look & Think\" (only released as a promotional 12\" single) followed soon afterwards.", "Adult Contemporary / #17 Pop) and \"Stop, Listen, Look & Think\" (only released as a promotional 12\" single) followed soon afterwards. \"Stop, Listen, Look & Think\" was also included in the movie The Forbidden Dance (1990), a theatrical film released during the Lambada dance craze of that period.", "\"Stop, Listen, Look & Think\" was also included in the movie The Forbidden Dance (1990), a theatrical film released during the Lambada dance craze of that period. Exposé did their first headlining tour and continued television appearances on Soul Train, The Pat Sajak Show, The Byron Allen Show, and the Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve broadcast on December 31, 1989, among others.", "Exposé did their first headlining tour and continued television appearances on Soul Train, The Pat Sajak Show, The Byron Allen Show, and the Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve broadcast on December 31, 1989, among others. The popularity of the group also increased overseas to countries such as Japan, where the members appeared in a few music video-style television commercials in 1989 for Takara CAN Chuhai, a Japanese alcoholic beverage.", "The popularity of the group also increased overseas to countries such as Japan, where the members appeared in a few music video-style television commercials in 1989 for Takara CAN Chuhai, a Japanese alcoholic beverage. The music used in the Japanese commercials was the song \"What You Don't Know\" with slightly different lyrics in the chorus than the regular version.", "The music used in the Japanese commercials was the song \"What You Don't Know\" with slightly different lyrics in the chorus than the regular version. With the success of Exposé's first two albums, Arista Records released the music-video compilation, Video Exposure, on VHS and laser disc formats in 1990.", "With the success of Exposé's first two albums, Arista Records released the music-video compilation, Video Exposure, on VHS and laser disc formats in 1990. It contained music videos for the first eight singles released by Bruno, Curless and Jurado—from \"Come Go with Me\" through \"Your Baby Never Looked Good in Blue.\"", "It contained music videos for the first eight singles released by Bruno, Curless and Jurado—from \"Come Go with Me\" through \"Your Baby Never Looked Good in Blue.\" Exposé performed backing vocals on Barry Manilow's 1990 Arista album Because It's Christmas on the track \"Jingle Bells\" and also appeared in Manilow's long-form music video of \"Because It's Christmas.\"", "Exposé performed backing vocals on Barry Manilow's 1990 Arista album Because It's Christmas on the track \"Jingle Bells\" and also appeared in Manilow's long-form music video of \"Because It's Christmas.\" This version of \"Jingle Bells\" was patterned after the 1943 Bing Crosby/Andrews Sisters version.", "This version of \"Jingle Bells\" was patterned after the 1943 Bing Crosby/Andrews Sisters version. In August 1990, while touring with Exposé, Bruno began having throat problems—later linked to a benign tumor on her vocal cords—which caused the group to cut the tour short. The group took time off from their schedule in hopes that she would recover.", "The group took time off from their schedule in hopes that she would recover. Ultimately, Bruno lost her voice, and could not sing at all for several years—she also had to keep talking to a minimum. She was replaced by Kelly Moneymaker in 1992.", "She was replaced by Kelly Moneymaker in 1992. Exposé (1991–1996) After Kelly Moneymaker joined Exposé, the group released its self-titled, third album Exposé, which integrated more mature material in addition to their established freestyle, house, R&B, pop, and love-ballad repertoire.", "Exposé (1991–1996) After Kelly Moneymaker joined Exposé, the group released its self-titled, third album Exposé, which integrated more mature material in addition to their established freestyle, house, R&B, pop, and love-ballad repertoire. It was also the first album to use producers besides Martineé, with Clive Davis taking over as executive producer and Martineé only contributing production to four songs.", "It was also the first album to use producers besides Martineé, with Clive Davis taking over as executive producer and Martineé only contributing production to four songs. The album was aimed to demonstrate musical growth for the group and to compete with the success of Wilson Phillips, which had great success in 1990 with its debut album.", "The album was aimed to demonstrate musical growth for the group and to compete with the success of Wilson Phillips, which had great success in 1990 with its debut album. The third album was not as commercially successful as their previous two, but it still achieved gold status, and several singles fared better on the adult-contemporary charts.", "The third album was not as commercially successful as their previous two, but it still achieved gold status, and several singles fared better on the adult-contemporary charts. The group, however, did manage to crack the U.S. Top 40 pop chart with \"I Wish the Phone Would Ring\" and \"I'll Never Get Over You Getting Over Me\", a top-ten pop single which also reached #1 on the adult contemporary chart.", "The group, however, did manage to crack the U.S. Top 40 pop chart with \"I Wish the Phone Would Ring\" and \"I'll Never Get Over You Getting Over Me\", a top-ten pop single which also reached #1 on the adult contemporary chart. Subsequent releases \"As Long as I Can Dream\" and \"In Walked Love\" featured Curless in the lead-vocal spotlight.", "Subsequent releases \"As Long as I Can Dream\" and \"In Walked Love\" featured Curless in the lead-vocal spotlight. A final, club-marketed single in 1995 saw the release of the group's first remake. \"I Specialize in Love\" featured Curless and Jurado on lead with Moneymaker supporting lead vocals toward the song's conclusion.", "\"I Specialize in Love\" featured Curless and Jurado on lead with Moneymaker supporting lead vocals toward the song's conclusion. The original version was performed by Sharon Brown and was a top ten hit on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart in 1982.", "The original version was performed by Sharon Brown and was a top ten hit on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart in 1982. Among the group's television appearances during this period include Live with Regis and Kathie Lee, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, The Les Brown Show, and the Brazilian actress-singer children's show Xuxa.", "Among the group's television appearances during this period include Live with Regis and Kathie Lee, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, The Les Brown Show, and the Brazilian actress-singer children's show Xuxa. In 1995, Exposé recorded the Diane Warren-penned song \"I'll Say Good-Bye for the Two of Us\", which appeared on the soundtrack of the film Free Willy 2: The Adventure Home with Jurado performing lead vocals; that same year, the song was issued on its Greatest Hits.", "In 1995, Exposé recorded the Diane Warren-penned song \"I'll Say Good-Bye for the Two of Us\", which appeared on the soundtrack of the film Free Willy 2: The Adventure Home with Jurado performing lead vocals; that same year, the song was issued on its Greatest Hits. The song is distinctive for the group as Jurado performs solo without backing vocals.", "The song is distinctive for the group as Jurado performs solo without backing vocals. Label inactivity and solo projects Toward the end of 1995, Arista dropped the group, and the members disbanded at the beginning of 1996 to pursue their own projects.", "Label inactivity and solo projects Toward the end of 1995, Arista dropped the group, and the members disbanded at the beginning of 1996 to pursue their own projects. However, over time, labels licensing music from Sony Music Entertainment, the current owners of Arista, have released two other variations of greatest hits collections, as well as a collection of popular remixes from the group's 12-inch singles, including the extended version of the original 1985 \"Point of No Return.\"", "However, over time, labels licensing music from Sony Music Entertainment, the current owners of Arista, have released two other variations of greatest hits collections, as well as a collection of popular remixes from the group's 12-inch singles, including the extended version of the original 1985 \"Point of No Return.\" After the group broke up, Jurado performed in the stage play Mad Hattan and supplied vocals for contemporary jazz guitarist Nils and Safe Sax; Moneymaker married soap opera actor Peter Reckell and released four solo albums (Like a Blackbird, Through These Basement Walls, \"Race Against the Sky\", and \"Stone\").", "After the group broke up, Jurado performed in the stage play Mad Hattan and supplied vocals for contemporary jazz guitarist Nils and Safe Sax; Moneymaker married soap opera actor Peter Reckell and released four solo albums (Like a Blackbird, Through These Basement Walls, \"Race Against the Sky\", and \"Stone\"). Moneymaker wrote and produced the \"Love Songs\" LP for NBC's Days of Our Lives and has had original songs placed in over 25 film, TV and game productions including \"Guitar Hero\", \"Hawaii 5-0\", \"CSI\", etc; Curless engaged in songwriting, supplying vocals to several club-dance projects, and also provided academic instruction on music and the music business.", "Moneymaker wrote and produced the \"Love Songs\" LP for NBC's Days of Our Lives and has had original songs placed in over 25 film, TV and game productions including \"Guitar Hero\", \"Hawaii 5-0\", \"CSI\", etc; Curless engaged in songwriting, supplying vocals to several club-dance projects, and also provided academic instruction on music and the music business. Eventually, both Jurado and Curless married and had children, temporarily retiring from performing.", "Eventually, both Jurado and Curless married and had children, temporarily retiring from performing. In 1997, Bruno fully recovered from her throat tumor and began singing again. After a small stint with the band Wet, she worked on a solo career focused mostly on dance-oriented material.", "After a small stint with the band Wet, she worked on a solo career focused mostly on dance-oriented material. Her first album, Expose This, was released in the spring of 2004.", "Her first album, Expose This, was released in the spring of 2004. Reformation After a long hiatus, on August 1, 2003, the lineup of Curless, Jurado, and Moneymaker, reunited briefly for a reunion concert at the Mid State Fair in Paso Robles, California.", "Reformation After a long hiatus, on August 1, 2003, the lineup of Curless, Jurado, and Moneymaker, reunited briefly for a reunion concert at the Mid State Fair in Paso Robles, California. Members of Safe Sax, including music director/guitarist Steve Fansler, were part of the live band Exposé used.", "Members of Safe Sax, including music director/guitarist Steve Fansler, were part of the live band Exposé used. While there was a desire to do more shows, according to Moneymaker they were unable to get things active at that time.", "While there was a desire to do more shows, according to Moneymaker they were unable to get things active at that time. In 2006, Jurado announced on MySpace they had signed with a major booking agency, and Bruno announced she was back with Exposé for the first time in 15 years.", "In 2006, Jurado announced on MySpace they had signed with a major booking agency, and Bruno announced she was back with Exposé for the first time in 15 years. Moneymaker remains an honorary member of the group and has stated she would fill in for any member who may not be available, or to appear with the full lineup on special occasions.", "Moneymaker remains an honorary member of the group and has stated she would fill in for any member who may not be available, or to appear with the full lineup on special occasions. On October 21, 2006, Exposé kicked off its tour at the American Airlines Arena in Miami for the Freestyle Explosion concert, with the lineup of Curless, Jurado, and Bruno.", "On October 21, 2006, Exposé kicked off its tour at the American Airlines Arena in Miami for the Freestyle Explosion concert, with the lineup of Curless, Jurado, and Bruno. On November 29, 2006, at the Potawatomi Bingo Casino Northern Lights Theater in Milwaukee, Exposé performed a 16-song show with a full band led by Steve Fansler, marking their first full concert together with Bruno since 1990.", "On November 29, 2006, at the Potawatomi Bingo Casino Northern Lights Theater in Milwaukee, Exposé performed a 16-song show with a full band led by Steve Fansler, marking their first full concert together with Bruno since 1990. The group performed sets at freestyle concerts and gay pride events throughout the country.", "The group performed sets at freestyle concerts and gay pride events throughout the country. The group continues to perform at special events throughout the United States, including venues such as Epcot and Mohegan Sun's Wolf Den. In 2010, Exposé informed fans on Facebook that they are recording a new album.", "In 2010, Exposé informed fans on Facebook that they are recording a new album. Exposé recorded a 2011 version of their hit \"Point Of No Return\" working with dance producer Giuseppe D. and Chris Cox. The cd single was released on June 20, 2011.", "The cd single was released on June 20, 2011. The group released a single for Christmas called \"I Believe In Christmas (Like It Use To Be)\" in December, 2011 co-written by Adam Gorgoni, Jeanette Jurado and Shelly Peiken. Proceeds of the single went to the Wounded Warrior Project.", "Proceeds of the single went to the Wounded Warrior Project. In August 2012, the group independently released the single \"Shine On,\" co-written by Ann Curless. Curless also sings lead vocals on the track.", "Curless also sings lead vocals on the track. Lawsuit over trademark In December 2007, Jurado, Bruno, Curless, Moneymaker, Paradise Artists, and Walking Distance Entertainment were named as defendants in a lawsuit by Crystal Entertainment & Filmworks (I & II).", "Lawsuit over trademark In December 2007, Jurado, Bruno, Curless, Moneymaker, Paradise Artists, and Walking Distance Entertainment were named as defendants in a lawsuit by Crystal Entertainment & Filmworks (I & II). At issue was the trademark licensing agreement for the rights to use the name Exposé. The first case was dismissed without prejudice.", "The first case was dismissed without prejudice. The second one went to trial. During the process both Paradise Artists and Moneymaker were dismissed as defendants, and a counter suit was filed against the plaintiffs.", "During the process both Paradise Artists and Moneymaker were dismissed as defendants, and a counter suit was filed against the plaintiffs. On May 26, 2009, the court ruled in favor of the defendants on most counts, finding them only guilty of a contractual breach with the plaintiffs.", "On May 26, 2009, the court ruled in favor of the defendants on most counts, finding them only guilty of a contractual breach with the plaintiffs. The court also ruled that the plaintiffs did not prove ownership of the mark, and established that due to the line-up being the same since 1986 (with Moneymaker only replacing Bruno because of her illness) and clear identification of the group members on the albums and with touring, the defendants showed common-law proof of ownership and the \"[consumer] goodwill associated with Exposé was with the members\".", "The court also ruled that the plaintiffs did not prove ownership of the mark, and established that due to the line-up being the same since 1986 (with Moneymaker only replacing Bruno because of her illness) and clear identification of the group members on the albums and with touring, the defendants showed common-law proof of ownership and the \"[consumer] goodwill associated with Exposé was with the members\". The court awarded Jurado, Bruno, and Curless exclusive rights to the name Exposé as a trademark.", "The court awarded Jurado, Bruno, and Curless exclusive rights to the name Exposé as a trademark. Exposé mentioned this victory, and performed for the first time with Moneymaker as a guest at the LA Gay Pride Festival on June 14, 2009, making it the first time all four core members, Jurado, Bruno, Curless, and Moneymaker, appeared on stage together.", "Exposé mentioned this victory, and performed for the first time with Moneymaker as a guest at the LA Gay Pride Festival on June 14, 2009, making it the first time all four core members, Jurado, Bruno, Curless, and Moneymaker, appeared on stage together. The plaintiffs appealed in The Eleventh Circuit court, and the judgment was affirmed in a published opinion by the district court on June 21, 2011.", "The plaintiffs appealed in The Eleventh Circuit court, and the judgment was affirmed in a published opinion by the district court on June 21, 2011. Exposure (Re-issued) In January 2015, Cherry Pop Records re-issued the group's debut album.", "Exposure (Re-issued) In January 2015, Cherry Pop Records re-issued the group's debut album. Comprising two discs, this re-issue came with an extensive booklet, which detailed the history of Exposé, the story behind the songs, as well as the lyrics to all the tracks.", "Comprising two discs, this re-issue came with an extensive booklet, which detailed the history of Exposé, the story behind the songs, as well as the lyrics to all the tracks. Disc One contains the full album, along with numerous bonus tracks including the radio versions of 'Come Go With Me', 'Point Of No Return', 'Seasons Change', & 'Let Me Be The One', as well as 'December' and 'Exposed To Love'.", "Disc One contains the full album, along with numerous bonus tracks including the radio versions of 'Come Go With Me', 'Point Of No Return', 'Seasons Change', & 'Let Me Be The One', as well as 'December' and 'Exposed To Love'. Disc Two consists of extended versions, along with the crossover mixes, often featured on the 12\" & CD Singles.", "Disc Two consists of extended versions, along with the crossover mixes, often featured on the 12\" & CD Singles. One of these 'Extended' Versions is the rare original 12\" version of 'Exposed To Love'.", "One of these 'Extended' Versions is the rare original 12\" version of 'Exposed To Love'. Discography Exposure (1987) What You Don't Know (1989) Exposé (1992) References External links Official Web Site Further reading American dance music groups Arista Records artists American freestyle music groups American dance girl groups Musical groups established in 1984 Musical groups from Miami" ]

[ "Exposé (group)", "Exposure (1986-1988)", "When did they come to light?", "In March 1987, the new lineup of Expose released its debut album", "How did the band fair starting out?", "\"Come Go with Me\" which reached #5 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart.", "Did they have any hit ?", "\"Let Me Be the One\", a mid-tempo R&B song with Bruno on lead vocal, became yet another hit reaching #7", "Were they influenced by anyone?", "I don't know.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "During Expose's peak, the group endured legal issues behind the scenes." ]

[ "This is a list of songs written by Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier, and Eddie Holland. In most cases the original recordings were for Motown, for whom the three were contracted until 1968. They continued to have success after establishing the Invictus and Hot Wax labels, in some cases using the writing pseudonym \"Edyth Wayne\" (in various spellings). \n\nThe article also lists songs written by any of the three writers, sometimes in collaboration with others.\n\nFor a list of their production credits, see Holland–Dozier–Holland#Production.\n\nChart hits and other notable songs written by Holland, Dozier and Holland\n\nOther chart hits and notable songs written by Brian Holland alone or with others\n\nOther chart hits and notable songs written by Lamont Dozier\n\nOther chart hits and notable songs written by Eddie Holland Jr. with others\n\nSee also\nHolland-Dozier-Holland\n\nReferences\n\nHolland, Dozier, Holland\nAmerican rhythm and blues songs", "ABBA 18 Hits was released by Polar Music International on 8 September 2005, and is a compilation of hits by ABBA.\n\nThe 18 Hits set was released as a mid-price alternative to the best-selling full-price collection ABBA Gold: Greatest Hits and features 14 of the group's biggest hits and concludes with four non-English versions; \"Honey Honey\" (Swedish version), \"Waterloo\" (French version), \"Ring Ring\" (German version) and the Spanish version of \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\", entitled \"Dame! Dame! Dame!\". Among the more notable omissions on the 18 Hits collection are one of the band's biggest hits, \"Dancing Queen\", as well as \"Chiquitita\", \"Take a Chance on Me\" and \"I Have a Dream\".\n\nThe Swedish edition of 18 Hits, also released in 2005, featured four Swedish language recordings instead of the four non-English versions; \"Waterloo\", \"Honey Honey\", \"Ring Ring (Bara Du Slog En Signal)\" and \"Åh Vilka Tider\". This is the first ABBA CD to include \"Åh Vilka Tider\", which had originally been released as the B-side to the Swedish version of \"Ring Ring\". It would also appear worldwide on The Complete Studio Recordings. A budget-priced DVD entitled 16 Hits was released simultaneously.\n\nWhile numerous other similar hits compilations with the group have been released both before and since, 18 Hits has proved to be one of Universal Music's bestselling ABBA products, peaking in the Top 10 in Poland and the Top 20 in the UK, Spain and Hungary and re-entering the charts in many territories after the premiere of movie Mamma Mia! in the summer of 2008. It never included any songs from The Visitors or any other songs released from 1981 to 1982.\n\nThis compilation is not available digitally, as many tracks, featured in this compilation, are part of other ABBA compilations available in digital distribution. It is, eventually, still repressed on CD for many regions of the world.\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel\n\nAgnetha Fältskog - lead vocals , co-lead vocals , backing vocals\nAnni-Frid Lyngstad - lead vocals , co-lead vocals , backing vocals\nBjörn Ulvaeus - acoustic guitar, backing vocals\n Benny Andersson – synthesizer, keyboards, backing vocals\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nReferences\n\nABBA compilation albums\n2005 greatest hits albums\nAlbums recorded at Polar Studios\nAlbums produced by Björn Ulvaeus\nAlbums produced by Benny Andersson" ]

[ "Exposé is an American Latin freestyle vocal group formed in 1984 in Miami, FL. Primarily consisting of lead vocalists Jeanette Jurado, Ann Curless, and Gioia Bruno, the group achieved much of their success between 1984 and 1993, becoming the first group to have four top ten hits on the Billboard Hot 100 chart from its debut album, including the 1988 #1 hit \"Seasons Change\".", "Primarily consisting of lead vocalists Jeanette Jurado, Ann Curless, and Gioia Bruno, the group achieved much of their success between 1984 and 1993, becoming the first group to have four top ten hits on the Billboard Hot 100 chart from its debut album, including the 1988 #1 hit \"Seasons Change\". In March 2015, Billboard magazine named the group the eighth most-successful girl group of all-time.", "In March 2015, Billboard magazine named the group the eighth most-successful girl group of all-time. The group was popular in dance clubs, mainstream Top 40 and adult contemporary charts in the United States. The group actively toured and recorded music from 1984 to 1995, then retired from recording and public performances until 2003, and currently tour today.", "The group actively toured and recorded music from 1984 to 1995, then retired from recording and public performances until 2003, and currently tour today. History Formation of the group and original members (1983–1986) Exposé was initially formed in 1984 when Lewis Martineé, a Miami disc jockey and producer, decided to form a dance-based group.", "History Formation of the group and original members (1983–1986) Exposé was initially formed in 1984 when Lewis Martineé, a Miami disc jockey and producer, decided to form a dance-based group. Working with his partners Ismael Garcia and Frank Diaz at Pantera Productions, talent scouts hired Sandra Casañas (Sandeé), Alejandra Lorenzo (Alé), and Laurie Miller as the group's lineup, under the name X-Posed, which later became Exposé.", "Working with his partners Ismael Garcia and Frank Diaz at Pantera Productions, talent scouts hired Sandra Casañas (Sandeé), Alejandra Lorenzo (Alé), and Laurie Miller as the group's lineup, under the name X-Posed, which later became Exposé. The next year, the trio recorded \"Point of No Return\" for Pantera Records as a 7-inch vinyl single and a 12-inch vinyl single, the latter of which became a #1 hit on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart.", "The next year, the trio recorded \"Point of No Return\" for Pantera Records as a 7-inch vinyl single and a 12-inch vinyl single, the latter of which became a #1 hit on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart. The song helped to introduce a still-popular genre of music that became known as freestyle, which often features keyboard riffs, a sing-along chorus, and electro funk drum-machine patterns in the music arrangement.", "The song helped to introduce a still-popular genre of music that became known as freestyle, which often features keyboard riffs, a sing-along chorus, and electro funk drum-machine patterns in the music arrangement. The success of \"Point of No Return\" on the dance charts caught the attention of major labels and Expose signed with Arista Records, which promptly assumed distribution of the 12-inch vinyl single.", "The success of \"Point of No Return\" on the dance charts caught the attention of major labels and Expose signed with Arista Records, which promptly assumed distribution of the 12-inch vinyl single. A year later, Exposé recorded and released its second club-dance freestyle 12-inch single entitled \"Exposed to Love\".", "A year later, Exposé recorded and released its second club-dance freestyle 12-inch single entitled \"Exposed to Love\". These songs were released during the period when radio began airing continuous mixes of House/Club/Dance songs in major markets. As such, Exposé realized continued success, including a club tour to key cities.", "As such, Exposé realized continued success, including a club tour to key cities. Impressed with the performance of the two singles on the dance charts, Arista granted approval for the group to record a full-length album.", "Impressed with the performance of the two singles on the dance charts, Arista granted approval for the group to record a full-length album. Personnel changes (1986) During the recording of the group's first studio album Exposure, the personnel of the group changed. Reports vary based on the source.", "Reports vary based on the source. According to People magazine, two of the original singers quit while one of the girls was fired midway through the recording of the first album, but according to Billboard, all three were fired. Arista records felt that the three original singers lacked star potential.", "Arista records felt that the three original singers lacked star potential. Martinee states that he made the decision himself to replace the three girls, while Miller maintains it was all their choice, and Jurado confirms that Lorenzo wanted to leave.", "Martinee states that he made the decision himself to replace the three girls, while Miller maintains it was all their choice, and Jurado confirms that Lorenzo wanted to leave. Shortly thereafter, Casañas pursued a solo career and Lorenzo pursued other ambitions; they were replaced by Jeanette Jurado and Gioia Bruno.", "Shortly thereafter, Casañas pursued a solo career and Lorenzo pursued other ambitions; they were replaced by Jeanette Jurado and Gioia Bruno. Miller began a solo career; she was replaced by Ann Curless.", "Miller began a solo career; she was replaced by Ann Curless. Lorenzo returned to the dance charts with the Vendetta Records releases \"I Wanna Know\" in 1988, and \"Stop Me if I Fall in Love\" in 1990, while Laurie Miller released the 12\" single \"Parallels\" on Atlantic Records and a second single \"Love is a Natural Magical Thing\" on Meet Me In Miami Records.", "Lorenzo returned to the dance charts with the Vendetta Records releases \"I Wanna Know\" in 1988, and \"Stop Me if I Fall in Love\" in 1990, while Laurie Miller released the 12\" single \"Parallels\" on Atlantic Records and a second single \"Love is a Natural Magical Thing\" on Meet Me In Miami Records. Laurie evolved into a headline performer frequently showcasing her talents on cruises with a more intimate jazz style, and formed her own entertainment company called Xica productions.", "Laurie evolved into a headline performer frequently showcasing her talents on cruises with a more intimate jazz style, and formed her own entertainment company called Xica productions. Casañas later resurfaced as a solo artist (Sandeé) and released a solo album, Only Time Will Tell, which garnered the club hits \"You're The One\", \"Love Desire\", and the Clivilles & Cole-produced bassline-heavy hit \"Notice Me\".", "Casañas later resurfaced as a solo artist (Sandeé) and released a solo album, Only Time Will Tell, which garnered the club hits \"You're The One\", \"Love Desire\", and the Clivilles & Cole-produced bassline-heavy hit \"Notice Me\". She continued to tour actively in dance clubs and freestyle shows, until her death on December 15, 2008, of a seizure at the age of 46.", "She continued to tour actively in dance clubs and freestyle shows, until her death on December 15, 2008, of a seizure at the age of 46. All three original members: Casañas, Lorenzo and Miller later contributed vocals on songs on the Miami group Will to Power's eponymous 1988 debut album.", "All three original members: Casañas, Lorenzo and Miller later contributed vocals on songs on the Miami group Will to Power's eponymous 1988 debut album. Gioia Bruno also provided lead vocals on Will to Power's 2004 album, Spirit Warrior.", "Gioia Bruno also provided lead vocals on Will to Power's 2004 album, Spirit Warrior. Exposure (1986–1988) In March 1987, the new lineup of Exposé released its debut album Exposure on Arista Records, led by the pop/dance hit \"Come Go with Me\" which reached #5 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart.", "Exposure (1986–1988) In March 1987, the new lineup of Exposé released its debut album Exposure on Arista Records, led by the pop/dance hit \"Come Go with Me\" which reached #5 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. During the summer of 1987, a re-recorded version of \"Point of No Return\" was released, with Jurado now performing lead vocals, and it too topped out at #5 on the US Hot 100.", "During the summer of 1987, a re-recorded version of \"Point of No Return\" was released, with Jurado now performing lead vocals, and it too topped out at #5 on the US Hot 100. While the initial distribution of Exposure to suppliers contained the original 1984 version of that song, subsequent pressings contained the new version.", "While the initial distribution of Exposure to suppliers contained the original 1984 version of that song, subsequent pressings contained the new version. \"Let Me Be the One\", a mid-tempo R&B song with Bruno on lead vocal, became yet another hit reaching #7 on the US Hot 100 and also garnering significant R&B radio airplay.", "\"Let Me Be the One\", a mid-tempo R&B song with Bruno on lead vocal, became yet another hit reaching #7 on the US Hot 100 and also garnering significant R&B radio airplay. The group's highest charting hit occurred in February 1988 with the #1 US hit ballad \"Seasons Change\".", "The group's highest charting hit occurred in February 1988 with the #1 US hit ballad \"Seasons Change\". Along with that came a Soul Train Award nomination for Best New Artist; television appearances on American Bandstand, Solid Gold, Showtime at the Apollo, and The Late Show Starring Joan Rivers; and the group was tapped to be the opening act for Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam during its national tour.", "Along with that came a Soul Train Award nomination for Best New Artist; television appearances on American Bandstand, Solid Gold, Showtime at the Apollo, and The Late Show Starring Joan Rivers; and the group was tapped to be the opening act for Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam during its national tour. Exposé also performed backing vocals on Kashif's 1987 Arista/BMG Records album Love Changes, on the song \"Who's Getting Serious?\".", "Exposé also performed backing vocals on Kashif's 1987 Arista/BMG Records album Love Changes, on the song \"Who's Getting Serious?\". During Exposé's peak, the group endured legal issues behind the scenes. The members had a restrictive contract and there were reports in the media of backstage battles.", "The members had a restrictive contract and there were reports in the media of backstage battles. According to Bruno, they were only paid $200 per show. Reportedly, the record label had to intervene to try to keep the peace between the members and their producers.", "Reportedly, the record label had to intervene to try to keep the peace between the members and their producers. Despite this intervention, the members filed a lawsuit and ultimately settled their legal case for a renegotiated contract.", "Despite this intervention, the members filed a lawsuit and ultimately settled their legal case for a renegotiated contract. What You Don't Know (1989–1990) Although not as strong a seller as its predecessor, the group's second album, What You Don't Know (1989), performed very well and was certified gold in the US for sales over 500,000.", "What You Don't Know (1989–1990) Although not as strong a seller as its predecessor, the group's second album, What You Don't Know (1989), performed very well and was certified gold in the US for sales over 500,000. The success of Exposé led to similar girl groups being created by producers and existing ones being signed to major labels, such as Company B, The Cover Girls, Sweet Sensation and Seduction.", "The success of Exposé led to similar girl groups being created by producers and existing ones being signed to major labels, such as Company B, The Cover Girls, Sweet Sensation and Seduction. The first single, \"What You Don't Know\", peaked at #8; and the second single \"When I Looked at Him\" rose to #10 on the US Hot 100.", "The first single, \"What You Don't Know\", peaked at #8; and the second single \"When I Looked at Him\" rose to #10 on the US Hot 100. As an all-female group, the next single \"Tell Me Why\" (#9) gave Expose seven consecutive Top 10 hits on the US Hot 100, behind The Supremes nine consecutive Top 10 hits.", "As an all-female group, the next single \"Tell Me Why\" (#9) gave Expose seven consecutive Top 10 hits on the US Hot 100, behind The Supremes nine consecutive Top 10 hits. \"Tell Me Why\" addressed the issue of street gangs and youth and rewarded the group with additional praise for its socially conscious lyrics.", "\"Tell Me Why\" addressed the issue of street gangs and youth and rewarded the group with additional praise for its socially conscious lyrics. \"Your Baby Never Looked Good in Blue\" (#9 U.S.", "\"Your Baby Never Looked Good in Blue\" (#9 U.S. Adult Contemporary / #17 Pop) and \"Stop, Listen, Look & Think\" (only released as a promotional 12\" single) followed soon afterwards.", "Adult Contemporary / #17 Pop) and \"Stop, Listen, Look & Think\" (only released as a promotional 12\" single) followed soon afterwards. \"Stop, Listen, Look & Think\" was also included in the movie The Forbidden Dance (1990), a theatrical film released during the Lambada dance craze of that period.", "\"Stop, Listen, Look & Think\" was also included in the movie The Forbidden Dance (1990), a theatrical film released during the Lambada dance craze of that period. Exposé did their first headlining tour and continued television appearances on Soul Train, The Pat Sajak Show, The Byron Allen Show, and the Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve broadcast on December 31, 1989, among others.", "Exposé did their first headlining tour and continued television appearances on Soul Train, The Pat Sajak Show, The Byron Allen Show, and the Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve broadcast on December 31, 1989, among others. The popularity of the group also increased overseas to countries such as Japan, where the members appeared in a few music video-style television commercials in 1989 for Takara CAN Chuhai, a Japanese alcoholic beverage.", "The popularity of the group also increased overseas to countries such as Japan, where the members appeared in a few music video-style television commercials in 1989 for Takara CAN Chuhai, a Japanese alcoholic beverage. The music used in the Japanese commercials was the song \"What You Don't Know\" with slightly different lyrics in the chorus than the regular version.", "The music used in the Japanese commercials was the song \"What You Don't Know\" with slightly different lyrics in the chorus than the regular version. With the success of Exposé's first two albums, Arista Records released the music-video compilation, Video Exposure, on VHS and laser disc formats in 1990.", "With the success of Exposé's first two albums, Arista Records released the music-video compilation, Video Exposure, on VHS and laser disc formats in 1990. It contained music videos for the first eight singles released by Bruno, Curless and Jurado—from \"Come Go with Me\" through \"Your Baby Never Looked Good in Blue.\"", "It contained music videos for the first eight singles released by Bruno, Curless and Jurado—from \"Come Go with Me\" through \"Your Baby Never Looked Good in Blue.\" Exposé performed backing vocals on Barry Manilow's 1990 Arista album Because It's Christmas on the track \"Jingle Bells\" and also appeared in Manilow's long-form music video of \"Because It's Christmas.\"", "Exposé performed backing vocals on Barry Manilow's 1990 Arista album Because It's Christmas on the track \"Jingle Bells\" and also appeared in Manilow's long-form music video of \"Because It's Christmas.\" This version of \"Jingle Bells\" was patterned after the 1943 Bing Crosby/Andrews Sisters version.", "This version of \"Jingle Bells\" was patterned after the 1943 Bing Crosby/Andrews Sisters version. In August 1990, while touring with Exposé, Bruno began having throat problems—later linked to a benign tumor on her vocal cords—which caused the group to cut the tour short. The group took time off from their schedule in hopes that she would recover.", "The group took time off from their schedule in hopes that she would recover. Ultimately, Bruno lost her voice, and could not sing at all for several years—she also had to keep talking to a minimum. She was replaced by Kelly Moneymaker in 1992.", "She was replaced by Kelly Moneymaker in 1992. Exposé (1991–1996) After Kelly Moneymaker joined Exposé, the group released its self-titled, third album Exposé, which integrated more mature material in addition to their established freestyle, house, R&B, pop, and love-ballad repertoire.", "Exposé (1991–1996) After Kelly Moneymaker joined Exposé, the group released its self-titled, third album Exposé, which integrated more mature material in addition to their established freestyle, house, R&B, pop, and love-ballad repertoire. It was also the first album to use producers besides Martineé, with Clive Davis taking over as executive producer and Martineé only contributing production to four songs.", "It was also the first album to use producers besides Martineé, with Clive Davis taking over as executive producer and Martineé only contributing production to four songs. The album was aimed to demonstrate musical growth for the group and to compete with the success of Wilson Phillips, which had great success in 1990 with its debut album.", "The album was aimed to demonstrate musical growth for the group and to compete with the success of Wilson Phillips, which had great success in 1990 with its debut album. The third album was not as commercially successful as their previous two, but it still achieved gold status, and several singles fared better on the adult-contemporary charts.", "The third album was not as commercially successful as their previous two, but it still achieved gold status, and several singles fared better on the adult-contemporary charts. The group, however, did manage to crack the U.S. Top 40 pop chart with \"I Wish the Phone Would Ring\" and \"I'll Never Get Over You Getting Over Me\", a top-ten pop single which also reached #1 on the adult contemporary chart.", "The group, however, did manage to crack the U.S. Top 40 pop chart with \"I Wish the Phone Would Ring\" and \"I'll Never Get Over You Getting Over Me\", a top-ten pop single which also reached #1 on the adult contemporary chart. Subsequent releases \"As Long as I Can Dream\" and \"In Walked Love\" featured Curless in the lead-vocal spotlight.", "Subsequent releases \"As Long as I Can Dream\" and \"In Walked Love\" featured Curless in the lead-vocal spotlight. A final, club-marketed single in 1995 saw the release of the group's first remake. \"I Specialize in Love\" featured Curless and Jurado on lead with Moneymaker supporting lead vocals toward the song's conclusion.", "\"I Specialize in Love\" featured Curless and Jurado on lead with Moneymaker supporting lead vocals toward the song's conclusion. The original version was performed by Sharon Brown and was a top ten hit on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart in 1982.", "The original version was performed by Sharon Brown and was a top ten hit on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart in 1982. Among the group's television appearances during this period include Live with Regis and Kathie Lee, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, The Les Brown Show, and the Brazilian actress-singer children's show Xuxa.", "Among the group's television appearances during this period include Live with Regis and Kathie Lee, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, The Les Brown Show, and the Brazilian actress-singer children's show Xuxa. In 1995, Exposé recorded the Diane Warren-penned song \"I'll Say Good-Bye for the Two of Us\", which appeared on the soundtrack of the film Free Willy 2: The Adventure Home with Jurado performing lead vocals; that same year, the song was issued on its Greatest Hits.", "In 1995, Exposé recorded the Diane Warren-penned song \"I'll Say Good-Bye for the Two of Us\", which appeared on the soundtrack of the film Free Willy 2: The Adventure Home with Jurado performing lead vocals; that same year, the song was issued on its Greatest Hits. The song is distinctive for the group as Jurado performs solo without backing vocals.", "The song is distinctive for the group as Jurado performs solo without backing vocals. Label inactivity and solo projects Toward the end of 1995, Arista dropped the group, and the members disbanded at the beginning of 1996 to pursue their own projects.", "Label inactivity and solo projects Toward the end of 1995, Arista dropped the group, and the members disbanded at the beginning of 1996 to pursue their own projects. However, over time, labels licensing music from Sony Music Entertainment, the current owners of Arista, have released two other variations of greatest hits collections, as well as a collection of popular remixes from the group's 12-inch singles, including the extended version of the original 1985 \"Point of No Return.\"", "However, over time, labels licensing music from Sony Music Entertainment, the current owners of Arista, have released two other variations of greatest hits collections, as well as a collection of popular remixes from the group's 12-inch singles, including the extended version of the original 1985 \"Point of No Return.\" After the group broke up, Jurado performed in the stage play Mad Hattan and supplied vocals for contemporary jazz guitarist Nils and Safe Sax; Moneymaker married soap opera actor Peter Reckell and released four solo albums (Like a Blackbird, Through These Basement Walls, \"Race Against the Sky\", and \"Stone\").", "After the group broke up, Jurado performed in the stage play Mad Hattan and supplied vocals for contemporary jazz guitarist Nils and Safe Sax; Moneymaker married soap opera actor Peter Reckell and released four solo albums (Like a Blackbird, Through These Basement Walls, \"Race Against the Sky\", and \"Stone\"). Moneymaker wrote and produced the \"Love Songs\" LP for NBC's Days of Our Lives and has had original songs placed in over 25 film, TV and game productions including \"Guitar Hero\", \"Hawaii 5-0\", \"CSI\", etc; Curless engaged in songwriting, supplying vocals to several club-dance projects, and also provided academic instruction on music and the music business.", "Moneymaker wrote and produced the \"Love Songs\" LP for NBC's Days of Our Lives and has had original songs placed in over 25 film, TV and game productions including \"Guitar Hero\", \"Hawaii 5-0\", \"CSI\", etc; Curless engaged in songwriting, supplying vocals to several club-dance projects, and also provided academic instruction on music and the music business. Eventually, both Jurado and Curless married and had children, temporarily retiring from performing.", "Eventually, both Jurado and Curless married and had children, temporarily retiring from performing. In 1997, Bruno fully recovered from her throat tumor and began singing again. After a small stint with the band Wet, she worked on a solo career focused mostly on dance-oriented material.", "After a small stint with the band Wet, she worked on a solo career focused mostly on dance-oriented material. Her first album, Expose This, was released in the spring of 2004.", "Her first album, Expose This, was released in the spring of 2004. Reformation After a long hiatus, on August 1, 2003, the lineup of Curless, Jurado, and Moneymaker, reunited briefly for a reunion concert at the Mid State Fair in Paso Robles, California.", "Reformation After a long hiatus, on August 1, 2003, the lineup of Curless, Jurado, and Moneymaker, reunited briefly for a reunion concert at the Mid State Fair in Paso Robles, California. Members of Safe Sax, including music director/guitarist Steve Fansler, were part of the live band Exposé used.", "Members of Safe Sax, including music director/guitarist Steve Fansler, were part of the live band Exposé used. While there was a desire to do more shows, according to Moneymaker they were unable to get things active at that time.", "While there was a desire to do more shows, according to Moneymaker they were unable to get things active at that time. In 2006, Jurado announced on MySpace they had signed with a major booking agency, and Bruno announced she was back with Exposé for the first time in 15 years.", "In 2006, Jurado announced on MySpace they had signed with a major booking agency, and Bruno announced she was back with Exposé for the first time in 15 years. Moneymaker remains an honorary member of the group and has stated she would fill in for any member who may not be available, or to appear with the full lineup on special occasions.", "Moneymaker remains an honorary member of the group and has stated she would fill in for any member who may not be available, or to appear with the full lineup on special occasions. On October 21, 2006, Exposé kicked off its tour at the American Airlines Arena in Miami for the Freestyle Explosion concert, with the lineup of Curless, Jurado, and Bruno.", "On October 21, 2006, Exposé kicked off its tour at the American Airlines Arena in Miami for the Freestyle Explosion concert, with the lineup of Curless, Jurado, and Bruno. On November 29, 2006, at the Potawatomi Bingo Casino Northern Lights Theater in Milwaukee, Exposé performed a 16-song show with a full band led by Steve Fansler, marking their first full concert together with Bruno since 1990.", "On November 29, 2006, at the Potawatomi Bingo Casino Northern Lights Theater in Milwaukee, Exposé performed a 16-song show with a full band led by Steve Fansler, marking their first full concert together with Bruno since 1990. The group performed sets at freestyle concerts and gay pride events throughout the country.", "The group performed sets at freestyle concerts and gay pride events throughout the country. The group continues to perform at special events throughout the United States, including venues such as Epcot and Mohegan Sun's Wolf Den. In 2010, Exposé informed fans on Facebook that they are recording a new album.", "In 2010, Exposé informed fans on Facebook that they are recording a new album. Exposé recorded a 2011 version of their hit \"Point Of No Return\" working with dance producer Giuseppe D. and Chris Cox. The cd single was released on June 20, 2011.", "The cd single was released on June 20, 2011. The group released a single for Christmas called \"I Believe In Christmas (Like It Use To Be)\" in December, 2011 co-written by Adam Gorgoni, Jeanette Jurado and Shelly Peiken. Proceeds of the single went to the Wounded Warrior Project.", "Proceeds of the single went to the Wounded Warrior Project. In August 2012, the group independently released the single \"Shine On,\" co-written by Ann Curless. Curless also sings lead vocals on the track.", "Curless also sings lead vocals on the track. Lawsuit over trademark In December 2007, Jurado, Bruno, Curless, Moneymaker, Paradise Artists, and Walking Distance Entertainment were named as defendants in a lawsuit by Crystal Entertainment & Filmworks (I & II).", "Lawsuit over trademark In December 2007, Jurado, Bruno, Curless, Moneymaker, Paradise Artists, and Walking Distance Entertainment were named as defendants in a lawsuit by Crystal Entertainment & Filmworks (I & II). At issue was the trademark licensing agreement for the rights to use the name Exposé. The first case was dismissed without prejudice.", "The first case was dismissed without prejudice. The second one went to trial. During the process both Paradise Artists and Moneymaker were dismissed as defendants, and a counter suit was filed against the plaintiffs.", "During the process both Paradise Artists and Moneymaker were dismissed as defendants, and a counter suit was filed against the plaintiffs. On May 26, 2009, the court ruled in favor of the defendants on most counts, finding them only guilty of a contractual breach with the plaintiffs.", "On May 26, 2009, the court ruled in favor of the defendants on most counts, finding them only guilty of a contractual breach with the plaintiffs. The court also ruled that the plaintiffs did not prove ownership of the mark, and established that due to the line-up being the same since 1986 (with Moneymaker only replacing Bruno because of her illness) and clear identification of the group members on the albums and with touring, the defendants showed common-law proof of ownership and the \"[consumer] goodwill associated with Exposé was with the members\".", "The court also ruled that the plaintiffs did not prove ownership of the mark, and established that due to the line-up being the same since 1986 (with Moneymaker only replacing Bruno because of her illness) and clear identification of the group members on the albums and with touring, the defendants showed common-law proof of ownership and the \"[consumer] goodwill associated with Exposé was with the members\". The court awarded Jurado, Bruno, and Curless exclusive rights to the name Exposé as a trademark.", "The court awarded Jurado, Bruno, and Curless exclusive rights to the name Exposé as a trademark. Exposé mentioned this victory, and performed for the first time with Moneymaker as a guest at the LA Gay Pride Festival on June 14, 2009, making it the first time all four core members, Jurado, Bruno, Curless, and Moneymaker, appeared on stage together.", "Exposé mentioned this victory, and performed for the first time with Moneymaker as a guest at the LA Gay Pride Festival on June 14, 2009, making it the first time all four core members, Jurado, Bruno, Curless, and Moneymaker, appeared on stage together. The plaintiffs appealed in The Eleventh Circuit court, and the judgment was affirmed in a published opinion by the district court on June 21, 2011.", "The plaintiffs appealed in The Eleventh Circuit court, and the judgment was affirmed in a published opinion by the district court on June 21, 2011. Exposure (Re-issued) In January 2015, Cherry Pop Records re-issued the group's debut album.", "Exposure (Re-issued) In January 2015, Cherry Pop Records re-issued the group's debut album. Comprising two discs, this re-issue came with an extensive booklet, which detailed the history of Exposé, the story behind the songs, as well as the lyrics to all the tracks.", "Comprising two discs, this re-issue came with an extensive booklet, which detailed the history of Exposé, the story behind the songs, as well as the lyrics to all the tracks. Disc One contains the full album, along with numerous bonus tracks including the radio versions of 'Come Go With Me', 'Point Of No Return', 'Seasons Change', & 'Let Me Be The One', as well as 'December' and 'Exposed To Love'.", "Disc One contains the full album, along with numerous bonus tracks including the radio versions of 'Come Go With Me', 'Point Of No Return', 'Seasons Change', & 'Let Me Be The One', as well as 'December' and 'Exposed To Love'. Disc Two consists of extended versions, along with the crossover mixes, often featured on the 12\" & CD Singles.", "Disc Two consists of extended versions, along with the crossover mixes, often featured on the 12\" & CD Singles. One of these 'Extended' Versions is the rare original 12\" version of 'Exposed To Love'.", "One of these 'Extended' Versions is the rare original 12\" version of 'Exposed To Love'. Discography Exposure (1987) What You Don't Know (1989) Exposé (1992) References External links Official Web Site Further reading American dance music groups Arista Records artists American freestyle music groups American dance girl groups Musical groups established in 1984 Musical groups from Miami" ]

[ "Exposé (group)", "Exposure (1986-1988)", "When did they come to light?", "In March 1987, the new lineup of Expose released its debut album", "How did the band fair starting out?", "\"Come Go with Me\" which reached #5 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart.", "Did they have any hit ?", "\"Let Me Be the One\", a mid-tempo R&B song with Bruno on lead vocal, became yet another hit reaching #7", "Were they influenced by anyone?", "I don't know.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "During Expose's peak, the group endured legal issues behind the scenes.", "were there any other notable hits released?", "\"Point of No Return\"" ]

[ "\"Somethin' 4 da Honeyz\" is the second single released from Montell Jordan's debut album, This Is How We Do It (1995). Produced by Oji Pierce, \"Somethin' 4 da Honeyz\" was the follow-up to Montell's number-one hit, \"This Is How We Do It\". The song became his second consecutive hit, peaking at 21 on the Billboard Hot 100, and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America in September 1995 for shipments of over 500,000 copies. The official remix entitled the \"Human Rhythm Remix\" was produced by Derrick Edmondson and featured an appearance by Redman. Both the original and remix had promotional music videos released. The track sampled \"Summer Madness\" by Kool & the Gang.\n\nTrack listing\n\nA-Side\n \"Somethin' 4 da Honeyz\" (radio version) – 4:02 \n \"Somethin' 4 da Honeyz\" (Human Rhythm remix) – 3:57 \n \"Somethin' 4 da Honeyz\" (Human Rhythm instrumental) – 3:57\n\nB-Side\n \"This Is How We Do It\" (Studio Ton radio mix) – 3:42 \n \"This Is How We Do It\" (Funkmaster Flex radio mix) – 4:33 \n \"This Is How We Do It\" (Puff Daddy radio mix) – 4:23\n\nCharts and certifications\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\n1995 singles\nDef Jam Recordings singles\nIsland Records singles\nMontell Jordan songs\nSongs written by Montell Jordan", "\"How Do I Get There\" is a song written by Chris Farren, and co-written and recorded by American country music artist Deana Carter.\n\nIt was released in 1996 as a 7\" jukebox single along with the song \"Did I Shave My Legs for This?\", and in 1997 as a promotional CD single. The song became her third single to reach the top of the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. The song was Carter's last Number One hit on the country chart.\n\nTrack listing\n\nChart performance \n\"How Do I Get There\" debuted at number 52 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the chart week of August 2, 1997.\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences\n\nDeana Carter songs\nSongs written by Deana Carter\nSongs written by Chris Farren (country musician)\nSong recordings produced by Chris Farren (country musician)\n1996 songs" ]

[ "Exposé is an American Latin freestyle vocal group formed in 1984 in Miami, FL. Primarily consisting of lead vocalists Jeanette Jurado, Ann Curless, and Gioia Bruno, the group achieved much of their success between 1984 and 1993, becoming the first group to have four top ten hits on the Billboard Hot 100 chart from its debut album, including the 1988 #1 hit \"Seasons Change\".", "Primarily consisting of lead vocalists Jeanette Jurado, Ann Curless, and Gioia Bruno, the group achieved much of their success between 1984 and 1993, becoming the first group to have four top ten hits on the Billboard Hot 100 chart from its debut album, including the 1988 #1 hit \"Seasons Change\". In March 2015, Billboard magazine named the group the eighth most-successful girl group of all-time.", "In March 2015, Billboard magazine named the group the eighth most-successful girl group of all-time. The group was popular in dance clubs, mainstream Top 40 and adult contemporary charts in the United States. The group actively toured and recorded music from 1984 to 1995, then retired from recording and public performances until 2003, and currently tour today.", "The group actively toured and recorded music from 1984 to 1995, then retired from recording and public performances until 2003, and currently tour today. History Formation of the group and original members (1983–1986) Exposé was initially formed in 1984 when Lewis Martineé, a Miami disc jockey and producer, decided to form a dance-based group.", "History Formation of the group and original members (1983–1986) Exposé was initially formed in 1984 when Lewis Martineé, a Miami disc jockey and producer, decided to form a dance-based group. Working with his partners Ismael Garcia and Frank Diaz at Pantera Productions, talent scouts hired Sandra Casañas (Sandeé), Alejandra Lorenzo (Alé), and Laurie Miller as the group's lineup, under the name X-Posed, which later became Exposé.", "Working with his partners Ismael Garcia and Frank Diaz at Pantera Productions, talent scouts hired Sandra Casañas (Sandeé), Alejandra Lorenzo (Alé), and Laurie Miller as the group's lineup, under the name X-Posed, which later became Exposé. The next year, the trio recorded \"Point of No Return\" for Pantera Records as a 7-inch vinyl single and a 12-inch vinyl single, the latter of which became a #1 hit on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart.", "The next year, the trio recorded \"Point of No Return\" for Pantera Records as a 7-inch vinyl single and a 12-inch vinyl single, the latter of which became a #1 hit on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart. The song helped to introduce a still-popular genre of music that became known as freestyle, which often features keyboard riffs, a sing-along chorus, and electro funk drum-machine patterns in the music arrangement.", "The song helped to introduce a still-popular genre of music that became known as freestyle, which often features keyboard riffs, a sing-along chorus, and electro funk drum-machine patterns in the music arrangement. The success of \"Point of No Return\" on the dance charts caught the attention of major labels and Expose signed with Arista Records, which promptly assumed distribution of the 12-inch vinyl single.", "The success of \"Point of No Return\" on the dance charts caught the attention of major labels and Expose signed with Arista Records, which promptly assumed distribution of the 12-inch vinyl single. A year later, Exposé recorded and released its second club-dance freestyle 12-inch single entitled \"Exposed to Love\".", "A year later, Exposé recorded and released its second club-dance freestyle 12-inch single entitled \"Exposed to Love\". These songs were released during the period when radio began airing continuous mixes of House/Club/Dance songs in major markets. As such, Exposé realized continued success, including a club tour to key cities.", "As such, Exposé realized continued success, including a club tour to key cities. Impressed with the performance of the two singles on the dance charts, Arista granted approval for the group to record a full-length album.", "Impressed with the performance of the two singles on the dance charts, Arista granted approval for the group to record a full-length album. Personnel changes (1986) During the recording of the group's first studio album Exposure, the personnel of the group changed. Reports vary based on the source.", "Reports vary based on the source. According to People magazine, two of the original singers quit while one of the girls was fired midway through the recording of the first album, but according to Billboard, all three were fired. Arista records felt that the three original singers lacked star potential.", "Arista records felt that the three original singers lacked star potential. Martinee states that he made the decision himself to replace the three girls, while Miller maintains it was all their choice, and Jurado confirms that Lorenzo wanted to leave.", "Martinee states that he made the decision himself to replace the three girls, while Miller maintains it was all their choice, and Jurado confirms that Lorenzo wanted to leave. Shortly thereafter, Casañas pursued a solo career and Lorenzo pursued other ambitions; they were replaced by Jeanette Jurado and Gioia Bruno.", "Shortly thereafter, Casañas pursued a solo career and Lorenzo pursued other ambitions; they were replaced by Jeanette Jurado and Gioia Bruno. Miller began a solo career; she was replaced by Ann Curless.", "Miller began a solo career; she was replaced by Ann Curless. Lorenzo returned to the dance charts with the Vendetta Records releases \"I Wanna Know\" in 1988, and \"Stop Me if I Fall in Love\" in 1990, while Laurie Miller released the 12\" single \"Parallels\" on Atlantic Records and a second single \"Love is a Natural Magical Thing\" on Meet Me In Miami Records.", "Lorenzo returned to the dance charts with the Vendetta Records releases \"I Wanna Know\" in 1988, and \"Stop Me if I Fall in Love\" in 1990, while Laurie Miller released the 12\" single \"Parallels\" on Atlantic Records and a second single \"Love is a Natural Magical Thing\" on Meet Me In Miami Records. Laurie evolved into a headline performer frequently showcasing her talents on cruises with a more intimate jazz style, and formed her own entertainment company called Xica productions.", "Laurie evolved into a headline performer frequently showcasing her talents on cruises with a more intimate jazz style, and formed her own entertainment company called Xica productions. Casañas later resurfaced as a solo artist (Sandeé) and released a solo album, Only Time Will Tell, which garnered the club hits \"You're The One\", \"Love Desire\", and the Clivilles & Cole-produced bassline-heavy hit \"Notice Me\".", "Casañas later resurfaced as a solo artist (Sandeé) and released a solo album, Only Time Will Tell, which garnered the club hits \"You're The One\", \"Love Desire\", and the Clivilles & Cole-produced bassline-heavy hit \"Notice Me\". She continued to tour actively in dance clubs and freestyle shows, until her death on December 15, 2008, of a seizure at the age of 46.", "She continued to tour actively in dance clubs and freestyle shows, until her death on December 15, 2008, of a seizure at the age of 46. All three original members: Casañas, Lorenzo and Miller later contributed vocals on songs on the Miami group Will to Power's eponymous 1988 debut album.", "All three original members: Casañas, Lorenzo and Miller later contributed vocals on songs on the Miami group Will to Power's eponymous 1988 debut album. Gioia Bruno also provided lead vocals on Will to Power's 2004 album, Spirit Warrior.", "Gioia Bruno also provided lead vocals on Will to Power's 2004 album, Spirit Warrior. Exposure (1986–1988) In March 1987, the new lineup of Exposé released its debut album Exposure on Arista Records, led by the pop/dance hit \"Come Go with Me\" which reached #5 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart.", "Exposure (1986–1988) In March 1987, the new lineup of Exposé released its debut album Exposure on Arista Records, led by the pop/dance hit \"Come Go with Me\" which reached #5 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. During the summer of 1987, a re-recorded version of \"Point of No Return\" was released, with Jurado now performing lead vocals, and it too topped out at #5 on the US Hot 100.", "During the summer of 1987, a re-recorded version of \"Point of No Return\" was released, with Jurado now performing lead vocals, and it too topped out at #5 on the US Hot 100. While the initial distribution of Exposure to suppliers contained the original 1984 version of that song, subsequent pressings contained the new version.", "While the initial distribution of Exposure to suppliers contained the original 1984 version of that song, subsequent pressings contained the new version. \"Let Me Be the One\", a mid-tempo R&B song with Bruno on lead vocal, became yet another hit reaching #7 on the US Hot 100 and also garnering significant R&B radio airplay.", "\"Let Me Be the One\", a mid-tempo R&B song with Bruno on lead vocal, became yet another hit reaching #7 on the US Hot 100 and also garnering significant R&B radio airplay. The group's highest charting hit occurred in February 1988 with the #1 US hit ballad \"Seasons Change\".", "The group's highest charting hit occurred in February 1988 with the #1 US hit ballad \"Seasons Change\". Along with that came a Soul Train Award nomination for Best New Artist; television appearances on American Bandstand, Solid Gold, Showtime at the Apollo, and The Late Show Starring Joan Rivers; and the group was tapped to be the opening act for Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam during its national tour.", "Along with that came a Soul Train Award nomination for Best New Artist; television appearances on American Bandstand, Solid Gold, Showtime at the Apollo, and The Late Show Starring Joan Rivers; and the group was tapped to be the opening act for Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam during its national tour. Exposé also performed backing vocals on Kashif's 1987 Arista/BMG Records album Love Changes, on the song \"Who's Getting Serious?\".", "Exposé also performed backing vocals on Kashif's 1987 Arista/BMG Records album Love Changes, on the song \"Who's Getting Serious?\". During Exposé's peak, the group endured legal issues behind the scenes. The members had a restrictive contract and there were reports in the media of backstage battles.", "The members had a restrictive contract and there were reports in the media of backstage battles. According to Bruno, they were only paid $200 per show. Reportedly, the record label had to intervene to try to keep the peace between the members and their producers.", "Reportedly, the record label had to intervene to try to keep the peace between the members and their producers. Despite this intervention, the members filed a lawsuit and ultimately settled their legal case for a renegotiated contract.", "Despite this intervention, the members filed a lawsuit and ultimately settled their legal case for a renegotiated contract. What You Don't Know (1989–1990) Although not as strong a seller as its predecessor, the group's second album, What You Don't Know (1989), performed very well and was certified gold in the US for sales over 500,000.", "What You Don't Know (1989–1990) Although not as strong a seller as its predecessor, the group's second album, What You Don't Know (1989), performed very well and was certified gold in the US for sales over 500,000. The success of Exposé led to similar girl groups being created by producers and existing ones being signed to major labels, such as Company B, The Cover Girls, Sweet Sensation and Seduction.", "The success of Exposé led to similar girl groups being created by producers and existing ones being signed to major labels, such as Company B, The Cover Girls, Sweet Sensation and Seduction. The first single, \"What You Don't Know\", peaked at #8; and the second single \"When I Looked at Him\" rose to #10 on the US Hot 100.", "The first single, \"What You Don't Know\", peaked at #8; and the second single \"When I Looked at Him\" rose to #10 on the US Hot 100. As an all-female group, the next single \"Tell Me Why\" (#9) gave Expose seven consecutive Top 10 hits on the US Hot 100, behind The Supremes nine consecutive Top 10 hits.", "As an all-female group, the next single \"Tell Me Why\" (#9) gave Expose seven consecutive Top 10 hits on the US Hot 100, behind The Supremes nine consecutive Top 10 hits. \"Tell Me Why\" addressed the issue of street gangs and youth and rewarded the group with additional praise for its socially conscious lyrics.", "\"Tell Me Why\" addressed the issue of street gangs and youth and rewarded the group with additional praise for its socially conscious lyrics. \"Your Baby Never Looked Good in Blue\" (#9 U.S.", "\"Your Baby Never Looked Good in Blue\" (#9 U.S. Adult Contemporary / #17 Pop) and \"Stop, Listen, Look & Think\" (only released as a promotional 12\" single) followed soon afterwards.", "Adult Contemporary / #17 Pop) and \"Stop, Listen, Look & Think\" (only released as a promotional 12\" single) followed soon afterwards. \"Stop, Listen, Look & Think\" was also included in the movie The Forbidden Dance (1990), a theatrical film released during the Lambada dance craze of that period.", "\"Stop, Listen, Look & Think\" was also included in the movie The Forbidden Dance (1990), a theatrical film released during the Lambada dance craze of that period. Exposé did their first headlining tour and continued television appearances on Soul Train, The Pat Sajak Show, The Byron Allen Show, and the Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve broadcast on December 31, 1989, among others.", "Exposé did their first headlining tour and continued television appearances on Soul Train, The Pat Sajak Show, The Byron Allen Show, and the Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve broadcast on December 31, 1989, among others. The popularity of the group also increased overseas to countries such as Japan, where the members appeared in a few music video-style television commercials in 1989 for Takara CAN Chuhai, a Japanese alcoholic beverage.", "The popularity of the group also increased overseas to countries such as Japan, where the members appeared in a few music video-style television commercials in 1989 for Takara CAN Chuhai, a Japanese alcoholic beverage. The music used in the Japanese commercials was the song \"What You Don't Know\" with slightly different lyrics in the chorus than the regular version.", "The music used in the Japanese commercials was the song \"What You Don't Know\" with slightly different lyrics in the chorus than the regular version. With the success of Exposé's first two albums, Arista Records released the music-video compilation, Video Exposure, on VHS and laser disc formats in 1990.", "With the success of Exposé's first two albums, Arista Records released the music-video compilation, Video Exposure, on VHS and laser disc formats in 1990. It contained music videos for the first eight singles released by Bruno, Curless and Jurado—from \"Come Go with Me\" through \"Your Baby Never Looked Good in Blue.\"", "It contained music videos for the first eight singles released by Bruno, Curless and Jurado—from \"Come Go with Me\" through \"Your Baby Never Looked Good in Blue.\" Exposé performed backing vocals on Barry Manilow's 1990 Arista album Because It's Christmas on the track \"Jingle Bells\" and also appeared in Manilow's long-form music video of \"Because It's Christmas.\"", "Exposé performed backing vocals on Barry Manilow's 1990 Arista album Because It's Christmas on the track \"Jingle Bells\" and also appeared in Manilow's long-form music video of \"Because It's Christmas.\" This version of \"Jingle Bells\" was patterned after the 1943 Bing Crosby/Andrews Sisters version.", "This version of \"Jingle Bells\" was patterned after the 1943 Bing Crosby/Andrews Sisters version. In August 1990, while touring with Exposé, Bruno began having throat problems—later linked to a benign tumor on her vocal cords—which caused the group to cut the tour short. The group took time off from their schedule in hopes that she would recover.", "The group took time off from their schedule in hopes that she would recover. Ultimately, Bruno lost her voice, and could not sing at all for several years—she also had to keep talking to a minimum. She was replaced by Kelly Moneymaker in 1992.", "She was replaced by Kelly Moneymaker in 1992. Exposé (1991–1996) After Kelly Moneymaker joined Exposé, the group released its self-titled, third album Exposé, which integrated more mature material in addition to their established freestyle, house, R&B, pop, and love-ballad repertoire.", "Exposé (1991–1996) After Kelly Moneymaker joined Exposé, the group released its self-titled, third album Exposé, which integrated more mature material in addition to their established freestyle, house, R&B, pop, and love-ballad repertoire. It was also the first album to use producers besides Martineé, with Clive Davis taking over as executive producer and Martineé only contributing production to four songs.", "It was also the first album to use producers besides Martineé, with Clive Davis taking over as executive producer and Martineé only contributing production to four songs. The album was aimed to demonstrate musical growth for the group and to compete with the success of Wilson Phillips, which had great success in 1990 with its debut album.", "The album was aimed to demonstrate musical growth for the group and to compete with the success of Wilson Phillips, which had great success in 1990 with its debut album. The third album was not as commercially successful as their previous two, but it still achieved gold status, and several singles fared better on the adult-contemporary charts.", "The third album was not as commercially successful as their previous two, but it still achieved gold status, and several singles fared better on the adult-contemporary charts. The group, however, did manage to crack the U.S. Top 40 pop chart with \"I Wish the Phone Would Ring\" and \"I'll Never Get Over You Getting Over Me\", a top-ten pop single which also reached #1 on the adult contemporary chart.", "The group, however, did manage to crack the U.S. Top 40 pop chart with \"I Wish the Phone Would Ring\" and \"I'll Never Get Over You Getting Over Me\", a top-ten pop single which also reached #1 on the adult contemporary chart. Subsequent releases \"As Long as I Can Dream\" and \"In Walked Love\" featured Curless in the lead-vocal spotlight.", "Subsequent releases \"As Long as I Can Dream\" and \"In Walked Love\" featured Curless in the lead-vocal spotlight. A final, club-marketed single in 1995 saw the release of the group's first remake. \"I Specialize in Love\" featured Curless and Jurado on lead with Moneymaker supporting lead vocals toward the song's conclusion.", "\"I Specialize in Love\" featured Curless and Jurado on lead with Moneymaker supporting lead vocals toward the song's conclusion. The original version was performed by Sharon Brown and was a top ten hit on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart in 1982.", "The original version was performed by Sharon Brown and was a top ten hit on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart in 1982. Among the group's television appearances during this period include Live with Regis and Kathie Lee, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, The Les Brown Show, and the Brazilian actress-singer children's show Xuxa.", "Among the group's television appearances during this period include Live with Regis and Kathie Lee, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, The Les Brown Show, and the Brazilian actress-singer children's show Xuxa. In 1995, Exposé recorded the Diane Warren-penned song \"I'll Say Good-Bye for the Two of Us\", which appeared on the soundtrack of the film Free Willy 2: The Adventure Home with Jurado performing lead vocals; that same year, the song was issued on its Greatest Hits.", "In 1995, Exposé recorded the Diane Warren-penned song \"I'll Say Good-Bye for the Two of Us\", which appeared on the soundtrack of the film Free Willy 2: The Adventure Home with Jurado performing lead vocals; that same year, the song was issued on its Greatest Hits. The song is distinctive for the group as Jurado performs solo without backing vocals.", "The song is distinctive for the group as Jurado performs solo without backing vocals. Label inactivity and solo projects Toward the end of 1995, Arista dropped the group, and the members disbanded at the beginning of 1996 to pursue their own projects.", "Label inactivity and solo projects Toward the end of 1995, Arista dropped the group, and the members disbanded at the beginning of 1996 to pursue their own projects. However, over time, labels licensing music from Sony Music Entertainment, the current owners of Arista, have released two other variations of greatest hits collections, as well as a collection of popular remixes from the group's 12-inch singles, including the extended version of the original 1985 \"Point of No Return.\"", "However, over time, labels licensing music from Sony Music Entertainment, the current owners of Arista, have released two other variations of greatest hits collections, as well as a collection of popular remixes from the group's 12-inch singles, including the extended version of the original 1985 \"Point of No Return.\" After the group broke up, Jurado performed in the stage play Mad Hattan and supplied vocals for contemporary jazz guitarist Nils and Safe Sax; Moneymaker married soap opera actor Peter Reckell and released four solo albums (Like a Blackbird, Through These Basement Walls, \"Race Against the Sky\", and \"Stone\").", "After the group broke up, Jurado performed in the stage play Mad Hattan and supplied vocals for contemporary jazz guitarist Nils and Safe Sax; Moneymaker married soap opera actor Peter Reckell and released four solo albums (Like a Blackbird, Through These Basement Walls, \"Race Against the Sky\", and \"Stone\"). Moneymaker wrote and produced the \"Love Songs\" LP for NBC's Days of Our Lives and has had original songs placed in over 25 film, TV and game productions including \"Guitar Hero\", \"Hawaii 5-0\", \"CSI\", etc; Curless engaged in songwriting, supplying vocals to several club-dance projects, and also provided academic instruction on music and the music business.", "Moneymaker wrote and produced the \"Love Songs\" LP for NBC's Days of Our Lives and has had original songs placed in over 25 film, TV and game productions including \"Guitar Hero\", \"Hawaii 5-0\", \"CSI\", etc; Curless engaged in songwriting, supplying vocals to several club-dance projects, and also provided academic instruction on music and the music business. Eventually, both Jurado and Curless married and had children, temporarily retiring from performing.", "Eventually, both Jurado and Curless married and had children, temporarily retiring from performing. In 1997, Bruno fully recovered from her throat tumor and began singing again. After a small stint with the band Wet, she worked on a solo career focused mostly on dance-oriented material.", "After a small stint with the band Wet, she worked on a solo career focused mostly on dance-oriented material. Her first album, Expose This, was released in the spring of 2004.", "Her first album, Expose This, was released in the spring of 2004. Reformation After a long hiatus, on August 1, 2003, the lineup of Curless, Jurado, and Moneymaker, reunited briefly for a reunion concert at the Mid State Fair in Paso Robles, California.", "Reformation After a long hiatus, on August 1, 2003, the lineup of Curless, Jurado, and Moneymaker, reunited briefly for a reunion concert at the Mid State Fair in Paso Robles, California. Members of Safe Sax, including music director/guitarist Steve Fansler, were part of the live band Exposé used.", "Members of Safe Sax, including music director/guitarist Steve Fansler, were part of the live band Exposé used. While there was a desire to do more shows, according to Moneymaker they were unable to get things active at that time.", "While there was a desire to do more shows, according to Moneymaker they were unable to get things active at that time. In 2006, Jurado announced on MySpace they had signed with a major booking agency, and Bruno announced she was back with Exposé for the first time in 15 years.", "In 2006, Jurado announced on MySpace they had signed with a major booking agency, and Bruno announced she was back with Exposé for the first time in 15 years. Moneymaker remains an honorary member of the group and has stated she would fill in for any member who may not be available, or to appear with the full lineup on special occasions.", "Moneymaker remains an honorary member of the group and has stated she would fill in for any member who may not be available, or to appear with the full lineup on special occasions. On October 21, 2006, Exposé kicked off its tour at the American Airlines Arena in Miami for the Freestyle Explosion concert, with the lineup of Curless, Jurado, and Bruno.", "On October 21, 2006, Exposé kicked off its tour at the American Airlines Arena in Miami for the Freestyle Explosion concert, with the lineup of Curless, Jurado, and Bruno. On November 29, 2006, at the Potawatomi Bingo Casino Northern Lights Theater in Milwaukee, Exposé performed a 16-song show with a full band led by Steve Fansler, marking their first full concert together with Bruno since 1990.", "On November 29, 2006, at the Potawatomi Bingo Casino Northern Lights Theater in Milwaukee, Exposé performed a 16-song show with a full band led by Steve Fansler, marking their first full concert together with Bruno since 1990. The group performed sets at freestyle concerts and gay pride events throughout the country.", "The group performed sets at freestyle concerts and gay pride events throughout the country. The group continues to perform at special events throughout the United States, including venues such as Epcot and Mohegan Sun's Wolf Den. In 2010, Exposé informed fans on Facebook that they are recording a new album.", "In 2010, Exposé informed fans on Facebook that they are recording a new album. Exposé recorded a 2011 version of their hit \"Point Of No Return\" working with dance producer Giuseppe D. and Chris Cox. The cd single was released on June 20, 2011.", "The cd single was released on June 20, 2011. The group released a single for Christmas called \"I Believe In Christmas (Like It Use To Be)\" in December, 2011 co-written by Adam Gorgoni, Jeanette Jurado and Shelly Peiken. Proceeds of the single went to the Wounded Warrior Project.", "Proceeds of the single went to the Wounded Warrior Project. In August 2012, the group independently released the single \"Shine On,\" co-written by Ann Curless. Curless also sings lead vocals on the track.", "Curless also sings lead vocals on the track. Lawsuit over trademark In December 2007, Jurado, Bruno, Curless, Moneymaker, Paradise Artists, and Walking Distance Entertainment were named as defendants in a lawsuit by Crystal Entertainment & Filmworks (I & II).", "Lawsuit over trademark In December 2007, Jurado, Bruno, Curless, Moneymaker, Paradise Artists, and Walking Distance Entertainment were named as defendants in a lawsuit by Crystal Entertainment & Filmworks (I & II). At issue was the trademark licensing agreement for the rights to use the name Exposé. The first case was dismissed without prejudice.", "The first case was dismissed without prejudice. The second one went to trial. During the process both Paradise Artists and Moneymaker were dismissed as defendants, and a counter suit was filed against the plaintiffs.", "During the process both Paradise Artists and Moneymaker were dismissed as defendants, and a counter suit was filed against the plaintiffs. On May 26, 2009, the court ruled in favor of the defendants on most counts, finding them only guilty of a contractual breach with the plaintiffs.", "On May 26, 2009, the court ruled in favor of the defendants on most counts, finding them only guilty of a contractual breach with the plaintiffs. The court also ruled that the plaintiffs did not prove ownership of the mark, and established that due to the line-up being the same since 1986 (with Moneymaker only replacing Bruno because of her illness) and clear identification of the group members on the albums and with touring, the defendants showed common-law proof of ownership and the \"[consumer] goodwill associated with Exposé was with the members\".", "The court also ruled that the plaintiffs did not prove ownership of the mark, and established that due to the line-up being the same since 1986 (with Moneymaker only replacing Bruno because of her illness) and clear identification of the group members on the albums and with touring, the defendants showed common-law proof of ownership and the \"[consumer] goodwill associated with Exposé was with the members\". The court awarded Jurado, Bruno, and Curless exclusive rights to the name Exposé as a trademark.", "The court awarded Jurado, Bruno, and Curless exclusive rights to the name Exposé as a trademark. Exposé mentioned this victory, and performed for the first time with Moneymaker as a guest at the LA Gay Pride Festival on June 14, 2009, making it the first time all four core members, Jurado, Bruno, Curless, and Moneymaker, appeared on stage together.", "Exposé mentioned this victory, and performed for the first time with Moneymaker as a guest at the LA Gay Pride Festival on June 14, 2009, making it the first time all four core members, Jurado, Bruno, Curless, and Moneymaker, appeared on stage together. The plaintiffs appealed in The Eleventh Circuit court, and the judgment was affirmed in a published opinion by the district court on June 21, 2011.", "The plaintiffs appealed in The Eleventh Circuit court, and the judgment was affirmed in a published opinion by the district court on June 21, 2011. Exposure (Re-issued) In January 2015, Cherry Pop Records re-issued the group's debut album.", "Exposure (Re-issued) In January 2015, Cherry Pop Records re-issued the group's debut album. Comprising two discs, this re-issue came with an extensive booklet, which detailed the history of Exposé, the story behind the songs, as well as the lyrics to all the tracks.", "Comprising two discs, this re-issue came with an extensive booklet, which detailed the history of Exposé, the story behind the songs, as well as the lyrics to all the tracks. Disc One contains the full album, along with numerous bonus tracks including the radio versions of 'Come Go With Me', 'Point Of No Return', 'Seasons Change', & 'Let Me Be The One', as well as 'December' and 'Exposed To Love'.", "Disc One contains the full album, along with numerous bonus tracks including the radio versions of 'Come Go With Me', 'Point Of No Return', 'Seasons Change', & 'Let Me Be The One', as well as 'December' and 'Exposed To Love'. Disc Two consists of extended versions, along with the crossover mixes, often featured on the 12\" & CD Singles.", "Disc Two consists of extended versions, along with the crossover mixes, often featured on the 12\" & CD Singles. One of these 'Extended' Versions is the rare original 12\" version of 'Exposed To Love'.", "One of these 'Extended' Versions is the rare original 12\" version of 'Exposed To Love'. Discography Exposure (1987) What You Don't Know (1989) Exposé (1992) References External links Official Web Site Further reading American dance music groups Arista Records artists American freestyle music groups American dance girl groups Musical groups established in 1984 Musical groups from Miami" ]

[ "Exposé (group)", "Exposure (1986-1988)", "When did they come to light?", "In March 1987, the new lineup of Expose released its debut album", "How did the band fair starting out?", "\"Come Go with Me\" which reached #5 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart.", "Did they have any hit ?", "\"Let Me Be the One\", a mid-tempo R&B song with Bruno on lead vocal, became yet another hit reaching #7", "Were they influenced by anyone?", "I don't know.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "During Expose's peak, the group endured legal issues behind the scenes.", "were there any other notable hits released?", "\"Point of No Return\"", "How did this hit do?", "it too topped out at #5 on the US Hot 100.", "How many copies did it sell", "I don't know." ]

[ "The Rose Valley financial scandal or simply Rose Valley Chit Fund Scam was a major financial scam and alleged political scandal in India caused by the collapse of a Ponzi scheme run by Rose Valley Group.\n\nRose Valley scam is one of the biggest financial frauds, which rocked the state of West Bengal in 2013. As per Enforcement Directorate (ED) estimates, Rs 17,520 crore was reportedly raised from investors across India. The all India small depositors association pegged the amount at Rs 40,000 crore. Few reports pegged the amount at over Rs 60,000 crore.\n\nThe states affected by the scam were West Bengal, Assam, Bihar and Tripura. \n\nThe Rose Valley group had allegedly floated a total of 27 companies for running the alleged chit fund operations of which only half a dozen were active. It is alleged that the company had made \"cross investments\" in its various sister firms to suppress its liabilities towards investors.\n\nAccording to ED, a portion of the money was also used to bribe politicians so that the scam could run smoothly. The ED had frozen 2,500 accounts of the Rose Valley group and the agency suspects that there are many more to be tracked and frozen.\n\nIn 2015, Rose Valley chairman Gautam Kundu was arrested in money laundering case and probed by the CBI and Enforcement Directorate. In the course of the investigation, the government froze all the 2,600 bank accounts of the Rose Valley Group, which held around Rs 800 to 1,000 crore.\n\nThe name of AITC MP, Actor Tapas Paul too had surfaced during investigations as he was the director in the company.\n\nOn January 25, 2019, CBI arrested Bengali film producer Srikant mohta for duping rose Valley group by Rs 25 crore. Mohta's company Shree Venkatesh Films has produced many award-winning films like Chokher Bali, Memories In March, Autograph, Raincoat and Iti Mrinalini.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n21st-century scandals\nPyramid and Ponzi schemes\nCorporate scandals\nFinancial scandals\nScandals in India\n2016 scandals\n2014 scandals\nCrime in West Bengal\nCrime in Odisha\nCrime in Assam", "Arab Udupi Group was a group of restaurants serving Indian food in the United Arab Emirates . The group was founded in 1978 by Kushala Shekhar Shetty with its first restaurant being located in Abu Dhabi. \n\nAs of 2015, there were 15 restaurants in the chain in a number of UAE locations, mainly around Abu Dhabi. \nHowever, as of 2021, no functional restaurants are to be seen in Abu Dhabi, or any other emirate. It is not known whether this is related to the financial scandals which engulfed BR Sherry in 2020.\nThere were also restaurants in Dubai and Sharjah.\n\nSee also\n List of casual dining restaurant chains\n List of restaurant chains\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Arab Udupi website\n \n\nRestaurants established in 1978\nIndian restaurants outside India\nRestaurant chains in the United Arab Emirates\nTourist attractions in Abu Dhabi\nEmirati companies established in 1978" ]

[ "Exposé is an American Latin freestyle vocal group formed in 1984 in Miami, FL. Primarily consisting of lead vocalists Jeanette Jurado, Ann Curless, and Gioia Bruno, the group achieved much of their success between 1984 and 1993, becoming the first group to have four top ten hits on the Billboard Hot 100 chart from its debut album, including the 1988 #1 hit \"Seasons Change\".", "Primarily consisting of lead vocalists Jeanette Jurado, Ann Curless, and Gioia Bruno, the group achieved much of their success between 1984 and 1993, becoming the first group to have four top ten hits on the Billboard Hot 100 chart from its debut album, including the 1988 #1 hit \"Seasons Change\". In March 2015, Billboard magazine named the group the eighth most-successful girl group of all-time.", "In March 2015, Billboard magazine named the group the eighth most-successful girl group of all-time. The group was popular in dance clubs, mainstream Top 40 and adult contemporary charts in the United States. The group actively toured and recorded music from 1984 to 1995, then retired from recording and public performances until 2003, and currently tour today.", "The group actively toured and recorded music from 1984 to 1995, then retired from recording and public performances until 2003, and currently tour today. History Formation of the group and original members (1983–1986) Exposé was initially formed in 1984 when Lewis Martineé, a Miami disc jockey and producer, decided to form a dance-based group.", "History Formation of the group and original members (1983–1986) Exposé was initially formed in 1984 when Lewis Martineé, a Miami disc jockey and producer, decided to form a dance-based group. Working with his partners Ismael Garcia and Frank Diaz at Pantera Productions, talent scouts hired Sandra Casañas (Sandeé), Alejandra Lorenzo (Alé), and Laurie Miller as the group's lineup, under the name X-Posed, which later became Exposé.", "Working with his partners Ismael Garcia and Frank Diaz at Pantera Productions, talent scouts hired Sandra Casañas (Sandeé), Alejandra Lorenzo (Alé), and Laurie Miller as the group's lineup, under the name X-Posed, which later became Exposé. The next year, the trio recorded \"Point of No Return\" for Pantera Records as a 7-inch vinyl single and a 12-inch vinyl single, the latter of which became a #1 hit on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart.", "The next year, the trio recorded \"Point of No Return\" for Pantera Records as a 7-inch vinyl single and a 12-inch vinyl single, the latter of which became a #1 hit on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart. The song helped to introduce a still-popular genre of music that became known as freestyle, which often features keyboard riffs, a sing-along chorus, and electro funk drum-machine patterns in the music arrangement.", "The song helped to introduce a still-popular genre of music that became known as freestyle, which often features keyboard riffs, a sing-along chorus, and electro funk drum-machine patterns in the music arrangement. The success of \"Point of No Return\" on the dance charts caught the attention of major labels and Expose signed with Arista Records, which promptly assumed distribution of the 12-inch vinyl single.", "The success of \"Point of No Return\" on the dance charts caught the attention of major labels and Expose signed with Arista Records, which promptly assumed distribution of the 12-inch vinyl single. A year later, Exposé recorded and released its second club-dance freestyle 12-inch single entitled \"Exposed to Love\".", "A year later, Exposé recorded and released its second club-dance freestyle 12-inch single entitled \"Exposed to Love\". These songs were released during the period when radio began airing continuous mixes of House/Club/Dance songs in major markets. As such, Exposé realized continued success, including a club tour to key cities.", "As such, Exposé realized continued success, including a club tour to key cities. Impressed with the performance of the two singles on the dance charts, Arista granted approval for the group to record a full-length album.", "Impressed with the performance of the two singles on the dance charts, Arista granted approval for the group to record a full-length album. Personnel changes (1986) During the recording of the group's first studio album Exposure, the personnel of the group changed. Reports vary based on the source.", "Reports vary based on the source. According to People magazine, two of the original singers quit while one of the girls was fired midway through the recording of the first album, but according to Billboard, all three were fired. Arista records felt that the three original singers lacked star potential.", "Arista records felt that the three original singers lacked star potential. Martinee states that he made the decision himself to replace the three girls, while Miller maintains it was all their choice, and Jurado confirms that Lorenzo wanted to leave.", "Martinee states that he made the decision himself to replace the three girls, while Miller maintains it was all their choice, and Jurado confirms that Lorenzo wanted to leave. Shortly thereafter, Casañas pursued a solo career and Lorenzo pursued other ambitions; they were replaced by Jeanette Jurado and Gioia Bruno.", "Shortly thereafter, Casañas pursued a solo career and Lorenzo pursued other ambitions; they were replaced by Jeanette Jurado and Gioia Bruno. Miller began a solo career; she was replaced by Ann Curless.", "Miller began a solo career; she was replaced by Ann Curless. Lorenzo returned to the dance charts with the Vendetta Records releases \"I Wanna Know\" in 1988, and \"Stop Me if I Fall in Love\" in 1990, while Laurie Miller released the 12\" single \"Parallels\" on Atlantic Records and a second single \"Love is a Natural Magical Thing\" on Meet Me In Miami Records.", "Lorenzo returned to the dance charts with the Vendetta Records releases \"I Wanna Know\" in 1988, and \"Stop Me if I Fall in Love\" in 1990, while Laurie Miller released the 12\" single \"Parallels\" on Atlantic Records and a second single \"Love is a Natural Magical Thing\" on Meet Me In Miami Records. Laurie evolved into a headline performer frequently showcasing her talents on cruises with a more intimate jazz style, and formed her own entertainment company called Xica productions.", "Laurie evolved into a headline performer frequently showcasing her talents on cruises with a more intimate jazz style, and formed her own entertainment company called Xica productions. Casañas later resurfaced as a solo artist (Sandeé) and released a solo album, Only Time Will Tell, which garnered the club hits \"You're The One\", \"Love Desire\", and the Clivilles & Cole-produced bassline-heavy hit \"Notice Me\".", "Casañas later resurfaced as a solo artist (Sandeé) and released a solo album, Only Time Will Tell, which garnered the club hits \"You're The One\", \"Love Desire\", and the Clivilles & Cole-produced bassline-heavy hit \"Notice Me\". She continued to tour actively in dance clubs and freestyle shows, until her death on December 15, 2008, of a seizure at the age of 46.", "She continued to tour actively in dance clubs and freestyle shows, until her death on December 15, 2008, of a seizure at the age of 46. All three original members: Casañas, Lorenzo and Miller later contributed vocals on songs on the Miami group Will to Power's eponymous 1988 debut album.", "All three original members: Casañas, Lorenzo and Miller later contributed vocals on songs on the Miami group Will to Power's eponymous 1988 debut album. Gioia Bruno also provided lead vocals on Will to Power's 2004 album, Spirit Warrior.", "Gioia Bruno also provided lead vocals on Will to Power's 2004 album, Spirit Warrior. Exposure (1986–1988) In March 1987, the new lineup of Exposé released its debut album Exposure on Arista Records, led by the pop/dance hit \"Come Go with Me\" which reached #5 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart.", "Exposure (1986–1988) In March 1987, the new lineup of Exposé released its debut album Exposure on Arista Records, led by the pop/dance hit \"Come Go with Me\" which reached #5 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. During the summer of 1987, a re-recorded version of \"Point of No Return\" was released, with Jurado now performing lead vocals, and it too topped out at #5 on the US Hot 100.", "During the summer of 1987, a re-recorded version of \"Point of No Return\" was released, with Jurado now performing lead vocals, and it too topped out at #5 on the US Hot 100. While the initial distribution of Exposure to suppliers contained the original 1984 version of that song, subsequent pressings contained the new version.", "While the initial distribution of Exposure to suppliers contained the original 1984 version of that song, subsequent pressings contained the new version. \"Let Me Be the One\", a mid-tempo R&B song with Bruno on lead vocal, became yet another hit reaching #7 on the US Hot 100 and also garnering significant R&B radio airplay.", "\"Let Me Be the One\", a mid-tempo R&B song with Bruno on lead vocal, became yet another hit reaching #7 on the US Hot 100 and also garnering significant R&B radio airplay. The group's highest charting hit occurred in February 1988 with the #1 US hit ballad \"Seasons Change\".", "The group's highest charting hit occurred in February 1988 with the #1 US hit ballad \"Seasons Change\". Along with that came a Soul Train Award nomination for Best New Artist; television appearances on American Bandstand, Solid Gold, Showtime at the Apollo, and The Late Show Starring Joan Rivers; and the group was tapped to be the opening act for Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam during its national tour.", "Along with that came a Soul Train Award nomination for Best New Artist; television appearances on American Bandstand, Solid Gold, Showtime at the Apollo, and The Late Show Starring Joan Rivers; and the group was tapped to be the opening act for Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam during its national tour. Exposé also performed backing vocals on Kashif's 1987 Arista/BMG Records album Love Changes, on the song \"Who's Getting Serious?\".", "Exposé also performed backing vocals on Kashif's 1987 Arista/BMG Records album Love Changes, on the song \"Who's Getting Serious?\". During Exposé's peak, the group endured legal issues behind the scenes. The members had a restrictive contract and there were reports in the media of backstage battles.", "The members had a restrictive contract and there were reports in the media of backstage battles. According to Bruno, they were only paid $200 per show. Reportedly, the record label had to intervene to try to keep the peace between the members and their producers.", "Reportedly, the record label had to intervene to try to keep the peace between the members and their producers. Despite this intervention, the members filed a lawsuit and ultimately settled their legal case for a renegotiated contract.", "Despite this intervention, the members filed a lawsuit and ultimately settled their legal case for a renegotiated contract. What You Don't Know (1989–1990) Although not as strong a seller as its predecessor, the group's second album, What You Don't Know (1989), performed very well and was certified gold in the US for sales over 500,000.", "What You Don't Know (1989–1990) Although not as strong a seller as its predecessor, the group's second album, What You Don't Know (1989), performed very well and was certified gold in the US for sales over 500,000. The success of Exposé led to similar girl groups being created by producers and existing ones being signed to major labels, such as Company B, The Cover Girls, Sweet Sensation and Seduction.", "The success of Exposé led to similar girl groups being created by producers and existing ones being signed to major labels, such as Company B, The Cover Girls, Sweet Sensation and Seduction. The first single, \"What You Don't Know\", peaked at #8; and the second single \"When I Looked at Him\" rose to #10 on the US Hot 100.", "The first single, \"What You Don't Know\", peaked at #8; and the second single \"When I Looked at Him\" rose to #10 on the US Hot 100. As an all-female group, the next single \"Tell Me Why\" (#9) gave Expose seven consecutive Top 10 hits on the US Hot 100, behind The Supremes nine consecutive Top 10 hits.", "As an all-female group, the next single \"Tell Me Why\" (#9) gave Expose seven consecutive Top 10 hits on the US Hot 100, behind The Supremes nine consecutive Top 10 hits. \"Tell Me Why\" addressed the issue of street gangs and youth and rewarded the group with additional praise for its socially conscious lyrics.", "\"Tell Me Why\" addressed the issue of street gangs and youth and rewarded the group with additional praise for its socially conscious lyrics. \"Your Baby Never Looked Good in Blue\" (#9 U.S.", "\"Your Baby Never Looked Good in Blue\" (#9 U.S. Adult Contemporary / #17 Pop) and \"Stop, Listen, Look & Think\" (only released as a promotional 12\" single) followed soon afterwards.", "Adult Contemporary / #17 Pop) and \"Stop, Listen, Look & Think\" (only released as a promotional 12\" single) followed soon afterwards. \"Stop, Listen, Look & Think\" was also included in the movie The Forbidden Dance (1990), a theatrical film released during the Lambada dance craze of that period.", "\"Stop, Listen, Look & Think\" was also included in the movie The Forbidden Dance (1990), a theatrical film released during the Lambada dance craze of that period. Exposé did their first headlining tour and continued television appearances on Soul Train, The Pat Sajak Show, The Byron Allen Show, and the Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve broadcast on December 31, 1989, among others.", "Exposé did their first headlining tour and continued television appearances on Soul Train, The Pat Sajak Show, The Byron Allen Show, and the Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve broadcast on December 31, 1989, among others. The popularity of the group also increased overseas to countries such as Japan, where the members appeared in a few music video-style television commercials in 1989 for Takara CAN Chuhai, a Japanese alcoholic beverage.", "The popularity of the group also increased overseas to countries such as Japan, where the members appeared in a few music video-style television commercials in 1989 for Takara CAN Chuhai, a Japanese alcoholic beverage. The music used in the Japanese commercials was the song \"What You Don't Know\" with slightly different lyrics in the chorus than the regular version.", "The music used in the Japanese commercials was the song \"What You Don't Know\" with slightly different lyrics in the chorus than the regular version. With the success of Exposé's first two albums, Arista Records released the music-video compilation, Video Exposure, on VHS and laser disc formats in 1990.", "With the success of Exposé's first two albums, Arista Records released the music-video compilation, Video Exposure, on VHS and laser disc formats in 1990. It contained music videos for the first eight singles released by Bruno, Curless and Jurado—from \"Come Go with Me\" through \"Your Baby Never Looked Good in Blue.\"", "It contained music videos for the first eight singles released by Bruno, Curless and Jurado—from \"Come Go with Me\" through \"Your Baby Never Looked Good in Blue.\" Exposé performed backing vocals on Barry Manilow's 1990 Arista album Because It's Christmas on the track \"Jingle Bells\" and also appeared in Manilow's long-form music video of \"Because It's Christmas.\"", "Exposé performed backing vocals on Barry Manilow's 1990 Arista album Because It's Christmas on the track \"Jingle Bells\" and also appeared in Manilow's long-form music video of \"Because It's Christmas.\" This version of \"Jingle Bells\" was patterned after the 1943 Bing Crosby/Andrews Sisters version.", "This version of \"Jingle Bells\" was patterned after the 1943 Bing Crosby/Andrews Sisters version. In August 1990, while touring with Exposé, Bruno began having throat problems—later linked to a benign tumor on her vocal cords—which caused the group to cut the tour short. The group took time off from their schedule in hopes that she would recover.", "The group took time off from their schedule in hopes that she would recover. Ultimately, Bruno lost her voice, and could not sing at all for several years—she also had to keep talking to a minimum. She was replaced by Kelly Moneymaker in 1992.", "She was replaced by Kelly Moneymaker in 1992. Exposé (1991–1996) After Kelly Moneymaker joined Exposé, the group released its self-titled, third album Exposé, which integrated more mature material in addition to their established freestyle, house, R&B, pop, and love-ballad repertoire.", "Exposé (1991–1996) After Kelly Moneymaker joined Exposé, the group released its self-titled, third album Exposé, which integrated more mature material in addition to their established freestyle, house, R&B, pop, and love-ballad repertoire. It was also the first album to use producers besides Martineé, with Clive Davis taking over as executive producer and Martineé only contributing production to four songs.", "It was also the first album to use producers besides Martineé, with Clive Davis taking over as executive producer and Martineé only contributing production to four songs. The album was aimed to demonstrate musical growth for the group and to compete with the success of Wilson Phillips, which had great success in 1990 with its debut album.", "The album was aimed to demonstrate musical growth for the group and to compete with the success of Wilson Phillips, which had great success in 1990 with its debut album. The third album was not as commercially successful as their previous two, but it still achieved gold status, and several singles fared better on the adult-contemporary charts.", "The third album was not as commercially successful as their previous two, but it still achieved gold status, and several singles fared better on the adult-contemporary charts. The group, however, did manage to crack the U.S. Top 40 pop chart with \"I Wish the Phone Would Ring\" and \"I'll Never Get Over You Getting Over Me\", a top-ten pop single which also reached #1 on the adult contemporary chart.", "The group, however, did manage to crack the U.S. Top 40 pop chart with \"I Wish the Phone Would Ring\" and \"I'll Never Get Over You Getting Over Me\", a top-ten pop single which also reached #1 on the adult contemporary chart. Subsequent releases \"As Long as I Can Dream\" and \"In Walked Love\" featured Curless in the lead-vocal spotlight.", "Subsequent releases \"As Long as I Can Dream\" and \"In Walked Love\" featured Curless in the lead-vocal spotlight. A final, club-marketed single in 1995 saw the release of the group's first remake. \"I Specialize in Love\" featured Curless and Jurado on lead with Moneymaker supporting lead vocals toward the song's conclusion.", "\"I Specialize in Love\" featured Curless and Jurado on lead with Moneymaker supporting lead vocals toward the song's conclusion. The original version was performed by Sharon Brown and was a top ten hit on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart in 1982.", "The original version was performed by Sharon Brown and was a top ten hit on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart in 1982. Among the group's television appearances during this period include Live with Regis and Kathie Lee, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, The Les Brown Show, and the Brazilian actress-singer children's show Xuxa.", "Among the group's television appearances during this period include Live with Regis and Kathie Lee, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, The Les Brown Show, and the Brazilian actress-singer children's show Xuxa. In 1995, Exposé recorded the Diane Warren-penned song \"I'll Say Good-Bye for the Two of Us\", which appeared on the soundtrack of the film Free Willy 2: The Adventure Home with Jurado performing lead vocals; that same year, the song was issued on its Greatest Hits.", "In 1995, Exposé recorded the Diane Warren-penned song \"I'll Say Good-Bye for the Two of Us\", which appeared on the soundtrack of the film Free Willy 2: The Adventure Home with Jurado performing lead vocals; that same year, the song was issued on its Greatest Hits. The song is distinctive for the group as Jurado performs solo without backing vocals.", "The song is distinctive for the group as Jurado performs solo without backing vocals. Label inactivity and solo projects Toward the end of 1995, Arista dropped the group, and the members disbanded at the beginning of 1996 to pursue their own projects.", "Label inactivity and solo projects Toward the end of 1995, Arista dropped the group, and the members disbanded at the beginning of 1996 to pursue their own projects. However, over time, labels licensing music from Sony Music Entertainment, the current owners of Arista, have released two other variations of greatest hits collections, as well as a collection of popular remixes from the group's 12-inch singles, including the extended version of the original 1985 \"Point of No Return.\"", "However, over time, labels licensing music from Sony Music Entertainment, the current owners of Arista, have released two other variations of greatest hits collections, as well as a collection of popular remixes from the group's 12-inch singles, including the extended version of the original 1985 \"Point of No Return.\" After the group broke up, Jurado performed in the stage play Mad Hattan and supplied vocals for contemporary jazz guitarist Nils and Safe Sax; Moneymaker married soap opera actor Peter Reckell and released four solo albums (Like a Blackbird, Through These Basement Walls, \"Race Against the Sky\", and \"Stone\").", "After the group broke up, Jurado performed in the stage play Mad Hattan and supplied vocals for contemporary jazz guitarist Nils and Safe Sax; Moneymaker married soap opera actor Peter Reckell and released four solo albums (Like a Blackbird, Through These Basement Walls, \"Race Against the Sky\", and \"Stone\"). Moneymaker wrote and produced the \"Love Songs\" LP for NBC's Days of Our Lives and has had original songs placed in over 25 film, TV and game productions including \"Guitar Hero\", \"Hawaii 5-0\", \"CSI\", etc; Curless engaged in songwriting, supplying vocals to several club-dance projects, and also provided academic instruction on music and the music business.", "Moneymaker wrote and produced the \"Love Songs\" LP for NBC's Days of Our Lives and has had original songs placed in over 25 film, TV and game productions including \"Guitar Hero\", \"Hawaii 5-0\", \"CSI\", etc; Curless engaged in songwriting, supplying vocals to several club-dance projects, and also provided academic instruction on music and the music business. Eventually, both Jurado and Curless married and had children, temporarily retiring from performing.", "Eventually, both Jurado and Curless married and had children, temporarily retiring from performing. In 1997, Bruno fully recovered from her throat tumor and began singing again. After a small stint with the band Wet, she worked on a solo career focused mostly on dance-oriented material.", "After a small stint with the band Wet, she worked on a solo career focused mostly on dance-oriented material. Her first album, Expose This, was released in the spring of 2004.", "Her first album, Expose This, was released in the spring of 2004. Reformation After a long hiatus, on August 1, 2003, the lineup of Curless, Jurado, and Moneymaker, reunited briefly for a reunion concert at the Mid State Fair in Paso Robles, California.", "Reformation After a long hiatus, on August 1, 2003, the lineup of Curless, Jurado, and Moneymaker, reunited briefly for a reunion concert at the Mid State Fair in Paso Robles, California. Members of Safe Sax, including music director/guitarist Steve Fansler, were part of the live band Exposé used.", "Members of Safe Sax, including music director/guitarist Steve Fansler, were part of the live band Exposé used. While there was a desire to do more shows, according to Moneymaker they were unable to get things active at that time.", "While there was a desire to do more shows, according to Moneymaker they were unable to get things active at that time. In 2006, Jurado announced on MySpace they had signed with a major booking agency, and Bruno announced she was back with Exposé for the first time in 15 years.", "In 2006, Jurado announced on MySpace they had signed with a major booking agency, and Bruno announced she was back with Exposé for the first time in 15 years. Moneymaker remains an honorary member of the group and has stated she would fill in for any member who may not be available, or to appear with the full lineup on special occasions.", "Moneymaker remains an honorary member of the group and has stated she would fill in for any member who may not be available, or to appear with the full lineup on special occasions. On October 21, 2006, Exposé kicked off its tour at the American Airlines Arena in Miami for the Freestyle Explosion concert, with the lineup of Curless, Jurado, and Bruno.", "On October 21, 2006, Exposé kicked off its tour at the American Airlines Arena in Miami for the Freestyle Explosion concert, with the lineup of Curless, Jurado, and Bruno. On November 29, 2006, at the Potawatomi Bingo Casino Northern Lights Theater in Milwaukee, Exposé performed a 16-song show with a full band led by Steve Fansler, marking their first full concert together with Bruno since 1990.", "On November 29, 2006, at the Potawatomi Bingo Casino Northern Lights Theater in Milwaukee, Exposé performed a 16-song show with a full band led by Steve Fansler, marking their first full concert together with Bruno since 1990. The group performed sets at freestyle concerts and gay pride events throughout the country.", "The group performed sets at freestyle concerts and gay pride events throughout the country. The group continues to perform at special events throughout the United States, including venues such as Epcot and Mohegan Sun's Wolf Den. In 2010, Exposé informed fans on Facebook that they are recording a new album.", "In 2010, Exposé informed fans on Facebook that they are recording a new album. Exposé recorded a 2011 version of their hit \"Point Of No Return\" working with dance producer Giuseppe D. and Chris Cox. The cd single was released on June 20, 2011.", "The cd single was released on June 20, 2011. The group released a single for Christmas called \"I Believe In Christmas (Like It Use To Be)\" in December, 2011 co-written by Adam Gorgoni, Jeanette Jurado and Shelly Peiken. Proceeds of the single went to the Wounded Warrior Project.", "Proceeds of the single went to the Wounded Warrior Project. In August 2012, the group independently released the single \"Shine On,\" co-written by Ann Curless. Curless also sings lead vocals on the track.", "Curless also sings lead vocals on the track. Lawsuit over trademark In December 2007, Jurado, Bruno, Curless, Moneymaker, Paradise Artists, and Walking Distance Entertainment were named as defendants in a lawsuit by Crystal Entertainment & Filmworks (I & II).", "Lawsuit over trademark In December 2007, Jurado, Bruno, Curless, Moneymaker, Paradise Artists, and Walking Distance Entertainment were named as defendants in a lawsuit by Crystal Entertainment & Filmworks (I & II). At issue was the trademark licensing agreement for the rights to use the name Exposé. The first case was dismissed without prejudice.", "The first case was dismissed without prejudice. The second one went to trial. During the process both Paradise Artists and Moneymaker were dismissed as defendants, and a counter suit was filed against the plaintiffs.", "During the process both Paradise Artists and Moneymaker were dismissed as defendants, and a counter suit was filed against the plaintiffs. On May 26, 2009, the court ruled in favor of the defendants on most counts, finding them only guilty of a contractual breach with the plaintiffs.", "On May 26, 2009, the court ruled in favor of the defendants on most counts, finding them only guilty of a contractual breach with the plaintiffs. The court also ruled that the plaintiffs did not prove ownership of the mark, and established that due to the line-up being the same since 1986 (with Moneymaker only replacing Bruno because of her illness) and clear identification of the group members on the albums and with touring, the defendants showed common-law proof of ownership and the \"[consumer] goodwill associated with Exposé was with the members\".", "The court also ruled that the plaintiffs did not prove ownership of the mark, and established that due to the line-up being the same since 1986 (with Moneymaker only replacing Bruno because of her illness) and clear identification of the group members on the albums and with touring, the defendants showed common-law proof of ownership and the \"[consumer] goodwill associated with Exposé was with the members\". The court awarded Jurado, Bruno, and Curless exclusive rights to the name Exposé as a trademark.", "The court awarded Jurado, Bruno, and Curless exclusive rights to the name Exposé as a trademark. Exposé mentioned this victory, and performed for the first time with Moneymaker as a guest at the LA Gay Pride Festival on June 14, 2009, making it the first time all four core members, Jurado, Bruno, Curless, and Moneymaker, appeared on stage together.", "Exposé mentioned this victory, and performed for the first time with Moneymaker as a guest at the LA Gay Pride Festival on June 14, 2009, making it the first time all four core members, Jurado, Bruno, Curless, and Moneymaker, appeared on stage together. The plaintiffs appealed in The Eleventh Circuit court, and the judgment was affirmed in a published opinion by the district court on June 21, 2011.", "The plaintiffs appealed in The Eleventh Circuit court, and the judgment was affirmed in a published opinion by the district court on June 21, 2011. Exposure (Re-issued) In January 2015, Cherry Pop Records re-issued the group's debut album.", "Exposure (Re-issued) In January 2015, Cherry Pop Records re-issued the group's debut album. Comprising two discs, this re-issue came with an extensive booklet, which detailed the history of Exposé, the story behind the songs, as well as the lyrics to all the tracks.", "Comprising two discs, this re-issue came with an extensive booklet, which detailed the history of Exposé, the story behind the songs, as well as the lyrics to all the tracks. Disc One contains the full album, along with numerous bonus tracks including the radio versions of 'Come Go With Me', 'Point Of No Return', 'Seasons Change', & 'Let Me Be The One', as well as 'December' and 'Exposed To Love'.", "Disc One contains the full album, along with numerous bonus tracks including the radio versions of 'Come Go With Me', 'Point Of No Return', 'Seasons Change', & 'Let Me Be The One', as well as 'December' and 'Exposed To Love'. Disc Two consists of extended versions, along with the crossover mixes, often featured on the 12\" & CD Singles.", "Disc Two consists of extended versions, along with the crossover mixes, often featured on the 12\" & CD Singles. One of these 'Extended' Versions is the rare original 12\" version of 'Exposed To Love'.", "One of these 'Extended' Versions is the rare original 12\" version of 'Exposed To Love'. Discography Exposure (1987) What You Don't Know (1989) Exposé (1992) References External links Official Web Site Further reading American dance music groups Arista Records artists American freestyle music groups American dance girl groups Musical groups established in 1984 Musical groups from Miami" ]

[ "L. Frank Baum", "The South Dakota years", "What is important about the south dakota years?", "Baum was born in Chittenango, New York in 1856 into a devout Methodist family.", "Who were his parents?", "Cynthia Ann (nee Stanton) and Benjamin Ward Baum,", "Did he have siblings?", "and was the seventh of nine children" ]

[ "Where Did We Go Wrong may refer to:\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\" (Dondria song), 2010\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\" (Toni Braxton and Babyface song), 2013\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\", a song by Petula Clark from the album My Love\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\", a song by Diana Ross from the album Ross\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\", a 1980 song by Frankie Valli", "California Concordia College existed in Oakland, California, United States from 1906 until 1973.\n\nAmong the presidents of California Concordia College was Johann Theodore Gotthold Brohm Jr.\n\nCalifornia Concordia College and the Academy of California College were located at 2365 Camden Street, Oakland, California. Some of the school buildings still exist at this location, but older buildings that housed the earlier classrooms and later the dormitories are gone. The site is now the location of the Spectrum Center Camden Campus, a provider of special education services.\n\nThe \"Academy\" was the official name for the high school. California Concordia was a six-year institution patterned after the German gymnasium. This provided four years of high school, plus two years of junior college. Years in the school took their names from Latin numbers and referred to the years to go before graduation. The classes were named:\n\n Sexta - 6 years to go; high school freshman\n Qunita - 5 years to go; high school sophomore\n Quarta - 4 years to go; high school junior\n Tertia - 3 years to go; high school senior\n Secunda - 2 years to go; college freshman\n Prima - 1 year to go; college sophomore\n\nThose in Sexta were usually hazed in a mild way by upperclassmen. In addition, those in Sexta were required to do a certain amount of clean-up work around the school, such as picking up trash.\n\nMost students, even high school freshmen, lived in dormitories. High school students were supervised by \"proctors\" (selected high school seniors in Tertia). High school students were required to study for two hours each night in their study rooms from 7:00 to 9:00 pm. Students could not leave their rooms for any reason without permission. This requirement came as quite a shock to those in Sexta (freshmen) on their first night, when they were caught and scolded by a proctor when they left their study room to go to the bathroom without permission. Seniors (those in Tertia) were allowed one night off where they did not need to be in their study hall.\n\nFrom 9:00 to 9:30 pm all students gathered for a chapel service. From 9:30 to 10 pm, high school students were free to roam, and sometimes went to the local Lucky Supermarket to purchase snacks. All high school students were required to be in bed with lights out by 10:00 pm. There were generally five students in each dormitory room. The room had two sections: a bedroom area and (across the hallway) another room for studying. Four beds, including at least one bunk bed, were in the bedroom, and four or five desks were in the study room\n\nA few interesting words used by Concordia students were \"fink\" and \"rack.\" To \"fink\" meant to \"sing like a canary\" or \"squeal.\" A student who finked told everything he knew about a misbehavior committed by another student. \"Rack\" was actually an official term used by proctors and administrators who lived on campus in the dormitories with students. When students misbehaved they were racked (punished). Proctors held a meeting once a week and decided which students, if any, deserved to be racked. If a student were racked, he might be forbidden from leaving the campus grounds, even during normal free time School hours were from 7:30 am to 3:30 pm. After 3:30 pm and until 7:00 pm, students could normally explore the local area surrounding the school, for example, to go to a local store to buy a snack. However, if a student were racked for the week, he could not do so.\n\nProctors made their rounds in the morning to make sure beds were made and inspected rooms in the evening to ensure that students were in bed by 10:00 pm. Often after the proctors left a room at night, the room lights would go back on and students enjoyed studying their National Geographic magazines. Student might be racked if they failed to make their beds or did not make them neatly enough.\n\nAlthough California Concordia College no longer exists, it does receive some recognition by Concordia University Irvine. This is also the location of its old academic records.\n\nSources\n\nExternal links \n Photos of old campus\n\nEducational institutions disestablished in 1973\nDefunct private universities and colleges in California\nEducational institutions established in 1906\n1906 establishments in California\n1973 disestablishments in California\nUniversities and colleges affiliated with the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod" ]

[ "Lyman Frank Baum (; May 15, 1856 – May 6, 1919) was an American author best known for his children's books, particularly The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and its sequels. He wrote 14 novels in the Oz series, plus 41 other novels (not including four lost, unpublished novels), 83 short stories, over 200 poems, and at least 42 scripts.", "He wrote 14 novels in the Oz series, plus 41 other novels (not including four lost, unpublished novels), 83 short stories, over 200 poems, and at least 42 scripts. He made numerous attempts to bring his works to the stage and screen; the 1939 adaptation of the first Oz book became a landmark of 20th-century cinema.", "He made numerous attempts to bring his works to the stage and screen; the 1939 adaptation of the first Oz book became a landmark of 20th-century cinema. Born and raised in upstate New York, Baum moved west after an unsuccessful stint as a theater producer and playwright.", "Born and raised in upstate New York, Baum moved west after an unsuccessful stint as a theater producer and playwright. He and his wife opened a store in South Dakota and he edited and published a newspaper.", "He and his wife opened a store in South Dakota and he edited and published a newspaper. They then moved to Chicago, where he worked as a newspaper reporter and published children's literature, coming out with the first Oz book in 1900.", "They then moved to Chicago, where he worked as a newspaper reporter and published children's literature, coming out with the first Oz book in 1900. While continuing his writing, among his final projects he sought to establish a movie studio focused on children's films in Los Angeles, California.", "While continuing his writing, among his final projects he sought to establish a movie studio focused on children's films in Los Angeles, California. His works anticipated such later commonplaces as television, augmented reality, laptop computers (The Master Key), wireless telephones (Tik-Tok of Oz), women in high-risk and action-heavy occupations (Mary Louise in the Country), and the ubiquity of clothes advertising (Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work).", "His works anticipated such later commonplaces as television, augmented reality, laptop computers (The Master Key), wireless telephones (Tik-Tok of Oz), women in high-risk and action-heavy occupations (Mary Louise in the Country), and the ubiquity of clothes advertising (Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work). Childhood and early life Baum was born in Chittenango, New York, in 1856 into a devout Methodist family.", "Childhood and early life Baum was born in Chittenango, New York, in 1856 into a devout Methodist family. He had German, Scots-Irish, and English ancestry. He was the seventh of nine children of Cynthia Ann (née Stanton) and Benjamin Ward Baum, only five of whom survived into adulthood.", "He was the seventh of nine children of Cynthia Ann (née Stanton) and Benjamin Ward Baum, only five of whom survived into adulthood. \"Lyman\" was the name of his father's brother, but he always disliked it and preferred his middle name \"Frank\".", "\"Lyman\" was the name of his father's brother, but he always disliked it and preferred his middle name \"Frank\". His father succeeded in many businesses, including barrel-making, oil drilling in Pennsylvania, and real estate.", "His father succeeded in many businesses, including barrel-making, oil drilling in Pennsylvania, and real estate. Baum grew up on his parents' expansive estate called Rose Lawn, which he fondly recalled as a sort of paradise. Rose Lawn was located in Mattydale, New York.", "Rose Lawn was located in Mattydale, New York. Frank was a sickly, dreamy child, tutored at home with his siblings. From the age of 12, he spent two miserable years at Peekskill Military Academy but, after being severely disciplined for daydreaming, he had a possibly psychogenic heart attack and was allowed to return home.", "From the age of 12, he spent two miserable years at Peekskill Military Academy but, after being severely disciplined for daydreaming, he had a possibly psychogenic heart attack and was allowed to return home. Baum started writing early in life, possibly prompted by his father buying him a cheap printing press.", "Baum started writing early in life, possibly prompted by his father buying him a cheap printing press. He had always been close to his younger brother Henry (Harry) Clay Baum, who helped in the production of The Rose Lawn Home Journal.", "He had always been close to his younger brother Henry (Harry) Clay Baum, who helped in the production of The Rose Lawn Home Journal. The brothers published several issues of the journal, including advertisements from local businesses, which they gave to family and friends for free.", "The brothers published several issues of the journal, including advertisements from local businesses, which they gave to family and friends for free. By the age of 17, Baum established a second amateur journal called The Stamp Collector, printed an 11-page pamphlet called Baum's Complete Stamp Dealers' Directory, and started a stamp dealership with friends.", "By the age of 17, Baum established a second amateur journal called The Stamp Collector, printed an 11-page pamphlet called Baum's Complete Stamp Dealers' Directory, and started a stamp dealership with friends. At 20, Baum took on the national craze of breeding fancy poultry. He specialized in raising the Hamburg chicken.", "He specialized in raising the Hamburg chicken. In March 1880, he established a monthly trade journal, The Poultry Record, and in 1886, when Baum was 30 years old, his first book was published: The Book of the Hamburgs: A Brief Treatise upon the Mating, Rearing, and Management of the Different Varieties of Hamburgs.", "In March 1880, he established a monthly trade journal, The Poultry Record, and in 1886, when Baum was 30 years old, his first book was published: The Book of the Hamburgs: A Brief Treatise upon the Mating, Rearing, and Management of the Different Varieties of Hamburgs. Baum had a flair for being the spotlight of fun in the household, including during times of financial difficulties.", "Baum had a flair for being the spotlight of fun in the household, including during times of financial difficulties. His selling of fireworks made the Fourth of July memorable. His skyrockets, Roman candles, and fireworks filled the sky, while many people around the neighborhood would gather in front of the house to watch the displays.", "His skyrockets, Roman candles, and fireworks filled the sky, while many people around the neighborhood would gather in front of the house to watch the displays. Christmas was even more festive. Baum dressed as Santa Claus for the family.", "Baum dressed as Santa Claus for the family. His father would place the Christmas tree behind a curtain in the front parlor so that Baum could talk to everyone while he decorated the tree without people managing to see him. He maintained this tradition all his life. Career Theater Baum embarked on his lifetime infatuation—and wavering financial success—with the theater.", "Career Theater Baum embarked on his lifetime infatuation—and wavering financial success—with the theater. A local theatrical company duped him into replenishing their stock of costumes on the promise of leading roles coming his way. Disillusioned, Baum left the theater—temporarily—and went to work as a clerk in his brother-in-law's dry goods company in Syracuse.", "Disillusioned, Baum left the theater—temporarily—and went to work as a clerk in his brother-in-law's dry goods company in Syracuse. This experience may have influenced his story \"The Suicide of Kiaros\", first published in the literary journal The White Elephant.", "This experience may have influenced his story \"The Suicide of Kiaros\", first published in the literary journal The White Elephant. A fellow clerk one day had been found locked in a store room dead, probably from suicide. Baum could never stay away long from the stage.", "Baum could never stay away long from the stage. He performed in plays under the stage names of Louis F. Baum and George Brooks. In 1880, his father built him a theater in Richburg, New York, and Baum set about writing plays and gathering a company to act in them.", "In 1880, his father built him a theater in Richburg, New York, and Baum set about writing plays and gathering a company to act in them. The Maid of Arran proved a modest success, a melodrama with songs based on William Black's novel A Princess of Thule.", "The Maid of Arran proved a modest success, a melodrama with songs based on William Black's novel A Princess of Thule. Baum wrote the play and composed songs for it (making it a prototypical musical, as its songs relate to the narrative), and acted in the leading role.", "Baum wrote the play and composed songs for it (making it a prototypical musical, as its songs relate to the narrative), and acted in the leading role. His aunt Katharine Gray played his character's aunt.", "His aunt Katharine Gray played his character's aunt. She was the founder of Syracuse Oratory School, and Baum advertised his services in her catalog to teach theater, including stage business, play writing, directing, translating (French, German, and Italian), revision, and operettas.", "She was the founder of Syracuse Oratory School, and Baum advertised his services in her catalog to teach theater, including stage business, play writing, directing, translating (French, German, and Italian), revision, and operettas. On November 9, 1882, Baum married Maud Gage, a daughter of Matilda Joslyn Gage, a famous women's suffrage and feminist activist.", "On November 9, 1882, Baum married Maud Gage, a daughter of Matilda Joslyn Gage, a famous women's suffrage and feminist activist. While Baum was touring with The Maid of Arran, the theater in Richburg caught fire during a production of Baum's ironically titled parlor drama Matches, destroying the theater as well as the only known copies of many of Baum's scripts, including Matches, as well as costumes.", "While Baum was touring with The Maid of Arran, the theater in Richburg caught fire during a production of Baum's ironically titled parlor drama Matches, destroying the theater as well as the only known copies of many of Baum's scripts, including Matches, as well as costumes. The South Dakota years In July 1888, Baum and his wife moved to Aberdeen, Dakota Territory where he opened a store called \"Baum's Bazaar\".", "The South Dakota years In July 1888, Baum and his wife moved to Aberdeen, Dakota Territory where he opened a store called \"Baum's Bazaar\". His habit of giving out wares on credit led to the eventual bankrupting of the store, so Baum turned to editing the local newspaper The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer where he wrote the column Our Landlady.", "His habit of giving out wares on credit led to the eventual bankrupting of the store, so Baum turned to editing the local newspaper The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer where he wrote the column Our Landlady. Following the death of Sitting Bull at the hands of Indian agency police, Baum urged the wholesale extermination of all America's native peoples in a column that he wrote on December 20, 1890 (full text below).", "Following the death of Sitting Bull at the hands of Indian agency police, Baum urged the wholesale extermination of all America's native peoples in a column that he wrote on December 20, 1890 (full text below). On January 3, 1891, he returned to the subject in an editorial response to the Wounded Knee Massacre: The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extirmination of the Indians.", "On January 3, 1891, he returned to the subject in an editorial response to the Wounded Knee Massacre: The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extirmination of the Indians. Having wronged them for centuries, we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth.", "Having wronged them for centuries, we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth. Baum's description of Kansas in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is based on his experiences in drought-ridden South Dakota.", "Baum's description of Kansas in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is based on his experiences in drought-ridden South Dakota. During much of this time, Matilda Joslyn Gage was living in the Baum household.", "During much of this time, Matilda Joslyn Gage was living in the Baum household. While Baum was in South Dakota, he sang in a quartet which included James Kyle, who became one of the first Populist (People's Party) Senators in the U.S.", "While Baum was in South Dakota, he sang in a quartet which included James Kyle, who became one of the first Populist (People's Party) Senators in the U.S. Writing Baum's newspaper failed in 1891, and he, Maud, and their four sons moved to the Humboldt Park section of Chicago, where Baum took a job reporting for the Evening Post.", "Writing Baum's newspaper failed in 1891, and he, Maud, and their four sons moved to the Humboldt Park section of Chicago, where Baum took a job reporting for the Evening Post. Beginning in 1897, he founded and edited a magazine called The Show Window, later known as the Merchants Record and Show Window, which focused on store window displays, retail strategies and visual merchandising.", "Beginning in 1897, he founded and edited a magazine called The Show Window, later known as the Merchants Record and Show Window, which focused on store window displays, retail strategies and visual merchandising. The major department stores of the time created elaborate Christmas time fantasies, using clockwork mechanisms that made people and animals appear to move.", "The major department stores of the time created elaborate Christmas time fantasies, using clockwork mechanisms that made people and animals appear to move. The former Show Window magazine is still currently in operation, now known as VMSD magazine (visual merchandising + store design), based in Cincinnati.", "The former Show Window magazine is still currently in operation, now known as VMSD magazine (visual merchandising + store design), based in Cincinnati. In 1900, Baum published a book about window displays in which he stressed the importance of mannequins in drawing customers. He also had to work as a traveling salesman.", "He also had to work as a traveling salesman. In 1897, he wrote and published Mother Goose in Prose, a collection of Mother Goose rhymes written as prose stories and illustrated by Maxfield Parrish. Mother Goose was a moderate success and allowed Baum to quit his sales job (which had had a negative impact on his health).", "Mother Goose was a moderate success and allowed Baum to quit his sales job (which had had a negative impact on his health). In 1899, Baum partnered with illustrator W. W. Denslow to publish Father Goose, His Book, a collection of nonsense poetry.", "In 1899, Baum partnered with illustrator W. W. Denslow to publish Father Goose, His Book, a collection of nonsense poetry. The book was a success, becoming the best-selling children's book of the year.", "The book was a success, becoming the best-selling children's book of the year. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz In 1900, Baum and Denslow (with whom he shared the copyright) published The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to much critical acclaim and financial success.", "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz In 1900, Baum and Denslow (with whom he shared the copyright) published The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to much critical acclaim and financial success. The book was the best-selling children's book for two years after its initial publication.", "The book was the best-selling children's book for two years after its initial publication. Baum went on to write thirteen more novels based on the places and people of the Land of Oz.", "Baum went on to write thirteen more novels based on the places and people of the Land of Oz. The Wizard of Oz: Fred R. Hamlin's Musical Extravaganza Two years after Wizard publication, Baum and Denslow teamed up with composer Paul Tietjens and director Julian Mitchell to produce a musical stage version of the book under Fred R. Hamlin.", "The Wizard of Oz: Fred R. Hamlin's Musical Extravaganza Two years after Wizard publication, Baum and Denslow teamed up with composer Paul Tietjens and director Julian Mitchell to produce a musical stage version of the book under Fred R. Hamlin. Baum and Tietjens had worked on a musical of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz in 1901 and based closely upon the book, but it was rejected.", "Baum and Tietjens had worked on a musical of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz in 1901 and based closely upon the book, but it was rejected. This stage version opened in Chicago in 1902 (the first to use the shortened title \"The Wizard of Oz\"), then ran on Broadway for 293 stage nights from January to October 1903.", "This stage version opened in Chicago in 1902 (the first to use the shortened title \"The Wizard of Oz\"), then ran on Broadway for 293 stage nights from January to October 1903. It returned to Broadway in 1904, where it played from March to May and again from November to December.", "It returned to Broadway in 1904, where it played from March to May and again from November to December. It successfully toured the United States with much of the same cast, as was done in those days, until 1911, and then became available for amateur use.", "It successfully toured the United States with much of the same cast, as was done in those days, until 1911, and then became available for amateur use. The stage version starred Anna Laughlin as Dorothy Gale, alongside David C. Montgomery and Fred Stone as the Tin Woodman and Scarecrow respectively, which shot the pair to instant fame.", "The stage version starred Anna Laughlin as Dorothy Gale, alongside David C. Montgomery and Fred Stone as the Tin Woodman and Scarecrow respectively, which shot the pair to instant fame. The stage version differed quite a bit from the book, and was aimed primarily at adults.", "The stage version differed quite a bit from the book, and was aimed primarily at adults. Toto was replaced with Imogene the Cow, and Tryxie Tryfle (a waitress) and Pastoria (a streetcar operator) were added as fellow cyclone victims.", "Toto was replaced with Imogene the Cow, and Tryxie Tryfle (a waitress) and Pastoria (a streetcar operator) were added as fellow cyclone victims. The Wicked Witch of the West was eliminated entirely in the script, and the plot became about how the four friends were allied with the usurping Wizard and were hunted as traitors to Pastoria II, the rightful King of Oz.", "The Wicked Witch of the West was eliminated entirely in the script, and the plot became about how the four friends were allied with the usurping Wizard and were hunted as traitors to Pastoria II, the rightful King of Oz. It is unclear how much control or influence Baum had on the script; it appears that many of the changes were written by Baum against his wishes due to contractual requirements with Hamlin.", "It is unclear how much control or influence Baum had on the script; it appears that many of the changes were written by Baum against his wishes due to contractual requirements with Hamlin. Jokes in the script, mostly written by Glen MacDonough, called for explicit references to President Theodore Roosevelt, Senator Mark Hanna, Rev.", "Jokes in the script, mostly written by Glen MacDonough, called for explicit references to President Theodore Roosevelt, Senator Mark Hanna, Rev. Andrew Danquer, and oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller. Although use of the script was rather free-form, the line about Hanna was ordered dropped as soon as Hamlin got word of his death in 1904.", "Although use of the script was rather free-form, the line about Hanna was ordered dropped as soon as Hamlin got word of his death in 1904. Beginning with the success of the stage version, most subsequent versions of the story, including newer editions of the novel, have been titled \"The Wizard of Oz\", rather than using the full, original title.", "Beginning with the success of the stage version, most subsequent versions of the story, including newer editions of the novel, have been titled \"The Wizard of Oz\", rather than using the full, original title. In more recent years, restoring the full title has become increasingly common, particularly to distinguish the novel from the Hollywood film.", "In more recent years, restoring the full title has become increasingly common, particularly to distinguish the novel from the Hollywood film. Baum wrote a new Oz book, The Marvelous Land of Oz, with a view to making it into a stage production, which was titled The Woggle-Bug, but Montgomery and Stone balked at appearing when the original was still running.", "Baum wrote a new Oz book, The Marvelous Land of Oz, with a view to making it into a stage production, which was titled The Woggle-Bug, but Montgomery and Stone balked at appearing when the original was still running. The Scarecrow and Tin Woodman were then omitted from this adaptation, which was seen as a self-rip-off by critics and proved to be a major flop before it could reach Broadway.", "The Scarecrow and Tin Woodman were then omitted from this adaptation, which was seen as a self-rip-off by critics and proved to be a major flop before it could reach Broadway. He also worked for years on a musical version of Ozma of Oz, which eventually became The Tik-Tok Man of Oz.", "He also worked for years on a musical version of Ozma of Oz, which eventually became The Tik-Tok Man of Oz. This did fairly well in Los Angeles, but not well enough to convince producer Oliver Morosco to mount a production in New York.", "This did fairly well in Los Angeles, but not well enough to convince producer Oliver Morosco to mount a production in New York. He also began a stage version of The Patchwork Girl of Oz, but this was ultimately realized as a film.", "He also began a stage version of The Patchwork Girl of Oz, but this was ultimately realized as a film. Later life and work With the success of Wizard on page and stage, Baum and Denslow hoped for further success and published Dot and Tot of Merryland in 1901.", "Later life and work With the success of Wizard on page and stage, Baum and Denslow hoped for further success and published Dot and Tot of Merryland in 1901. The book was one of Baum's weakest, and its failure further strained his faltering relationship with Denslow. It was their last collaboration.", "It was their last collaboration. It was their last collaboration. Baum worked primarily with John R. Neill on his fantasy work beginning in 1904, but Baum met Neill few times (all before he moved to California) and often found Neill's art not humorous enough for his liking.", "Baum worked primarily with John R. Neill on his fantasy work beginning in 1904, but Baum met Neill few times (all before he moved to California) and often found Neill's art not humorous enough for his liking. He was particularly offended when Neill published The Oz Toy Book: Cut-outs for the Kiddies without authorization.", "He was particularly offended when Neill published The Oz Toy Book: Cut-outs for the Kiddies without authorization. Baum reportedly designed the chandeliers in the Crown Room of the Hotel del Coronado; however, that attribution has yet to be corroborated.", "Baum reportedly designed the chandeliers in the Crown Room of the Hotel del Coronado; however, that attribution has yet to be corroborated. Several times during the development of the Oz series, Baum declared that he had written his last Oz book and devoted himself to other works of fantasy fiction based in other magical lands, including The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus and Queen Zixi of Ix.", "Several times during the development of the Oz series, Baum declared that he had written his last Oz book and devoted himself to other works of fantasy fiction based in other magical lands, including The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus and Queen Zixi of Ix. However, he returned to the series each time, persuaded by popular demand, letters from children, and the failure of his new books.", "However, he returned to the series each time, persuaded by popular demand, letters from children, and the failure of his new books. Even so, his other works remained very popular after his death, with The Master Key appearing on St. Nicholas Magazine's survey of readers' favorite books well into the 1920s.", "Even so, his other works remained very popular after his death, with The Master Key appearing on St. Nicholas Magazine's survey of readers' favorite books well into the 1920s. In 1905, Baum declared plans for an Oz amusement park.", "In 1905, Baum declared plans for an Oz amusement park. In an interview, he mentioned buying “Pedloe Island” off the coast of California to turn it into an Oz park.", "In an interview, he mentioned buying “Pedloe Island” off the coast of California to turn it into an Oz park. However, there is no evidence that he purchased such an island, and no one has ever been able to find any island whose name even resembles Pedloe in that area.", "However, there is no evidence that he purchased such an island, and no one has ever been able to find any island whose name even resembles Pedloe in that area. Nevertheless, Baum stated to the press that he had discovered a Pedloe Island off the coast of California and that he had purchased it to be \"the Marvelous Land of Oz,\" intending it to be \"a fairy paradise for children.\"", "Nevertheless, Baum stated to the press that he had discovered a Pedloe Island off the coast of California and that he had purchased it to be \"the Marvelous Land of Oz,\" intending it to be \"a fairy paradise for children.\" Eleven year old Dorothy Talbot of San Francisco was reported to be ascendant to the throne on March 1, 1906, when the Palace of Oz was expected to be completed.", "Eleven year old Dorothy Talbot of San Francisco was reported to be ascendant to the throne on March 1, 1906, when the Palace of Oz was expected to be completed. Baum planned to live on the island, with administrative duties handled by the princess and her all-child advisers.", "Baum planned to live on the island, with administrative duties handled by the princess and her all-child advisers. Plans included statues of the Scarecrow, Tin Woodman, Jack Pumpkinhead, and H.M. Woggle-Bug, T.E. Baum abandoned his Oz park project after the failure of The Woggle-Bug, which was playing at the Garrick Theatre in 1905.", "Baum abandoned his Oz park project after the failure of The Woggle-Bug, which was playing at the Garrick Theatre in 1905. Because of his lifelong love of theatre, he financed elaborate musicals, often to his financial detriment.", "Because of his lifelong love of theatre, he financed elaborate musicals, often to his financial detriment. One of Baum's worst financial endeavors was his The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908), which combined a slideshow, film, and live actors with a lecture by Baum as if he were giving a travelogue to Oz.", "One of Baum's worst financial endeavors was his The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908), which combined a slideshow, film, and live actors with a lecture by Baum as if he were giving a travelogue to Oz. However, Baum ran into trouble and could not pay his debts to the company who produced the films.", "However, Baum ran into trouble and could not pay his debts to the company who produced the films. He did not get back to a stable financial situation for several years, after he sold the royalty rights to many of his earlier works, including The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. This resulted in the M.A.", "This resulted in the M.A. This resulted in the M.A. Donahue Company publishing cheap editions of his early works with advertising which purported that Baum's newer output was inferior to the less expensive books that they were releasing. He claimed bankruptcy in August 1911.", "He claimed bankruptcy in August 1911. However, Baum had shrewdly transferred most of his property into Maud's name, except for his clothing, his typewriter, and his library (mostly of children's books, such as the fairy tales of Andrew Lang, whose portrait he kept in his study)—all of which, he successfully argued, were essential to his occupation.", "However, Baum had shrewdly transferred most of his property into Maud's name, except for his clothing, his typewriter, and his library (mostly of children's books, such as the fairy tales of Andrew Lang, whose portrait he kept in his study)—all of which, he successfully argued, were essential to his occupation. Maud handled the finances anyway, and thus Baum lost much less than he could have.", "Maud handled the finances anyway, and thus Baum lost much less than he could have. Baum made use of several pseudonyms for some of his other non-Oz books.", "Baum made use of several pseudonyms for some of his other non-Oz books. They include: Edith Van Dyne (the Aunt Jane's Nieces series) Laura Bancroft (The Twinkle Tales, Policeman Bluejay) Floyd Akers (The Boy Fortune Hunters series, continuing the Sam Steele series) Suzanne Metcalf (Annabel) Schuyler Staunton (The Fate of a Crown, Daughters of Destiny) John Estes Cooke (Tamawaca Folks) Capt.", "They include: Edith Van Dyne (the Aunt Jane's Nieces series) Laura Bancroft (The Twinkle Tales, Policeman Bluejay) Floyd Akers (The Boy Fortune Hunters series, continuing the Sam Steele series) Suzanne Metcalf (Annabel) Schuyler Staunton (The Fate of a Crown, Daughters of Destiny) John Estes Cooke (Tamawaca Folks) Capt. Hugh Fitzgerald (the Sam Steele series) Baum also anonymously wrote The Last Egyptian: A Romance of the Nile.", "Hugh Fitzgerald (the Sam Steele series) Baum also anonymously wrote The Last Egyptian: A Romance of the Nile. He continued theatrical work with Harry Marston Haldeman's men's social group The Uplifters, for which he wrote several plays for various celebrations. He also wrote the group's parodic by-laws.", "He also wrote the group's parodic by-laws. The group also included Will Rogers, but was proud to have had Baum as a member and posthumously revived many of his works despite their ephemeral intent.", "The group also included Will Rogers, but was proud to have had Baum as a member and posthumously revived many of his works despite their ephemeral intent. Many of these play's titles are known, but only The Uplift of Lucifer is known to survive (it was published in a limited edition in the 1960s).", "Many of these play's titles are known, but only The Uplift of Lucifer is known to survive (it was published in a limited edition in the 1960s). Prior to that, his last produced play was The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (based on Ozma of Oz and the basis for Tik-Tok of Oz), a modest success in Hollywood that producer Oliver Morosco decided did not do well enough to take to Broadway.", "Prior to that, his last produced play was The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (based on Ozma of Oz and the basis for Tik-Tok of Oz), a modest success in Hollywood that producer Oliver Morosco decided did not do well enough to take to Broadway. Morosco, incidentally, quickly turned to film production, as did Baum.", "Morosco, incidentally, quickly turned to film production, as did Baum. In 1914, Baum started his own film production company The Oz Film Manufacturing Company, which came as an outgrowth of the Uplifters. He served as its president and principal producer and screenwriter.", "He served as its president and principal producer and screenwriter. The rest of the board consisted of Louis F. Gottschalk, Harry Marston Haldeman, and Clarence R. Rundel.", "The rest of the board consisted of Louis F. Gottschalk, Harry Marston Haldeman, and Clarence R. Rundel. The films were directed by J. Farrell MacDonald, with casts that included Violet MacMillan, Vivian Reed, Mildred Harris, Juanita Hansen, Pierre Couderc, Mai Welles, Louise Emmons, J. Charles Haydon, and early appearances by Harold Lloyd and Hal Roach.", "The films were directed by J. Farrell MacDonald, with casts that included Violet MacMillan, Vivian Reed, Mildred Harris, Juanita Hansen, Pierre Couderc, Mai Welles, Louise Emmons, J. Charles Haydon, and early appearances by Harold Lloyd and Hal Roach. Silent film actor Richard Rosson appeared in one of the films (Rosson's younger brother Harold Rosson was the cinematographer on The Wizard of Oz, released in 1939).", "Silent film actor Richard Rosson appeared in one of the films (Rosson's younger brother Harold Rosson was the cinematographer on The Wizard of Oz, released in 1939). After little success probing the unrealized children's film market, Baum acknowledged his authorship of The Last Egyptian and made a film of it (portions of which are included in Decasia), but the Oz name had become box office poison for the time being, and even a name change to Dramatic Feature Films and transfer of ownership to Frank Joslyn Baum did not help.", "After little success probing the unrealized children's film market, Baum acknowledged his authorship of The Last Egyptian and made a film of it (portions of which are included in Decasia), but the Oz name had become box office poison for the time being, and even a name change to Dramatic Feature Films and transfer of ownership to Frank Joslyn Baum did not help. Baum invested none of his own money in the venture, unlike The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays, but the stress probably took its toll on his health.", "Baum invested none of his own money in the venture, unlike The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays, but the stress probably took its toll on his health. Death On May 5, 1919, Baum suffered a stroke, slipped into a coma and died the following day, at the age of 62.", "Death On May 5, 1919, Baum suffered a stroke, slipped into a coma and died the following day, at the age of 62. His last words were spoken to his wife during a brief period of lucidity: \"Now we can cross the Shifting Sands.\"", "His last words were spoken to his wife during a brief period of lucidity: \"Now we can cross the Shifting Sands.\" He was buried in Glendale's Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery. His final Oz book, Glinda of Oz, was published on July 10, 1920, a year after his death.", "His final Oz book, Glinda of Oz, was published on July 10, 1920, a year after his death. The Oz series was continued long after his death by other authors, notably Ruth Plumly Thompson, who wrote an additional twenty-one Oz books.", "The Oz series was continued long after his death by other authors, notably Ruth Plumly Thompson, who wrote an additional twenty-one Oz books. Baum's beliefs Literary Baum's avowed intentions with the Oz books and his other fairy tales was to retell tales such as those which are found in the works of the Brothers Grimm and Hans Christian Andersen, remake them in an American vein, update them, omit stereotypical characters such as dwarfs or genies, and remove the association of violence and moral teachings.", "Baum's beliefs Literary Baum's avowed intentions with the Oz books and his other fairy tales was to retell tales such as those which are found in the works of the Brothers Grimm and Hans Christian Andersen, remake them in an American vein, update them, omit stereotypical characters such as dwarfs or genies, and remove the association of violence and moral teachings. His first Oz books contained a fair amount of violence, but the amount of it decreased as the series progressed; in The Emerald City of Oz, Ozma objects to the use of violence, even to the use of violence against the Nomes who threaten Oz with invasion.", "His first Oz books contained a fair amount of violence, but the amount of it decreased as the series progressed; in The Emerald City of Oz, Ozma objects to the use of violence, even to the use of violence against the Nomes who threaten Oz with invasion. His introduction is often cited as the beginning of the sanitization of children's stories, although he did not do a great deal more than eliminate harsh moral lessons.", "His introduction is often cited as the beginning of the sanitization of children's stories, although he did not do a great deal more than eliminate harsh moral lessons. Another traditional element that Baum intentionally omitted was the emphasis on romance. He considered romantic love to be uninteresting to young children, as well as largely incomprehensible.", "He considered romantic love to be uninteresting to young children, as well as largely incomprehensible. In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the only elements of romance lay in the background of the Tin Woodman and his love for Nimmie Amee, which explains his condition but does not affect the tale in any other way, and the background of Gayelette and the enchantment of the Winged monkeys.", "In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the only elements of romance lay in the background of the Tin Woodman and his love for Nimmie Amee, which explains his condition but does not affect the tale in any other way, and the background of Gayelette and the enchantment of the Winged monkeys. The only other stories with such elements were The Scarecrow of Oz and Tik-Tok of Oz, both of them were based on dramatizations, which Baum regarded warily until his readers accepted them.", "The only other stories with such elements were The Scarecrow of Oz and Tik-Tok of Oz, both of them were based on dramatizations, which Baum regarded warily until his readers accepted them. Political Women's suffrage advocate When Baum lived in Aberdeen, South Dakota, where he was secretary of its Equal Suffrage Club, much of the politics in the Republican Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer dealt with trying to convince the populace to vote for women's suffrage.", "Political Women's suffrage advocate When Baum lived in Aberdeen, South Dakota, where he was secretary of its Equal Suffrage Club, much of the politics in the Republican Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer dealt with trying to convince the populace to vote for women's suffrage. Susan B. Anthony visited Aberdeen and stayed with the Baums.", "Susan B. Anthony visited Aberdeen and stayed with the Baums. Nancy Tystad Koupal notes an apparent loss of interest in editorializing after Aberdeen failed to pass the bill for women's enfranchisement.", "Nancy Tystad Koupal notes an apparent loss of interest in editorializing after Aberdeen failed to pass the bill for women's enfranchisement. Sally Roesch Wagner of The Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation published The Wonderful Mother of Oz, describing how Matilda Gage's feminist politics were sympathetically channeled by Baum into his Oz books.", "Sally Roesch Wagner of The Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation published The Wonderful Mother of Oz, describing how Matilda Gage's feminist politics were sympathetically channeled by Baum into his Oz books. Some of Baum's contacts with suffragists of his day seem to have inspired much of The Marvelous Land of Oz.", "Some of Baum's contacts with suffragists of his day seem to have inspired much of The Marvelous Land of Oz. In this story, General Jinjur leads the girls and women of Oz in a revolt, armed with knitting needles; they succeed and make the men do the household chores.", "In this story, General Jinjur leads the girls and women of Oz in a revolt, armed with knitting needles; they succeed and make the men do the household chores. Jinjur proves to be an incompetent ruler, but Princess Ozma, who advocates gender equality, is ultimately placed on the throne.", "Jinjur proves to be an incompetent ruler, but Princess Ozma, who advocates gender equality, is ultimately placed on the throne. Charlotte Perkins Gilman's 1915 classic of feminist science fiction, Herland, bears strong similarities to The Emerald City of Oz(1910); the link between Baum and Gilman is considered to be Gage.", "Charlotte Perkins Gilman's 1915 classic of feminist science fiction, Herland, bears strong similarities to The Emerald City of Oz(1910); the link between Baum and Gilman is considered to be Gage. Baum's stories outside of Oz also contain feminist or egalitarian themes.", "Baum's stories outside of Oz also contain feminist or egalitarian themes. His Edith Van Dyne stories depict girls and young women engaging in traditionally masculine activities, including Aunt Jane's Nieces and The Flying Girl and its sequel. The Bluebird Books feature a girl sleuth.", "The Bluebird Books feature a girl sleuth. Racial views During the period surrounding the 1890 Ghost Dance movement and Wounded Knee Massacre, Baum wrote two editorials asserting that the safety of white settlers depended on the wholesale genocide of American Indians.", "Racial views During the period surrounding the 1890 Ghost Dance movement and Wounded Knee Massacre, Baum wrote two editorials asserting that the safety of white settlers depended on the wholesale genocide of American Indians. These editorials were re-published in 1990 by sociologist Robert Venables of Cornell University, who argues that Baum was not using sarcasm.", "These editorials were re-published in 1990 by sociologist Robert Venables of Cornell University, who argues that Baum was not using sarcasm. The first piece was published on December 20, 1890, five days after the killing of the Lakota Sioux holy man, Sitting Bull.Rogers, p. 259.", "The first piece was published on December 20, 1890, five days after the killing of the Lakota Sioux holy man, Sitting Bull.Rogers, p. 259. The piece opined that with Sitting Bull's death, \"the nobility of the Redskin\" had been extinguished, and the safety of the frontier would not be established until there was \"total annihilation\" of the remaining Native Americans, who, he claimed, lived as \"miserable wretches.\"", "The piece opined that with Sitting Bull's death, \"the nobility of the Redskin\" had been extinguished, and the safety of the frontier would not be established until there was \"total annihilation\" of the remaining Native Americans, who, he claimed, lived as \"miserable wretches.\" Baum said that their extermination should not be regretted, and their elimination would \"do justice to the manly characteristics\" of their ancestors.", "Baum said that their extermination should not be regretted, and their elimination would \"do justice to the manly characteristics\" of their ancestors. The Wounded Knee Massacre occurred nine days later; the second editorial was published on January 3, 1891. Baum alleged that General Nelson A.", "Baum alleged that General Nelson A. Miles' weak rule of the Native Americans had caused American soldiers to suffer a \"terrible loss of blood\", in a \"battle\" which had been a disgrace to the Department of War. He found that the \"disaster\" could have easily been prevented with proper preparations.", "He found that the \"disaster\" could have easily been prevented with proper preparations. Baum reiterated that he believed, due to the history of mistreatment of Native Americans, that the extermination of the \"untamed and untamable\" tribes was necessary to protect American settlers.", "Baum reiterated that he believed, due to the history of mistreatment of Native Americans, that the extermination of the \"untamed and untamable\" tribes was necessary to protect American settlers. Baum ended the editorial with the following anecdote: \"An eastern contemporary, with a grain of wisdom in its wit, says that 'when the whites win a fight, it is a victory, and when the Indians win it, it is a massacre.'\"", "Baum ended the editorial with the following anecdote: \"An eastern contemporary, with a grain of wisdom in its wit, says that 'when the whites win a fight, it is a victory, and when the Indians win it, it is a massacre.'\" In 2006, two descendants of Baum apologized to the Sioux nation for any hurt that their ancestor had caused.", "In 2006, two descendants of Baum apologized to the Sioux nation for any hurt that their ancestor had caused. The short story \"The Enchanted Buffalo\" claims to be a legend about a tribe of bison, and it states that a key element of it made it into the legends of Native American tribes.", "The short story \"The Enchanted Buffalo\" claims to be a legend about a tribe of bison, and it states that a key element of it made it into the legends of Native American tribes. Baum mentions his characters' distaste for a Hopi snake dance in Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John, but he also deplores the horrible situation which exists on Indian Reservations.", "Baum mentions his characters' distaste for a Hopi snake dance in Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John, but he also deplores the horrible situation which exists on Indian Reservations. Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch features a hard-working Mexican in order to disprove Anglo stereotypes which portray Mexicans as lazy.", "Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch features a hard-working Mexican in order to disprove Anglo stereotypes which portray Mexicans as lazy. Baum's mother-in-law and woman's suffrage leader Matilda Joslyn Gage strongly influenced his views.", "Baum's mother-in-law and woman's suffrage leader Matilda Joslyn Gage strongly influenced his views. Gage was initiated into the Wolf Clan and admitted into the Iroquois Council of Matrons in recognition of her outspoken respect and sympathy for Native American people.", "Gage was initiated into the Wolf Clan and admitted into the Iroquois Council of Matrons in recognition of her outspoken respect and sympathy for Native American people. Political imagery in The Wizard of Oz Numerous political references to the \"Wizard\" appeared early in the 20th century.", "Political imagery in The Wizard of Oz Numerous political references to the \"Wizard\" appeared early in the 20th century. Henry Littlefield, an upstate New York high school history teacher, wrote a scholarly article in 1964, the first full-fledged interpretation of the novel as an extended metaphor of the politics and characters of the 1890s.", "Henry Littlefield, an upstate New York high school history teacher, wrote a scholarly article in 1964, the first full-fledged interpretation of the novel as an extended metaphor of the politics and characters of the 1890s. He paid special attention to the Populist metaphors and debates over silver and gold.", "He paid special attention to the Populist metaphors and debates over silver and gold. Baum was a Republican and avid supporter of women's suffrage, and it is thought that he did not support the political ideals of either the Populist movement of 1890–1892 or the Bryanite silver crusade of 1896–1900. He published a poem in support of William McKinley.", "He published a poem in support of William McKinley. Since 1964, many scholars, economists, and historians have expanded on Littlefield's interpretation, pointing to multiple similarities between the characters (especially as depicted in Denslow's illustrations) and stock figures from editorial cartoons of the period.", "Since 1964, many scholars, economists, and historians have expanded on Littlefield's interpretation, pointing to multiple similarities between the characters (especially as depicted in Denslow's illustrations) and stock figures from editorial cartoons of the period. Littlefield wrote to The New York Times letters to the editor section spelling out that his theory had no basis in fact, but that his original point was \"not to label Baum, or to lessen any of his magic, but rather, as a history teacher at Mount Vernon High School, to invest turn-of-the-century America with the imagery and wonder I have always found in his stories.\"", "Littlefield wrote to The New York Times letters to the editor section spelling out that his theory had no basis in fact, but that his original point was \"not to label Baum, or to lessen any of his magic, but rather, as a history teacher at Mount Vernon High School, to invest turn-of-the-century America with the imagery and wonder I have always found in his stories.\" Baum's newspaper had addressed politics in the 1890s, and Denslow was an editorial cartoonist as well as an illustrator of children's books.", "Baum's newspaper had addressed politics in the 1890s, and Denslow was an editorial cartoonist as well as an illustrator of children's books. A series of political references is included in the 1902 stage version, such as references to the President, to a powerful senator, and to John D. Rockefeller for providing the oil needed by the Tin Woodman.", "A series of political references is included in the 1902 stage version, such as references to the President, to a powerful senator, and to John D. Rockefeller for providing the oil needed by the Tin Woodman. Scholars have found few political references in Baum's Oz books after 1902.", "Scholars have found few political references in Baum's Oz books after 1902. Baum was asked whether his stories had hidden meanings, but he always replied that they were written to \"please children\". Religion Baum was originally a Methodist, but he joined the Episcopal Church in Aberdeen in order to participate in community theatricals.", "Religion Baum was originally a Methodist, but he joined the Episcopal Church in Aberdeen in order to participate in community theatricals. Later, he and his wife were encouraged to become members of the Theosophical Society in 1892 by Matilda Joslyn Gage.", "Later, he and his wife were encouraged to become members of the Theosophical Society in 1892 by Matilda Joslyn Gage. Baum's beliefs are frequently reflected in his writings; however, the only mention of a church in his Oz books is the porcelain one which the Cowardly Lion breaks in the Dainty China Country in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.", "Baum's beliefs are frequently reflected in his writings; however, the only mention of a church in his Oz books is the porcelain one which the Cowardly Lion breaks in the Dainty China Country in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The Baums sent their older sons to \"Ethical Culture Sunday School\" in Chicago, which taught morality, not religion.Michael Patrick Hearn.", "The Baums sent their older sons to \"Ethical Culture Sunday School\" in Chicago, which taught morality, not religion.Michael Patrick Hearn. The Annotated Wizard of Oz. 2nd Edition. 2000. pp. 7, 271, 328.", "7, 271, 328. 7, 271, 328. Writers including Evan I. Schwartz among others have suggested that Baum intentionally used allegory and symbolism in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to convey concepts that are central to spiritual teachings such as Theosophy and Buddhism.", "Writers including Evan I. Schwartz among others have suggested that Baum intentionally used allegory and symbolism in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to convey concepts that are central to spiritual teachings such as Theosophy and Buddhism. They postulate that the main characters’ experiences in Oz represent the soul’s journey toward enlightenment.", "They postulate that the main characters’ experiences in Oz represent the soul’s journey toward enlightenment. Schwartz specifically states that key plot elements of the book take “the reader on a journey guided by Eastern philosophy” (Schwartz, p. 265).", "Schwartz specifically states that key plot elements of the book take “the reader on a journey guided by Eastern philosophy” (Schwartz, p. 265). An article in BBC Culture lists several allegorical interpretations of the book including that it may be viewed as a parable of Theosophy.", "An article in BBC Culture lists several allegorical interpretations of the book including that it may be viewed as a parable of Theosophy. The article cites various symbols and their possible meanings, for example the Yellow Brick Road representing the ‘Golden Path’ in Buddhism, along which the soul travels to a state of spiritual realization.", "The article cites various symbols and their possible meanings, for example the Yellow Brick Road representing the ‘Golden Path’ in Buddhism, along which the soul travels to a state of spiritual realization. Baum’s own writing suggests he believed the story may have been divinely inspired: “It was pure inspiration.", "Baum’s own writing suggests he believed the story may have been divinely inspired: “It was pure inspiration. It came to me right out of the blue. I think that sometimes the Great Author had a message to get across and He was to use the instrument at hand”.", "I think that sometimes the Great Author had a message to get across and He was to use the instrument at hand”. Bibliography Works Mother Goose in Prose (1897) By the Candelabra's Glare (1898) Father Goose: His Book (1899) A New Wonderland (1900) The Army Alphabet (1900) The Navy Alphabet (1900) American Fairy Tales (1901) The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Egypt (1908) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Panama (1908) Fortune Hunters in China The Boy Fortune Hunters in the South Seas (1911) The Sea Fairies (1911) Sky Island (1912) Queen Zixi of Ix (1905) The Fate of a Crown (1905) Sam Steele's Adventures on Land and Sea (1906) Daughters of Destiny (novel) (1906) The Last Egyptian (1907) Land of Oz worksThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904)Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1905, comic strip depicting 27 stories)The Woggle-Bug Book (1905)Ozma of Oz (1907)Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908)The Road to Oz (1909)The Emerald City of Oz (1910)The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913)Little Wizard Stories of Oz (1913, collection of 6 short stories)Tik-Tok of Oz (1914)The Scarecrow of Oz (1915)Rinkitink in Oz (1916)The Lost Princess of Oz (1917)The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918)The Magic of Oz (1919, posthumously published)Glinda of Oz (1920, posthumously published) 1921's The Royal Book of Oz was posthumously attributed to Baum but was entirely the work of Ruth Plumly Thompson.", "Bibliography Works Mother Goose in Prose (1897) By the Candelabra's Glare (1898) Father Goose: His Book (1899) A New Wonderland (1900) The Army Alphabet (1900) The Navy Alphabet (1900) American Fairy Tales (1901) The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Egypt (1908) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Panama (1908) Fortune Hunters in China The Boy Fortune Hunters in the South Seas (1911) The Sea Fairies (1911) Sky Island (1912) Queen Zixi of Ix (1905) The Fate of a Crown (1905) Sam Steele's Adventures on Land and Sea (1906) Daughters of Destiny (novel) (1906) The Last Egyptian (1907) Land of Oz worksThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904)Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1905, comic strip depicting 27 stories)The Woggle-Bug Book (1905)Ozma of Oz (1907)Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908)The Road to Oz (1909)The Emerald City of Oz (1910)The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913)Little Wizard Stories of Oz (1913, collection of 6 short stories)Tik-Tok of Oz (1914)The Scarecrow of Oz (1915)Rinkitink in Oz (1916)The Lost Princess of Oz (1917)The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918)The Magic of Oz (1919, posthumously published)Glinda of Oz (1920, posthumously published) 1921's The Royal Book of Oz was posthumously attributed to Baum but was entirely the work of Ruth Plumly Thompson. Popular culture and legacy A 1970 episode of the long-running American Western anthology series Death Valley Days presents a highly romanticized portrayal of Baum's time in South Dakota.", "Popular culture and legacy A 1970 episode of the long-running American Western anthology series Death Valley Days presents a highly romanticized portrayal of Baum's time in South Dakota. The comedic teleplay, titled \"The Wizard of Aberdeen\", stars Conlan Carter as Baum and Beverlee McKinsey as Maud.", "The comedic teleplay, titled \"The Wizard of Aberdeen\", stars Conlan Carter as Baum and Beverlee McKinsey as Maud. Although the 30-minute presentation touches on Baum's family life and his struggles in Aberdeen as a newspaper editor, it focuses principally on his storytelling to local children about characters in a distant land he initially refers to as \"Ooz\".", "Although the 30-minute presentation touches on Baum's family life and his struggles in Aberdeen as a newspaper editor, it focuses principally on his storytelling to local children about characters in a distant land he initially refers to as \"Ooz\". John Ritter portrayed Baum in the television film The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990).", "John Ritter portrayed Baum in the television film The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990). The theme park Storybook Land, located in Aberdeen, South Dakota, features the Land of Oz, with characters and attractions from the books.", "The theme park Storybook Land, located in Aberdeen, South Dakota, features the Land of Oz, with characters and attractions from the books. In the short-lived 2008 TV series Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, the show's protagonist John Connor enrolls in high school under the name of \"John Baum\" (after L. Frank Baum) to keep his true identity a secret.", "In the short-lived 2008 TV series Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, the show's protagonist John Connor enrolls in high school under the name of \"John Baum\" (after L. Frank Baum) to keep his true identity a secret. His mother Sarah had mentioned to Cameron that The Wonderful Wizard Of Oz was John's favorite book when he was younger.", "His mother Sarah had mentioned to Cameron that The Wonderful Wizard Of Oz was John's favorite book when he was younger. In 2013, Baum was inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. Chittenango, New York holds a three-day annual festival called Oz-Stravaganza!", "Chittenango, New York holds a three-day annual festival called Oz-Stravaganza! to celebrate the literary works of author L. Frank Baum, who was born in Chittenango on May 15, 1856. The children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was published on May 17, 1900.", "The children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was published on May 17, 1900. The weekend-long festival, usually held during the first Saturday of June and the weekend thereof, includes a parade, which features many community groups.", "The weekend-long festival, usually held during the first Saturday of June and the weekend thereof, includes a parade, which features many community groups. The parade has also featured actors and actresses who played Munchkins in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, including Jerry Maren, Karl Slover, Meinhardt Raabe, and Margaret Williams Pellegrini.", "The parade has also featured actors and actresses who played Munchkins in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, including Jerry Maren, Karl Slover, Meinhardt Raabe, and Margaret Williams Pellegrini. See also Notes References Algeo, John. \"A Notable Theosophist: L. Frank Baum.\" American Theosophist, Vol.", "American Theosophist, Vol. American Theosophist, Vol. 74 (August–September 1986), pp. 270–3. Attebery, Brian. The Fantasy Tradition in American Literature. Bloomington, IN, Indiana University Press, 1980. Baum, Frank Joslyn, and Russell P. Macfall. To Please a Child. Chicago, Reilly & Lee, 1961.", "Chicago, Reilly & Lee, 1961. Baum, L. Frank. The Annotated Wizard of Oz. Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Michael Patrick Hearn. New York, Clarkson N. Potter, 1973. Revised 2000. New York, W.W. Norton, 2000. Ford, Alla T. The High-Jinks of L. Frank Baum.", "Ford, Alla T. The High-Jinks of L. Frank Baum. Hong Kong, Ford Press, 1969. Ford, Alla T. The Musical Fantasies of L. Frank Baum. Lake Worth, FL, Ford Press, 1969. Gardner, Martin, and Russel B. Nye. The Wizard of Oz and Who He Was.", "The Wizard of Oz and Who He Was. East Lansing, MI, Michigan State University Press, 1957. Revised 1994. Hearn, Michael Patrick. The Critical Heritage Edition of the Wizard of Oz. New York, Schocken, 1986. Koupal, Nancy Tystad. Baum's Road to Oz: The Dakota Years.", "Baum's Road to Oz: The Dakota Years. Pierre, SD, South Dakota State Historical Society, 2000. Koupal, Nancy Tystad. Our Landlady. Lawrence, KS, University of Nebraska Press, 1986. Parker, David B.", "Parker, David B. Parker, David B. The Rise and Fall of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a \"Parable on Populism\" Journal of the Georgia Association of Historians, vol. 15 (1994), pp. 49–63.", "15 (1994), pp. 49–63. 49–63. Reneau, Reneau H. \"Misanthropology: A Florilegium of Bahumbuggery\" Inglewood, CA, donlazaro translations, 2004, pp. 155–164 Reneau, Reneau H. \"A Newer Testament: Misanthropology Unleashed\" Inglewood, CA, donlazaro translations, 2008, pp.", "155–164 Reneau, Reneau H. \"A Newer Testament: Misanthropology Unleashed\" Inglewood, CA, donlazaro translations, 2008, pp. 129–147 Riley, Michael O. Oz and Beyond: The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum. Lawrence, KS, University of Kansas Press, 1997.", "Lawrence, KS, University of Kansas Press, 1997. Rogers, Katharine M. L. Frank Baum, Creator of Oz: A Biography. New York, St. Martin's Press, 2002. Sale, Roger. Fairy Tales and After: From Snow White to E. B. White. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University press, 1978.", "Cambridge, MA, Harvard University press, 1978. Schwartz, Evan I. Finding Oz: How L. Frank Baum Discovered the Great American Story. New York, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009 Wagner, Sally Roesch. The Wonderful Mother of Oz. Fayetteville, NY: The Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation, 2003. Wilgus, Neal.", "Wilgus, Neal. Wilgus, Neal. \"Classic American Fairy Tales: The Fantasies of L. Frank Baum\" in Darrell Schweitzer (ed) Discovering Classic Fantasy Fiction'', Gillette NJ: Wildside Press, 1996, pp. 113–121.", "113–121. 113–121. External links The Complete Oz Works L. Frank Baum Papers at Syracuse University Bibliography (Baum and Oz) The International Wizard of Oz Club, Inc.", "External links The Complete Oz Works L. Frank Baum Papers at Syracuse University Bibliography (Baum and Oz) The International Wizard of Oz Club, Inc. Wonderful Wizard of Oz Website Copyright Registration Application from Claimant L. Frank Baum for The wonderful Wizard of Oz From the Collections at the Library of Congress Finding aid to Roland Orvil Baughman collection about L. Frank Baum at Columbia University, Rare Book & Manuscript Library 1856 births 1919 deaths 19th-century American male actors 19th-century American newspaper editors 19th-century American newspaper publishers (people) 19th-century American novelists 20th-century American novelists 19th-century male writers 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American poets American male short story writers 20th-century American male actors American children's writers American fantasy writers American feminist writers American film producers American Methodists American people of English descent American people of German descent American people of Scotch-Irish descent American male silent film actors American male stage actors American suffragists American Theosophists Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) Children's poets Male feminists Oz (franchise) People from Aberdeen, South Dakota People from Chittenango, New York Peekskill Military Academy alumni Writers from Syracuse, New York Silent film directors Writers from Chicago New York (state) Republicans South Dakota Republicans California Republicans American male poets American male novelists Journalists from South Dakota Journalists from New York (state) Stamp dealers Novelists from Illinois American male non-fiction writers Male novelists 19th-century pseudonymous writers 20th-century pseudonymous writers" ]

[ "L. Frank Baum", "The South Dakota years", "What is important about the south dakota years?", "Baum was born in Chittenango, New York in 1856 into a devout Methodist family.", "Who were his parents?", "Cynthia Ann (nee Stanton) and Benjamin Ward Baum,", "Did he have siblings?", "and was the seventh of nine children", "Where did he go to school?", "From the age of 12, he spent two miserable years at Peekskill Military Academy but," ]

[ "Where Did We Go Wrong may refer to:\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\" (Dondria song), 2010\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\" (Toni Braxton and Babyface song), 2013\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\", a song by Petula Clark from the album My Love\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\", a song by Diana Ross from the album Ross\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\", a 1980 song by Frankie Valli", "\"Where Did All the Love Go?\" is a song by English rock band Kasabian and is the second official single from their third album, West Ryder Pauper Lunatic Asylum. It was released on 10 August 2009.\n\nLyrics \nGuitarist Sergio Pizzorno explained the song's meaning to New Musical Express stating that \"It's sitting at home seeing another kid get stabbed, everyone is scared and going, 'What the fuck is going on?\" The song also speaks about the Internet, with Pizzorno elaborating in an interview with The Sun that \"Kids today grow up really quickly and there's too much information. News channels, the internet and social networking sites. People aren't leaving their bedrooms and it's just crazy. The things that make you most happy are quite simple. That song is looking for the romantic image of life, when people looked out for each other.\"\n\nMusic video\nAccording to Serge Pizzorno, the song's music video was inspired by Kenneth Anger's films like Scorpio Rising, Busby Berkeley and French cabaret.\n\nPersonnel\nKasabian\nTom Meighan – lead vocals\nSergio Pizzorno – guitars, synths, backing vocals\nChris Edwards – bass\nIan Matthews – drums\nAdditional personnel\nRosie Danvers – string direction\nWired Strings – strings\n\nChart performance\nFollowing its release in August 2009, \"Where Did All the Love Go?\" entered the UK Singles Chart at a peak of #30. Although not as successful as the previous single \"Fire\", this single did prove popular on the radio.\n\nTrack listings\n2-Track CD PARADISE64\n \"Where Did All the Love Go?\" – 4:18\n \"Vlad the Impaler\" (Zane Lowe Remix) - 4:32\n10\" PARADISE65\n \"Where Did All the Love Go?\" – 4:18\n \"Where Did All the Love Go?\" (Burns Remix) - 6:07\nDigital Download\n \"Where Did All the Love Go?\" (Live at Le Live De La Sema) - 4:30\niTunes Bundle\n \"Where Did All the Love Go?\" – 4:18\n \"Vlad the Impaler\" (Zane Lowe Remix) - 4:32\n \"Where Did All the Love Go?\" (Burns Remix) - 6:07\n \"Take Aim\" (Dan the Automator Remix) - 5:17\n2-Track Radio Promo CD\n \"Where Did All the Love Go?\" (Radio Edit) – 4:14\n \"Where Did All the Love Go?\" (Instrumental) – 4:26\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nTownsend-records.co.uk\n\nKasabian songs\n2009 singles\nSongs written by Sergio Pizzorno\n2009 songs\nRCA Records singles\nColumbia Records singles\nSongs about crime" ]

[ "Lyman Frank Baum (; May 15, 1856 – May 6, 1919) was an American author best known for his children's books, particularly The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and its sequels. He wrote 14 novels in the Oz series, plus 41 other novels (not including four lost, unpublished novels), 83 short stories, over 200 poems, and at least 42 scripts.", "He wrote 14 novels in the Oz series, plus 41 other novels (not including four lost, unpublished novels), 83 short stories, over 200 poems, and at least 42 scripts. He made numerous attempts to bring his works to the stage and screen; the 1939 adaptation of the first Oz book became a landmark of 20th-century cinema.", "He made numerous attempts to bring his works to the stage and screen; the 1939 adaptation of the first Oz book became a landmark of 20th-century cinema. Born and raised in upstate New York, Baum moved west after an unsuccessful stint as a theater producer and playwright.", "Born and raised in upstate New York, Baum moved west after an unsuccessful stint as a theater producer and playwright. He and his wife opened a store in South Dakota and he edited and published a newspaper.", "He and his wife opened a store in South Dakota and he edited and published a newspaper. They then moved to Chicago, where he worked as a newspaper reporter and published children's literature, coming out with the first Oz book in 1900.", "They then moved to Chicago, where he worked as a newspaper reporter and published children's literature, coming out with the first Oz book in 1900. While continuing his writing, among his final projects he sought to establish a movie studio focused on children's films in Los Angeles, California.", "While continuing his writing, among his final projects he sought to establish a movie studio focused on children's films in Los Angeles, California. His works anticipated such later commonplaces as television, augmented reality, laptop computers (The Master Key), wireless telephones (Tik-Tok of Oz), women in high-risk and action-heavy occupations (Mary Louise in the Country), and the ubiquity of clothes advertising (Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work).", "His works anticipated such later commonplaces as television, augmented reality, laptop computers (The Master Key), wireless telephones (Tik-Tok of Oz), women in high-risk and action-heavy occupations (Mary Louise in the Country), and the ubiquity of clothes advertising (Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work). Childhood and early life Baum was born in Chittenango, New York, in 1856 into a devout Methodist family.", "Childhood and early life Baum was born in Chittenango, New York, in 1856 into a devout Methodist family. He had German, Scots-Irish, and English ancestry. He was the seventh of nine children of Cynthia Ann (née Stanton) and Benjamin Ward Baum, only five of whom survived into adulthood.", "He was the seventh of nine children of Cynthia Ann (née Stanton) and Benjamin Ward Baum, only five of whom survived into adulthood. \"Lyman\" was the name of his father's brother, but he always disliked it and preferred his middle name \"Frank\".", "\"Lyman\" was the name of his father's brother, but he always disliked it and preferred his middle name \"Frank\". His father succeeded in many businesses, including barrel-making, oil drilling in Pennsylvania, and real estate.", "His father succeeded in many businesses, including barrel-making, oil drilling in Pennsylvania, and real estate. Baum grew up on his parents' expansive estate called Rose Lawn, which he fondly recalled as a sort of paradise. Rose Lawn was located in Mattydale, New York.", "Rose Lawn was located in Mattydale, New York. Frank was a sickly, dreamy child, tutored at home with his siblings. From the age of 12, he spent two miserable years at Peekskill Military Academy but, after being severely disciplined for daydreaming, he had a possibly psychogenic heart attack and was allowed to return home.", "From the age of 12, he spent two miserable years at Peekskill Military Academy but, after being severely disciplined for daydreaming, he had a possibly psychogenic heart attack and was allowed to return home. Baum started writing early in life, possibly prompted by his father buying him a cheap printing press.", "Baum started writing early in life, possibly prompted by his father buying him a cheap printing press. He had always been close to his younger brother Henry (Harry) Clay Baum, who helped in the production of The Rose Lawn Home Journal.", "He had always been close to his younger brother Henry (Harry) Clay Baum, who helped in the production of The Rose Lawn Home Journal. The brothers published several issues of the journal, including advertisements from local businesses, which they gave to family and friends for free.", "The brothers published several issues of the journal, including advertisements from local businesses, which they gave to family and friends for free. By the age of 17, Baum established a second amateur journal called The Stamp Collector, printed an 11-page pamphlet called Baum's Complete Stamp Dealers' Directory, and started a stamp dealership with friends.", "By the age of 17, Baum established a second amateur journal called The Stamp Collector, printed an 11-page pamphlet called Baum's Complete Stamp Dealers' Directory, and started a stamp dealership with friends. At 20, Baum took on the national craze of breeding fancy poultry. He specialized in raising the Hamburg chicken.", "He specialized in raising the Hamburg chicken. In March 1880, he established a monthly trade journal, The Poultry Record, and in 1886, when Baum was 30 years old, his first book was published: The Book of the Hamburgs: A Brief Treatise upon the Mating, Rearing, and Management of the Different Varieties of Hamburgs.", "In March 1880, he established a monthly trade journal, The Poultry Record, and in 1886, when Baum was 30 years old, his first book was published: The Book of the Hamburgs: A Brief Treatise upon the Mating, Rearing, and Management of the Different Varieties of Hamburgs. Baum had a flair for being the spotlight of fun in the household, including during times of financial difficulties.", "Baum had a flair for being the spotlight of fun in the household, including during times of financial difficulties. His selling of fireworks made the Fourth of July memorable. His skyrockets, Roman candles, and fireworks filled the sky, while many people around the neighborhood would gather in front of the house to watch the displays.", "His skyrockets, Roman candles, and fireworks filled the sky, while many people around the neighborhood would gather in front of the house to watch the displays. Christmas was even more festive. Baum dressed as Santa Claus for the family.", "Baum dressed as Santa Claus for the family. His father would place the Christmas tree behind a curtain in the front parlor so that Baum could talk to everyone while he decorated the tree without people managing to see him. He maintained this tradition all his life. Career Theater Baum embarked on his lifetime infatuation—and wavering financial success—with the theater.", "Career Theater Baum embarked on his lifetime infatuation—and wavering financial success—with the theater. A local theatrical company duped him into replenishing their stock of costumes on the promise of leading roles coming his way. Disillusioned, Baum left the theater—temporarily—and went to work as a clerk in his brother-in-law's dry goods company in Syracuse.", "Disillusioned, Baum left the theater—temporarily—and went to work as a clerk in his brother-in-law's dry goods company in Syracuse. This experience may have influenced his story \"The Suicide of Kiaros\", first published in the literary journal The White Elephant.", "This experience may have influenced his story \"The Suicide of Kiaros\", first published in the literary journal The White Elephant. A fellow clerk one day had been found locked in a store room dead, probably from suicide. Baum could never stay away long from the stage.", "Baum could never stay away long from the stage. He performed in plays under the stage names of Louis F. Baum and George Brooks. In 1880, his father built him a theater in Richburg, New York, and Baum set about writing plays and gathering a company to act in them.", "In 1880, his father built him a theater in Richburg, New York, and Baum set about writing plays and gathering a company to act in them. The Maid of Arran proved a modest success, a melodrama with songs based on William Black's novel A Princess of Thule.", "The Maid of Arran proved a modest success, a melodrama with songs based on William Black's novel A Princess of Thule. Baum wrote the play and composed songs for it (making it a prototypical musical, as its songs relate to the narrative), and acted in the leading role.", "Baum wrote the play and composed songs for it (making it a prototypical musical, as its songs relate to the narrative), and acted in the leading role. His aunt Katharine Gray played his character's aunt.", "His aunt Katharine Gray played his character's aunt. She was the founder of Syracuse Oratory School, and Baum advertised his services in her catalog to teach theater, including stage business, play writing, directing, translating (French, German, and Italian), revision, and operettas.", "She was the founder of Syracuse Oratory School, and Baum advertised his services in her catalog to teach theater, including stage business, play writing, directing, translating (French, German, and Italian), revision, and operettas. On November 9, 1882, Baum married Maud Gage, a daughter of Matilda Joslyn Gage, a famous women's suffrage and feminist activist.", "On November 9, 1882, Baum married Maud Gage, a daughter of Matilda Joslyn Gage, a famous women's suffrage and feminist activist. While Baum was touring with The Maid of Arran, the theater in Richburg caught fire during a production of Baum's ironically titled parlor drama Matches, destroying the theater as well as the only known copies of many of Baum's scripts, including Matches, as well as costumes.", "While Baum was touring with The Maid of Arran, the theater in Richburg caught fire during a production of Baum's ironically titled parlor drama Matches, destroying the theater as well as the only known copies of many of Baum's scripts, including Matches, as well as costumes. The South Dakota years In July 1888, Baum and his wife moved to Aberdeen, Dakota Territory where he opened a store called \"Baum's Bazaar\".", "The South Dakota years In July 1888, Baum and his wife moved to Aberdeen, Dakota Territory where he opened a store called \"Baum's Bazaar\". His habit of giving out wares on credit led to the eventual bankrupting of the store, so Baum turned to editing the local newspaper The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer where he wrote the column Our Landlady.", "His habit of giving out wares on credit led to the eventual bankrupting of the store, so Baum turned to editing the local newspaper The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer where he wrote the column Our Landlady. Following the death of Sitting Bull at the hands of Indian agency police, Baum urged the wholesale extermination of all America's native peoples in a column that he wrote on December 20, 1890 (full text below).", "Following the death of Sitting Bull at the hands of Indian agency police, Baum urged the wholesale extermination of all America's native peoples in a column that he wrote on December 20, 1890 (full text below). On January 3, 1891, he returned to the subject in an editorial response to the Wounded Knee Massacre: The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extirmination of the Indians.", "On January 3, 1891, he returned to the subject in an editorial response to the Wounded Knee Massacre: The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extirmination of the Indians. Having wronged them for centuries, we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth.", "Having wronged them for centuries, we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth. Baum's description of Kansas in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is based on his experiences in drought-ridden South Dakota.", "Baum's description of Kansas in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is based on his experiences in drought-ridden South Dakota. During much of this time, Matilda Joslyn Gage was living in the Baum household.", "During much of this time, Matilda Joslyn Gage was living in the Baum household. While Baum was in South Dakota, he sang in a quartet which included James Kyle, who became one of the first Populist (People's Party) Senators in the U.S.", "While Baum was in South Dakota, he sang in a quartet which included James Kyle, who became one of the first Populist (People's Party) Senators in the U.S. Writing Baum's newspaper failed in 1891, and he, Maud, and their four sons moved to the Humboldt Park section of Chicago, where Baum took a job reporting for the Evening Post.", "Writing Baum's newspaper failed in 1891, and he, Maud, and their four sons moved to the Humboldt Park section of Chicago, where Baum took a job reporting for the Evening Post. Beginning in 1897, he founded and edited a magazine called The Show Window, later known as the Merchants Record and Show Window, which focused on store window displays, retail strategies and visual merchandising.", "Beginning in 1897, he founded and edited a magazine called The Show Window, later known as the Merchants Record and Show Window, which focused on store window displays, retail strategies and visual merchandising. The major department stores of the time created elaborate Christmas time fantasies, using clockwork mechanisms that made people and animals appear to move.", "The major department stores of the time created elaborate Christmas time fantasies, using clockwork mechanisms that made people and animals appear to move. The former Show Window magazine is still currently in operation, now known as VMSD magazine (visual merchandising + store design), based in Cincinnati.", "The former Show Window magazine is still currently in operation, now known as VMSD magazine (visual merchandising + store design), based in Cincinnati. In 1900, Baum published a book about window displays in which he stressed the importance of mannequins in drawing customers. He also had to work as a traveling salesman.", "He also had to work as a traveling salesman. In 1897, he wrote and published Mother Goose in Prose, a collection of Mother Goose rhymes written as prose stories and illustrated by Maxfield Parrish. Mother Goose was a moderate success and allowed Baum to quit his sales job (which had had a negative impact on his health).", "Mother Goose was a moderate success and allowed Baum to quit his sales job (which had had a negative impact on his health). In 1899, Baum partnered with illustrator W. W. Denslow to publish Father Goose, His Book, a collection of nonsense poetry.", "In 1899, Baum partnered with illustrator W. W. Denslow to publish Father Goose, His Book, a collection of nonsense poetry. The book was a success, becoming the best-selling children's book of the year.", "The book was a success, becoming the best-selling children's book of the year. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz In 1900, Baum and Denslow (with whom he shared the copyright) published The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to much critical acclaim and financial success.", "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz In 1900, Baum and Denslow (with whom he shared the copyright) published The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to much critical acclaim and financial success. The book was the best-selling children's book for two years after its initial publication.", "The book was the best-selling children's book for two years after its initial publication. Baum went on to write thirteen more novels based on the places and people of the Land of Oz.", "Baum went on to write thirteen more novels based on the places and people of the Land of Oz. The Wizard of Oz: Fred R. Hamlin's Musical Extravaganza Two years after Wizard publication, Baum and Denslow teamed up with composer Paul Tietjens and director Julian Mitchell to produce a musical stage version of the book under Fred R. Hamlin.", "The Wizard of Oz: Fred R. Hamlin's Musical Extravaganza Two years after Wizard publication, Baum and Denslow teamed up with composer Paul Tietjens and director Julian Mitchell to produce a musical stage version of the book under Fred R. Hamlin. Baum and Tietjens had worked on a musical of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz in 1901 and based closely upon the book, but it was rejected.", "Baum and Tietjens had worked on a musical of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz in 1901 and based closely upon the book, but it was rejected. This stage version opened in Chicago in 1902 (the first to use the shortened title \"The Wizard of Oz\"), then ran on Broadway for 293 stage nights from January to October 1903.", "This stage version opened in Chicago in 1902 (the first to use the shortened title \"The Wizard of Oz\"), then ran on Broadway for 293 stage nights from January to October 1903. It returned to Broadway in 1904, where it played from March to May and again from November to December.", "It returned to Broadway in 1904, where it played from March to May and again from November to December. It successfully toured the United States with much of the same cast, as was done in those days, until 1911, and then became available for amateur use.", "It successfully toured the United States with much of the same cast, as was done in those days, until 1911, and then became available for amateur use. The stage version starred Anna Laughlin as Dorothy Gale, alongside David C. Montgomery and Fred Stone as the Tin Woodman and Scarecrow respectively, which shot the pair to instant fame.", "The stage version starred Anna Laughlin as Dorothy Gale, alongside David C. Montgomery and Fred Stone as the Tin Woodman and Scarecrow respectively, which shot the pair to instant fame. The stage version differed quite a bit from the book, and was aimed primarily at adults.", "The stage version differed quite a bit from the book, and was aimed primarily at adults. Toto was replaced with Imogene the Cow, and Tryxie Tryfle (a waitress) and Pastoria (a streetcar operator) were added as fellow cyclone victims.", "Toto was replaced with Imogene the Cow, and Tryxie Tryfle (a waitress) and Pastoria (a streetcar operator) were added as fellow cyclone victims. The Wicked Witch of the West was eliminated entirely in the script, and the plot became about how the four friends were allied with the usurping Wizard and were hunted as traitors to Pastoria II, the rightful King of Oz.", "The Wicked Witch of the West was eliminated entirely in the script, and the plot became about how the four friends were allied with the usurping Wizard and were hunted as traitors to Pastoria II, the rightful King of Oz. It is unclear how much control or influence Baum had on the script; it appears that many of the changes were written by Baum against his wishes due to contractual requirements with Hamlin.", "It is unclear how much control or influence Baum had on the script; it appears that many of the changes were written by Baum against his wishes due to contractual requirements with Hamlin. Jokes in the script, mostly written by Glen MacDonough, called for explicit references to President Theodore Roosevelt, Senator Mark Hanna, Rev.", "Jokes in the script, mostly written by Glen MacDonough, called for explicit references to President Theodore Roosevelt, Senator Mark Hanna, Rev. Andrew Danquer, and oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller. Although use of the script was rather free-form, the line about Hanna was ordered dropped as soon as Hamlin got word of his death in 1904.", "Although use of the script was rather free-form, the line about Hanna was ordered dropped as soon as Hamlin got word of his death in 1904. Beginning with the success of the stage version, most subsequent versions of the story, including newer editions of the novel, have been titled \"The Wizard of Oz\", rather than using the full, original title.", "Beginning with the success of the stage version, most subsequent versions of the story, including newer editions of the novel, have been titled \"The Wizard of Oz\", rather than using the full, original title. In more recent years, restoring the full title has become increasingly common, particularly to distinguish the novel from the Hollywood film.", "In more recent years, restoring the full title has become increasingly common, particularly to distinguish the novel from the Hollywood film. Baum wrote a new Oz book, The Marvelous Land of Oz, with a view to making it into a stage production, which was titled The Woggle-Bug, but Montgomery and Stone balked at appearing when the original was still running.", "Baum wrote a new Oz book, The Marvelous Land of Oz, with a view to making it into a stage production, which was titled The Woggle-Bug, but Montgomery and Stone balked at appearing when the original was still running. The Scarecrow and Tin Woodman were then omitted from this adaptation, which was seen as a self-rip-off by critics and proved to be a major flop before it could reach Broadway.", "The Scarecrow and Tin Woodman were then omitted from this adaptation, which was seen as a self-rip-off by critics and proved to be a major flop before it could reach Broadway. He also worked for years on a musical version of Ozma of Oz, which eventually became The Tik-Tok Man of Oz.", "He also worked for years on a musical version of Ozma of Oz, which eventually became The Tik-Tok Man of Oz. This did fairly well in Los Angeles, but not well enough to convince producer Oliver Morosco to mount a production in New York.", "This did fairly well in Los Angeles, but not well enough to convince producer Oliver Morosco to mount a production in New York. He also began a stage version of The Patchwork Girl of Oz, but this was ultimately realized as a film.", "He also began a stage version of The Patchwork Girl of Oz, but this was ultimately realized as a film. Later life and work With the success of Wizard on page and stage, Baum and Denslow hoped for further success and published Dot and Tot of Merryland in 1901.", "Later life and work With the success of Wizard on page and stage, Baum and Denslow hoped for further success and published Dot and Tot of Merryland in 1901. The book was one of Baum's weakest, and its failure further strained his faltering relationship with Denslow. It was their last collaboration.", "It was their last collaboration. It was their last collaboration. Baum worked primarily with John R. Neill on his fantasy work beginning in 1904, but Baum met Neill few times (all before he moved to California) and often found Neill's art not humorous enough for his liking.", "Baum worked primarily with John R. Neill on his fantasy work beginning in 1904, but Baum met Neill few times (all before he moved to California) and often found Neill's art not humorous enough for his liking. He was particularly offended when Neill published The Oz Toy Book: Cut-outs for the Kiddies without authorization.", "He was particularly offended when Neill published The Oz Toy Book: Cut-outs for the Kiddies without authorization. Baum reportedly designed the chandeliers in the Crown Room of the Hotel del Coronado; however, that attribution has yet to be corroborated.", "Baum reportedly designed the chandeliers in the Crown Room of the Hotel del Coronado; however, that attribution has yet to be corroborated. Several times during the development of the Oz series, Baum declared that he had written his last Oz book and devoted himself to other works of fantasy fiction based in other magical lands, including The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus and Queen Zixi of Ix.", "Several times during the development of the Oz series, Baum declared that he had written his last Oz book and devoted himself to other works of fantasy fiction based in other magical lands, including The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus and Queen Zixi of Ix. However, he returned to the series each time, persuaded by popular demand, letters from children, and the failure of his new books.", "However, he returned to the series each time, persuaded by popular demand, letters from children, and the failure of his new books. Even so, his other works remained very popular after his death, with The Master Key appearing on St. Nicholas Magazine's survey of readers' favorite books well into the 1920s.", "Even so, his other works remained very popular after his death, with The Master Key appearing on St. Nicholas Magazine's survey of readers' favorite books well into the 1920s. In 1905, Baum declared plans for an Oz amusement park.", "In 1905, Baum declared plans for an Oz amusement park. In an interview, he mentioned buying “Pedloe Island” off the coast of California to turn it into an Oz park.", "In an interview, he mentioned buying “Pedloe Island” off the coast of California to turn it into an Oz park. However, there is no evidence that he purchased such an island, and no one has ever been able to find any island whose name even resembles Pedloe in that area.", "However, there is no evidence that he purchased such an island, and no one has ever been able to find any island whose name even resembles Pedloe in that area. Nevertheless, Baum stated to the press that he had discovered a Pedloe Island off the coast of California and that he had purchased it to be \"the Marvelous Land of Oz,\" intending it to be \"a fairy paradise for children.\"", "Nevertheless, Baum stated to the press that he had discovered a Pedloe Island off the coast of California and that he had purchased it to be \"the Marvelous Land of Oz,\" intending it to be \"a fairy paradise for children.\" Eleven year old Dorothy Talbot of San Francisco was reported to be ascendant to the throne on March 1, 1906, when the Palace of Oz was expected to be completed.", "Eleven year old Dorothy Talbot of San Francisco was reported to be ascendant to the throne on March 1, 1906, when the Palace of Oz was expected to be completed. Baum planned to live on the island, with administrative duties handled by the princess and her all-child advisers.", "Baum planned to live on the island, with administrative duties handled by the princess and her all-child advisers. Plans included statues of the Scarecrow, Tin Woodman, Jack Pumpkinhead, and H.M. Woggle-Bug, T.E. Baum abandoned his Oz park project after the failure of The Woggle-Bug, which was playing at the Garrick Theatre in 1905.", "Baum abandoned his Oz park project after the failure of The Woggle-Bug, which was playing at the Garrick Theatre in 1905. Because of his lifelong love of theatre, he financed elaborate musicals, often to his financial detriment.", "Because of his lifelong love of theatre, he financed elaborate musicals, often to his financial detriment. One of Baum's worst financial endeavors was his The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908), which combined a slideshow, film, and live actors with a lecture by Baum as if he were giving a travelogue to Oz.", "One of Baum's worst financial endeavors was his The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908), which combined a slideshow, film, and live actors with a lecture by Baum as if he were giving a travelogue to Oz. However, Baum ran into trouble and could not pay his debts to the company who produced the films.", "However, Baum ran into trouble and could not pay his debts to the company who produced the films. He did not get back to a stable financial situation for several years, after he sold the royalty rights to many of his earlier works, including The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. This resulted in the M.A.", "This resulted in the M.A. This resulted in the M.A. Donahue Company publishing cheap editions of his early works with advertising which purported that Baum's newer output was inferior to the less expensive books that they were releasing. He claimed bankruptcy in August 1911.", "He claimed bankruptcy in August 1911. However, Baum had shrewdly transferred most of his property into Maud's name, except for his clothing, his typewriter, and his library (mostly of children's books, such as the fairy tales of Andrew Lang, whose portrait he kept in his study)—all of which, he successfully argued, were essential to his occupation.", "However, Baum had shrewdly transferred most of his property into Maud's name, except for his clothing, his typewriter, and his library (mostly of children's books, such as the fairy tales of Andrew Lang, whose portrait he kept in his study)—all of which, he successfully argued, were essential to his occupation. Maud handled the finances anyway, and thus Baum lost much less than he could have.", "Maud handled the finances anyway, and thus Baum lost much less than he could have. Baum made use of several pseudonyms for some of his other non-Oz books.", "Baum made use of several pseudonyms for some of his other non-Oz books. They include: Edith Van Dyne (the Aunt Jane's Nieces series) Laura Bancroft (The Twinkle Tales, Policeman Bluejay) Floyd Akers (The Boy Fortune Hunters series, continuing the Sam Steele series) Suzanne Metcalf (Annabel) Schuyler Staunton (The Fate of a Crown, Daughters of Destiny) John Estes Cooke (Tamawaca Folks) Capt.", "They include: Edith Van Dyne (the Aunt Jane's Nieces series) Laura Bancroft (The Twinkle Tales, Policeman Bluejay) Floyd Akers (The Boy Fortune Hunters series, continuing the Sam Steele series) Suzanne Metcalf (Annabel) Schuyler Staunton (The Fate of a Crown, Daughters of Destiny) John Estes Cooke (Tamawaca Folks) Capt. Hugh Fitzgerald (the Sam Steele series) Baum also anonymously wrote The Last Egyptian: A Romance of the Nile.", "Hugh Fitzgerald (the Sam Steele series) Baum also anonymously wrote The Last Egyptian: A Romance of the Nile. He continued theatrical work with Harry Marston Haldeman's men's social group The Uplifters, for which he wrote several plays for various celebrations. He also wrote the group's parodic by-laws.", "He also wrote the group's parodic by-laws. The group also included Will Rogers, but was proud to have had Baum as a member and posthumously revived many of his works despite their ephemeral intent.", "The group also included Will Rogers, but was proud to have had Baum as a member and posthumously revived many of his works despite their ephemeral intent. Many of these play's titles are known, but only The Uplift of Lucifer is known to survive (it was published in a limited edition in the 1960s).", "Many of these play's titles are known, but only The Uplift of Lucifer is known to survive (it was published in a limited edition in the 1960s). Prior to that, his last produced play was The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (based on Ozma of Oz and the basis for Tik-Tok of Oz), a modest success in Hollywood that producer Oliver Morosco decided did not do well enough to take to Broadway.", "Prior to that, his last produced play was The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (based on Ozma of Oz and the basis for Tik-Tok of Oz), a modest success in Hollywood that producer Oliver Morosco decided did not do well enough to take to Broadway. Morosco, incidentally, quickly turned to film production, as did Baum.", "Morosco, incidentally, quickly turned to film production, as did Baum. In 1914, Baum started his own film production company The Oz Film Manufacturing Company, which came as an outgrowth of the Uplifters. He served as its president and principal producer and screenwriter.", "He served as its president and principal producer and screenwriter. The rest of the board consisted of Louis F. Gottschalk, Harry Marston Haldeman, and Clarence R. Rundel.", "The rest of the board consisted of Louis F. Gottschalk, Harry Marston Haldeman, and Clarence R. Rundel. The films were directed by J. Farrell MacDonald, with casts that included Violet MacMillan, Vivian Reed, Mildred Harris, Juanita Hansen, Pierre Couderc, Mai Welles, Louise Emmons, J. Charles Haydon, and early appearances by Harold Lloyd and Hal Roach.", "The films were directed by J. Farrell MacDonald, with casts that included Violet MacMillan, Vivian Reed, Mildred Harris, Juanita Hansen, Pierre Couderc, Mai Welles, Louise Emmons, J. Charles Haydon, and early appearances by Harold Lloyd and Hal Roach. Silent film actor Richard Rosson appeared in one of the films (Rosson's younger brother Harold Rosson was the cinematographer on The Wizard of Oz, released in 1939).", "Silent film actor Richard Rosson appeared in one of the films (Rosson's younger brother Harold Rosson was the cinematographer on The Wizard of Oz, released in 1939). After little success probing the unrealized children's film market, Baum acknowledged his authorship of The Last Egyptian and made a film of it (portions of which are included in Decasia), but the Oz name had become box office poison for the time being, and even a name change to Dramatic Feature Films and transfer of ownership to Frank Joslyn Baum did not help.", "After little success probing the unrealized children's film market, Baum acknowledged his authorship of The Last Egyptian and made a film of it (portions of which are included in Decasia), but the Oz name had become box office poison for the time being, and even a name change to Dramatic Feature Films and transfer of ownership to Frank Joslyn Baum did not help. Baum invested none of his own money in the venture, unlike The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays, but the stress probably took its toll on his health.", "Baum invested none of his own money in the venture, unlike The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays, but the stress probably took its toll on his health. Death On May 5, 1919, Baum suffered a stroke, slipped into a coma and died the following day, at the age of 62.", "Death On May 5, 1919, Baum suffered a stroke, slipped into a coma and died the following day, at the age of 62. His last words were spoken to his wife during a brief period of lucidity: \"Now we can cross the Shifting Sands.\"", "His last words were spoken to his wife during a brief period of lucidity: \"Now we can cross the Shifting Sands.\" He was buried in Glendale's Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery. His final Oz book, Glinda of Oz, was published on July 10, 1920, a year after his death.", "His final Oz book, Glinda of Oz, was published on July 10, 1920, a year after his death. The Oz series was continued long after his death by other authors, notably Ruth Plumly Thompson, who wrote an additional twenty-one Oz books.", "The Oz series was continued long after his death by other authors, notably Ruth Plumly Thompson, who wrote an additional twenty-one Oz books. Baum's beliefs Literary Baum's avowed intentions with the Oz books and his other fairy tales was to retell tales such as those which are found in the works of the Brothers Grimm and Hans Christian Andersen, remake them in an American vein, update them, omit stereotypical characters such as dwarfs or genies, and remove the association of violence and moral teachings.", "Baum's beliefs Literary Baum's avowed intentions with the Oz books and his other fairy tales was to retell tales such as those which are found in the works of the Brothers Grimm and Hans Christian Andersen, remake them in an American vein, update them, omit stereotypical characters such as dwarfs or genies, and remove the association of violence and moral teachings. His first Oz books contained a fair amount of violence, but the amount of it decreased as the series progressed; in The Emerald City of Oz, Ozma objects to the use of violence, even to the use of violence against the Nomes who threaten Oz with invasion.", "His first Oz books contained a fair amount of violence, but the amount of it decreased as the series progressed; in The Emerald City of Oz, Ozma objects to the use of violence, even to the use of violence against the Nomes who threaten Oz with invasion. His introduction is often cited as the beginning of the sanitization of children's stories, although he did not do a great deal more than eliminate harsh moral lessons.", "His introduction is often cited as the beginning of the sanitization of children's stories, although he did not do a great deal more than eliminate harsh moral lessons. Another traditional element that Baum intentionally omitted was the emphasis on romance. He considered romantic love to be uninteresting to young children, as well as largely incomprehensible.", "He considered romantic love to be uninteresting to young children, as well as largely incomprehensible. In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the only elements of romance lay in the background of the Tin Woodman and his love for Nimmie Amee, which explains his condition but does not affect the tale in any other way, and the background of Gayelette and the enchantment of the Winged monkeys.", "In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the only elements of romance lay in the background of the Tin Woodman and his love for Nimmie Amee, which explains his condition but does not affect the tale in any other way, and the background of Gayelette and the enchantment of the Winged monkeys. The only other stories with such elements were The Scarecrow of Oz and Tik-Tok of Oz, both of them were based on dramatizations, which Baum regarded warily until his readers accepted them.", "The only other stories with such elements were The Scarecrow of Oz and Tik-Tok of Oz, both of them were based on dramatizations, which Baum regarded warily until his readers accepted them. Political Women's suffrage advocate When Baum lived in Aberdeen, South Dakota, where he was secretary of its Equal Suffrage Club, much of the politics in the Republican Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer dealt with trying to convince the populace to vote for women's suffrage.", "Political Women's suffrage advocate When Baum lived in Aberdeen, South Dakota, where he was secretary of its Equal Suffrage Club, much of the politics in the Republican Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer dealt with trying to convince the populace to vote for women's suffrage. Susan B. Anthony visited Aberdeen and stayed with the Baums.", "Susan B. Anthony visited Aberdeen and stayed with the Baums. Nancy Tystad Koupal notes an apparent loss of interest in editorializing after Aberdeen failed to pass the bill for women's enfranchisement.", "Nancy Tystad Koupal notes an apparent loss of interest in editorializing after Aberdeen failed to pass the bill for women's enfranchisement. Sally Roesch Wagner of The Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation published The Wonderful Mother of Oz, describing how Matilda Gage's feminist politics were sympathetically channeled by Baum into his Oz books.", "Sally Roesch Wagner of The Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation published The Wonderful Mother of Oz, describing how Matilda Gage's feminist politics were sympathetically channeled by Baum into his Oz books. Some of Baum's contacts with suffragists of his day seem to have inspired much of The Marvelous Land of Oz.", "Some of Baum's contacts with suffragists of his day seem to have inspired much of The Marvelous Land of Oz. In this story, General Jinjur leads the girls and women of Oz in a revolt, armed with knitting needles; they succeed and make the men do the household chores.", "In this story, General Jinjur leads the girls and women of Oz in a revolt, armed with knitting needles; they succeed and make the men do the household chores. Jinjur proves to be an incompetent ruler, but Princess Ozma, who advocates gender equality, is ultimately placed on the throne.", "Jinjur proves to be an incompetent ruler, but Princess Ozma, who advocates gender equality, is ultimately placed on the throne. Charlotte Perkins Gilman's 1915 classic of feminist science fiction, Herland, bears strong similarities to The Emerald City of Oz(1910); the link between Baum and Gilman is considered to be Gage.", "Charlotte Perkins Gilman's 1915 classic of feminist science fiction, Herland, bears strong similarities to The Emerald City of Oz(1910); the link between Baum and Gilman is considered to be Gage. Baum's stories outside of Oz also contain feminist or egalitarian themes.", "Baum's stories outside of Oz also contain feminist or egalitarian themes. His Edith Van Dyne stories depict girls and young women engaging in traditionally masculine activities, including Aunt Jane's Nieces and The Flying Girl and its sequel. The Bluebird Books feature a girl sleuth.", "The Bluebird Books feature a girl sleuth. Racial views During the period surrounding the 1890 Ghost Dance movement and Wounded Knee Massacre, Baum wrote two editorials asserting that the safety of white settlers depended on the wholesale genocide of American Indians.", "Racial views During the period surrounding the 1890 Ghost Dance movement and Wounded Knee Massacre, Baum wrote two editorials asserting that the safety of white settlers depended on the wholesale genocide of American Indians. These editorials were re-published in 1990 by sociologist Robert Venables of Cornell University, who argues that Baum was not using sarcasm.", "These editorials were re-published in 1990 by sociologist Robert Venables of Cornell University, who argues that Baum was not using sarcasm. The first piece was published on December 20, 1890, five days after the killing of the Lakota Sioux holy man, Sitting Bull.Rogers, p. 259.", "The first piece was published on December 20, 1890, five days after the killing of the Lakota Sioux holy man, Sitting Bull.Rogers, p. 259. The piece opined that with Sitting Bull's death, \"the nobility of the Redskin\" had been extinguished, and the safety of the frontier would not be established until there was \"total annihilation\" of the remaining Native Americans, who, he claimed, lived as \"miserable wretches.\"", "The piece opined that with Sitting Bull's death, \"the nobility of the Redskin\" had been extinguished, and the safety of the frontier would not be established until there was \"total annihilation\" of the remaining Native Americans, who, he claimed, lived as \"miserable wretches.\" Baum said that their extermination should not be regretted, and their elimination would \"do justice to the manly characteristics\" of their ancestors.", "Baum said that their extermination should not be regretted, and their elimination would \"do justice to the manly characteristics\" of their ancestors. The Wounded Knee Massacre occurred nine days later; the second editorial was published on January 3, 1891. Baum alleged that General Nelson A.", "Baum alleged that General Nelson A. Miles' weak rule of the Native Americans had caused American soldiers to suffer a \"terrible loss of blood\", in a \"battle\" which had been a disgrace to the Department of War. He found that the \"disaster\" could have easily been prevented with proper preparations.", "He found that the \"disaster\" could have easily been prevented with proper preparations. Baum reiterated that he believed, due to the history of mistreatment of Native Americans, that the extermination of the \"untamed and untamable\" tribes was necessary to protect American settlers.", "Baum reiterated that he believed, due to the history of mistreatment of Native Americans, that the extermination of the \"untamed and untamable\" tribes was necessary to protect American settlers. Baum ended the editorial with the following anecdote: \"An eastern contemporary, with a grain of wisdom in its wit, says that 'when the whites win a fight, it is a victory, and when the Indians win it, it is a massacre.'\"", "Baum ended the editorial with the following anecdote: \"An eastern contemporary, with a grain of wisdom in its wit, says that 'when the whites win a fight, it is a victory, and when the Indians win it, it is a massacre.'\" In 2006, two descendants of Baum apologized to the Sioux nation for any hurt that their ancestor had caused.", "In 2006, two descendants of Baum apologized to the Sioux nation for any hurt that their ancestor had caused. The short story \"The Enchanted Buffalo\" claims to be a legend about a tribe of bison, and it states that a key element of it made it into the legends of Native American tribes.", "The short story \"The Enchanted Buffalo\" claims to be a legend about a tribe of bison, and it states that a key element of it made it into the legends of Native American tribes. Baum mentions his characters' distaste for a Hopi snake dance in Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John, but he also deplores the horrible situation which exists on Indian Reservations.", "Baum mentions his characters' distaste for a Hopi snake dance in Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John, but he also deplores the horrible situation which exists on Indian Reservations. Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch features a hard-working Mexican in order to disprove Anglo stereotypes which portray Mexicans as lazy.", "Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch features a hard-working Mexican in order to disprove Anglo stereotypes which portray Mexicans as lazy. Baum's mother-in-law and woman's suffrage leader Matilda Joslyn Gage strongly influenced his views.", "Baum's mother-in-law and woman's suffrage leader Matilda Joslyn Gage strongly influenced his views. Gage was initiated into the Wolf Clan and admitted into the Iroquois Council of Matrons in recognition of her outspoken respect and sympathy for Native American people.", "Gage was initiated into the Wolf Clan and admitted into the Iroquois Council of Matrons in recognition of her outspoken respect and sympathy for Native American people. Political imagery in The Wizard of Oz Numerous political references to the \"Wizard\" appeared early in the 20th century.", "Political imagery in The Wizard of Oz Numerous political references to the \"Wizard\" appeared early in the 20th century. Henry Littlefield, an upstate New York high school history teacher, wrote a scholarly article in 1964, the first full-fledged interpretation of the novel as an extended metaphor of the politics and characters of the 1890s.", "Henry Littlefield, an upstate New York high school history teacher, wrote a scholarly article in 1964, the first full-fledged interpretation of the novel as an extended metaphor of the politics and characters of the 1890s. He paid special attention to the Populist metaphors and debates over silver and gold.", "He paid special attention to the Populist metaphors and debates over silver and gold. Baum was a Republican and avid supporter of women's suffrage, and it is thought that he did not support the political ideals of either the Populist movement of 1890–1892 or the Bryanite silver crusade of 1896–1900. He published a poem in support of William McKinley.", "He published a poem in support of William McKinley. Since 1964, many scholars, economists, and historians have expanded on Littlefield's interpretation, pointing to multiple similarities between the characters (especially as depicted in Denslow's illustrations) and stock figures from editorial cartoons of the period.", "Since 1964, many scholars, economists, and historians have expanded on Littlefield's interpretation, pointing to multiple similarities between the characters (especially as depicted in Denslow's illustrations) and stock figures from editorial cartoons of the period. Littlefield wrote to The New York Times letters to the editor section spelling out that his theory had no basis in fact, but that his original point was \"not to label Baum, or to lessen any of his magic, but rather, as a history teacher at Mount Vernon High School, to invest turn-of-the-century America with the imagery and wonder I have always found in his stories.\"", "Littlefield wrote to The New York Times letters to the editor section spelling out that his theory had no basis in fact, but that his original point was \"not to label Baum, or to lessen any of his magic, but rather, as a history teacher at Mount Vernon High School, to invest turn-of-the-century America with the imagery and wonder I have always found in his stories.\" Baum's newspaper had addressed politics in the 1890s, and Denslow was an editorial cartoonist as well as an illustrator of children's books.", "Baum's newspaper had addressed politics in the 1890s, and Denslow was an editorial cartoonist as well as an illustrator of children's books. A series of political references is included in the 1902 stage version, such as references to the President, to a powerful senator, and to John D. Rockefeller for providing the oil needed by the Tin Woodman.", "A series of political references is included in the 1902 stage version, such as references to the President, to a powerful senator, and to John D. Rockefeller for providing the oil needed by the Tin Woodman. Scholars have found few political references in Baum's Oz books after 1902.", "Scholars have found few political references in Baum's Oz books after 1902. Baum was asked whether his stories had hidden meanings, but he always replied that they were written to \"please children\". Religion Baum was originally a Methodist, but he joined the Episcopal Church in Aberdeen in order to participate in community theatricals.", "Religion Baum was originally a Methodist, but he joined the Episcopal Church in Aberdeen in order to participate in community theatricals. Later, he and his wife were encouraged to become members of the Theosophical Society in 1892 by Matilda Joslyn Gage.", "Later, he and his wife were encouraged to become members of the Theosophical Society in 1892 by Matilda Joslyn Gage. Baum's beliefs are frequently reflected in his writings; however, the only mention of a church in his Oz books is the porcelain one which the Cowardly Lion breaks in the Dainty China Country in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.", "Baum's beliefs are frequently reflected in his writings; however, the only mention of a church in his Oz books is the porcelain one which the Cowardly Lion breaks in the Dainty China Country in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The Baums sent their older sons to \"Ethical Culture Sunday School\" in Chicago, which taught morality, not religion.Michael Patrick Hearn.", "The Baums sent their older sons to \"Ethical Culture Sunday School\" in Chicago, which taught morality, not religion.Michael Patrick Hearn. The Annotated Wizard of Oz. 2nd Edition. 2000. pp. 7, 271, 328.", "7, 271, 328. 7, 271, 328. Writers including Evan I. Schwartz among others have suggested that Baum intentionally used allegory and symbolism in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to convey concepts that are central to spiritual teachings such as Theosophy and Buddhism.", "Writers including Evan I. Schwartz among others have suggested that Baum intentionally used allegory and symbolism in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to convey concepts that are central to spiritual teachings such as Theosophy and Buddhism. They postulate that the main characters’ experiences in Oz represent the soul’s journey toward enlightenment.", "They postulate that the main characters’ experiences in Oz represent the soul’s journey toward enlightenment. Schwartz specifically states that key plot elements of the book take “the reader on a journey guided by Eastern philosophy” (Schwartz, p. 265).", "Schwartz specifically states that key plot elements of the book take “the reader on a journey guided by Eastern philosophy” (Schwartz, p. 265). An article in BBC Culture lists several allegorical interpretations of the book including that it may be viewed as a parable of Theosophy.", "An article in BBC Culture lists several allegorical interpretations of the book including that it may be viewed as a parable of Theosophy. The article cites various symbols and their possible meanings, for example the Yellow Brick Road representing the ‘Golden Path’ in Buddhism, along which the soul travels to a state of spiritual realization.", "The article cites various symbols and their possible meanings, for example the Yellow Brick Road representing the ‘Golden Path’ in Buddhism, along which the soul travels to a state of spiritual realization. Baum’s own writing suggests he believed the story may have been divinely inspired: “It was pure inspiration.", "Baum’s own writing suggests he believed the story may have been divinely inspired: “It was pure inspiration. It came to me right out of the blue. I think that sometimes the Great Author had a message to get across and He was to use the instrument at hand”.", "I think that sometimes the Great Author had a message to get across and He was to use the instrument at hand”. Bibliography Works Mother Goose in Prose (1897) By the Candelabra's Glare (1898) Father Goose: His Book (1899) A New Wonderland (1900) The Army Alphabet (1900) The Navy Alphabet (1900) American Fairy Tales (1901) The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Egypt (1908) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Panama (1908) Fortune Hunters in China The Boy Fortune Hunters in the South Seas (1911) The Sea Fairies (1911) Sky Island (1912) Queen Zixi of Ix (1905) The Fate of a Crown (1905) Sam Steele's Adventures on Land and Sea (1906) Daughters of Destiny (novel) (1906) The Last Egyptian (1907) Land of Oz worksThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904)Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1905, comic strip depicting 27 stories)The Woggle-Bug Book (1905)Ozma of Oz (1907)Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908)The Road to Oz (1909)The Emerald City of Oz (1910)The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913)Little Wizard Stories of Oz (1913, collection of 6 short stories)Tik-Tok of Oz (1914)The Scarecrow of Oz (1915)Rinkitink in Oz (1916)The Lost Princess of Oz (1917)The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918)The Magic of Oz (1919, posthumously published)Glinda of Oz (1920, posthumously published) 1921's The Royal Book of Oz was posthumously attributed to Baum but was entirely the work of Ruth Plumly Thompson.", "Bibliography Works Mother Goose in Prose (1897) By the Candelabra's Glare (1898) Father Goose: His Book (1899) A New Wonderland (1900) The Army Alphabet (1900) The Navy Alphabet (1900) American Fairy Tales (1901) The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Egypt (1908) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Panama (1908) Fortune Hunters in China The Boy Fortune Hunters in the South Seas (1911) The Sea Fairies (1911) Sky Island (1912) Queen Zixi of Ix (1905) The Fate of a Crown (1905) Sam Steele's Adventures on Land and Sea (1906) Daughters of Destiny (novel) (1906) The Last Egyptian (1907) Land of Oz worksThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904)Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1905, comic strip depicting 27 stories)The Woggle-Bug Book (1905)Ozma of Oz (1907)Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908)The Road to Oz (1909)The Emerald City of Oz (1910)The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913)Little Wizard Stories of Oz (1913, collection of 6 short stories)Tik-Tok of Oz (1914)The Scarecrow of Oz (1915)Rinkitink in Oz (1916)The Lost Princess of Oz (1917)The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918)The Magic of Oz (1919, posthumously published)Glinda of Oz (1920, posthumously published) 1921's The Royal Book of Oz was posthumously attributed to Baum but was entirely the work of Ruth Plumly Thompson. Popular culture and legacy A 1970 episode of the long-running American Western anthology series Death Valley Days presents a highly romanticized portrayal of Baum's time in South Dakota.", "Popular culture and legacy A 1970 episode of the long-running American Western anthology series Death Valley Days presents a highly romanticized portrayal of Baum's time in South Dakota. The comedic teleplay, titled \"The Wizard of Aberdeen\", stars Conlan Carter as Baum and Beverlee McKinsey as Maud.", "The comedic teleplay, titled \"The Wizard of Aberdeen\", stars Conlan Carter as Baum and Beverlee McKinsey as Maud. Although the 30-minute presentation touches on Baum's family life and his struggles in Aberdeen as a newspaper editor, it focuses principally on his storytelling to local children about characters in a distant land he initially refers to as \"Ooz\".", "Although the 30-minute presentation touches on Baum's family life and his struggles in Aberdeen as a newspaper editor, it focuses principally on his storytelling to local children about characters in a distant land he initially refers to as \"Ooz\". John Ritter portrayed Baum in the television film The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990).", "John Ritter portrayed Baum in the television film The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990). The theme park Storybook Land, located in Aberdeen, South Dakota, features the Land of Oz, with characters and attractions from the books.", "The theme park Storybook Land, located in Aberdeen, South Dakota, features the Land of Oz, with characters and attractions from the books. In the short-lived 2008 TV series Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, the show's protagonist John Connor enrolls in high school under the name of \"John Baum\" (after L. Frank Baum) to keep his true identity a secret.", "In the short-lived 2008 TV series Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, the show's protagonist John Connor enrolls in high school under the name of \"John Baum\" (after L. Frank Baum) to keep his true identity a secret. His mother Sarah had mentioned to Cameron that The Wonderful Wizard Of Oz was John's favorite book when he was younger.", "His mother Sarah had mentioned to Cameron that The Wonderful Wizard Of Oz was John's favorite book when he was younger. In 2013, Baum was inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. Chittenango, New York holds a three-day annual festival called Oz-Stravaganza!", "Chittenango, New York holds a three-day annual festival called Oz-Stravaganza! to celebrate the literary works of author L. Frank Baum, who was born in Chittenango on May 15, 1856. The children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was published on May 17, 1900.", "The children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was published on May 17, 1900. The weekend-long festival, usually held during the first Saturday of June and the weekend thereof, includes a parade, which features many community groups.", "The weekend-long festival, usually held during the first Saturday of June and the weekend thereof, includes a parade, which features many community groups. The parade has also featured actors and actresses who played Munchkins in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, including Jerry Maren, Karl Slover, Meinhardt Raabe, and Margaret Williams Pellegrini.", "The parade has also featured actors and actresses who played Munchkins in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, including Jerry Maren, Karl Slover, Meinhardt Raabe, and Margaret Williams Pellegrini. See also Notes References Algeo, John. \"A Notable Theosophist: L. Frank Baum.\" American Theosophist, Vol.", "American Theosophist, Vol. American Theosophist, Vol. 74 (August–September 1986), pp. 270–3. Attebery, Brian. The Fantasy Tradition in American Literature. Bloomington, IN, Indiana University Press, 1980. Baum, Frank Joslyn, and Russell P. Macfall. To Please a Child. Chicago, Reilly & Lee, 1961.", "Chicago, Reilly & Lee, 1961. Baum, L. Frank. The Annotated Wizard of Oz. Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Michael Patrick Hearn. New York, Clarkson N. Potter, 1973. Revised 2000. New York, W.W. Norton, 2000. Ford, Alla T. The High-Jinks of L. Frank Baum.", "Ford, Alla T. The High-Jinks of L. Frank Baum. Hong Kong, Ford Press, 1969. Ford, Alla T. The Musical Fantasies of L. Frank Baum. Lake Worth, FL, Ford Press, 1969. Gardner, Martin, and Russel B. Nye. The Wizard of Oz and Who He Was.", "The Wizard of Oz and Who He Was. East Lansing, MI, Michigan State University Press, 1957. Revised 1994. Hearn, Michael Patrick. The Critical Heritage Edition of the Wizard of Oz. New York, Schocken, 1986. Koupal, Nancy Tystad. Baum's Road to Oz: The Dakota Years.", "Baum's Road to Oz: The Dakota Years. Pierre, SD, South Dakota State Historical Society, 2000. Koupal, Nancy Tystad. Our Landlady. Lawrence, KS, University of Nebraska Press, 1986. Parker, David B.", "Parker, David B. Parker, David B. The Rise and Fall of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a \"Parable on Populism\" Journal of the Georgia Association of Historians, vol. 15 (1994), pp. 49–63.", "15 (1994), pp. 49–63. 49–63. Reneau, Reneau H. \"Misanthropology: A Florilegium of Bahumbuggery\" Inglewood, CA, donlazaro translations, 2004, pp. 155–164 Reneau, Reneau H. \"A Newer Testament: Misanthropology Unleashed\" Inglewood, CA, donlazaro translations, 2008, pp.", "155–164 Reneau, Reneau H. \"A Newer Testament: Misanthropology Unleashed\" Inglewood, CA, donlazaro translations, 2008, pp. 129–147 Riley, Michael O. Oz and Beyond: The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum. Lawrence, KS, University of Kansas Press, 1997.", "Lawrence, KS, University of Kansas Press, 1997. Rogers, Katharine M. L. Frank Baum, Creator of Oz: A Biography. New York, St. Martin's Press, 2002. Sale, Roger. Fairy Tales and After: From Snow White to E. B. White. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University press, 1978.", "Cambridge, MA, Harvard University press, 1978. Schwartz, Evan I. Finding Oz: How L. Frank Baum Discovered the Great American Story. New York, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009 Wagner, Sally Roesch. The Wonderful Mother of Oz. Fayetteville, NY: The Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation, 2003. Wilgus, Neal.", "Wilgus, Neal. Wilgus, Neal. \"Classic American Fairy Tales: The Fantasies of L. Frank Baum\" in Darrell Schweitzer (ed) Discovering Classic Fantasy Fiction'', Gillette NJ: Wildside Press, 1996, pp. 113–121.", "113–121. 113–121. External links The Complete Oz Works L. Frank Baum Papers at Syracuse University Bibliography (Baum and Oz) The International Wizard of Oz Club, Inc.", "External links The Complete Oz Works L. Frank Baum Papers at Syracuse University Bibliography (Baum and Oz) The International Wizard of Oz Club, Inc. Wonderful Wizard of Oz Website Copyright Registration Application from Claimant L. Frank Baum for The wonderful Wizard of Oz From the Collections at the Library of Congress Finding aid to Roland Orvil Baughman collection about L. Frank Baum at Columbia University, Rare Book & Manuscript Library 1856 births 1919 deaths 19th-century American male actors 19th-century American newspaper editors 19th-century American newspaper publishers (people) 19th-century American novelists 20th-century American novelists 19th-century male writers 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American poets American male short story writers 20th-century American male actors American children's writers American fantasy writers American feminist writers American film producers American Methodists American people of English descent American people of German descent American people of Scotch-Irish descent American male silent film actors American male stage actors American suffragists American Theosophists Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) Children's poets Male feminists Oz (franchise) People from Aberdeen, South Dakota People from Chittenango, New York Peekskill Military Academy alumni Writers from Syracuse, New York Silent film directors Writers from Chicago New York (state) Republicans South Dakota Republicans California Republicans American male poets American male novelists Journalists from South Dakota Journalists from New York (state) Stamp dealers Novelists from Illinois American male non-fiction writers Male novelists 19th-century pseudonymous writers 20th-century pseudonymous writers" ]

[ "L. Frank Baum", "The South Dakota years", "What is important about the south dakota years?", "Baum was born in Chittenango, New York in 1856 into a devout Methodist family.", "Who were his parents?", "Cynthia Ann (nee Stanton) and Benjamin Ward Baum,", "Did he have siblings?", "and was the seventh of nine children", "Where did he go to school?", "From the age of 12, he spent two miserable years at Peekskill Military Academy but,", "where did he go after that?", "after being severely disciplined for daydreaming, he had a possibly psychogenic heart attack and was allowed to return home." ]

[ "This is the discography of R&B/Hip hop soul trio, Total.\n\nAlbums\n\nStudio albums\n\nSingles\n\n Notes\n Did not chart on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart (Billboard rules at the time prevented album cuts from charting). Chart peak listed represents the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay chart.\n\nFeatured singles\n\nGuest appearances\n\nSoundtracks\n\nVideography\n From Total (1996)\n No One Else\n No One Else (Puff Daddy Remix)\n Kissin' You\n Kissin' You / Oh Honey\n Can't You See\n Can't You See (Bad Boy Remix)\n Do You Think About Us\n From Kima, Keisha, and Pam (1998)\n Trippin'\n Sitting Home\n From Soul Food (soundtrack) (1997)\n What About Us? (1997)\n As Guest Artists\n LL Cool J - Loungin' (Who Do U Love?) (1995)\nNotorious B.I.G. \"Hypnotize\" (Pam)\nNotorious B.I.G \"Juicy\" (Keisha & Kima)\n Mase - What You Want (1997)\n Foxy Brown - I Can't (1998)\n Tony Touch - I Wonder Why (He's The Greatest DJ) (2000)\n Cameos\n Craig Mack - Flava In Ya Ear (Remix) (Keisha from Total) (1994)\n The Notorious B.I.G. - One More Chance/Stay With Me (1994)\nSoul For Real - Every Little Thing I Do (1995)\n 112 - Only You - Bad Boy Remix (Keisha from Total) (1996)\n Missy Elliott - The Rain (Supa Supa Fly) (1997)\n Jerome - Too Old For Me (Keisha from Total) (1997)\nLil' Kim - Not Tonight (Remix) (1997)\nThe Lox - We'll Always Love Big Poppa (1998)\nThe Bad Boy Family - You (2001) [Featuring Pam & Keisha]\n\nReferences\n\nTotal discography\nHip hop discographies\nRhythm and blues discographies", "What Else Do You Do? (A Compilation of Quiet Music) is a various artists compilation album, released in 1990 by Shimmy Disc.\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel \nAdapted from the What Else Do You Do? (A Compilation of Quiet Music) liner notes.\n Kramer – production, engineering\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\n1990 compilation albums\nAlbums produced by Kramer (musician)\nShimmy Disc compilation albums" ]

[ "Lyman Frank Baum (; May 15, 1856 – May 6, 1919) was an American author best known for his children's books, particularly The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and its sequels. He wrote 14 novels in the Oz series, plus 41 other novels (not including four lost, unpublished novels), 83 short stories, over 200 poems, and at least 42 scripts.", "He wrote 14 novels in the Oz series, plus 41 other novels (not including four lost, unpublished novels), 83 short stories, over 200 poems, and at least 42 scripts. He made numerous attempts to bring his works to the stage and screen; the 1939 adaptation of the first Oz book became a landmark of 20th-century cinema.", "He made numerous attempts to bring his works to the stage and screen; the 1939 adaptation of the first Oz book became a landmark of 20th-century cinema. Born and raised in upstate New York, Baum moved west after an unsuccessful stint as a theater producer and playwright.", "Born and raised in upstate New York, Baum moved west after an unsuccessful stint as a theater producer and playwright. He and his wife opened a store in South Dakota and he edited and published a newspaper.", "He and his wife opened a store in South Dakota and he edited and published a newspaper. They then moved to Chicago, where he worked as a newspaper reporter and published children's literature, coming out with the first Oz book in 1900.", "They then moved to Chicago, where he worked as a newspaper reporter and published children's literature, coming out with the first Oz book in 1900. While continuing his writing, among his final projects he sought to establish a movie studio focused on children's films in Los Angeles, California.", "While continuing his writing, among his final projects he sought to establish a movie studio focused on children's films in Los Angeles, California. His works anticipated such later commonplaces as television, augmented reality, laptop computers (The Master Key), wireless telephones (Tik-Tok of Oz), women in high-risk and action-heavy occupations (Mary Louise in the Country), and the ubiquity of clothes advertising (Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work).", "His works anticipated such later commonplaces as television, augmented reality, laptop computers (The Master Key), wireless telephones (Tik-Tok of Oz), women in high-risk and action-heavy occupations (Mary Louise in the Country), and the ubiquity of clothes advertising (Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work). Childhood and early life Baum was born in Chittenango, New York, in 1856 into a devout Methodist family.", "Childhood and early life Baum was born in Chittenango, New York, in 1856 into a devout Methodist family. He had German, Scots-Irish, and English ancestry. He was the seventh of nine children of Cynthia Ann (née Stanton) and Benjamin Ward Baum, only five of whom survived into adulthood.", "He was the seventh of nine children of Cynthia Ann (née Stanton) and Benjamin Ward Baum, only five of whom survived into adulthood. \"Lyman\" was the name of his father's brother, but he always disliked it and preferred his middle name \"Frank\".", "\"Lyman\" was the name of his father's brother, but he always disliked it and preferred his middle name \"Frank\". His father succeeded in many businesses, including barrel-making, oil drilling in Pennsylvania, and real estate.", "His father succeeded in many businesses, including barrel-making, oil drilling in Pennsylvania, and real estate. Baum grew up on his parents' expansive estate called Rose Lawn, which he fondly recalled as a sort of paradise. Rose Lawn was located in Mattydale, New York.", "Rose Lawn was located in Mattydale, New York. Frank was a sickly, dreamy child, tutored at home with his siblings. From the age of 12, he spent two miserable years at Peekskill Military Academy but, after being severely disciplined for daydreaming, he had a possibly psychogenic heart attack and was allowed to return home.", "From the age of 12, he spent two miserable years at Peekskill Military Academy but, after being severely disciplined for daydreaming, he had a possibly psychogenic heart attack and was allowed to return home. Baum started writing early in life, possibly prompted by his father buying him a cheap printing press.", "Baum started writing early in life, possibly prompted by his father buying him a cheap printing press. He had always been close to his younger brother Henry (Harry) Clay Baum, who helped in the production of The Rose Lawn Home Journal.", "He had always been close to his younger brother Henry (Harry) Clay Baum, who helped in the production of The Rose Lawn Home Journal. The brothers published several issues of the journal, including advertisements from local businesses, which they gave to family and friends for free.", "The brothers published several issues of the journal, including advertisements from local businesses, which they gave to family and friends for free. By the age of 17, Baum established a second amateur journal called The Stamp Collector, printed an 11-page pamphlet called Baum's Complete Stamp Dealers' Directory, and started a stamp dealership with friends.", "By the age of 17, Baum established a second amateur journal called The Stamp Collector, printed an 11-page pamphlet called Baum's Complete Stamp Dealers' Directory, and started a stamp dealership with friends. At 20, Baum took on the national craze of breeding fancy poultry. He specialized in raising the Hamburg chicken.", "He specialized in raising the Hamburg chicken. In March 1880, he established a monthly trade journal, The Poultry Record, and in 1886, when Baum was 30 years old, his first book was published: The Book of the Hamburgs: A Brief Treatise upon the Mating, Rearing, and Management of the Different Varieties of Hamburgs.", "In March 1880, he established a monthly trade journal, The Poultry Record, and in 1886, when Baum was 30 years old, his first book was published: The Book of the Hamburgs: A Brief Treatise upon the Mating, Rearing, and Management of the Different Varieties of Hamburgs. Baum had a flair for being the spotlight of fun in the household, including during times of financial difficulties.", "Baum had a flair for being the spotlight of fun in the household, including during times of financial difficulties. His selling of fireworks made the Fourth of July memorable. His skyrockets, Roman candles, and fireworks filled the sky, while many people around the neighborhood would gather in front of the house to watch the displays.", "His skyrockets, Roman candles, and fireworks filled the sky, while many people around the neighborhood would gather in front of the house to watch the displays. Christmas was even more festive. Baum dressed as Santa Claus for the family.", "Baum dressed as Santa Claus for the family. His father would place the Christmas tree behind a curtain in the front parlor so that Baum could talk to everyone while he decorated the tree without people managing to see him. He maintained this tradition all his life. Career Theater Baum embarked on his lifetime infatuation—and wavering financial success—with the theater.", "Career Theater Baum embarked on his lifetime infatuation—and wavering financial success—with the theater. A local theatrical company duped him into replenishing their stock of costumes on the promise of leading roles coming his way. Disillusioned, Baum left the theater—temporarily—and went to work as a clerk in his brother-in-law's dry goods company in Syracuse.", "Disillusioned, Baum left the theater—temporarily—and went to work as a clerk in his brother-in-law's dry goods company in Syracuse. This experience may have influenced his story \"The Suicide of Kiaros\", first published in the literary journal The White Elephant.", "This experience may have influenced his story \"The Suicide of Kiaros\", first published in the literary journal The White Elephant. A fellow clerk one day had been found locked in a store room dead, probably from suicide. Baum could never stay away long from the stage.", "Baum could never stay away long from the stage. He performed in plays under the stage names of Louis F. Baum and George Brooks. In 1880, his father built him a theater in Richburg, New York, and Baum set about writing plays and gathering a company to act in them.", "In 1880, his father built him a theater in Richburg, New York, and Baum set about writing plays and gathering a company to act in them. The Maid of Arran proved a modest success, a melodrama with songs based on William Black's novel A Princess of Thule.", "The Maid of Arran proved a modest success, a melodrama with songs based on William Black's novel A Princess of Thule. Baum wrote the play and composed songs for it (making it a prototypical musical, as its songs relate to the narrative), and acted in the leading role.", "Baum wrote the play and composed songs for it (making it a prototypical musical, as its songs relate to the narrative), and acted in the leading role. His aunt Katharine Gray played his character's aunt.", "His aunt Katharine Gray played his character's aunt. She was the founder of Syracuse Oratory School, and Baum advertised his services in her catalog to teach theater, including stage business, play writing, directing, translating (French, German, and Italian), revision, and operettas.", "She was the founder of Syracuse Oratory School, and Baum advertised his services in her catalog to teach theater, including stage business, play writing, directing, translating (French, German, and Italian), revision, and operettas. On November 9, 1882, Baum married Maud Gage, a daughter of Matilda Joslyn Gage, a famous women's suffrage and feminist activist.", "On November 9, 1882, Baum married Maud Gage, a daughter of Matilda Joslyn Gage, a famous women's suffrage and feminist activist. While Baum was touring with The Maid of Arran, the theater in Richburg caught fire during a production of Baum's ironically titled parlor drama Matches, destroying the theater as well as the only known copies of many of Baum's scripts, including Matches, as well as costumes.", "While Baum was touring with The Maid of Arran, the theater in Richburg caught fire during a production of Baum's ironically titled parlor drama Matches, destroying the theater as well as the only known copies of many of Baum's scripts, including Matches, as well as costumes. The South Dakota years In July 1888, Baum and his wife moved to Aberdeen, Dakota Territory where he opened a store called \"Baum's Bazaar\".", "The South Dakota years In July 1888, Baum and his wife moved to Aberdeen, Dakota Territory where he opened a store called \"Baum's Bazaar\". His habit of giving out wares on credit led to the eventual bankrupting of the store, so Baum turned to editing the local newspaper The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer where he wrote the column Our Landlady.", "His habit of giving out wares on credit led to the eventual bankrupting of the store, so Baum turned to editing the local newspaper The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer where he wrote the column Our Landlady. Following the death of Sitting Bull at the hands of Indian agency police, Baum urged the wholesale extermination of all America's native peoples in a column that he wrote on December 20, 1890 (full text below).", "Following the death of Sitting Bull at the hands of Indian agency police, Baum urged the wholesale extermination of all America's native peoples in a column that he wrote on December 20, 1890 (full text below). On January 3, 1891, he returned to the subject in an editorial response to the Wounded Knee Massacre: The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extirmination of the Indians.", "On January 3, 1891, he returned to the subject in an editorial response to the Wounded Knee Massacre: The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extirmination of the Indians. Having wronged them for centuries, we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth.", "Having wronged them for centuries, we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth. Baum's description of Kansas in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is based on his experiences in drought-ridden South Dakota.", "Baum's description of Kansas in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is based on his experiences in drought-ridden South Dakota. During much of this time, Matilda Joslyn Gage was living in the Baum household.", "During much of this time, Matilda Joslyn Gage was living in the Baum household. While Baum was in South Dakota, he sang in a quartet which included James Kyle, who became one of the first Populist (People's Party) Senators in the U.S.", "While Baum was in South Dakota, he sang in a quartet which included James Kyle, who became one of the first Populist (People's Party) Senators in the U.S. Writing Baum's newspaper failed in 1891, and he, Maud, and their four sons moved to the Humboldt Park section of Chicago, where Baum took a job reporting for the Evening Post.", "Writing Baum's newspaper failed in 1891, and he, Maud, and their four sons moved to the Humboldt Park section of Chicago, where Baum took a job reporting for the Evening Post. Beginning in 1897, he founded and edited a magazine called The Show Window, later known as the Merchants Record and Show Window, which focused on store window displays, retail strategies and visual merchandising.", "Beginning in 1897, he founded and edited a magazine called The Show Window, later known as the Merchants Record and Show Window, which focused on store window displays, retail strategies and visual merchandising. The major department stores of the time created elaborate Christmas time fantasies, using clockwork mechanisms that made people and animals appear to move.", "The major department stores of the time created elaborate Christmas time fantasies, using clockwork mechanisms that made people and animals appear to move. The former Show Window magazine is still currently in operation, now known as VMSD magazine (visual merchandising + store design), based in Cincinnati.", "The former Show Window magazine is still currently in operation, now known as VMSD magazine (visual merchandising + store design), based in Cincinnati. In 1900, Baum published a book about window displays in which he stressed the importance of mannequins in drawing customers. He also had to work as a traveling salesman.", "He also had to work as a traveling salesman. In 1897, he wrote and published Mother Goose in Prose, a collection of Mother Goose rhymes written as prose stories and illustrated by Maxfield Parrish. Mother Goose was a moderate success and allowed Baum to quit his sales job (which had had a negative impact on his health).", "Mother Goose was a moderate success and allowed Baum to quit his sales job (which had had a negative impact on his health). In 1899, Baum partnered with illustrator W. W. Denslow to publish Father Goose, His Book, a collection of nonsense poetry.", "In 1899, Baum partnered with illustrator W. W. Denslow to publish Father Goose, His Book, a collection of nonsense poetry. The book was a success, becoming the best-selling children's book of the year.", "The book was a success, becoming the best-selling children's book of the year. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz In 1900, Baum and Denslow (with whom he shared the copyright) published The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to much critical acclaim and financial success.", "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz In 1900, Baum and Denslow (with whom he shared the copyright) published The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to much critical acclaim and financial success. The book was the best-selling children's book for two years after its initial publication.", "The book was the best-selling children's book for two years after its initial publication. Baum went on to write thirteen more novels based on the places and people of the Land of Oz.", "Baum went on to write thirteen more novels based on the places and people of the Land of Oz. The Wizard of Oz: Fred R. Hamlin's Musical Extravaganza Two years after Wizard publication, Baum and Denslow teamed up with composer Paul Tietjens and director Julian Mitchell to produce a musical stage version of the book under Fred R. Hamlin.", "The Wizard of Oz: Fred R. Hamlin's Musical Extravaganza Two years after Wizard publication, Baum and Denslow teamed up with composer Paul Tietjens and director Julian Mitchell to produce a musical stage version of the book under Fred R. Hamlin. Baum and Tietjens had worked on a musical of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz in 1901 and based closely upon the book, but it was rejected.", "Baum and Tietjens had worked on a musical of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz in 1901 and based closely upon the book, but it was rejected. This stage version opened in Chicago in 1902 (the first to use the shortened title \"The Wizard of Oz\"), then ran on Broadway for 293 stage nights from January to October 1903.", "This stage version opened in Chicago in 1902 (the first to use the shortened title \"The Wizard of Oz\"), then ran on Broadway for 293 stage nights from January to October 1903. It returned to Broadway in 1904, where it played from March to May and again from November to December.", "It returned to Broadway in 1904, where it played from March to May and again from November to December. It successfully toured the United States with much of the same cast, as was done in those days, until 1911, and then became available for amateur use.", "It successfully toured the United States with much of the same cast, as was done in those days, until 1911, and then became available for amateur use. The stage version starred Anna Laughlin as Dorothy Gale, alongside David C. Montgomery and Fred Stone as the Tin Woodman and Scarecrow respectively, which shot the pair to instant fame.", "The stage version starred Anna Laughlin as Dorothy Gale, alongside David C. Montgomery and Fred Stone as the Tin Woodman and Scarecrow respectively, which shot the pair to instant fame. The stage version differed quite a bit from the book, and was aimed primarily at adults.", "The stage version differed quite a bit from the book, and was aimed primarily at adults. Toto was replaced with Imogene the Cow, and Tryxie Tryfle (a waitress) and Pastoria (a streetcar operator) were added as fellow cyclone victims.", "Toto was replaced with Imogene the Cow, and Tryxie Tryfle (a waitress) and Pastoria (a streetcar operator) were added as fellow cyclone victims. The Wicked Witch of the West was eliminated entirely in the script, and the plot became about how the four friends were allied with the usurping Wizard and were hunted as traitors to Pastoria II, the rightful King of Oz.", "The Wicked Witch of the West was eliminated entirely in the script, and the plot became about how the four friends were allied with the usurping Wizard and were hunted as traitors to Pastoria II, the rightful King of Oz. It is unclear how much control or influence Baum had on the script; it appears that many of the changes were written by Baum against his wishes due to contractual requirements with Hamlin.", "It is unclear how much control or influence Baum had on the script; it appears that many of the changes were written by Baum against his wishes due to contractual requirements with Hamlin. Jokes in the script, mostly written by Glen MacDonough, called for explicit references to President Theodore Roosevelt, Senator Mark Hanna, Rev.", "Jokes in the script, mostly written by Glen MacDonough, called for explicit references to President Theodore Roosevelt, Senator Mark Hanna, Rev. Andrew Danquer, and oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller. Although use of the script was rather free-form, the line about Hanna was ordered dropped as soon as Hamlin got word of his death in 1904.", "Although use of the script was rather free-form, the line about Hanna was ordered dropped as soon as Hamlin got word of his death in 1904. Beginning with the success of the stage version, most subsequent versions of the story, including newer editions of the novel, have been titled \"The Wizard of Oz\", rather than using the full, original title.", "Beginning with the success of the stage version, most subsequent versions of the story, including newer editions of the novel, have been titled \"The Wizard of Oz\", rather than using the full, original title. In more recent years, restoring the full title has become increasingly common, particularly to distinguish the novel from the Hollywood film.", "In more recent years, restoring the full title has become increasingly common, particularly to distinguish the novel from the Hollywood film. Baum wrote a new Oz book, The Marvelous Land of Oz, with a view to making it into a stage production, which was titled The Woggle-Bug, but Montgomery and Stone balked at appearing when the original was still running.", "Baum wrote a new Oz book, The Marvelous Land of Oz, with a view to making it into a stage production, which was titled The Woggle-Bug, but Montgomery and Stone balked at appearing when the original was still running. The Scarecrow and Tin Woodman were then omitted from this adaptation, which was seen as a self-rip-off by critics and proved to be a major flop before it could reach Broadway.", "The Scarecrow and Tin Woodman were then omitted from this adaptation, which was seen as a self-rip-off by critics and proved to be a major flop before it could reach Broadway. He also worked for years on a musical version of Ozma of Oz, which eventually became The Tik-Tok Man of Oz.", "He also worked for years on a musical version of Ozma of Oz, which eventually became The Tik-Tok Man of Oz. This did fairly well in Los Angeles, but not well enough to convince producer Oliver Morosco to mount a production in New York.", "This did fairly well in Los Angeles, but not well enough to convince producer Oliver Morosco to mount a production in New York. He also began a stage version of The Patchwork Girl of Oz, but this was ultimately realized as a film.", "He also began a stage version of The Patchwork Girl of Oz, but this was ultimately realized as a film. Later life and work With the success of Wizard on page and stage, Baum and Denslow hoped for further success and published Dot and Tot of Merryland in 1901.", "Later life and work With the success of Wizard on page and stage, Baum and Denslow hoped for further success and published Dot and Tot of Merryland in 1901. The book was one of Baum's weakest, and its failure further strained his faltering relationship with Denslow. It was their last collaboration.", "It was their last collaboration. It was their last collaboration. Baum worked primarily with John R. Neill on his fantasy work beginning in 1904, but Baum met Neill few times (all before he moved to California) and often found Neill's art not humorous enough for his liking.", "Baum worked primarily with John R. Neill on his fantasy work beginning in 1904, but Baum met Neill few times (all before he moved to California) and often found Neill's art not humorous enough for his liking. He was particularly offended when Neill published The Oz Toy Book: Cut-outs for the Kiddies without authorization.", "He was particularly offended when Neill published The Oz Toy Book: Cut-outs for the Kiddies without authorization. Baum reportedly designed the chandeliers in the Crown Room of the Hotel del Coronado; however, that attribution has yet to be corroborated.", "Baum reportedly designed the chandeliers in the Crown Room of the Hotel del Coronado; however, that attribution has yet to be corroborated. Several times during the development of the Oz series, Baum declared that he had written his last Oz book and devoted himself to other works of fantasy fiction based in other magical lands, including The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus and Queen Zixi of Ix.", "Several times during the development of the Oz series, Baum declared that he had written his last Oz book and devoted himself to other works of fantasy fiction based in other magical lands, including The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus and Queen Zixi of Ix. However, he returned to the series each time, persuaded by popular demand, letters from children, and the failure of his new books.", "However, he returned to the series each time, persuaded by popular demand, letters from children, and the failure of his new books. Even so, his other works remained very popular after his death, with The Master Key appearing on St. Nicholas Magazine's survey of readers' favorite books well into the 1920s.", "Even so, his other works remained very popular after his death, with The Master Key appearing on St. Nicholas Magazine's survey of readers' favorite books well into the 1920s. In 1905, Baum declared plans for an Oz amusement park.", "In 1905, Baum declared plans for an Oz amusement park. In an interview, he mentioned buying “Pedloe Island” off the coast of California to turn it into an Oz park.", "In an interview, he mentioned buying “Pedloe Island” off the coast of California to turn it into an Oz park. However, there is no evidence that he purchased such an island, and no one has ever been able to find any island whose name even resembles Pedloe in that area.", "However, there is no evidence that he purchased such an island, and no one has ever been able to find any island whose name even resembles Pedloe in that area. Nevertheless, Baum stated to the press that he had discovered a Pedloe Island off the coast of California and that he had purchased it to be \"the Marvelous Land of Oz,\" intending it to be \"a fairy paradise for children.\"", "Nevertheless, Baum stated to the press that he had discovered a Pedloe Island off the coast of California and that he had purchased it to be \"the Marvelous Land of Oz,\" intending it to be \"a fairy paradise for children.\" Eleven year old Dorothy Talbot of San Francisco was reported to be ascendant to the throne on March 1, 1906, when the Palace of Oz was expected to be completed.", "Eleven year old Dorothy Talbot of San Francisco was reported to be ascendant to the throne on March 1, 1906, when the Palace of Oz was expected to be completed. Baum planned to live on the island, with administrative duties handled by the princess and her all-child advisers.", "Baum planned to live on the island, with administrative duties handled by the princess and her all-child advisers. Plans included statues of the Scarecrow, Tin Woodman, Jack Pumpkinhead, and H.M. Woggle-Bug, T.E. Baum abandoned his Oz park project after the failure of The Woggle-Bug, which was playing at the Garrick Theatre in 1905.", "Baum abandoned his Oz park project after the failure of The Woggle-Bug, which was playing at the Garrick Theatre in 1905. Because of his lifelong love of theatre, he financed elaborate musicals, often to his financial detriment.", "Because of his lifelong love of theatre, he financed elaborate musicals, often to his financial detriment. One of Baum's worst financial endeavors was his The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908), which combined a slideshow, film, and live actors with a lecture by Baum as if he were giving a travelogue to Oz.", "One of Baum's worst financial endeavors was his The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908), which combined a slideshow, film, and live actors with a lecture by Baum as if he were giving a travelogue to Oz. However, Baum ran into trouble and could not pay his debts to the company who produced the films.", "However, Baum ran into trouble and could not pay his debts to the company who produced the films. He did not get back to a stable financial situation for several years, after he sold the royalty rights to many of his earlier works, including The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. This resulted in the M.A.", "This resulted in the M.A. This resulted in the M.A. Donahue Company publishing cheap editions of his early works with advertising which purported that Baum's newer output was inferior to the less expensive books that they were releasing. He claimed bankruptcy in August 1911.", "He claimed bankruptcy in August 1911. However, Baum had shrewdly transferred most of his property into Maud's name, except for his clothing, his typewriter, and his library (mostly of children's books, such as the fairy tales of Andrew Lang, whose portrait he kept in his study)—all of which, he successfully argued, were essential to his occupation.", "However, Baum had shrewdly transferred most of his property into Maud's name, except for his clothing, his typewriter, and his library (mostly of children's books, such as the fairy tales of Andrew Lang, whose portrait he kept in his study)—all of which, he successfully argued, were essential to his occupation. Maud handled the finances anyway, and thus Baum lost much less than he could have.", "Maud handled the finances anyway, and thus Baum lost much less than he could have. Baum made use of several pseudonyms for some of his other non-Oz books.", "Baum made use of several pseudonyms for some of his other non-Oz books. They include: Edith Van Dyne (the Aunt Jane's Nieces series) Laura Bancroft (The Twinkle Tales, Policeman Bluejay) Floyd Akers (The Boy Fortune Hunters series, continuing the Sam Steele series) Suzanne Metcalf (Annabel) Schuyler Staunton (The Fate of a Crown, Daughters of Destiny) John Estes Cooke (Tamawaca Folks) Capt.", "They include: Edith Van Dyne (the Aunt Jane's Nieces series) Laura Bancroft (The Twinkle Tales, Policeman Bluejay) Floyd Akers (The Boy Fortune Hunters series, continuing the Sam Steele series) Suzanne Metcalf (Annabel) Schuyler Staunton (The Fate of a Crown, Daughters of Destiny) John Estes Cooke (Tamawaca Folks) Capt. Hugh Fitzgerald (the Sam Steele series) Baum also anonymously wrote The Last Egyptian: A Romance of the Nile.", "Hugh Fitzgerald (the Sam Steele series) Baum also anonymously wrote The Last Egyptian: A Romance of the Nile. He continued theatrical work with Harry Marston Haldeman's men's social group The Uplifters, for which he wrote several plays for various celebrations. He also wrote the group's parodic by-laws.", "He also wrote the group's parodic by-laws. The group also included Will Rogers, but was proud to have had Baum as a member and posthumously revived many of his works despite their ephemeral intent.", "The group also included Will Rogers, but was proud to have had Baum as a member and posthumously revived many of his works despite their ephemeral intent. Many of these play's titles are known, but only The Uplift of Lucifer is known to survive (it was published in a limited edition in the 1960s).", "Many of these play's titles are known, but only The Uplift of Lucifer is known to survive (it was published in a limited edition in the 1960s). Prior to that, his last produced play was The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (based on Ozma of Oz and the basis for Tik-Tok of Oz), a modest success in Hollywood that producer Oliver Morosco decided did not do well enough to take to Broadway.", "Prior to that, his last produced play was The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (based on Ozma of Oz and the basis for Tik-Tok of Oz), a modest success in Hollywood that producer Oliver Morosco decided did not do well enough to take to Broadway. Morosco, incidentally, quickly turned to film production, as did Baum.", "Morosco, incidentally, quickly turned to film production, as did Baum. In 1914, Baum started his own film production company The Oz Film Manufacturing Company, which came as an outgrowth of the Uplifters. He served as its president and principal producer and screenwriter.", "He served as its president and principal producer and screenwriter. The rest of the board consisted of Louis F. Gottschalk, Harry Marston Haldeman, and Clarence R. Rundel.", "The rest of the board consisted of Louis F. Gottschalk, Harry Marston Haldeman, and Clarence R. Rundel. The films were directed by J. Farrell MacDonald, with casts that included Violet MacMillan, Vivian Reed, Mildred Harris, Juanita Hansen, Pierre Couderc, Mai Welles, Louise Emmons, J. Charles Haydon, and early appearances by Harold Lloyd and Hal Roach.", "The films were directed by J. Farrell MacDonald, with casts that included Violet MacMillan, Vivian Reed, Mildred Harris, Juanita Hansen, Pierre Couderc, Mai Welles, Louise Emmons, J. Charles Haydon, and early appearances by Harold Lloyd and Hal Roach. Silent film actor Richard Rosson appeared in one of the films (Rosson's younger brother Harold Rosson was the cinematographer on The Wizard of Oz, released in 1939).", "Silent film actor Richard Rosson appeared in one of the films (Rosson's younger brother Harold Rosson was the cinematographer on The Wizard of Oz, released in 1939). After little success probing the unrealized children's film market, Baum acknowledged his authorship of The Last Egyptian and made a film of it (portions of which are included in Decasia), but the Oz name had become box office poison for the time being, and even a name change to Dramatic Feature Films and transfer of ownership to Frank Joslyn Baum did not help.", "After little success probing the unrealized children's film market, Baum acknowledged his authorship of The Last Egyptian and made a film of it (portions of which are included in Decasia), but the Oz name had become box office poison for the time being, and even a name change to Dramatic Feature Films and transfer of ownership to Frank Joslyn Baum did not help. Baum invested none of his own money in the venture, unlike The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays, but the stress probably took its toll on his health.", "Baum invested none of his own money in the venture, unlike The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays, but the stress probably took its toll on his health. Death On May 5, 1919, Baum suffered a stroke, slipped into a coma and died the following day, at the age of 62.", "Death On May 5, 1919, Baum suffered a stroke, slipped into a coma and died the following day, at the age of 62. His last words were spoken to his wife during a brief period of lucidity: \"Now we can cross the Shifting Sands.\"", "His last words were spoken to his wife during a brief period of lucidity: \"Now we can cross the Shifting Sands.\" He was buried in Glendale's Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery. His final Oz book, Glinda of Oz, was published on July 10, 1920, a year after his death.", "His final Oz book, Glinda of Oz, was published on July 10, 1920, a year after his death. The Oz series was continued long after his death by other authors, notably Ruth Plumly Thompson, who wrote an additional twenty-one Oz books.", "The Oz series was continued long after his death by other authors, notably Ruth Plumly Thompson, who wrote an additional twenty-one Oz books. Baum's beliefs Literary Baum's avowed intentions with the Oz books and his other fairy tales was to retell tales such as those which are found in the works of the Brothers Grimm and Hans Christian Andersen, remake them in an American vein, update them, omit stereotypical characters such as dwarfs or genies, and remove the association of violence and moral teachings.", "Baum's beliefs Literary Baum's avowed intentions with the Oz books and his other fairy tales was to retell tales such as those which are found in the works of the Brothers Grimm and Hans Christian Andersen, remake them in an American vein, update them, omit stereotypical characters such as dwarfs or genies, and remove the association of violence and moral teachings. His first Oz books contained a fair amount of violence, but the amount of it decreased as the series progressed; in The Emerald City of Oz, Ozma objects to the use of violence, even to the use of violence against the Nomes who threaten Oz with invasion.", "His first Oz books contained a fair amount of violence, but the amount of it decreased as the series progressed; in The Emerald City of Oz, Ozma objects to the use of violence, even to the use of violence against the Nomes who threaten Oz with invasion. His introduction is often cited as the beginning of the sanitization of children's stories, although he did not do a great deal more than eliminate harsh moral lessons.", "His introduction is often cited as the beginning of the sanitization of children's stories, although he did not do a great deal more than eliminate harsh moral lessons. Another traditional element that Baum intentionally omitted was the emphasis on romance. He considered romantic love to be uninteresting to young children, as well as largely incomprehensible.", "He considered romantic love to be uninteresting to young children, as well as largely incomprehensible. In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the only elements of romance lay in the background of the Tin Woodman and his love for Nimmie Amee, which explains his condition but does not affect the tale in any other way, and the background of Gayelette and the enchantment of the Winged monkeys.", "In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the only elements of romance lay in the background of the Tin Woodman and his love for Nimmie Amee, which explains his condition but does not affect the tale in any other way, and the background of Gayelette and the enchantment of the Winged monkeys. The only other stories with such elements were The Scarecrow of Oz and Tik-Tok of Oz, both of them were based on dramatizations, which Baum regarded warily until his readers accepted them.", "The only other stories with such elements were The Scarecrow of Oz and Tik-Tok of Oz, both of them were based on dramatizations, which Baum regarded warily until his readers accepted them. Political Women's suffrage advocate When Baum lived in Aberdeen, South Dakota, where he was secretary of its Equal Suffrage Club, much of the politics in the Republican Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer dealt with trying to convince the populace to vote for women's suffrage.", "Political Women's suffrage advocate When Baum lived in Aberdeen, South Dakota, where he was secretary of its Equal Suffrage Club, much of the politics in the Republican Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer dealt with trying to convince the populace to vote for women's suffrage. Susan B. Anthony visited Aberdeen and stayed with the Baums.", "Susan B. Anthony visited Aberdeen and stayed with the Baums. Nancy Tystad Koupal notes an apparent loss of interest in editorializing after Aberdeen failed to pass the bill for women's enfranchisement.", "Nancy Tystad Koupal notes an apparent loss of interest in editorializing after Aberdeen failed to pass the bill for women's enfranchisement. Sally Roesch Wagner of The Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation published The Wonderful Mother of Oz, describing how Matilda Gage's feminist politics were sympathetically channeled by Baum into his Oz books.", "Sally Roesch Wagner of The Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation published The Wonderful Mother of Oz, describing how Matilda Gage's feminist politics were sympathetically channeled by Baum into his Oz books. Some of Baum's contacts with suffragists of his day seem to have inspired much of The Marvelous Land of Oz.", "Some of Baum's contacts with suffragists of his day seem to have inspired much of The Marvelous Land of Oz. In this story, General Jinjur leads the girls and women of Oz in a revolt, armed with knitting needles; they succeed and make the men do the household chores.", "In this story, General Jinjur leads the girls and women of Oz in a revolt, armed with knitting needles; they succeed and make the men do the household chores. Jinjur proves to be an incompetent ruler, but Princess Ozma, who advocates gender equality, is ultimately placed on the throne.", "Jinjur proves to be an incompetent ruler, but Princess Ozma, who advocates gender equality, is ultimately placed on the throne. Charlotte Perkins Gilman's 1915 classic of feminist science fiction, Herland, bears strong similarities to The Emerald City of Oz(1910); the link between Baum and Gilman is considered to be Gage.", "Charlotte Perkins Gilman's 1915 classic of feminist science fiction, Herland, bears strong similarities to The Emerald City of Oz(1910); the link between Baum and Gilman is considered to be Gage. Baum's stories outside of Oz also contain feminist or egalitarian themes.", "Baum's stories outside of Oz also contain feminist or egalitarian themes. His Edith Van Dyne stories depict girls and young women engaging in traditionally masculine activities, including Aunt Jane's Nieces and The Flying Girl and its sequel. The Bluebird Books feature a girl sleuth.", "The Bluebird Books feature a girl sleuth. Racial views During the period surrounding the 1890 Ghost Dance movement and Wounded Knee Massacre, Baum wrote two editorials asserting that the safety of white settlers depended on the wholesale genocide of American Indians.", "Racial views During the period surrounding the 1890 Ghost Dance movement and Wounded Knee Massacre, Baum wrote two editorials asserting that the safety of white settlers depended on the wholesale genocide of American Indians. These editorials were re-published in 1990 by sociologist Robert Venables of Cornell University, who argues that Baum was not using sarcasm.", "These editorials were re-published in 1990 by sociologist Robert Venables of Cornell University, who argues that Baum was not using sarcasm. The first piece was published on December 20, 1890, five days after the killing of the Lakota Sioux holy man, Sitting Bull.Rogers, p. 259.", "The first piece was published on December 20, 1890, five days after the killing of the Lakota Sioux holy man, Sitting Bull.Rogers, p. 259. The piece opined that with Sitting Bull's death, \"the nobility of the Redskin\" had been extinguished, and the safety of the frontier would not be established until there was \"total annihilation\" of the remaining Native Americans, who, he claimed, lived as \"miserable wretches.\"", "The piece opined that with Sitting Bull's death, \"the nobility of the Redskin\" had been extinguished, and the safety of the frontier would not be established until there was \"total annihilation\" of the remaining Native Americans, who, he claimed, lived as \"miserable wretches.\" Baum said that their extermination should not be regretted, and their elimination would \"do justice to the manly characteristics\" of their ancestors.", "Baum said that their extermination should not be regretted, and their elimination would \"do justice to the manly characteristics\" of their ancestors. The Wounded Knee Massacre occurred nine days later; the second editorial was published on January 3, 1891. Baum alleged that General Nelson A.", "Baum alleged that General Nelson A. Miles' weak rule of the Native Americans had caused American soldiers to suffer a \"terrible loss of blood\", in a \"battle\" which had been a disgrace to the Department of War. He found that the \"disaster\" could have easily been prevented with proper preparations.", "He found that the \"disaster\" could have easily been prevented with proper preparations. Baum reiterated that he believed, due to the history of mistreatment of Native Americans, that the extermination of the \"untamed and untamable\" tribes was necessary to protect American settlers.", "Baum reiterated that he believed, due to the history of mistreatment of Native Americans, that the extermination of the \"untamed and untamable\" tribes was necessary to protect American settlers. Baum ended the editorial with the following anecdote: \"An eastern contemporary, with a grain of wisdom in its wit, says that 'when the whites win a fight, it is a victory, and when the Indians win it, it is a massacre.'\"", "Baum ended the editorial with the following anecdote: \"An eastern contemporary, with a grain of wisdom in its wit, says that 'when the whites win a fight, it is a victory, and when the Indians win it, it is a massacre.'\" In 2006, two descendants of Baum apologized to the Sioux nation for any hurt that their ancestor had caused.", "In 2006, two descendants of Baum apologized to the Sioux nation for any hurt that their ancestor had caused. The short story \"The Enchanted Buffalo\" claims to be a legend about a tribe of bison, and it states that a key element of it made it into the legends of Native American tribes.", "The short story \"The Enchanted Buffalo\" claims to be a legend about a tribe of bison, and it states that a key element of it made it into the legends of Native American tribes. Baum mentions his characters' distaste for a Hopi snake dance in Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John, but he also deplores the horrible situation which exists on Indian Reservations.", "Baum mentions his characters' distaste for a Hopi snake dance in Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John, but he also deplores the horrible situation which exists on Indian Reservations. Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch features a hard-working Mexican in order to disprove Anglo stereotypes which portray Mexicans as lazy.", "Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch features a hard-working Mexican in order to disprove Anglo stereotypes which portray Mexicans as lazy. Baum's mother-in-law and woman's suffrage leader Matilda Joslyn Gage strongly influenced his views.", "Baum's mother-in-law and woman's suffrage leader Matilda Joslyn Gage strongly influenced his views. Gage was initiated into the Wolf Clan and admitted into the Iroquois Council of Matrons in recognition of her outspoken respect and sympathy for Native American people.", "Gage was initiated into the Wolf Clan and admitted into the Iroquois Council of Matrons in recognition of her outspoken respect and sympathy for Native American people. Political imagery in The Wizard of Oz Numerous political references to the \"Wizard\" appeared early in the 20th century.", "Political imagery in The Wizard of Oz Numerous political references to the \"Wizard\" appeared early in the 20th century. Henry Littlefield, an upstate New York high school history teacher, wrote a scholarly article in 1964, the first full-fledged interpretation of the novel as an extended metaphor of the politics and characters of the 1890s.", "Henry Littlefield, an upstate New York high school history teacher, wrote a scholarly article in 1964, the first full-fledged interpretation of the novel as an extended metaphor of the politics and characters of the 1890s. He paid special attention to the Populist metaphors and debates over silver and gold.", "He paid special attention to the Populist metaphors and debates over silver and gold. Baum was a Republican and avid supporter of women's suffrage, and it is thought that he did not support the political ideals of either the Populist movement of 1890–1892 or the Bryanite silver crusade of 1896–1900. He published a poem in support of William McKinley.", "He published a poem in support of William McKinley. Since 1964, many scholars, economists, and historians have expanded on Littlefield's interpretation, pointing to multiple similarities between the characters (especially as depicted in Denslow's illustrations) and stock figures from editorial cartoons of the period.", "Since 1964, many scholars, economists, and historians have expanded on Littlefield's interpretation, pointing to multiple similarities between the characters (especially as depicted in Denslow's illustrations) and stock figures from editorial cartoons of the period. Littlefield wrote to The New York Times letters to the editor section spelling out that his theory had no basis in fact, but that his original point was \"not to label Baum, or to lessen any of his magic, but rather, as a history teacher at Mount Vernon High School, to invest turn-of-the-century America with the imagery and wonder I have always found in his stories.\"", "Littlefield wrote to The New York Times letters to the editor section spelling out that his theory had no basis in fact, but that his original point was \"not to label Baum, or to lessen any of his magic, but rather, as a history teacher at Mount Vernon High School, to invest turn-of-the-century America with the imagery and wonder I have always found in his stories.\" Baum's newspaper had addressed politics in the 1890s, and Denslow was an editorial cartoonist as well as an illustrator of children's books.", "Baum's newspaper had addressed politics in the 1890s, and Denslow was an editorial cartoonist as well as an illustrator of children's books. A series of political references is included in the 1902 stage version, such as references to the President, to a powerful senator, and to John D. Rockefeller for providing the oil needed by the Tin Woodman.", "A series of political references is included in the 1902 stage version, such as references to the President, to a powerful senator, and to John D. Rockefeller for providing the oil needed by the Tin Woodman. Scholars have found few political references in Baum's Oz books after 1902.", "Scholars have found few political references in Baum's Oz books after 1902. Baum was asked whether his stories had hidden meanings, but he always replied that they were written to \"please children\". Religion Baum was originally a Methodist, but he joined the Episcopal Church in Aberdeen in order to participate in community theatricals.", "Religion Baum was originally a Methodist, but he joined the Episcopal Church in Aberdeen in order to participate in community theatricals. Later, he and his wife were encouraged to become members of the Theosophical Society in 1892 by Matilda Joslyn Gage.", "Later, he and his wife were encouraged to become members of the Theosophical Society in 1892 by Matilda Joslyn Gage. Baum's beliefs are frequently reflected in his writings; however, the only mention of a church in his Oz books is the porcelain one which the Cowardly Lion breaks in the Dainty China Country in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.", "Baum's beliefs are frequently reflected in his writings; however, the only mention of a church in his Oz books is the porcelain one which the Cowardly Lion breaks in the Dainty China Country in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The Baums sent their older sons to \"Ethical Culture Sunday School\" in Chicago, which taught morality, not religion.Michael Patrick Hearn.", "The Baums sent their older sons to \"Ethical Culture Sunday School\" in Chicago, which taught morality, not religion.Michael Patrick Hearn. The Annotated Wizard of Oz. 2nd Edition. 2000. pp. 7, 271, 328.", "7, 271, 328. 7, 271, 328. Writers including Evan I. Schwartz among others have suggested that Baum intentionally used allegory and symbolism in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to convey concepts that are central to spiritual teachings such as Theosophy and Buddhism.", "Writers including Evan I. Schwartz among others have suggested that Baum intentionally used allegory and symbolism in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to convey concepts that are central to spiritual teachings such as Theosophy and Buddhism. They postulate that the main characters’ experiences in Oz represent the soul’s journey toward enlightenment.", "They postulate that the main characters’ experiences in Oz represent the soul’s journey toward enlightenment. Schwartz specifically states that key plot elements of the book take “the reader on a journey guided by Eastern philosophy” (Schwartz, p. 265).", "Schwartz specifically states that key plot elements of the book take “the reader on a journey guided by Eastern philosophy” (Schwartz, p. 265). An article in BBC Culture lists several allegorical interpretations of the book including that it may be viewed as a parable of Theosophy.", "An article in BBC Culture lists several allegorical interpretations of the book including that it may be viewed as a parable of Theosophy. The article cites various symbols and their possible meanings, for example the Yellow Brick Road representing the ‘Golden Path’ in Buddhism, along which the soul travels to a state of spiritual realization.", "The article cites various symbols and their possible meanings, for example the Yellow Brick Road representing the ‘Golden Path’ in Buddhism, along which the soul travels to a state of spiritual realization. Baum’s own writing suggests he believed the story may have been divinely inspired: “It was pure inspiration.", "Baum’s own writing suggests he believed the story may have been divinely inspired: “It was pure inspiration. It came to me right out of the blue. I think that sometimes the Great Author had a message to get across and He was to use the instrument at hand”.", "I think that sometimes the Great Author had a message to get across and He was to use the instrument at hand”. Bibliography Works Mother Goose in Prose (1897) By the Candelabra's Glare (1898) Father Goose: His Book (1899) A New Wonderland (1900) The Army Alphabet (1900) The Navy Alphabet (1900) American Fairy Tales (1901) The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Egypt (1908) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Panama (1908) Fortune Hunters in China The Boy Fortune Hunters in the South Seas (1911) The Sea Fairies (1911) Sky Island (1912) Queen Zixi of Ix (1905) The Fate of a Crown (1905) Sam Steele's Adventures on Land and Sea (1906) Daughters of Destiny (novel) (1906) The Last Egyptian (1907) Land of Oz worksThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904)Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1905, comic strip depicting 27 stories)The Woggle-Bug Book (1905)Ozma of Oz (1907)Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908)The Road to Oz (1909)The Emerald City of Oz (1910)The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913)Little Wizard Stories of Oz (1913, collection of 6 short stories)Tik-Tok of Oz (1914)The Scarecrow of Oz (1915)Rinkitink in Oz (1916)The Lost Princess of Oz (1917)The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918)The Magic of Oz (1919, posthumously published)Glinda of Oz (1920, posthumously published) 1921's The Royal Book of Oz was posthumously attributed to Baum but was entirely the work of Ruth Plumly Thompson.", "Bibliography Works Mother Goose in Prose (1897) By the Candelabra's Glare (1898) Father Goose: His Book (1899) A New Wonderland (1900) The Army Alphabet (1900) The Navy Alphabet (1900) American Fairy Tales (1901) The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Egypt (1908) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Panama (1908) Fortune Hunters in China The Boy Fortune Hunters in the South Seas (1911) The Sea Fairies (1911) Sky Island (1912) Queen Zixi of Ix (1905) The Fate of a Crown (1905) Sam Steele's Adventures on Land and Sea (1906) Daughters of Destiny (novel) (1906) The Last Egyptian (1907) Land of Oz worksThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904)Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1905, comic strip depicting 27 stories)The Woggle-Bug Book (1905)Ozma of Oz (1907)Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908)The Road to Oz (1909)The Emerald City of Oz (1910)The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913)Little Wizard Stories of Oz (1913, collection of 6 short stories)Tik-Tok of Oz (1914)The Scarecrow of Oz (1915)Rinkitink in Oz (1916)The Lost Princess of Oz (1917)The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918)The Magic of Oz (1919, posthumously published)Glinda of Oz (1920, posthumously published) 1921's The Royal Book of Oz was posthumously attributed to Baum but was entirely the work of Ruth Plumly Thompson. Popular culture and legacy A 1970 episode of the long-running American Western anthology series Death Valley Days presents a highly romanticized portrayal of Baum's time in South Dakota.", "Popular culture and legacy A 1970 episode of the long-running American Western anthology series Death Valley Days presents a highly romanticized portrayal of Baum's time in South Dakota. The comedic teleplay, titled \"The Wizard of Aberdeen\", stars Conlan Carter as Baum and Beverlee McKinsey as Maud.", "The comedic teleplay, titled \"The Wizard of Aberdeen\", stars Conlan Carter as Baum and Beverlee McKinsey as Maud. Although the 30-minute presentation touches on Baum's family life and his struggles in Aberdeen as a newspaper editor, it focuses principally on his storytelling to local children about characters in a distant land he initially refers to as \"Ooz\".", "Although the 30-minute presentation touches on Baum's family life and his struggles in Aberdeen as a newspaper editor, it focuses principally on his storytelling to local children about characters in a distant land he initially refers to as \"Ooz\". John Ritter portrayed Baum in the television film The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990).", "John Ritter portrayed Baum in the television film The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990). The theme park Storybook Land, located in Aberdeen, South Dakota, features the Land of Oz, with characters and attractions from the books.", "The theme park Storybook Land, located in Aberdeen, South Dakota, features the Land of Oz, with characters and attractions from the books. In the short-lived 2008 TV series Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, the show's protagonist John Connor enrolls in high school under the name of \"John Baum\" (after L. Frank Baum) to keep his true identity a secret.", "In the short-lived 2008 TV series Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, the show's protagonist John Connor enrolls in high school under the name of \"John Baum\" (after L. Frank Baum) to keep his true identity a secret. His mother Sarah had mentioned to Cameron that The Wonderful Wizard Of Oz was John's favorite book when he was younger.", "His mother Sarah had mentioned to Cameron that The Wonderful Wizard Of Oz was John's favorite book when he was younger. In 2013, Baum was inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. Chittenango, New York holds a three-day annual festival called Oz-Stravaganza!", "Chittenango, New York holds a three-day annual festival called Oz-Stravaganza! to celebrate the literary works of author L. Frank Baum, who was born in Chittenango on May 15, 1856. The children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was published on May 17, 1900.", "The children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was published on May 17, 1900. The weekend-long festival, usually held during the first Saturday of June and the weekend thereof, includes a parade, which features many community groups.", "The weekend-long festival, usually held during the first Saturday of June and the weekend thereof, includes a parade, which features many community groups. The parade has also featured actors and actresses who played Munchkins in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, including Jerry Maren, Karl Slover, Meinhardt Raabe, and Margaret Williams Pellegrini.", "The parade has also featured actors and actresses who played Munchkins in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, including Jerry Maren, Karl Slover, Meinhardt Raabe, and Margaret Williams Pellegrini. See also Notes References Algeo, John. \"A Notable Theosophist: L. Frank Baum.\" American Theosophist, Vol.", "American Theosophist, Vol. American Theosophist, Vol. 74 (August–September 1986), pp. 270–3. Attebery, Brian. The Fantasy Tradition in American Literature. Bloomington, IN, Indiana University Press, 1980. Baum, Frank Joslyn, and Russell P. Macfall. To Please a Child. Chicago, Reilly & Lee, 1961.", "Chicago, Reilly & Lee, 1961. Baum, L. Frank. The Annotated Wizard of Oz. Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Michael Patrick Hearn. New York, Clarkson N. Potter, 1973. Revised 2000. New York, W.W. Norton, 2000. Ford, Alla T. The High-Jinks of L. Frank Baum.", "Ford, Alla T. The High-Jinks of L. Frank Baum. Hong Kong, Ford Press, 1969. Ford, Alla T. The Musical Fantasies of L. Frank Baum. Lake Worth, FL, Ford Press, 1969. Gardner, Martin, and Russel B. Nye. The Wizard of Oz and Who He Was.", "The Wizard of Oz and Who He Was. East Lansing, MI, Michigan State University Press, 1957. Revised 1994. Hearn, Michael Patrick. The Critical Heritage Edition of the Wizard of Oz. New York, Schocken, 1986. Koupal, Nancy Tystad. Baum's Road to Oz: The Dakota Years.", "Baum's Road to Oz: The Dakota Years. Pierre, SD, South Dakota State Historical Society, 2000. Koupal, Nancy Tystad. Our Landlady. Lawrence, KS, University of Nebraska Press, 1986. Parker, David B.", "Parker, David B. Parker, David B. The Rise and Fall of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a \"Parable on Populism\" Journal of the Georgia Association of Historians, vol. 15 (1994), pp. 49–63.", "15 (1994), pp. 49–63. 49–63. Reneau, Reneau H. \"Misanthropology: A Florilegium of Bahumbuggery\" Inglewood, CA, donlazaro translations, 2004, pp. 155–164 Reneau, Reneau H. \"A Newer Testament: Misanthropology Unleashed\" Inglewood, CA, donlazaro translations, 2008, pp.", "155–164 Reneau, Reneau H. \"A Newer Testament: Misanthropology Unleashed\" Inglewood, CA, donlazaro translations, 2008, pp. 129–147 Riley, Michael O. Oz and Beyond: The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum. Lawrence, KS, University of Kansas Press, 1997.", "Lawrence, KS, University of Kansas Press, 1997. Rogers, Katharine M. L. Frank Baum, Creator of Oz: A Biography. New York, St. Martin's Press, 2002. Sale, Roger. Fairy Tales and After: From Snow White to E. B. White. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University press, 1978.", "Cambridge, MA, Harvard University press, 1978. Schwartz, Evan I. Finding Oz: How L. Frank Baum Discovered the Great American Story. New York, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009 Wagner, Sally Roesch. The Wonderful Mother of Oz. Fayetteville, NY: The Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation, 2003. Wilgus, Neal.", "Wilgus, Neal. Wilgus, Neal. \"Classic American Fairy Tales: The Fantasies of L. Frank Baum\" in Darrell Schweitzer (ed) Discovering Classic Fantasy Fiction'', Gillette NJ: Wildside Press, 1996, pp. 113–121.", "113–121. 113–121. External links The Complete Oz Works L. Frank Baum Papers at Syracuse University Bibliography (Baum and Oz) The International Wizard of Oz Club, Inc.", "External links The Complete Oz Works L. Frank Baum Papers at Syracuse University Bibliography (Baum and Oz) The International Wizard of Oz Club, Inc. Wonderful Wizard of Oz Website Copyright Registration Application from Claimant L. Frank Baum for The wonderful Wizard of Oz From the Collections at the Library of Congress Finding aid to Roland Orvil Baughman collection about L. Frank Baum at Columbia University, Rare Book & Manuscript Library 1856 births 1919 deaths 19th-century American male actors 19th-century American newspaper editors 19th-century American newspaper publishers (people) 19th-century American novelists 20th-century American novelists 19th-century male writers 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American poets American male short story writers 20th-century American male actors American children's writers American fantasy writers American feminist writers American film producers American Methodists American people of English descent American people of German descent American people of Scotch-Irish descent American male silent film actors American male stage actors American suffragists American Theosophists Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) Children's poets Male feminists Oz (franchise) People from Aberdeen, South Dakota People from Chittenango, New York Peekskill Military Academy alumni Writers from Syracuse, New York Silent film directors Writers from Chicago New York (state) Republicans South Dakota Republicans California Republicans American male poets American male novelists Journalists from South Dakota Journalists from New York (state) Stamp dealers Novelists from Illinois American male non-fiction writers Male novelists 19th-century pseudonymous writers 20th-century pseudonymous writers" ]

[ "L. Frank Baum", "The South Dakota years", "What is important about the south dakota years?", "Baum was born in Chittenango, New York in 1856 into a devout Methodist family.", "Who were his parents?", "Cynthia Ann (nee Stanton) and Benjamin Ward Baum,", "Did he have siblings?", "and was the seventh of nine children", "Where did he go to school?", "From the age of 12, he spent two miserable years at Peekskill Military Academy but,", "where did he go after that?", "after being severely disciplined for daydreaming, he had a possibly psychogenic heart attack and was allowed to return home.", "What else did he do during this time?", "Baum started writing early in life, possibly prompted by his father buying him a cheap printing press." ]

[ "This Type of Thinking (Could Do Us In) is the third studio album by American rock band Chevelle. Debuting at No. 8 on the Billboard 200 based on nearly 90,000 copies sold in its first week, it charted higher than its predecessor, Wonder What's Next but did not exceed its debut position. The album did not manage to match its predecessor's commercial success, but was certified platinum. This Type of Thinking follows generally the same heavy style as Wonder What's Next with popular singles like \"Vitamin R\" and \"The Clincher\". It would be the first of two records produced by Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette. This was also the final album featuring bassist Joe Loeffler, who departed from the band in 2005.\n\nBackground and recording\nComing off a highly successful major label debut, Chevelle finishing touring on December 17, 2003. They set out to write a follow-up album from scratch at the onset of the following year in what drummer Sam Loeffler described as a different approach to writing. He also noted how the band felt significant pressure from their label to not simply match but topple the platinum success of Wonder What's Next. In a 2004 interview, Loeffler described the process of approaching This Type of Thinking:\n\"We went home for Christmas and after New Year's we went into the studio and we said, 'All right, we have to write a whole record in basically four months.' We had no songs, so we had to write that whole record and we ended up taking five months. We wanted to go heavy, we wanted to do a lot of double-bass drum, kind of syncopated rhythms, and we wanted to basically write songs that we could bob our heads to. That was sort of where we started. We're a heavy melodic rock band, that's what we like to write, and that's what we like to play. And that's what we did.\"\n\nThis time around, Chevelle opted to produce their own album with the help of Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette. This Type of Thinking would continue the balance of melody and heaviness of its predecessor. And much like the final track on Wonder What's Next, \"Bend the Bracket\" would be recorded simply as an acoustic demo for its unpolished presentation.\n\nCritical reception\n\nAllMusic editor Johnny Loftus observes the album as \"...flatly mixed, lost in depression, and obsessed with rewriting \"Sober\" for a new generation of lank-haired misunderstoods.\"\n\nMelodic calls it \"...a real quality album that you will never get bored of.\", praising the songs \"The Clincher\", \"Vitamin R (Leading Us Along)\" and \"Another Know It All\".\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel\nChevelle\n Pete Loeffler – guitar, vocals\n Joe Loeffler – bass, backing vocals\n Sam Loeffler – drums\n\nTechnical personnel\n Andy Wallace – mixing\n Ben Goldman – A&R\n Christian Lantry – photography\n Dave Holdredge – digital editing, drum programming, engineer\n Eddy Schreyer – mastering\n Farra Mathews – A&R\n Jef Moll – assistant\n Josh Wilbur – digital editing\n Katharina Fritsch – cover sculpture\n Kevin Dean – assistant\n Michael \"Elvis\" Baskette – engineer, producer\n Sean Evans – art direction\n Steve Sisco – assistant\n\nCharts\n\nCertifications\n\nReferences\n\n2004 albums\nAlbums produced by Michael Baskette\nChevelle (band) albums\nEpic Records albums", "Flight MH370: The Mystery is a 2014 book by the American-born-British author Nigel Cawthorne concerning the disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370.\n\nSynopsis\nThe book is critical of official accounts of the disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370, noting 'In a world where we can be tracked by our mobile phones, CCTV and spy cameras, things do not just disappear. Especially not a big thing like a jumbo jet'. The book questions alleged failure by governments and organisations to share information concerning Flight MH370. The author suggests a cover up has occurred because the United States Military shot down the plane during military exercises in the region.\n\nReception\nThe book was fiercely criticised in The Australian by David Free, who described it as an 'information gumbo' that 'reproduces the slapdash atmosphere of the worst kind of 24-hour news show' and advised readers 'Next time you're in one (a shop), buy any book other than this. I guarantee it won't be worse' while The Daily Telegraph reported some relatives of the victims were angered by the book\n\nIn a May 2014 segment of the Australian television program Today, co-host Karl Stefanovic also took issue with guest Cawthorne.“You write in the book: ‘They’ll never be sure, the families, what happened to their loved ones. Did they die painlessly unaware of their fate or did they die in terror in a flaming wreck crashing from the sky at the hands of a madman?’ Stefanovic characterized the book as \"disgusting\" and insensitive to the families. When asked \"why would you write the book?\", the author replied, “I’m afraid it’s what I do for a living.\"\n\nReferences\n\n2014 non-fiction books\nMalaysia Airlines Flight 370\nBooks about conspiracy theories\nBooks by Nigel Cawthorne" ]

[ "Lyman Frank Baum (; May 15, 1856 – May 6, 1919) was an American author best known for his children's books, particularly The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and its sequels. He wrote 14 novels in the Oz series, plus 41 other novels (not including four lost, unpublished novels), 83 short stories, over 200 poems, and at least 42 scripts.", "He wrote 14 novels in the Oz series, plus 41 other novels (not including four lost, unpublished novels), 83 short stories, over 200 poems, and at least 42 scripts. He made numerous attempts to bring his works to the stage and screen; the 1939 adaptation of the first Oz book became a landmark of 20th-century cinema.", "He made numerous attempts to bring his works to the stage and screen; the 1939 adaptation of the first Oz book became a landmark of 20th-century cinema. Born and raised in upstate New York, Baum moved west after an unsuccessful stint as a theater producer and playwright.", "Born and raised in upstate New York, Baum moved west after an unsuccessful stint as a theater producer and playwright. He and his wife opened a store in South Dakota and he edited and published a newspaper.", "He and his wife opened a store in South Dakota and he edited and published a newspaper. They then moved to Chicago, where he worked as a newspaper reporter and published children's literature, coming out with the first Oz book in 1900.", "They then moved to Chicago, where he worked as a newspaper reporter and published children's literature, coming out with the first Oz book in 1900. While continuing his writing, among his final projects he sought to establish a movie studio focused on children's films in Los Angeles, California.", "While continuing his writing, among his final projects he sought to establish a movie studio focused on children's films in Los Angeles, California. His works anticipated such later commonplaces as television, augmented reality, laptop computers (The Master Key), wireless telephones (Tik-Tok of Oz), women in high-risk and action-heavy occupations (Mary Louise in the Country), and the ubiquity of clothes advertising (Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work).", "His works anticipated such later commonplaces as television, augmented reality, laptop computers (The Master Key), wireless telephones (Tik-Tok of Oz), women in high-risk and action-heavy occupations (Mary Louise in the Country), and the ubiquity of clothes advertising (Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work). Childhood and early life Baum was born in Chittenango, New York, in 1856 into a devout Methodist family.", "Childhood and early life Baum was born in Chittenango, New York, in 1856 into a devout Methodist family. He had German, Scots-Irish, and English ancestry. He was the seventh of nine children of Cynthia Ann (née Stanton) and Benjamin Ward Baum, only five of whom survived into adulthood.", "He was the seventh of nine children of Cynthia Ann (née Stanton) and Benjamin Ward Baum, only five of whom survived into adulthood. \"Lyman\" was the name of his father's brother, but he always disliked it and preferred his middle name \"Frank\".", "\"Lyman\" was the name of his father's brother, but he always disliked it and preferred his middle name \"Frank\". His father succeeded in many businesses, including barrel-making, oil drilling in Pennsylvania, and real estate.", "His father succeeded in many businesses, including barrel-making, oil drilling in Pennsylvania, and real estate. Baum grew up on his parents' expansive estate called Rose Lawn, which he fondly recalled as a sort of paradise. Rose Lawn was located in Mattydale, New York.", "Rose Lawn was located in Mattydale, New York. Frank was a sickly, dreamy child, tutored at home with his siblings. From the age of 12, he spent two miserable years at Peekskill Military Academy but, after being severely disciplined for daydreaming, he had a possibly psychogenic heart attack and was allowed to return home.", "From the age of 12, he spent two miserable years at Peekskill Military Academy but, after being severely disciplined for daydreaming, he had a possibly psychogenic heart attack and was allowed to return home. Baum started writing early in life, possibly prompted by his father buying him a cheap printing press.", "Baum started writing early in life, possibly prompted by his father buying him a cheap printing press. He had always been close to his younger brother Henry (Harry) Clay Baum, who helped in the production of The Rose Lawn Home Journal.", "He had always been close to his younger brother Henry (Harry) Clay Baum, who helped in the production of The Rose Lawn Home Journal. The brothers published several issues of the journal, including advertisements from local businesses, which they gave to family and friends for free.", "The brothers published several issues of the journal, including advertisements from local businesses, which they gave to family and friends for free. By the age of 17, Baum established a second amateur journal called The Stamp Collector, printed an 11-page pamphlet called Baum's Complete Stamp Dealers' Directory, and started a stamp dealership with friends.", "By the age of 17, Baum established a second amateur journal called The Stamp Collector, printed an 11-page pamphlet called Baum's Complete Stamp Dealers' Directory, and started a stamp dealership with friends. At 20, Baum took on the national craze of breeding fancy poultry. He specialized in raising the Hamburg chicken.", "He specialized in raising the Hamburg chicken. In March 1880, he established a monthly trade journal, The Poultry Record, and in 1886, when Baum was 30 years old, his first book was published: The Book of the Hamburgs: A Brief Treatise upon the Mating, Rearing, and Management of the Different Varieties of Hamburgs.", "In March 1880, he established a monthly trade journal, The Poultry Record, and in 1886, when Baum was 30 years old, his first book was published: The Book of the Hamburgs: A Brief Treatise upon the Mating, Rearing, and Management of the Different Varieties of Hamburgs. Baum had a flair for being the spotlight of fun in the household, including during times of financial difficulties.", "Baum had a flair for being the spotlight of fun in the household, including during times of financial difficulties. His selling of fireworks made the Fourth of July memorable. His skyrockets, Roman candles, and fireworks filled the sky, while many people around the neighborhood would gather in front of the house to watch the displays.", "His skyrockets, Roman candles, and fireworks filled the sky, while many people around the neighborhood would gather in front of the house to watch the displays. Christmas was even more festive. Baum dressed as Santa Claus for the family.", "Baum dressed as Santa Claus for the family. His father would place the Christmas tree behind a curtain in the front parlor so that Baum could talk to everyone while he decorated the tree without people managing to see him. He maintained this tradition all his life. Career Theater Baum embarked on his lifetime infatuation—and wavering financial success—with the theater.", "Career Theater Baum embarked on his lifetime infatuation—and wavering financial success—with the theater. A local theatrical company duped him into replenishing their stock of costumes on the promise of leading roles coming his way. Disillusioned, Baum left the theater—temporarily—and went to work as a clerk in his brother-in-law's dry goods company in Syracuse.", "Disillusioned, Baum left the theater—temporarily—and went to work as a clerk in his brother-in-law's dry goods company in Syracuse. This experience may have influenced his story \"The Suicide of Kiaros\", first published in the literary journal The White Elephant.", "This experience may have influenced his story \"The Suicide of Kiaros\", first published in the literary journal The White Elephant. A fellow clerk one day had been found locked in a store room dead, probably from suicide. Baum could never stay away long from the stage.", "Baum could never stay away long from the stage. He performed in plays under the stage names of Louis F. Baum and George Brooks. In 1880, his father built him a theater in Richburg, New York, and Baum set about writing plays and gathering a company to act in them.", "In 1880, his father built him a theater in Richburg, New York, and Baum set about writing plays and gathering a company to act in them. The Maid of Arran proved a modest success, a melodrama with songs based on William Black's novel A Princess of Thule.", "The Maid of Arran proved a modest success, a melodrama with songs based on William Black's novel A Princess of Thule. Baum wrote the play and composed songs for it (making it a prototypical musical, as its songs relate to the narrative), and acted in the leading role.", "Baum wrote the play and composed songs for it (making it a prototypical musical, as its songs relate to the narrative), and acted in the leading role. His aunt Katharine Gray played his character's aunt.", "His aunt Katharine Gray played his character's aunt. She was the founder of Syracuse Oratory School, and Baum advertised his services in her catalog to teach theater, including stage business, play writing, directing, translating (French, German, and Italian), revision, and operettas.", "She was the founder of Syracuse Oratory School, and Baum advertised his services in her catalog to teach theater, including stage business, play writing, directing, translating (French, German, and Italian), revision, and operettas. On November 9, 1882, Baum married Maud Gage, a daughter of Matilda Joslyn Gage, a famous women's suffrage and feminist activist.", "On November 9, 1882, Baum married Maud Gage, a daughter of Matilda Joslyn Gage, a famous women's suffrage and feminist activist. While Baum was touring with The Maid of Arran, the theater in Richburg caught fire during a production of Baum's ironically titled parlor drama Matches, destroying the theater as well as the only known copies of many of Baum's scripts, including Matches, as well as costumes.", "While Baum was touring with The Maid of Arran, the theater in Richburg caught fire during a production of Baum's ironically titled parlor drama Matches, destroying the theater as well as the only known copies of many of Baum's scripts, including Matches, as well as costumes. The South Dakota years In July 1888, Baum and his wife moved to Aberdeen, Dakota Territory where he opened a store called \"Baum's Bazaar\".", "The South Dakota years In July 1888, Baum and his wife moved to Aberdeen, Dakota Territory where he opened a store called \"Baum's Bazaar\". His habit of giving out wares on credit led to the eventual bankrupting of the store, so Baum turned to editing the local newspaper The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer where he wrote the column Our Landlady.", "His habit of giving out wares on credit led to the eventual bankrupting of the store, so Baum turned to editing the local newspaper The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer where he wrote the column Our Landlady. Following the death of Sitting Bull at the hands of Indian agency police, Baum urged the wholesale extermination of all America's native peoples in a column that he wrote on December 20, 1890 (full text below).", "Following the death of Sitting Bull at the hands of Indian agency police, Baum urged the wholesale extermination of all America's native peoples in a column that he wrote on December 20, 1890 (full text below). On January 3, 1891, he returned to the subject in an editorial response to the Wounded Knee Massacre: The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extirmination of the Indians.", "On January 3, 1891, he returned to the subject in an editorial response to the Wounded Knee Massacre: The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extirmination of the Indians. Having wronged them for centuries, we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth.", "Having wronged them for centuries, we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth. Baum's description of Kansas in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is based on his experiences in drought-ridden South Dakota.", "Baum's description of Kansas in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is based on his experiences in drought-ridden South Dakota. During much of this time, Matilda Joslyn Gage was living in the Baum household.", "During much of this time, Matilda Joslyn Gage was living in the Baum household. While Baum was in South Dakota, he sang in a quartet which included James Kyle, who became one of the first Populist (People's Party) Senators in the U.S.", "While Baum was in South Dakota, he sang in a quartet which included James Kyle, who became one of the first Populist (People's Party) Senators in the U.S. Writing Baum's newspaper failed in 1891, and he, Maud, and their four sons moved to the Humboldt Park section of Chicago, where Baum took a job reporting for the Evening Post.", "Writing Baum's newspaper failed in 1891, and he, Maud, and their four sons moved to the Humboldt Park section of Chicago, where Baum took a job reporting for the Evening Post. Beginning in 1897, he founded and edited a magazine called The Show Window, later known as the Merchants Record and Show Window, which focused on store window displays, retail strategies and visual merchandising.", "Beginning in 1897, he founded and edited a magazine called The Show Window, later known as the Merchants Record and Show Window, which focused on store window displays, retail strategies and visual merchandising. The major department stores of the time created elaborate Christmas time fantasies, using clockwork mechanisms that made people and animals appear to move.", "The major department stores of the time created elaborate Christmas time fantasies, using clockwork mechanisms that made people and animals appear to move. The former Show Window magazine is still currently in operation, now known as VMSD magazine (visual merchandising + store design), based in Cincinnati.", "The former Show Window magazine is still currently in operation, now known as VMSD magazine (visual merchandising + store design), based in Cincinnati. In 1900, Baum published a book about window displays in which he stressed the importance of mannequins in drawing customers. He also had to work as a traveling salesman.", "He also had to work as a traveling salesman. In 1897, he wrote and published Mother Goose in Prose, a collection of Mother Goose rhymes written as prose stories and illustrated by Maxfield Parrish. Mother Goose was a moderate success and allowed Baum to quit his sales job (which had had a negative impact on his health).", "Mother Goose was a moderate success and allowed Baum to quit his sales job (which had had a negative impact on his health). In 1899, Baum partnered with illustrator W. W. Denslow to publish Father Goose, His Book, a collection of nonsense poetry.", "In 1899, Baum partnered with illustrator W. W. Denslow to publish Father Goose, His Book, a collection of nonsense poetry. The book was a success, becoming the best-selling children's book of the year.", "The book was a success, becoming the best-selling children's book of the year. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz In 1900, Baum and Denslow (with whom he shared the copyright) published The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to much critical acclaim and financial success.", "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz In 1900, Baum and Denslow (with whom he shared the copyright) published The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to much critical acclaim and financial success. The book was the best-selling children's book for two years after its initial publication.", "The book was the best-selling children's book for two years after its initial publication. Baum went on to write thirteen more novels based on the places and people of the Land of Oz.", "Baum went on to write thirteen more novels based on the places and people of the Land of Oz. The Wizard of Oz: Fred R. Hamlin's Musical Extravaganza Two years after Wizard publication, Baum and Denslow teamed up with composer Paul Tietjens and director Julian Mitchell to produce a musical stage version of the book under Fred R. Hamlin.", "The Wizard of Oz: Fred R. Hamlin's Musical Extravaganza Two years after Wizard publication, Baum and Denslow teamed up with composer Paul Tietjens and director Julian Mitchell to produce a musical stage version of the book under Fred R. Hamlin. Baum and Tietjens had worked on a musical of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz in 1901 and based closely upon the book, but it was rejected.", "Baum and Tietjens had worked on a musical of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz in 1901 and based closely upon the book, but it was rejected. This stage version opened in Chicago in 1902 (the first to use the shortened title \"The Wizard of Oz\"), then ran on Broadway for 293 stage nights from January to October 1903.", "This stage version opened in Chicago in 1902 (the first to use the shortened title \"The Wizard of Oz\"), then ran on Broadway for 293 stage nights from January to October 1903. It returned to Broadway in 1904, where it played from March to May and again from November to December.", "It returned to Broadway in 1904, where it played from March to May and again from November to December. It successfully toured the United States with much of the same cast, as was done in those days, until 1911, and then became available for amateur use.", "It successfully toured the United States with much of the same cast, as was done in those days, until 1911, and then became available for amateur use. The stage version starred Anna Laughlin as Dorothy Gale, alongside David C. Montgomery and Fred Stone as the Tin Woodman and Scarecrow respectively, which shot the pair to instant fame.", "The stage version starred Anna Laughlin as Dorothy Gale, alongside David C. Montgomery and Fred Stone as the Tin Woodman and Scarecrow respectively, which shot the pair to instant fame. The stage version differed quite a bit from the book, and was aimed primarily at adults.", "The stage version differed quite a bit from the book, and was aimed primarily at adults. Toto was replaced with Imogene the Cow, and Tryxie Tryfle (a waitress) and Pastoria (a streetcar operator) were added as fellow cyclone victims.", "Toto was replaced with Imogene the Cow, and Tryxie Tryfle (a waitress) and Pastoria (a streetcar operator) were added as fellow cyclone victims. The Wicked Witch of the West was eliminated entirely in the script, and the plot became about how the four friends were allied with the usurping Wizard and were hunted as traitors to Pastoria II, the rightful King of Oz.", "The Wicked Witch of the West was eliminated entirely in the script, and the plot became about how the four friends were allied with the usurping Wizard and were hunted as traitors to Pastoria II, the rightful King of Oz. It is unclear how much control or influence Baum had on the script; it appears that many of the changes were written by Baum against his wishes due to contractual requirements with Hamlin.", "It is unclear how much control or influence Baum had on the script; it appears that many of the changes were written by Baum against his wishes due to contractual requirements with Hamlin. Jokes in the script, mostly written by Glen MacDonough, called for explicit references to President Theodore Roosevelt, Senator Mark Hanna, Rev.", "Jokes in the script, mostly written by Glen MacDonough, called for explicit references to President Theodore Roosevelt, Senator Mark Hanna, Rev. Andrew Danquer, and oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller. Although use of the script was rather free-form, the line about Hanna was ordered dropped as soon as Hamlin got word of his death in 1904.", "Although use of the script was rather free-form, the line about Hanna was ordered dropped as soon as Hamlin got word of his death in 1904. Beginning with the success of the stage version, most subsequent versions of the story, including newer editions of the novel, have been titled \"The Wizard of Oz\", rather than using the full, original title.", "Beginning with the success of the stage version, most subsequent versions of the story, including newer editions of the novel, have been titled \"The Wizard of Oz\", rather than using the full, original title. In more recent years, restoring the full title has become increasingly common, particularly to distinguish the novel from the Hollywood film.", "In more recent years, restoring the full title has become increasingly common, particularly to distinguish the novel from the Hollywood film. Baum wrote a new Oz book, The Marvelous Land of Oz, with a view to making it into a stage production, which was titled The Woggle-Bug, but Montgomery and Stone balked at appearing when the original was still running.", "Baum wrote a new Oz book, The Marvelous Land of Oz, with a view to making it into a stage production, which was titled The Woggle-Bug, but Montgomery and Stone balked at appearing when the original was still running. The Scarecrow and Tin Woodman were then omitted from this adaptation, which was seen as a self-rip-off by critics and proved to be a major flop before it could reach Broadway.", "The Scarecrow and Tin Woodman were then omitted from this adaptation, which was seen as a self-rip-off by critics and proved to be a major flop before it could reach Broadway. He also worked for years on a musical version of Ozma of Oz, which eventually became The Tik-Tok Man of Oz.", "He also worked for years on a musical version of Ozma of Oz, which eventually became The Tik-Tok Man of Oz. This did fairly well in Los Angeles, but not well enough to convince producer Oliver Morosco to mount a production in New York.", "This did fairly well in Los Angeles, but not well enough to convince producer Oliver Morosco to mount a production in New York. He also began a stage version of The Patchwork Girl of Oz, but this was ultimately realized as a film.", "He also began a stage version of The Patchwork Girl of Oz, but this was ultimately realized as a film. Later life and work With the success of Wizard on page and stage, Baum and Denslow hoped for further success and published Dot and Tot of Merryland in 1901.", "Later life and work With the success of Wizard on page and stage, Baum and Denslow hoped for further success and published Dot and Tot of Merryland in 1901. The book was one of Baum's weakest, and its failure further strained his faltering relationship with Denslow. It was their last collaboration.", "It was their last collaboration. It was their last collaboration. Baum worked primarily with John R. Neill on his fantasy work beginning in 1904, but Baum met Neill few times (all before he moved to California) and often found Neill's art not humorous enough for his liking.", "Baum worked primarily with John R. Neill on his fantasy work beginning in 1904, but Baum met Neill few times (all before he moved to California) and often found Neill's art not humorous enough for his liking. He was particularly offended when Neill published The Oz Toy Book: Cut-outs for the Kiddies without authorization.", "He was particularly offended when Neill published The Oz Toy Book: Cut-outs for the Kiddies without authorization. Baum reportedly designed the chandeliers in the Crown Room of the Hotel del Coronado; however, that attribution has yet to be corroborated.", "Baum reportedly designed the chandeliers in the Crown Room of the Hotel del Coronado; however, that attribution has yet to be corroborated. Several times during the development of the Oz series, Baum declared that he had written his last Oz book and devoted himself to other works of fantasy fiction based in other magical lands, including The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus and Queen Zixi of Ix.", "Several times during the development of the Oz series, Baum declared that he had written his last Oz book and devoted himself to other works of fantasy fiction based in other magical lands, including The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus and Queen Zixi of Ix. However, he returned to the series each time, persuaded by popular demand, letters from children, and the failure of his new books.", "However, he returned to the series each time, persuaded by popular demand, letters from children, and the failure of his new books. Even so, his other works remained very popular after his death, with The Master Key appearing on St. Nicholas Magazine's survey of readers' favorite books well into the 1920s.", "Even so, his other works remained very popular after his death, with The Master Key appearing on St. Nicholas Magazine's survey of readers' favorite books well into the 1920s. In 1905, Baum declared plans for an Oz amusement park.", "In 1905, Baum declared plans for an Oz amusement park. In an interview, he mentioned buying “Pedloe Island” off the coast of California to turn it into an Oz park.", "In an interview, he mentioned buying “Pedloe Island” off the coast of California to turn it into an Oz park. However, there is no evidence that he purchased such an island, and no one has ever been able to find any island whose name even resembles Pedloe in that area.", "However, there is no evidence that he purchased such an island, and no one has ever been able to find any island whose name even resembles Pedloe in that area. Nevertheless, Baum stated to the press that he had discovered a Pedloe Island off the coast of California and that he had purchased it to be \"the Marvelous Land of Oz,\" intending it to be \"a fairy paradise for children.\"", "Nevertheless, Baum stated to the press that he had discovered a Pedloe Island off the coast of California and that he had purchased it to be \"the Marvelous Land of Oz,\" intending it to be \"a fairy paradise for children.\" Eleven year old Dorothy Talbot of San Francisco was reported to be ascendant to the throne on March 1, 1906, when the Palace of Oz was expected to be completed.", "Eleven year old Dorothy Talbot of San Francisco was reported to be ascendant to the throne on March 1, 1906, when the Palace of Oz was expected to be completed. Baum planned to live on the island, with administrative duties handled by the princess and her all-child advisers.", "Baum planned to live on the island, with administrative duties handled by the princess and her all-child advisers. Plans included statues of the Scarecrow, Tin Woodman, Jack Pumpkinhead, and H.M. Woggle-Bug, T.E. Baum abandoned his Oz park project after the failure of The Woggle-Bug, which was playing at the Garrick Theatre in 1905.", "Baum abandoned his Oz park project after the failure of The Woggle-Bug, which was playing at the Garrick Theatre in 1905. Because of his lifelong love of theatre, he financed elaborate musicals, often to his financial detriment.", "Because of his lifelong love of theatre, he financed elaborate musicals, often to his financial detriment. One of Baum's worst financial endeavors was his The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908), which combined a slideshow, film, and live actors with a lecture by Baum as if he were giving a travelogue to Oz.", "One of Baum's worst financial endeavors was his The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908), which combined a slideshow, film, and live actors with a lecture by Baum as if he were giving a travelogue to Oz. However, Baum ran into trouble and could not pay his debts to the company who produced the films.", "However, Baum ran into trouble and could not pay his debts to the company who produced the films. He did not get back to a stable financial situation for several years, after he sold the royalty rights to many of his earlier works, including The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. This resulted in the M.A.", "This resulted in the M.A. This resulted in the M.A. Donahue Company publishing cheap editions of his early works with advertising which purported that Baum's newer output was inferior to the less expensive books that they were releasing. He claimed bankruptcy in August 1911.", "He claimed bankruptcy in August 1911. However, Baum had shrewdly transferred most of his property into Maud's name, except for his clothing, his typewriter, and his library (mostly of children's books, such as the fairy tales of Andrew Lang, whose portrait he kept in his study)—all of which, he successfully argued, were essential to his occupation.", "However, Baum had shrewdly transferred most of his property into Maud's name, except for his clothing, his typewriter, and his library (mostly of children's books, such as the fairy tales of Andrew Lang, whose portrait he kept in his study)—all of which, he successfully argued, were essential to his occupation. Maud handled the finances anyway, and thus Baum lost much less than he could have.", "Maud handled the finances anyway, and thus Baum lost much less than he could have. Baum made use of several pseudonyms for some of his other non-Oz books.", "Baum made use of several pseudonyms for some of his other non-Oz books. They include: Edith Van Dyne (the Aunt Jane's Nieces series) Laura Bancroft (The Twinkle Tales, Policeman Bluejay) Floyd Akers (The Boy Fortune Hunters series, continuing the Sam Steele series) Suzanne Metcalf (Annabel) Schuyler Staunton (The Fate of a Crown, Daughters of Destiny) John Estes Cooke (Tamawaca Folks) Capt.", "They include: Edith Van Dyne (the Aunt Jane's Nieces series) Laura Bancroft (The Twinkle Tales, Policeman Bluejay) Floyd Akers (The Boy Fortune Hunters series, continuing the Sam Steele series) Suzanne Metcalf (Annabel) Schuyler Staunton (The Fate of a Crown, Daughters of Destiny) John Estes Cooke (Tamawaca Folks) Capt. Hugh Fitzgerald (the Sam Steele series) Baum also anonymously wrote The Last Egyptian: A Romance of the Nile.", "Hugh Fitzgerald (the Sam Steele series) Baum also anonymously wrote The Last Egyptian: A Romance of the Nile. He continued theatrical work with Harry Marston Haldeman's men's social group The Uplifters, for which he wrote several plays for various celebrations. He also wrote the group's parodic by-laws.", "He also wrote the group's parodic by-laws. The group also included Will Rogers, but was proud to have had Baum as a member and posthumously revived many of his works despite their ephemeral intent.", "The group also included Will Rogers, but was proud to have had Baum as a member and posthumously revived many of his works despite their ephemeral intent. Many of these play's titles are known, but only The Uplift of Lucifer is known to survive (it was published in a limited edition in the 1960s).", "Many of these play's titles are known, but only The Uplift of Lucifer is known to survive (it was published in a limited edition in the 1960s). Prior to that, his last produced play was The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (based on Ozma of Oz and the basis for Tik-Tok of Oz), a modest success in Hollywood that producer Oliver Morosco decided did not do well enough to take to Broadway.", "Prior to that, his last produced play was The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (based on Ozma of Oz and the basis for Tik-Tok of Oz), a modest success in Hollywood that producer Oliver Morosco decided did not do well enough to take to Broadway. Morosco, incidentally, quickly turned to film production, as did Baum.", "Morosco, incidentally, quickly turned to film production, as did Baum. In 1914, Baum started his own film production company The Oz Film Manufacturing Company, which came as an outgrowth of the Uplifters. He served as its president and principal producer and screenwriter.", "He served as its president and principal producer and screenwriter. The rest of the board consisted of Louis F. Gottschalk, Harry Marston Haldeman, and Clarence R. Rundel.", "The rest of the board consisted of Louis F. Gottschalk, Harry Marston Haldeman, and Clarence R. Rundel. The films were directed by J. Farrell MacDonald, with casts that included Violet MacMillan, Vivian Reed, Mildred Harris, Juanita Hansen, Pierre Couderc, Mai Welles, Louise Emmons, J. Charles Haydon, and early appearances by Harold Lloyd and Hal Roach.", "The films were directed by J. Farrell MacDonald, with casts that included Violet MacMillan, Vivian Reed, Mildred Harris, Juanita Hansen, Pierre Couderc, Mai Welles, Louise Emmons, J. Charles Haydon, and early appearances by Harold Lloyd and Hal Roach. Silent film actor Richard Rosson appeared in one of the films (Rosson's younger brother Harold Rosson was the cinematographer on The Wizard of Oz, released in 1939).", "Silent film actor Richard Rosson appeared in one of the films (Rosson's younger brother Harold Rosson was the cinematographer on The Wizard of Oz, released in 1939). After little success probing the unrealized children's film market, Baum acknowledged his authorship of The Last Egyptian and made a film of it (portions of which are included in Decasia), but the Oz name had become box office poison for the time being, and even a name change to Dramatic Feature Films and transfer of ownership to Frank Joslyn Baum did not help.", "After little success probing the unrealized children's film market, Baum acknowledged his authorship of The Last Egyptian and made a film of it (portions of which are included in Decasia), but the Oz name had become box office poison for the time being, and even a name change to Dramatic Feature Films and transfer of ownership to Frank Joslyn Baum did not help. Baum invested none of his own money in the venture, unlike The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays, but the stress probably took its toll on his health.", "Baum invested none of his own money in the venture, unlike The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays, but the stress probably took its toll on his health. Death On May 5, 1919, Baum suffered a stroke, slipped into a coma and died the following day, at the age of 62.", "Death On May 5, 1919, Baum suffered a stroke, slipped into a coma and died the following day, at the age of 62. His last words were spoken to his wife during a brief period of lucidity: \"Now we can cross the Shifting Sands.\"", "His last words were spoken to his wife during a brief period of lucidity: \"Now we can cross the Shifting Sands.\" He was buried in Glendale's Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery. His final Oz book, Glinda of Oz, was published on July 10, 1920, a year after his death.", "His final Oz book, Glinda of Oz, was published on July 10, 1920, a year after his death. The Oz series was continued long after his death by other authors, notably Ruth Plumly Thompson, who wrote an additional twenty-one Oz books.", "The Oz series was continued long after his death by other authors, notably Ruth Plumly Thompson, who wrote an additional twenty-one Oz books. Baum's beliefs Literary Baum's avowed intentions with the Oz books and his other fairy tales was to retell tales such as those which are found in the works of the Brothers Grimm and Hans Christian Andersen, remake them in an American vein, update them, omit stereotypical characters such as dwarfs or genies, and remove the association of violence and moral teachings.", "Baum's beliefs Literary Baum's avowed intentions with the Oz books and his other fairy tales was to retell tales such as those which are found in the works of the Brothers Grimm and Hans Christian Andersen, remake them in an American vein, update them, omit stereotypical characters such as dwarfs or genies, and remove the association of violence and moral teachings. His first Oz books contained a fair amount of violence, but the amount of it decreased as the series progressed; in The Emerald City of Oz, Ozma objects to the use of violence, even to the use of violence against the Nomes who threaten Oz with invasion.", "His first Oz books contained a fair amount of violence, but the amount of it decreased as the series progressed; in The Emerald City of Oz, Ozma objects to the use of violence, even to the use of violence against the Nomes who threaten Oz with invasion. His introduction is often cited as the beginning of the sanitization of children's stories, although he did not do a great deal more than eliminate harsh moral lessons.", "His introduction is often cited as the beginning of the sanitization of children's stories, although he did not do a great deal more than eliminate harsh moral lessons. Another traditional element that Baum intentionally omitted was the emphasis on romance. He considered romantic love to be uninteresting to young children, as well as largely incomprehensible.", "He considered romantic love to be uninteresting to young children, as well as largely incomprehensible. In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the only elements of romance lay in the background of the Tin Woodman and his love for Nimmie Amee, which explains his condition but does not affect the tale in any other way, and the background of Gayelette and the enchantment of the Winged monkeys.", "In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the only elements of romance lay in the background of the Tin Woodman and his love for Nimmie Amee, which explains his condition but does not affect the tale in any other way, and the background of Gayelette and the enchantment of the Winged monkeys. The only other stories with such elements were The Scarecrow of Oz and Tik-Tok of Oz, both of them were based on dramatizations, which Baum regarded warily until his readers accepted them.", "The only other stories with such elements were The Scarecrow of Oz and Tik-Tok of Oz, both of them were based on dramatizations, which Baum regarded warily until his readers accepted them. Political Women's suffrage advocate When Baum lived in Aberdeen, South Dakota, where he was secretary of its Equal Suffrage Club, much of the politics in the Republican Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer dealt with trying to convince the populace to vote for women's suffrage.", "Political Women's suffrage advocate When Baum lived in Aberdeen, South Dakota, where he was secretary of its Equal Suffrage Club, much of the politics in the Republican Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer dealt with trying to convince the populace to vote for women's suffrage. Susan B. Anthony visited Aberdeen and stayed with the Baums.", "Susan B. Anthony visited Aberdeen and stayed with the Baums. Nancy Tystad Koupal notes an apparent loss of interest in editorializing after Aberdeen failed to pass the bill for women's enfranchisement.", "Nancy Tystad Koupal notes an apparent loss of interest in editorializing after Aberdeen failed to pass the bill for women's enfranchisement. Sally Roesch Wagner of The Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation published The Wonderful Mother of Oz, describing how Matilda Gage's feminist politics were sympathetically channeled by Baum into his Oz books.", "Sally Roesch Wagner of The Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation published The Wonderful Mother of Oz, describing how Matilda Gage's feminist politics were sympathetically channeled by Baum into his Oz books. Some of Baum's contacts with suffragists of his day seem to have inspired much of The Marvelous Land of Oz.", "Some of Baum's contacts with suffragists of his day seem to have inspired much of The Marvelous Land of Oz. In this story, General Jinjur leads the girls and women of Oz in a revolt, armed with knitting needles; they succeed and make the men do the household chores.", "In this story, General Jinjur leads the girls and women of Oz in a revolt, armed with knitting needles; they succeed and make the men do the household chores. Jinjur proves to be an incompetent ruler, but Princess Ozma, who advocates gender equality, is ultimately placed on the throne.", "Jinjur proves to be an incompetent ruler, but Princess Ozma, who advocates gender equality, is ultimately placed on the throne. Charlotte Perkins Gilman's 1915 classic of feminist science fiction, Herland, bears strong similarities to The Emerald City of Oz(1910); the link between Baum and Gilman is considered to be Gage.", "Charlotte Perkins Gilman's 1915 classic of feminist science fiction, Herland, bears strong similarities to The Emerald City of Oz(1910); the link between Baum and Gilman is considered to be Gage. Baum's stories outside of Oz also contain feminist or egalitarian themes.", "Baum's stories outside of Oz also contain feminist or egalitarian themes. His Edith Van Dyne stories depict girls and young women engaging in traditionally masculine activities, including Aunt Jane's Nieces and The Flying Girl and its sequel. The Bluebird Books feature a girl sleuth.", "The Bluebird Books feature a girl sleuth. Racial views During the period surrounding the 1890 Ghost Dance movement and Wounded Knee Massacre, Baum wrote two editorials asserting that the safety of white settlers depended on the wholesale genocide of American Indians.", "Racial views During the period surrounding the 1890 Ghost Dance movement and Wounded Knee Massacre, Baum wrote two editorials asserting that the safety of white settlers depended on the wholesale genocide of American Indians. These editorials were re-published in 1990 by sociologist Robert Venables of Cornell University, who argues that Baum was not using sarcasm.", "These editorials were re-published in 1990 by sociologist Robert Venables of Cornell University, who argues that Baum was not using sarcasm. The first piece was published on December 20, 1890, five days after the killing of the Lakota Sioux holy man, Sitting Bull.Rogers, p. 259.", "The first piece was published on December 20, 1890, five days after the killing of the Lakota Sioux holy man, Sitting Bull.Rogers, p. 259. The piece opined that with Sitting Bull's death, \"the nobility of the Redskin\" had been extinguished, and the safety of the frontier would not be established until there was \"total annihilation\" of the remaining Native Americans, who, he claimed, lived as \"miserable wretches.\"", "The piece opined that with Sitting Bull's death, \"the nobility of the Redskin\" had been extinguished, and the safety of the frontier would not be established until there was \"total annihilation\" of the remaining Native Americans, who, he claimed, lived as \"miserable wretches.\" Baum said that their extermination should not be regretted, and their elimination would \"do justice to the manly characteristics\" of their ancestors.", "Baum said that their extermination should not be regretted, and their elimination would \"do justice to the manly characteristics\" of their ancestors. The Wounded Knee Massacre occurred nine days later; the second editorial was published on January 3, 1891. Baum alleged that General Nelson A.", "Baum alleged that General Nelson A. Miles' weak rule of the Native Americans had caused American soldiers to suffer a \"terrible loss of blood\", in a \"battle\" which had been a disgrace to the Department of War. He found that the \"disaster\" could have easily been prevented with proper preparations.", "He found that the \"disaster\" could have easily been prevented with proper preparations. Baum reiterated that he believed, due to the history of mistreatment of Native Americans, that the extermination of the \"untamed and untamable\" tribes was necessary to protect American settlers.", "Baum reiterated that he believed, due to the history of mistreatment of Native Americans, that the extermination of the \"untamed and untamable\" tribes was necessary to protect American settlers. Baum ended the editorial with the following anecdote: \"An eastern contemporary, with a grain of wisdom in its wit, says that 'when the whites win a fight, it is a victory, and when the Indians win it, it is a massacre.'\"", "Baum ended the editorial with the following anecdote: \"An eastern contemporary, with a grain of wisdom in its wit, says that 'when the whites win a fight, it is a victory, and when the Indians win it, it is a massacre.'\" In 2006, two descendants of Baum apologized to the Sioux nation for any hurt that their ancestor had caused.", "In 2006, two descendants of Baum apologized to the Sioux nation for any hurt that their ancestor had caused. The short story \"The Enchanted Buffalo\" claims to be a legend about a tribe of bison, and it states that a key element of it made it into the legends of Native American tribes.", "The short story \"The Enchanted Buffalo\" claims to be a legend about a tribe of bison, and it states that a key element of it made it into the legends of Native American tribes. Baum mentions his characters' distaste for a Hopi snake dance in Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John, but he also deplores the horrible situation which exists on Indian Reservations.", "Baum mentions his characters' distaste for a Hopi snake dance in Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John, but he also deplores the horrible situation which exists on Indian Reservations. Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch features a hard-working Mexican in order to disprove Anglo stereotypes which portray Mexicans as lazy.", "Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch features a hard-working Mexican in order to disprove Anglo stereotypes which portray Mexicans as lazy. Baum's mother-in-law and woman's suffrage leader Matilda Joslyn Gage strongly influenced his views.", "Baum's mother-in-law and woman's suffrage leader Matilda Joslyn Gage strongly influenced his views. Gage was initiated into the Wolf Clan and admitted into the Iroquois Council of Matrons in recognition of her outspoken respect and sympathy for Native American people.", "Gage was initiated into the Wolf Clan and admitted into the Iroquois Council of Matrons in recognition of her outspoken respect and sympathy for Native American people. Political imagery in The Wizard of Oz Numerous political references to the \"Wizard\" appeared early in the 20th century.", "Political imagery in The Wizard of Oz Numerous political references to the \"Wizard\" appeared early in the 20th century. Henry Littlefield, an upstate New York high school history teacher, wrote a scholarly article in 1964, the first full-fledged interpretation of the novel as an extended metaphor of the politics and characters of the 1890s.", "Henry Littlefield, an upstate New York high school history teacher, wrote a scholarly article in 1964, the first full-fledged interpretation of the novel as an extended metaphor of the politics and characters of the 1890s. He paid special attention to the Populist metaphors and debates over silver and gold.", "He paid special attention to the Populist metaphors and debates over silver and gold. Baum was a Republican and avid supporter of women's suffrage, and it is thought that he did not support the political ideals of either the Populist movement of 1890–1892 or the Bryanite silver crusade of 1896–1900. He published a poem in support of William McKinley.", "He published a poem in support of William McKinley. Since 1964, many scholars, economists, and historians have expanded on Littlefield's interpretation, pointing to multiple similarities between the characters (especially as depicted in Denslow's illustrations) and stock figures from editorial cartoons of the period.", "Since 1964, many scholars, economists, and historians have expanded on Littlefield's interpretation, pointing to multiple similarities between the characters (especially as depicted in Denslow's illustrations) and stock figures from editorial cartoons of the period. Littlefield wrote to The New York Times letters to the editor section spelling out that his theory had no basis in fact, but that his original point was \"not to label Baum, or to lessen any of his magic, but rather, as a history teacher at Mount Vernon High School, to invest turn-of-the-century America with the imagery and wonder I have always found in his stories.\"", "Littlefield wrote to The New York Times letters to the editor section spelling out that his theory had no basis in fact, but that his original point was \"not to label Baum, or to lessen any of his magic, but rather, as a history teacher at Mount Vernon High School, to invest turn-of-the-century America with the imagery and wonder I have always found in his stories.\" Baum's newspaper had addressed politics in the 1890s, and Denslow was an editorial cartoonist as well as an illustrator of children's books.", "Baum's newspaper had addressed politics in the 1890s, and Denslow was an editorial cartoonist as well as an illustrator of children's books. A series of political references is included in the 1902 stage version, such as references to the President, to a powerful senator, and to John D. Rockefeller for providing the oil needed by the Tin Woodman.", "A series of political references is included in the 1902 stage version, such as references to the President, to a powerful senator, and to John D. Rockefeller for providing the oil needed by the Tin Woodman. Scholars have found few political references in Baum's Oz books after 1902.", "Scholars have found few political references in Baum's Oz books after 1902. Baum was asked whether his stories had hidden meanings, but he always replied that they were written to \"please children\". Religion Baum was originally a Methodist, but he joined the Episcopal Church in Aberdeen in order to participate in community theatricals.", "Religion Baum was originally a Methodist, but he joined the Episcopal Church in Aberdeen in order to participate in community theatricals. Later, he and his wife were encouraged to become members of the Theosophical Society in 1892 by Matilda Joslyn Gage.", "Later, he and his wife were encouraged to become members of the Theosophical Society in 1892 by Matilda Joslyn Gage. Baum's beliefs are frequently reflected in his writings; however, the only mention of a church in his Oz books is the porcelain one which the Cowardly Lion breaks in the Dainty China Country in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.", "Baum's beliefs are frequently reflected in his writings; however, the only mention of a church in his Oz books is the porcelain one which the Cowardly Lion breaks in the Dainty China Country in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The Baums sent their older sons to \"Ethical Culture Sunday School\" in Chicago, which taught morality, not religion.Michael Patrick Hearn.", "The Baums sent their older sons to \"Ethical Culture Sunday School\" in Chicago, which taught morality, not religion.Michael Patrick Hearn. The Annotated Wizard of Oz. 2nd Edition. 2000. pp. 7, 271, 328.", "7, 271, 328. 7, 271, 328. Writers including Evan I. Schwartz among others have suggested that Baum intentionally used allegory and symbolism in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to convey concepts that are central to spiritual teachings such as Theosophy and Buddhism.", "Writers including Evan I. Schwartz among others have suggested that Baum intentionally used allegory and symbolism in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to convey concepts that are central to spiritual teachings such as Theosophy and Buddhism. They postulate that the main characters’ experiences in Oz represent the soul’s journey toward enlightenment.", "They postulate that the main characters’ experiences in Oz represent the soul’s journey toward enlightenment. Schwartz specifically states that key plot elements of the book take “the reader on a journey guided by Eastern philosophy” (Schwartz, p. 265).", "Schwartz specifically states that key plot elements of the book take “the reader on a journey guided by Eastern philosophy” (Schwartz, p. 265). An article in BBC Culture lists several allegorical interpretations of the book including that it may be viewed as a parable of Theosophy.", "An article in BBC Culture lists several allegorical interpretations of the book including that it may be viewed as a parable of Theosophy. The article cites various symbols and their possible meanings, for example the Yellow Brick Road representing the ‘Golden Path’ in Buddhism, along which the soul travels to a state of spiritual realization.", "The article cites various symbols and their possible meanings, for example the Yellow Brick Road representing the ‘Golden Path’ in Buddhism, along which the soul travels to a state of spiritual realization. Baum’s own writing suggests he believed the story may have been divinely inspired: “It was pure inspiration.", "Baum’s own writing suggests he believed the story may have been divinely inspired: “It was pure inspiration. It came to me right out of the blue. I think that sometimes the Great Author had a message to get across and He was to use the instrument at hand”.", "I think that sometimes the Great Author had a message to get across and He was to use the instrument at hand”. Bibliography Works Mother Goose in Prose (1897) By the Candelabra's Glare (1898) Father Goose: His Book (1899) A New Wonderland (1900) The Army Alphabet (1900) The Navy Alphabet (1900) American Fairy Tales (1901) The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Egypt (1908) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Panama (1908) Fortune Hunters in China The Boy Fortune Hunters in the South Seas (1911) The Sea Fairies (1911) Sky Island (1912) Queen Zixi of Ix (1905) The Fate of a Crown (1905) Sam Steele's Adventures on Land and Sea (1906) Daughters of Destiny (novel) (1906) The Last Egyptian (1907) Land of Oz worksThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904)Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1905, comic strip depicting 27 stories)The Woggle-Bug Book (1905)Ozma of Oz (1907)Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908)The Road to Oz (1909)The Emerald City of Oz (1910)The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913)Little Wizard Stories of Oz (1913, collection of 6 short stories)Tik-Tok of Oz (1914)The Scarecrow of Oz (1915)Rinkitink in Oz (1916)The Lost Princess of Oz (1917)The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918)The Magic of Oz (1919, posthumously published)Glinda of Oz (1920, posthumously published) 1921's The Royal Book of Oz was posthumously attributed to Baum but was entirely the work of Ruth Plumly Thompson.", "Bibliography Works Mother Goose in Prose (1897) By the Candelabra's Glare (1898) Father Goose: His Book (1899) A New Wonderland (1900) The Army Alphabet (1900) The Navy Alphabet (1900) American Fairy Tales (1901) The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Egypt (1908) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Panama (1908) Fortune Hunters in China The Boy Fortune Hunters in the South Seas (1911) The Sea Fairies (1911) Sky Island (1912) Queen Zixi of Ix (1905) The Fate of a Crown (1905) Sam Steele's Adventures on Land and Sea (1906) Daughters of Destiny (novel) (1906) The Last Egyptian (1907) Land of Oz worksThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904)Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1905, comic strip depicting 27 stories)The Woggle-Bug Book (1905)Ozma of Oz (1907)Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908)The Road to Oz (1909)The Emerald City of Oz (1910)The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913)Little Wizard Stories of Oz (1913, collection of 6 short stories)Tik-Tok of Oz (1914)The Scarecrow of Oz (1915)Rinkitink in Oz (1916)The Lost Princess of Oz (1917)The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918)The Magic of Oz (1919, posthumously published)Glinda of Oz (1920, posthumously published) 1921's The Royal Book of Oz was posthumously attributed to Baum but was entirely the work of Ruth Plumly Thompson. Popular culture and legacy A 1970 episode of the long-running American Western anthology series Death Valley Days presents a highly romanticized portrayal of Baum's time in South Dakota.", "Popular culture and legacy A 1970 episode of the long-running American Western anthology series Death Valley Days presents a highly romanticized portrayal of Baum's time in South Dakota. The comedic teleplay, titled \"The Wizard of Aberdeen\", stars Conlan Carter as Baum and Beverlee McKinsey as Maud.", "The comedic teleplay, titled \"The Wizard of Aberdeen\", stars Conlan Carter as Baum and Beverlee McKinsey as Maud. Although the 30-minute presentation touches on Baum's family life and his struggles in Aberdeen as a newspaper editor, it focuses principally on his storytelling to local children about characters in a distant land he initially refers to as \"Ooz\".", "Although the 30-minute presentation touches on Baum's family life and his struggles in Aberdeen as a newspaper editor, it focuses principally on his storytelling to local children about characters in a distant land he initially refers to as \"Ooz\". John Ritter portrayed Baum in the television film The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990).", "John Ritter portrayed Baum in the television film The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990). The theme park Storybook Land, located in Aberdeen, South Dakota, features the Land of Oz, with characters and attractions from the books.", "The theme park Storybook Land, located in Aberdeen, South Dakota, features the Land of Oz, with characters and attractions from the books. In the short-lived 2008 TV series Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, the show's protagonist John Connor enrolls in high school under the name of \"John Baum\" (after L. Frank Baum) to keep his true identity a secret.", "In the short-lived 2008 TV series Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, the show's protagonist John Connor enrolls in high school under the name of \"John Baum\" (after L. Frank Baum) to keep his true identity a secret. His mother Sarah had mentioned to Cameron that The Wonderful Wizard Of Oz was John's favorite book when he was younger.", "His mother Sarah had mentioned to Cameron that The Wonderful Wizard Of Oz was John's favorite book when he was younger. In 2013, Baum was inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. Chittenango, New York holds a three-day annual festival called Oz-Stravaganza!", "Chittenango, New York holds a three-day annual festival called Oz-Stravaganza! to celebrate the literary works of author L. Frank Baum, who was born in Chittenango on May 15, 1856. The children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was published on May 17, 1900.", "The children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was published on May 17, 1900. The weekend-long festival, usually held during the first Saturday of June and the weekend thereof, includes a parade, which features many community groups.", "The weekend-long festival, usually held during the first Saturday of June and the weekend thereof, includes a parade, which features many community groups. The parade has also featured actors and actresses who played Munchkins in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, including Jerry Maren, Karl Slover, Meinhardt Raabe, and Margaret Williams Pellegrini.", "The parade has also featured actors and actresses who played Munchkins in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, including Jerry Maren, Karl Slover, Meinhardt Raabe, and Margaret Williams Pellegrini. See also Notes References Algeo, John. \"A Notable Theosophist: L. Frank Baum.\" American Theosophist, Vol.", "American Theosophist, Vol. American Theosophist, Vol. 74 (August–September 1986), pp. 270–3. Attebery, Brian. The Fantasy Tradition in American Literature. Bloomington, IN, Indiana University Press, 1980. Baum, Frank Joslyn, and Russell P. Macfall. To Please a Child. Chicago, Reilly & Lee, 1961.", "Chicago, Reilly & Lee, 1961. Baum, L. Frank. The Annotated Wizard of Oz. Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Michael Patrick Hearn. New York, Clarkson N. Potter, 1973. Revised 2000. New York, W.W. Norton, 2000. Ford, Alla T. The High-Jinks of L. Frank Baum.", "Ford, Alla T. The High-Jinks of L. Frank Baum. Hong Kong, Ford Press, 1969. Ford, Alla T. The Musical Fantasies of L. Frank Baum. Lake Worth, FL, Ford Press, 1969. Gardner, Martin, and Russel B. Nye. The Wizard of Oz and Who He Was.", "The Wizard of Oz and Who He Was. East Lansing, MI, Michigan State University Press, 1957. Revised 1994. Hearn, Michael Patrick. The Critical Heritage Edition of the Wizard of Oz. New York, Schocken, 1986. Koupal, Nancy Tystad. Baum's Road to Oz: The Dakota Years.", "Baum's Road to Oz: The Dakota Years. Pierre, SD, South Dakota State Historical Society, 2000. Koupal, Nancy Tystad. Our Landlady. Lawrence, KS, University of Nebraska Press, 1986. Parker, David B.", "Parker, David B. Parker, David B. The Rise and Fall of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a \"Parable on Populism\" Journal of the Georgia Association of Historians, vol. 15 (1994), pp. 49–63.", "15 (1994), pp. 49–63. 49–63. Reneau, Reneau H. \"Misanthropology: A Florilegium of Bahumbuggery\" Inglewood, CA, donlazaro translations, 2004, pp. 155–164 Reneau, Reneau H. \"A Newer Testament: Misanthropology Unleashed\" Inglewood, CA, donlazaro translations, 2008, pp.", "155–164 Reneau, Reneau H. \"A Newer Testament: Misanthropology Unleashed\" Inglewood, CA, donlazaro translations, 2008, pp. 129–147 Riley, Michael O. Oz and Beyond: The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum. Lawrence, KS, University of Kansas Press, 1997.", "Lawrence, KS, University of Kansas Press, 1997. Rogers, Katharine M. L. Frank Baum, Creator of Oz: A Biography. New York, St. Martin's Press, 2002. Sale, Roger. Fairy Tales and After: From Snow White to E. B. White. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University press, 1978.", "Cambridge, MA, Harvard University press, 1978. Schwartz, Evan I. Finding Oz: How L. Frank Baum Discovered the Great American Story. New York, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009 Wagner, Sally Roesch. The Wonderful Mother of Oz. Fayetteville, NY: The Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation, 2003. Wilgus, Neal.", "Wilgus, Neal. Wilgus, Neal. \"Classic American Fairy Tales: The Fantasies of L. Frank Baum\" in Darrell Schweitzer (ed) Discovering Classic Fantasy Fiction'', Gillette NJ: Wildside Press, 1996, pp. 113–121.", "113–121. 113–121. External links The Complete Oz Works L. Frank Baum Papers at Syracuse University Bibliography (Baum and Oz) The International Wizard of Oz Club, Inc.", "External links The Complete Oz Works L. Frank Baum Papers at Syracuse University Bibliography (Baum and Oz) The International Wizard of Oz Club, Inc. Wonderful Wizard of Oz Website Copyright Registration Application from Claimant L. Frank Baum for The wonderful Wizard of Oz From the Collections at the Library of Congress Finding aid to Roland Orvil Baughman collection about L. Frank Baum at Columbia University, Rare Book & Manuscript Library 1856 births 1919 deaths 19th-century American male actors 19th-century American newspaper editors 19th-century American newspaper publishers (people) 19th-century American novelists 20th-century American novelists 19th-century male writers 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American poets American male short story writers 20th-century American male actors American children's writers American fantasy writers American feminist writers American film producers American Methodists American people of English descent American people of German descent American people of Scotch-Irish descent American male silent film actors American male stage actors American suffragists American Theosophists Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) Children's poets Male feminists Oz (franchise) People from Aberdeen, South Dakota People from Chittenango, New York Peekskill Military Academy alumni Writers from Syracuse, New York Silent film directors Writers from Chicago New York (state) Republicans South Dakota Republicans California Republicans American male poets American male novelists Journalists from South Dakota Journalists from New York (state) Stamp dealers Novelists from Illinois American male non-fiction writers Male novelists 19th-century pseudonymous writers 20th-century pseudonymous writers" ]

[ "L. Frank Baum", "The South Dakota years", "What is important about the south dakota years?", "Baum was born in Chittenango, New York in 1856 into a devout Methodist family.", "Who were his parents?", "Cynthia Ann (nee Stanton) and Benjamin Ward Baum,", "Did he have siblings?", "and was the seventh of nine children", "Where did he go to school?", "From the age of 12, he spent two miserable years at Peekskill Military Academy but,", "where did he go after that?", "after being severely disciplined for daydreaming, he had a possibly psychogenic heart attack and was allowed to return home.", "What else did he do during this time?", "Baum started writing early in life, possibly prompted by his father buying him a cheap printing press.", "What did he write during this time?", "The brothers published several issues of the journal, including advertisements from local businesses," ]

[ "What Else Do You Do? (A Compilation of Quiet Music) is a various artists compilation album, released in 1990 by Shimmy Disc.\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel \nAdapted from the What Else Do You Do? (A Compilation of Quiet Music) liner notes.\n Kramer – production, engineering\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\n1990 compilation albums\nAlbums produced by Kramer (musician)\nShimmy Disc compilation albums", "Do You Know What I'm Going To Do Next Saturday? is a 1963 children's book published by Beginner Books and written by Helen Palmer Geisel, the first wife of Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss). Unlike most of the Beginner Books, Do You Know What I'm Going To Do Next Saturday? did not follow the format of text with inline drawings, being illustrated with black-and-white photographs by Lynn Fayman, featuring a boy named Rawli Davis. It is sometimes misattributed to Dr. Seuss himself. The book's cover features a photograph of a young boy sitting at a breakfast table with a huge pile of pancakes.\n\nActivities mentioned in the book include bowling, water skiing, marching, boxing, and shooting guns with the United States Marines, and eating more spaghetti \"than anyone else has eaten before.\n\nHelen Palmer's photograph-based children's books did not prove to be as popular as the more traditional text-and-illustrations format; however, Do You Know What I'm Going To Do Next Saturday received positive reviews and was listed by The New York Times as one of the best children's books of 1963. The book is currently out of print.\n\nReferences\n\n1963 children's books\nAmerican picture books" ]

[ "Lyman Frank Baum (; May 15, 1856 – May 6, 1919) was an American author best known for his children's books, particularly The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and its sequels. He wrote 14 novels in the Oz series, plus 41 other novels (not including four lost, unpublished novels), 83 short stories, over 200 poems, and at least 42 scripts.", "He wrote 14 novels in the Oz series, plus 41 other novels (not including four lost, unpublished novels), 83 short stories, over 200 poems, and at least 42 scripts. He made numerous attempts to bring his works to the stage and screen; the 1939 adaptation of the first Oz book became a landmark of 20th-century cinema.", "He made numerous attempts to bring his works to the stage and screen; the 1939 adaptation of the first Oz book became a landmark of 20th-century cinema. Born and raised in upstate New York, Baum moved west after an unsuccessful stint as a theater producer and playwright.", "Born and raised in upstate New York, Baum moved west after an unsuccessful stint as a theater producer and playwright. He and his wife opened a store in South Dakota and he edited and published a newspaper.", "He and his wife opened a store in South Dakota and he edited and published a newspaper. They then moved to Chicago, where he worked as a newspaper reporter and published children's literature, coming out with the first Oz book in 1900.", "They then moved to Chicago, where he worked as a newspaper reporter and published children's literature, coming out with the first Oz book in 1900. While continuing his writing, among his final projects he sought to establish a movie studio focused on children's films in Los Angeles, California.", "While continuing his writing, among his final projects he sought to establish a movie studio focused on children's films in Los Angeles, California. His works anticipated such later commonplaces as television, augmented reality, laptop computers (The Master Key), wireless telephones (Tik-Tok of Oz), women in high-risk and action-heavy occupations (Mary Louise in the Country), and the ubiquity of clothes advertising (Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work).", "His works anticipated such later commonplaces as television, augmented reality, laptop computers (The Master Key), wireless telephones (Tik-Tok of Oz), women in high-risk and action-heavy occupations (Mary Louise in the Country), and the ubiquity of clothes advertising (Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work). Childhood and early life Baum was born in Chittenango, New York, in 1856 into a devout Methodist family.", "Childhood and early life Baum was born in Chittenango, New York, in 1856 into a devout Methodist family. He had German, Scots-Irish, and English ancestry. He was the seventh of nine children of Cynthia Ann (née Stanton) and Benjamin Ward Baum, only five of whom survived into adulthood.", "He was the seventh of nine children of Cynthia Ann (née Stanton) and Benjamin Ward Baum, only five of whom survived into adulthood. \"Lyman\" was the name of his father's brother, but he always disliked it and preferred his middle name \"Frank\".", "\"Lyman\" was the name of his father's brother, but he always disliked it and preferred his middle name \"Frank\". His father succeeded in many businesses, including barrel-making, oil drilling in Pennsylvania, and real estate.", "His father succeeded in many businesses, including barrel-making, oil drilling in Pennsylvania, and real estate. Baum grew up on his parents' expansive estate called Rose Lawn, which he fondly recalled as a sort of paradise. Rose Lawn was located in Mattydale, New York.", "Rose Lawn was located in Mattydale, New York. Frank was a sickly, dreamy child, tutored at home with his siblings. From the age of 12, he spent two miserable years at Peekskill Military Academy but, after being severely disciplined for daydreaming, he had a possibly psychogenic heart attack and was allowed to return home.", "From the age of 12, he spent two miserable years at Peekskill Military Academy but, after being severely disciplined for daydreaming, he had a possibly psychogenic heart attack and was allowed to return home. Baum started writing early in life, possibly prompted by his father buying him a cheap printing press.", "Baum started writing early in life, possibly prompted by his father buying him a cheap printing press. He had always been close to his younger brother Henry (Harry) Clay Baum, who helped in the production of The Rose Lawn Home Journal.", "He had always been close to his younger brother Henry (Harry) Clay Baum, who helped in the production of The Rose Lawn Home Journal. The brothers published several issues of the journal, including advertisements from local businesses, which they gave to family and friends for free.", "The brothers published several issues of the journal, including advertisements from local businesses, which they gave to family and friends for free. By the age of 17, Baum established a second amateur journal called The Stamp Collector, printed an 11-page pamphlet called Baum's Complete Stamp Dealers' Directory, and started a stamp dealership with friends.", "By the age of 17, Baum established a second amateur journal called The Stamp Collector, printed an 11-page pamphlet called Baum's Complete Stamp Dealers' Directory, and started a stamp dealership with friends. At 20, Baum took on the national craze of breeding fancy poultry. He specialized in raising the Hamburg chicken.", "He specialized in raising the Hamburg chicken. In March 1880, he established a monthly trade journal, The Poultry Record, and in 1886, when Baum was 30 years old, his first book was published: The Book of the Hamburgs: A Brief Treatise upon the Mating, Rearing, and Management of the Different Varieties of Hamburgs.", "In March 1880, he established a monthly trade journal, The Poultry Record, and in 1886, when Baum was 30 years old, his first book was published: The Book of the Hamburgs: A Brief Treatise upon the Mating, Rearing, and Management of the Different Varieties of Hamburgs. Baum had a flair for being the spotlight of fun in the household, including during times of financial difficulties.", "Baum had a flair for being the spotlight of fun in the household, including during times of financial difficulties. His selling of fireworks made the Fourth of July memorable. His skyrockets, Roman candles, and fireworks filled the sky, while many people around the neighborhood would gather in front of the house to watch the displays.", "His skyrockets, Roman candles, and fireworks filled the sky, while many people around the neighborhood would gather in front of the house to watch the displays. Christmas was even more festive. Baum dressed as Santa Claus for the family.", "Baum dressed as Santa Claus for the family. His father would place the Christmas tree behind a curtain in the front parlor so that Baum could talk to everyone while he decorated the tree without people managing to see him. He maintained this tradition all his life. Career Theater Baum embarked on his lifetime infatuation—and wavering financial success—with the theater.", "Career Theater Baum embarked on his lifetime infatuation—and wavering financial success—with the theater. A local theatrical company duped him into replenishing their stock of costumes on the promise of leading roles coming his way. Disillusioned, Baum left the theater—temporarily—and went to work as a clerk in his brother-in-law's dry goods company in Syracuse.", "Disillusioned, Baum left the theater—temporarily—and went to work as a clerk in his brother-in-law's dry goods company in Syracuse. This experience may have influenced his story \"The Suicide of Kiaros\", first published in the literary journal The White Elephant.", "This experience may have influenced his story \"The Suicide of Kiaros\", first published in the literary journal The White Elephant. A fellow clerk one day had been found locked in a store room dead, probably from suicide. Baum could never stay away long from the stage.", "Baum could never stay away long from the stage. He performed in plays under the stage names of Louis F. Baum and George Brooks. In 1880, his father built him a theater in Richburg, New York, and Baum set about writing plays and gathering a company to act in them.", "In 1880, his father built him a theater in Richburg, New York, and Baum set about writing plays and gathering a company to act in them. The Maid of Arran proved a modest success, a melodrama with songs based on William Black's novel A Princess of Thule.", "The Maid of Arran proved a modest success, a melodrama with songs based on William Black's novel A Princess of Thule. Baum wrote the play and composed songs for it (making it a prototypical musical, as its songs relate to the narrative), and acted in the leading role.", "Baum wrote the play and composed songs for it (making it a prototypical musical, as its songs relate to the narrative), and acted in the leading role. His aunt Katharine Gray played his character's aunt.", "His aunt Katharine Gray played his character's aunt. She was the founder of Syracuse Oratory School, and Baum advertised his services in her catalog to teach theater, including stage business, play writing, directing, translating (French, German, and Italian), revision, and operettas.", "She was the founder of Syracuse Oratory School, and Baum advertised his services in her catalog to teach theater, including stage business, play writing, directing, translating (French, German, and Italian), revision, and operettas. On November 9, 1882, Baum married Maud Gage, a daughter of Matilda Joslyn Gage, a famous women's suffrage and feminist activist.", "On November 9, 1882, Baum married Maud Gage, a daughter of Matilda Joslyn Gage, a famous women's suffrage and feminist activist. While Baum was touring with The Maid of Arran, the theater in Richburg caught fire during a production of Baum's ironically titled parlor drama Matches, destroying the theater as well as the only known copies of many of Baum's scripts, including Matches, as well as costumes.", "While Baum was touring with The Maid of Arran, the theater in Richburg caught fire during a production of Baum's ironically titled parlor drama Matches, destroying the theater as well as the only known copies of many of Baum's scripts, including Matches, as well as costumes. The South Dakota years In July 1888, Baum and his wife moved to Aberdeen, Dakota Territory where he opened a store called \"Baum's Bazaar\".", "The South Dakota years In July 1888, Baum and his wife moved to Aberdeen, Dakota Territory where he opened a store called \"Baum's Bazaar\". His habit of giving out wares on credit led to the eventual bankrupting of the store, so Baum turned to editing the local newspaper The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer where he wrote the column Our Landlady.", "His habit of giving out wares on credit led to the eventual bankrupting of the store, so Baum turned to editing the local newspaper The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer where he wrote the column Our Landlady. Following the death of Sitting Bull at the hands of Indian agency police, Baum urged the wholesale extermination of all America's native peoples in a column that he wrote on December 20, 1890 (full text below).", "Following the death of Sitting Bull at the hands of Indian agency police, Baum urged the wholesale extermination of all America's native peoples in a column that he wrote on December 20, 1890 (full text below). On January 3, 1891, he returned to the subject in an editorial response to the Wounded Knee Massacre: The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extirmination of the Indians.", "On January 3, 1891, he returned to the subject in an editorial response to the Wounded Knee Massacre: The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extirmination of the Indians. Having wronged them for centuries, we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth.", "Having wronged them for centuries, we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth. Baum's description of Kansas in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is based on his experiences in drought-ridden South Dakota.", "Baum's description of Kansas in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is based on his experiences in drought-ridden South Dakota. During much of this time, Matilda Joslyn Gage was living in the Baum household.", "During much of this time, Matilda Joslyn Gage was living in the Baum household. While Baum was in South Dakota, he sang in a quartet which included James Kyle, who became one of the first Populist (People's Party) Senators in the U.S.", "While Baum was in South Dakota, he sang in a quartet which included James Kyle, who became one of the first Populist (People's Party) Senators in the U.S. Writing Baum's newspaper failed in 1891, and he, Maud, and their four sons moved to the Humboldt Park section of Chicago, where Baum took a job reporting for the Evening Post.", "Writing Baum's newspaper failed in 1891, and he, Maud, and their four sons moved to the Humboldt Park section of Chicago, where Baum took a job reporting for the Evening Post. Beginning in 1897, he founded and edited a magazine called The Show Window, later known as the Merchants Record and Show Window, which focused on store window displays, retail strategies and visual merchandising.", "Beginning in 1897, he founded and edited a magazine called The Show Window, later known as the Merchants Record and Show Window, which focused on store window displays, retail strategies and visual merchandising. The major department stores of the time created elaborate Christmas time fantasies, using clockwork mechanisms that made people and animals appear to move.", "The major department stores of the time created elaborate Christmas time fantasies, using clockwork mechanisms that made people and animals appear to move. The former Show Window magazine is still currently in operation, now known as VMSD magazine (visual merchandising + store design), based in Cincinnati.", "The former Show Window magazine is still currently in operation, now known as VMSD magazine (visual merchandising + store design), based in Cincinnati. In 1900, Baum published a book about window displays in which he stressed the importance of mannequins in drawing customers. He also had to work as a traveling salesman.", "He also had to work as a traveling salesman. In 1897, he wrote and published Mother Goose in Prose, a collection of Mother Goose rhymes written as prose stories and illustrated by Maxfield Parrish. Mother Goose was a moderate success and allowed Baum to quit his sales job (which had had a negative impact on his health).", "Mother Goose was a moderate success and allowed Baum to quit his sales job (which had had a negative impact on his health). In 1899, Baum partnered with illustrator W. W. Denslow to publish Father Goose, His Book, a collection of nonsense poetry.", "In 1899, Baum partnered with illustrator W. W. Denslow to publish Father Goose, His Book, a collection of nonsense poetry. The book was a success, becoming the best-selling children's book of the year.", "The book was a success, becoming the best-selling children's book of the year. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz In 1900, Baum and Denslow (with whom he shared the copyright) published The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to much critical acclaim and financial success.", "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz In 1900, Baum and Denslow (with whom he shared the copyright) published The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to much critical acclaim and financial success. The book was the best-selling children's book for two years after its initial publication.", "The book was the best-selling children's book for two years after its initial publication. Baum went on to write thirteen more novels based on the places and people of the Land of Oz.", "Baum went on to write thirteen more novels based on the places and people of the Land of Oz. The Wizard of Oz: Fred R. Hamlin's Musical Extravaganza Two years after Wizard publication, Baum and Denslow teamed up with composer Paul Tietjens and director Julian Mitchell to produce a musical stage version of the book under Fred R. Hamlin.", "The Wizard of Oz: Fred R. Hamlin's Musical Extravaganza Two years after Wizard publication, Baum and Denslow teamed up with composer Paul Tietjens and director Julian Mitchell to produce a musical stage version of the book under Fred R. Hamlin. Baum and Tietjens had worked on a musical of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz in 1901 and based closely upon the book, but it was rejected.", "Baum and Tietjens had worked on a musical of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz in 1901 and based closely upon the book, but it was rejected. This stage version opened in Chicago in 1902 (the first to use the shortened title \"The Wizard of Oz\"), then ran on Broadway for 293 stage nights from January to October 1903.", "This stage version opened in Chicago in 1902 (the first to use the shortened title \"The Wizard of Oz\"), then ran on Broadway for 293 stage nights from January to October 1903. It returned to Broadway in 1904, where it played from March to May and again from November to December.", "It returned to Broadway in 1904, where it played from March to May and again from November to December. It successfully toured the United States with much of the same cast, as was done in those days, until 1911, and then became available for amateur use.", "It successfully toured the United States with much of the same cast, as was done in those days, until 1911, and then became available for amateur use. The stage version starred Anna Laughlin as Dorothy Gale, alongside David C. Montgomery and Fred Stone as the Tin Woodman and Scarecrow respectively, which shot the pair to instant fame.", "The stage version starred Anna Laughlin as Dorothy Gale, alongside David C. Montgomery and Fred Stone as the Tin Woodman and Scarecrow respectively, which shot the pair to instant fame. The stage version differed quite a bit from the book, and was aimed primarily at adults.", "The stage version differed quite a bit from the book, and was aimed primarily at adults. Toto was replaced with Imogene the Cow, and Tryxie Tryfle (a waitress) and Pastoria (a streetcar operator) were added as fellow cyclone victims.", "Toto was replaced with Imogene the Cow, and Tryxie Tryfle (a waitress) and Pastoria (a streetcar operator) were added as fellow cyclone victims. The Wicked Witch of the West was eliminated entirely in the script, and the plot became about how the four friends were allied with the usurping Wizard and were hunted as traitors to Pastoria II, the rightful King of Oz.", "The Wicked Witch of the West was eliminated entirely in the script, and the plot became about how the four friends were allied with the usurping Wizard and were hunted as traitors to Pastoria II, the rightful King of Oz. It is unclear how much control or influence Baum had on the script; it appears that many of the changes were written by Baum against his wishes due to contractual requirements with Hamlin.", "It is unclear how much control or influence Baum had on the script; it appears that many of the changes were written by Baum against his wishes due to contractual requirements with Hamlin. Jokes in the script, mostly written by Glen MacDonough, called for explicit references to President Theodore Roosevelt, Senator Mark Hanna, Rev.", "Jokes in the script, mostly written by Glen MacDonough, called for explicit references to President Theodore Roosevelt, Senator Mark Hanna, Rev. Andrew Danquer, and oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller. Although use of the script was rather free-form, the line about Hanna was ordered dropped as soon as Hamlin got word of his death in 1904.", "Although use of the script was rather free-form, the line about Hanna was ordered dropped as soon as Hamlin got word of his death in 1904. Beginning with the success of the stage version, most subsequent versions of the story, including newer editions of the novel, have been titled \"The Wizard of Oz\", rather than using the full, original title.", "Beginning with the success of the stage version, most subsequent versions of the story, including newer editions of the novel, have been titled \"The Wizard of Oz\", rather than using the full, original title. In more recent years, restoring the full title has become increasingly common, particularly to distinguish the novel from the Hollywood film.", "In more recent years, restoring the full title has become increasingly common, particularly to distinguish the novel from the Hollywood film. Baum wrote a new Oz book, The Marvelous Land of Oz, with a view to making it into a stage production, which was titled The Woggle-Bug, but Montgomery and Stone balked at appearing when the original was still running.", "Baum wrote a new Oz book, The Marvelous Land of Oz, with a view to making it into a stage production, which was titled The Woggle-Bug, but Montgomery and Stone balked at appearing when the original was still running. The Scarecrow and Tin Woodman were then omitted from this adaptation, which was seen as a self-rip-off by critics and proved to be a major flop before it could reach Broadway.", "The Scarecrow and Tin Woodman were then omitted from this adaptation, which was seen as a self-rip-off by critics and proved to be a major flop before it could reach Broadway. He also worked for years on a musical version of Ozma of Oz, which eventually became The Tik-Tok Man of Oz.", "He also worked for years on a musical version of Ozma of Oz, which eventually became The Tik-Tok Man of Oz. This did fairly well in Los Angeles, but not well enough to convince producer Oliver Morosco to mount a production in New York.", "This did fairly well in Los Angeles, but not well enough to convince producer Oliver Morosco to mount a production in New York. He also began a stage version of The Patchwork Girl of Oz, but this was ultimately realized as a film.", "He also began a stage version of The Patchwork Girl of Oz, but this was ultimately realized as a film. Later life and work With the success of Wizard on page and stage, Baum and Denslow hoped for further success and published Dot and Tot of Merryland in 1901.", "Later life and work With the success of Wizard on page and stage, Baum and Denslow hoped for further success and published Dot and Tot of Merryland in 1901. The book was one of Baum's weakest, and its failure further strained his faltering relationship with Denslow. It was their last collaboration.", "It was their last collaboration. It was their last collaboration. Baum worked primarily with John R. Neill on his fantasy work beginning in 1904, but Baum met Neill few times (all before he moved to California) and often found Neill's art not humorous enough for his liking.", "Baum worked primarily with John R. Neill on his fantasy work beginning in 1904, but Baum met Neill few times (all before he moved to California) and often found Neill's art not humorous enough for his liking. He was particularly offended when Neill published The Oz Toy Book: Cut-outs for the Kiddies without authorization.", "He was particularly offended when Neill published The Oz Toy Book: Cut-outs for the Kiddies without authorization. Baum reportedly designed the chandeliers in the Crown Room of the Hotel del Coronado; however, that attribution has yet to be corroborated.", "Baum reportedly designed the chandeliers in the Crown Room of the Hotel del Coronado; however, that attribution has yet to be corroborated. Several times during the development of the Oz series, Baum declared that he had written his last Oz book and devoted himself to other works of fantasy fiction based in other magical lands, including The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus and Queen Zixi of Ix.", "Several times during the development of the Oz series, Baum declared that he had written his last Oz book and devoted himself to other works of fantasy fiction based in other magical lands, including The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus and Queen Zixi of Ix. However, he returned to the series each time, persuaded by popular demand, letters from children, and the failure of his new books.", "However, he returned to the series each time, persuaded by popular demand, letters from children, and the failure of his new books. Even so, his other works remained very popular after his death, with The Master Key appearing on St. Nicholas Magazine's survey of readers' favorite books well into the 1920s.", "Even so, his other works remained very popular after his death, with The Master Key appearing on St. Nicholas Magazine's survey of readers' favorite books well into the 1920s. In 1905, Baum declared plans for an Oz amusement park.", "In 1905, Baum declared plans for an Oz amusement park. In an interview, he mentioned buying “Pedloe Island” off the coast of California to turn it into an Oz park.", "In an interview, he mentioned buying “Pedloe Island” off the coast of California to turn it into an Oz park. However, there is no evidence that he purchased such an island, and no one has ever been able to find any island whose name even resembles Pedloe in that area.", "However, there is no evidence that he purchased such an island, and no one has ever been able to find any island whose name even resembles Pedloe in that area. Nevertheless, Baum stated to the press that he had discovered a Pedloe Island off the coast of California and that he had purchased it to be \"the Marvelous Land of Oz,\" intending it to be \"a fairy paradise for children.\"", "Nevertheless, Baum stated to the press that he had discovered a Pedloe Island off the coast of California and that he had purchased it to be \"the Marvelous Land of Oz,\" intending it to be \"a fairy paradise for children.\" Eleven year old Dorothy Talbot of San Francisco was reported to be ascendant to the throne on March 1, 1906, when the Palace of Oz was expected to be completed.", "Eleven year old Dorothy Talbot of San Francisco was reported to be ascendant to the throne on March 1, 1906, when the Palace of Oz was expected to be completed. Baum planned to live on the island, with administrative duties handled by the princess and her all-child advisers.", "Baum planned to live on the island, with administrative duties handled by the princess and her all-child advisers. Plans included statues of the Scarecrow, Tin Woodman, Jack Pumpkinhead, and H.M. Woggle-Bug, T.E. Baum abandoned his Oz park project after the failure of The Woggle-Bug, which was playing at the Garrick Theatre in 1905.", "Baum abandoned his Oz park project after the failure of The Woggle-Bug, which was playing at the Garrick Theatre in 1905. Because of his lifelong love of theatre, he financed elaborate musicals, often to his financial detriment.", "Because of his lifelong love of theatre, he financed elaborate musicals, often to his financial detriment. One of Baum's worst financial endeavors was his The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908), which combined a slideshow, film, and live actors with a lecture by Baum as if he were giving a travelogue to Oz.", "One of Baum's worst financial endeavors was his The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908), which combined a slideshow, film, and live actors with a lecture by Baum as if he were giving a travelogue to Oz. However, Baum ran into trouble and could not pay his debts to the company who produced the films.", "However, Baum ran into trouble and could not pay his debts to the company who produced the films. He did not get back to a stable financial situation for several years, after he sold the royalty rights to many of his earlier works, including The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. This resulted in the M.A.", "This resulted in the M.A. This resulted in the M.A. Donahue Company publishing cheap editions of his early works with advertising which purported that Baum's newer output was inferior to the less expensive books that they were releasing. He claimed bankruptcy in August 1911.", "He claimed bankruptcy in August 1911. However, Baum had shrewdly transferred most of his property into Maud's name, except for his clothing, his typewriter, and his library (mostly of children's books, such as the fairy tales of Andrew Lang, whose portrait he kept in his study)—all of which, he successfully argued, were essential to his occupation.", "However, Baum had shrewdly transferred most of his property into Maud's name, except for his clothing, his typewriter, and his library (mostly of children's books, such as the fairy tales of Andrew Lang, whose portrait he kept in his study)—all of which, he successfully argued, were essential to his occupation. Maud handled the finances anyway, and thus Baum lost much less than he could have.", "Maud handled the finances anyway, and thus Baum lost much less than he could have. Baum made use of several pseudonyms for some of his other non-Oz books.", "Baum made use of several pseudonyms for some of his other non-Oz books. They include: Edith Van Dyne (the Aunt Jane's Nieces series) Laura Bancroft (The Twinkle Tales, Policeman Bluejay) Floyd Akers (The Boy Fortune Hunters series, continuing the Sam Steele series) Suzanne Metcalf (Annabel) Schuyler Staunton (The Fate of a Crown, Daughters of Destiny) John Estes Cooke (Tamawaca Folks) Capt.", "They include: Edith Van Dyne (the Aunt Jane's Nieces series) Laura Bancroft (The Twinkle Tales, Policeman Bluejay) Floyd Akers (The Boy Fortune Hunters series, continuing the Sam Steele series) Suzanne Metcalf (Annabel) Schuyler Staunton (The Fate of a Crown, Daughters of Destiny) John Estes Cooke (Tamawaca Folks) Capt. Hugh Fitzgerald (the Sam Steele series) Baum also anonymously wrote The Last Egyptian: A Romance of the Nile.", "Hugh Fitzgerald (the Sam Steele series) Baum also anonymously wrote The Last Egyptian: A Romance of the Nile. He continued theatrical work with Harry Marston Haldeman's men's social group The Uplifters, for which he wrote several plays for various celebrations. He also wrote the group's parodic by-laws.", "He also wrote the group's parodic by-laws. The group also included Will Rogers, but was proud to have had Baum as a member and posthumously revived many of his works despite their ephemeral intent.", "The group also included Will Rogers, but was proud to have had Baum as a member and posthumously revived many of his works despite their ephemeral intent. Many of these play's titles are known, but only The Uplift of Lucifer is known to survive (it was published in a limited edition in the 1960s).", "Many of these play's titles are known, but only The Uplift of Lucifer is known to survive (it was published in a limited edition in the 1960s). Prior to that, his last produced play was The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (based on Ozma of Oz and the basis for Tik-Tok of Oz), a modest success in Hollywood that producer Oliver Morosco decided did not do well enough to take to Broadway.", "Prior to that, his last produced play was The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (based on Ozma of Oz and the basis for Tik-Tok of Oz), a modest success in Hollywood that producer Oliver Morosco decided did not do well enough to take to Broadway. Morosco, incidentally, quickly turned to film production, as did Baum.", "Morosco, incidentally, quickly turned to film production, as did Baum. In 1914, Baum started his own film production company The Oz Film Manufacturing Company, which came as an outgrowth of the Uplifters. He served as its president and principal producer and screenwriter.", "He served as its president and principal producer and screenwriter. The rest of the board consisted of Louis F. Gottschalk, Harry Marston Haldeman, and Clarence R. Rundel.", "The rest of the board consisted of Louis F. Gottschalk, Harry Marston Haldeman, and Clarence R. Rundel. The films were directed by J. Farrell MacDonald, with casts that included Violet MacMillan, Vivian Reed, Mildred Harris, Juanita Hansen, Pierre Couderc, Mai Welles, Louise Emmons, J. Charles Haydon, and early appearances by Harold Lloyd and Hal Roach.", "The films were directed by J. Farrell MacDonald, with casts that included Violet MacMillan, Vivian Reed, Mildred Harris, Juanita Hansen, Pierre Couderc, Mai Welles, Louise Emmons, J. Charles Haydon, and early appearances by Harold Lloyd and Hal Roach. Silent film actor Richard Rosson appeared in one of the films (Rosson's younger brother Harold Rosson was the cinematographer on The Wizard of Oz, released in 1939).", "Silent film actor Richard Rosson appeared in one of the films (Rosson's younger brother Harold Rosson was the cinematographer on The Wizard of Oz, released in 1939). After little success probing the unrealized children's film market, Baum acknowledged his authorship of The Last Egyptian and made a film of it (portions of which are included in Decasia), but the Oz name had become box office poison for the time being, and even a name change to Dramatic Feature Films and transfer of ownership to Frank Joslyn Baum did not help.", "After little success probing the unrealized children's film market, Baum acknowledged his authorship of The Last Egyptian and made a film of it (portions of which are included in Decasia), but the Oz name had become box office poison for the time being, and even a name change to Dramatic Feature Films and transfer of ownership to Frank Joslyn Baum did not help. Baum invested none of his own money in the venture, unlike The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays, but the stress probably took its toll on his health.", "Baum invested none of his own money in the venture, unlike The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays, but the stress probably took its toll on his health. Death On May 5, 1919, Baum suffered a stroke, slipped into a coma and died the following day, at the age of 62.", "Death On May 5, 1919, Baum suffered a stroke, slipped into a coma and died the following day, at the age of 62. His last words were spoken to his wife during a brief period of lucidity: \"Now we can cross the Shifting Sands.\"", "His last words were spoken to his wife during a brief period of lucidity: \"Now we can cross the Shifting Sands.\" He was buried in Glendale's Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery. His final Oz book, Glinda of Oz, was published on July 10, 1920, a year after his death.", "His final Oz book, Glinda of Oz, was published on July 10, 1920, a year after his death. The Oz series was continued long after his death by other authors, notably Ruth Plumly Thompson, who wrote an additional twenty-one Oz books.", "The Oz series was continued long after his death by other authors, notably Ruth Plumly Thompson, who wrote an additional twenty-one Oz books. Baum's beliefs Literary Baum's avowed intentions with the Oz books and his other fairy tales was to retell tales such as those which are found in the works of the Brothers Grimm and Hans Christian Andersen, remake them in an American vein, update them, omit stereotypical characters such as dwarfs or genies, and remove the association of violence and moral teachings.", "Baum's beliefs Literary Baum's avowed intentions with the Oz books and his other fairy tales was to retell tales such as those which are found in the works of the Brothers Grimm and Hans Christian Andersen, remake them in an American vein, update them, omit stereotypical characters such as dwarfs or genies, and remove the association of violence and moral teachings. His first Oz books contained a fair amount of violence, but the amount of it decreased as the series progressed; in The Emerald City of Oz, Ozma objects to the use of violence, even to the use of violence against the Nomes who threaten Oz with invasion.", "His first Oz books contained a fair amount of violence, but the amount of it decreased as the series progressed; in The Emerald City of Oz, Ozma objects to the use of violence, even to the use of violence against the Nomes who threaten Oz with invasion. His introduction is often cited as the beginning of the sanitization of children's stories, although he did not do a great deal more than eliminate harsh moral lessons.", "His introduction is often cited as the beginning of the sanitization of children's stories, although he did not do a great deal more than eliminate harsh moral lessons. Another traditional element that Baum intentionally omitted was the emphasis on romance. He considered romantic love to be uninteresting to young children, as well as largely incomprehensible.", "He considered romantic love to be uninteresting to young children, as well as largely incomprehensible. In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the only elements of romance lay in the background of the Tin Woodman and his love for Nimmie Amee, which explains his condition but does not affect the tale in any other way, and the background of Gayelette and the enchantment of the Winged monkeys.", "In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the only elements of romance lay in the background of the Tin Woodman and his love for Nimmie Amee, which explains his condition but does not affect the tale in any other way, and the background of Gayelette and the enchantment of the Winged monkeys. The only other stories with such elements were The Scarecrow of Oz and Tik-Tok of Oz, both of them were based on dramatizations, which Baum regarded warily until his readers accepted them.", "The only other stories with such elements were The Scarecrow of Oz and Tik-Tok of Oz, both of them were based on dramatizations, which Baum regarded warily until his readers accepted them. Political Women's suffrage advocate When Baum lived in Aberdeen, South Dakota, where he was secretary of its Equal Suffrage Club, much of the politics in the Republican Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer dealt with trying to convince the populace to vote for women's suffrage.", "Political Women's suffrage advocate When Baum lived in Aberdeen, South Dakota, where he was secretary of its Equal Suffrage Club, much of the politics in the Republican Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer dealt with trying to convince the populace to vote for women's suffrage. Susan B. Anthony visited Aberdeen and stayed with the Baums.", "Susan B. Anthony visited Aberdeen and stayed with the Baums. Nancy Tystad Koupal notes an apparent loss of interest in editorializing after Aberdeen failed to pass the bill for women's enfranchisement.", "Nancy Tystad Koupal notes an apparent loss of interest in editorializing after Aberdeen failed to pass the bill for women's enfranchisement. Sally Roesch Wagner of The Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation published The Wonderful Mother of Oz, describing how Matilda Gage's feminist politics were sympathetically channeled by Baum into his Oz books.", "Sally Roesch Wagner of The Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation published The Wonderful Mother of Oz, describing how Matilda Gage's feminist politics were sympathetically channeled by Baum into his Oz books. Some of Baum's contacts with suffragists of his day seem to have inspired much of The Marvelous Land of Oz.", "Some of Baum's contacts with suffragists of his day seem to have inspired much of The Marvelous Land of Oz. In this story, General Jinjur leads the girls and women of Oz in a revolt, armed with knitting needles; they succeed and make the men do the household chores.", "In this story, General Jinjur leads the girls and women of Oz in a revolt, armed with knitting needles; they succeed and make the men do the household chores. Jinjur proves to be an incompetent ruler, but Princess Ozma, who advocates gender equality, is ultimately placed on the throne.", "Jinjur proves to be an incompetent ruler, but Princess Ozma, who advocates gender equality, is ultimately placed on the throne. Charlotte Perkins Gilman's 1915 classic of feminist science fiction, Herland, bears strong similarities to The Emerald City of Oz(1910); the link between Baum and Gilman is considered to be Gage.", "Charlotte Perkins Gilman's 1915 classic of feminist science fiction, Herland, bears strong similarities to The Emerald City of Oz(1910); the link between Baum and Gilman is considered to be Gage. Baum's stories outside of Oz also contain feminist or egalitarian themes.", "Baum's stories outside of Oz also contain feminist or egalitarian themes. His Edith Van Dyne stories depict girls and young women engaging in traditionally masculine activities, including Aunt Jane's Nieces and The Flying Girl and its sequel. The Bluebird Books feature a girl sleuth.", "The Bluebird Books feature a girl sleuth. Racial views During the period surrounding the 1890 Ghost Dance movement and Wounded Knee Massacre, Baum wrote two editorials asserting that the safety of white settlers depended on the wholesale genocide of American Indians.", "Racial views During the period surrounding the 1890 Ghost Dance movement and Wounded Knee Massacre, Baum wrote two editorials asserting that the safety of white settlers depended on the wholesale genocide of American Indians. These editorials were re-published in 1990 by sociologist Robert Venables of Cornell University, who argues that Baum was not using sarcasm.", "These editorials were re-published in 1990 by sociologist Robert Venables of Cornell University, who argues that Baum was not using sarcasm. The first piece was published on December 20, 1890, five days after the killing of the Lakota Sioux holy man, Sitting Bull.Rogers, p. 259.", "The first piece was published on December 20, 1890, five days after the killing of the Lakota Sioux holy man, Sitting Bull.Rogers, p. 259. The piece opined that with Sitting Bull's death, \"the nobility of the Redskin\" had been extinguished, and the safety of the frontier would not be established until there was \"total annihilation\" of the remaining Native Americans, who, he claimed, lived as \"miserable wretches.\"", "The piece opined that with Sitting Bull's death, \"the nobility of the Redskin\" had been extinguished, and the safety of the frontier would not be established until there was \"total annihilation\" of the remaining Native Americans, who, he claimed, lived as \"miserable wretches.\" Baum said that their extermination should not be regretted, and their elimination would \"do justice to the manly characteristics\" of their ancestors.", "Baum said that their extermination should not be regretted, and their elimination would \"do justice to the manly characteristics\" of their ancestors. The Wounded Knee Massacre occurred nine days later; the second editorial was published on January 3, 1891. Baum alleged that General Nelson A.", "Baum alleged that General Nelson A. Miles' weak rule of the Native Americans had caused American soldiers to suffer a \"terrible loss of blood\", in a \"battle\" which had been a disgrace to the Department of War. He found that the \"disaster\" could have easily been prevented with proper preparations.", "He found that the \"disaster\" could have easily been prevented with proper preparations. Baum reiterated that he believed, due to the history of mistreatment of Native Americans, that the extermination of the \"untamed and untamable\" tribes was necessary to protect American settlers.", "Baum reiterated that he believed, due to the history of mistreatment of Native Americans, that the extermination of the \"untamed and untamable\" tribes was necessary to protect American settlers. Baum ended the editorial with the following anecdote: \"An eastern contemporary, with a grain of wisdom in its wit, says that 'when the whites win a fight, it is a victory, and when the Indians win it, it is a massacre.'\"", "Baum ended the editorial with the following anecdote: \"An eastern contemporary, with a grain of wisdom in its wit, says that 'when the whites win a fight, it is a victory, and when the Indians win it, it is a massacre.'\" In 2006, two descendants of Baum apologized to the Sioux nation for any hurt that their ancestor had caused.", "In 2006, two descendants of Baum apologized to the Sioux nation for any hurt that their ancestor had caused. The short story \"The Enchanted Buffalo\" claims to be a legend about a tribe of bison, and it states that a key element of it made it into the legends of Native American tribes.", "The short story \"The Enchanted Buffalo\" claims to be a legend about a tribe of bison, and it states that a key element of it made it into the legends of Native American tribes. Baum mentions his characters' distaste for a Hopi snake dance in Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John, but he also deplores the horrible situation which exists on Indian Reservations.", "Baum mentions his characters' distaste for a Hopi snake dance in Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John, but he also deplores the horrible situation which exists on Indian Reservations. Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch features a hard-working Mexican in order to disprove Anglo stereotypes which portray Mexicans as lazy.", "Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch features a hard-working Mexican in order to disprove Anglo stereotypes which portray Mexicans as lazy. Baum's mother-in-law and woman's suffrage leader Matilda Joslyn Gage strongly influenced his views.", "Baum's mother-in-law and woman's suffrage leader Matilda Joslyn Gage strongly influenced his views. Gage was initiated into the Wolf Clan and admitted into the Iroquois Council of Matrons in recognition of her outspoken respect and sympathy for Native American people.", "Gage was initiated into the Wolf Clan and admitted into the Iroquois Council of Matrons in recognition of her outspoken respect and sympathy for Native American people. Political imagery in The Wizard of Oz Numerous political references to the \"Wizard\" appeared early in the 20th century.", "Political imagery in The Wizard of Oz Numerous political references to the \"Wizard\" appeared early in the 20th century. Henry Littlefield, an upstate New York high school history teacher, wrote a scholarly article in 1964, the first full-fledged interpretation of the novel as an extended metaphor of the politics and characters of the 1890s.", "Henry Littlefield, an upstate New York high school history teacher, wrote a scholarly article in 1964, the first full-fledged interpretation of the novel as an extended metaphor of the politics and characters of the 1890s. He paid special attention to the Populist metaphors and debates over silver and gold.", "He paid special attention to the Populist metaphors and debates over silver and gold. Baum was a Republican and avid supporter of women's suffrage, and it is thought that he did not support the political ideals of either the Populist movement of 1890–1892 or the Bryanite silver crusade of 1896–1900. He published a poem in support of William McKinley.", "He published a poem in support of William McKinley. Since 1964, many scholars, economists, and historians have expanded on Littlefield's interpretation, pointing to multiple similarities between the characters (especially as depicted in Denslow's illustrations) and stock figures from editorial cartoons of the period.", "Since 1964, many scholars, economists, and historians have expanded on Littlefield's interpretation, pointing to multiple similarities between the characters (especially as depicted in Denslow's illustrations) and stock figures from editorial cartoons of the period. Littlefield wrote to The New York Times letters to the editor section spelling out that his theory had no basis in fact, but that his original point was \"not to label Baum, or to lessen any of his magic, but rather, as a history teacher at Mount Vernon High School, to invest turn-of-the-century America with the imagery and wonder I have always found in his stories.\"", "Littlefield wrote to The New York Times letters to the editor section spelling out that his theory had no basis in fact, but that his original point was \"not to label Baum, or to lessen any of his magic, but rather, as a history teacher at Mount Vernon High School, to invest turn-of-the-century America with the imagery and wonder I have always found in his stories.\" Baum's newspaper had addressed politics in the 1890s, and Denslow was an editorial cartoonist as well as an illustrator of children's books.", "Baum's newspaper had addressed politics in the 1890s, and Denslow was an editorial cartoonist as well as an illustrator of children's books. A series of political references is included in the 1902 stage version, such as references to the President, to a powerful senator, and to John D. Rockefeller for providing the oil needed by the Tin Woodman.", "A series of political references is included in the 1902 stage version, such as references to the President, to a powerful senator, and to John D. Rockefeller for providing the oil needed by the Tin Woodman. Scholars have found few political references in Baum's Oz books after 1902.", "Scholars have found few political references in Baum's Oz books after 1902. Baum was asked whether his stories had hidden meanings, but he always replied that they were written to \"please children\". Religion Baum was originally a Methodist, but he joined the Episcopal Church in Aberdeen in order to participate in community theatricals.", "Religion Baum was originally a Methodist, but he joined the Episcopal Church in Aberdeen in order to participate in community theatricals. Later, he and his wife were encouraged to become members of the Theosophical Society in 1892 by Matilda Joslyn Gage.", "Later, he and his wife were encouraged to become members of the Theosophical Society in 1892 by Matilda Joslyn Gage. Baum's beliefs are frequently reflected in his writings; however, the only mention of a church in his Oz books is the porcelain one which the Cowardly Lion breaks in the Dainty China Country in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.", "Baum's beliefs are frequently reflected in his writings; however, the only mention of a church in his Oz books is the porcelain one which the Cowardly Lion breaks in the Dainty China Country in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The Baums sent their older sons to \"Ethical Culture Sunday School\" in Chicago, which taught morality, not religion.Michael Patrick Hearn.", "The Baums sent their older sons to \"Ethical Culture Sunday School\" in Chicago, which taught morality, not religion.Michael Patrick Hearn. The Annotated Wizard of Oz. 2nd Edition. 2000. pp. 7, 271, 328.", "7, 271, 328. 7, 271, 328. Writers including Evan I. Schwartz among others have suggested that Baum intentionally used allegory and symbolism in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to convey concepts that are central to spiritual teachings such as Theosophy and Buddhism.", "Writers including Evan I. Schwartz among others have suggested that Baum intentionally used allegory and symbolism in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to convey concepts that are central to spiritual teachings such as Theosophy and Buddhism. They postulate that the main characters’ experiences in Oz represent the soul’s journey toward enlightenment.", "They postulate that the main characters’ experiences in Oz represent the soul’s journey toward enlightenment. Schwartz specifically states that key plot elements of the book take “the reader on a journey guided by Eastern philosophy” (Schwartz, p. 265).", "Schwartz specifically states that key plot elements of the book take “the reader on a journey guided by Eastern philosophy” (Schwartz, p. 265). An article in BBC Culture lists several allegorical interpretations of the book including that it may be viewed as a parable of Theosophy.", "An article in BBC Culture lists several allegorical interpretations of the book including that it may be viewed as a parable of Theosophy. The article cites various symbols and their possible meanings, for example the Yellow Brick Road representing the ‘Golden Path’ in Buddhism, along which the soul travels to a state of spiritual realization.", "The article cites various symbols and their possible meanings, for example the Yellow Brick Road representing the ‘Golden Path’ in Buddhism, along which the soul travels to a state of spiritual realization. Baum’s own writing suggests he believed the story may have been divinely inspired: “It was pure inspiration.", "Baum’s own writing suggests he believed the story may have been divinely inspired: “It was pure inspiration. It came to me right out of the blue. I think that sometimes the Great Author had a message to get across and He was to use the instrument at hand”.", "I think that sometimes the Great Author had a message to get across and He was to use the instrument at hand”. Bibliography Works Mother Goose in Prose (1897) By the Candelabra's Glare (1898) Father Goose: His Book (1899) A New Wonderland (1900) The Army Alphabet (1900) The Navy Alphabet (1900) American Fairy Tales (1901) The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Egypt (1908) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Panama (1908) Fortune Hunters in China The Boy Fortune Hunters in the South Seas (1911) The Sea Fairies (1911) Sky Island (1912) Queen Zixi of Ix (1905) The Fate of a Crown (1905) Sam Steele's Adventures on Land and Sea (1906) Daughters of Destiny (novel) (1906) The Last Egyptian (1907) Land of Oz worksThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904)Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1905, comic strip depicting 27 stories)The Woggle-Bug Book (1905)Ozma of Oz (1907)Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908)The Road to Oz (1909)The Emerald City of Oz (1910)The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913)Little Wizard Stories of Oz (1913, collection of 6 short stories)Tik-Tok of Oz (1914)The Scarecrow of Oz (1915)Rinkitink in Oz (1916)The Lost Princess of Oz (1917)The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918)The Magic of Oz (1919, posthumously published)Glinda of Oz (1920, posthumously published) 1921's The Royal Book of Oz was posthumously attributed to Baum but was entirely the work of Ruth Plumly Thompson.", "Bibliography Works Mother Goose in Prose (1897) By the Candelabra's Glare (1898) Father Goose: His Book (1899) A New Wonderland (1900) The Army Alphabet (1900) The Navy Alphabet (1900) American Fairy Tales (1901) The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Egypt (1908) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Panama (1908) Fortune Hunters in China The Boy Fortune Hunters in the South Seas (1911) The Sea Fairies (1911) Sky Island (1912) Queen Zixi of Ix (1905) The Fate of a Crown (1905) Sam Steele's Adventures on Land and Sea (1906) Daughters of Destiny (novel) (1906) The Last Egyptian (1907) Land of Oz worksThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904)Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1905, comic strip depicting 27 stories)The Woggle-Bug Book (1905)Ozma of Oz (1907)Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908)The Road to Oz (1909)The Emerald City of Oz (1910)The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913)Little Wizard Stories of Oz (1913, collection of 6 short stories)Tik-Tok of Oz (1914)The Scarecrow of Oz (1915)Rinkitink in Oz (1916)The Lost Princess of Oz (1917)The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918)The Magic of Oz (1919, posthumously published)Glinda of Oz (1920, posthumously published) 1921's The Royal Book of Oz was posthumously attributed to Baum but was entirely the work of Ruth Plumly Thompson. Popular culture and legacy A 1970 episode of the long-running American Western anthology series Death Valley Days presents a highly romanticized portrayal of Baum's time in South Dakota.", "Popular culture and legacy A 1970 episode of the long-running American Western anthology series Death Valley Days presents a highly romanticized portrayal of Baum's time in South Dakota. The comedic teleplay, titled \"The Wizard of Aberdeen\", stars Conlan Carter as Baum and Beverlee McKinsey as Maud.", "The comedic teleplay, titled \"The Wizard of Aberdeen\", stars Conlan Carter as Baum and Beverlee McKinsey as Maud. Although the 30-minute presentation touches on Baum's family life and his struggles in Aberdeen as a newspaper editor, it focuses principally on his storytelling to local children about characters in a distant land he initially refers to as \"Ooz\".", "Although the 30-minute presentation touches on Baum's family life and his struggles in Aberdeen as a newspaper editor, it focuses principally on his storytelling to local children about characters in a distant land he initially refers to as \"Ooz\". John Ritter portrayed Baum in the television film The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990).", "John Ritter portrayed Baum in the television film The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990). The theme park Storybook Land, located in Aberdeen, South Dakota, features the Land of Oz, with characters and attractions from the books.", "The theme park Storybook Land, located in Aberdeen, South Dakota, features the Land of Oz, with characters and attractions from the books. In the short-lived 2008 TV series Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, the show's protagonist John Connor enrolls in high school under the name of \"John Baum\" (after L. Frank Baum) to keep his true identity a secret.", "In the short-lived 2008 TV series Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, the show's protagonist John Connor enrolls in high school under the name of \"John Baum\" (after L. Frank Baum) to keep his true identity a secret. His mother Sarah had mentioned to Cameron that The Wonderful Wizard Of Oz was John's favorite book when he was younger.", "His mother Sarah had mentioned to Cameron that The Wonderful Wizard Of Oz was John's favorite book when he was younger. In 2013, Baum was inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. Chittenango, New York holds a three-day annual festival called Oz-Stravaganza!", "Chittenango, New York holds a three-day annual festival called Oz-Stravaganza! to celebrate the literary works of author L. Frank Baum, who was born in Chittenango on May 15, 1856. The children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was published on May 17, 1900.", "The children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was published on May 17, 1900. The weekend-long festival, usually held during the first Saturday of June and the weekend thereof, includes a parade, which features many community groups.", "The weekend-long festival, usually held during the first Saturday of June and the weekend thereof, includes a parade, which features many community groups. The parade has also featured actors and actresses who played Munchkins in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, including Jerry Maren, Karl Slover, Meinhardt Raabe, and Margaret Williams Pellegrini.", "The parade has also featured actors and actresses who played Munchkins in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, including Jerry Maren, Karl Slover, Meinhardt Raabe, and Margaret Williams Pellegrini. See also Notes References Algeo, John. \"A Notable Theosophist: L. Frank Baum.\" American Theosophist, Vol.", "American Theosophist, Vol. American Theosophist, Vol. 74 (August–September 1986), pp. 270–3. Attebery, Brian. The Fantasy Tradition in American Literature. Bloomington, IN, Indiana University Press, 1980. Baum, Frank Joslyn, and Russell P. Macfall. To Please a Child. Chicago, Reilly & Lee, 1961.", "Chicago, Reilly & Lee, 1961. Baum, L. Frank. The Annotated Wizard of Oz. Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Michael Patrick Hearn. New York, Clarkson N. Potter, 1973. Revised 2000. New York, W.W. Norton, 2000. Ford, Alla T. The High-Jinks of L. Frank Baum.", "Ford, Alla T. The High-Jinks of L. Frank Baum. Hong Kong, Ford Press, 1969. Ford, Alla T. The Musical Fantasies of L. Frank Baum. Lake Worth, FL, Ford Press, 1969. Gardner, Martin, and Russel B. Nye. The Wizard of Oz and Who He Was.", "The Wizard of Oz and Who He Was. East Lansing, MI, Michigan State University Press, 1957. Revised 1994. Hearn, Michael Patrick. The Critical Heritage Edition of the Wizard of Oz. New York, Schocken, 1986. Koupal, Nancy Tystad. Baum's Road to Oz: The Dakota Years.", "Baum's Road to Oz: The Dakota Years. Pierre, SD, South Dakota State Historical Society, 2000. Koupal, Nancy Tystad. Our Landlady. Lawrence, KS, University of Nebraska Press, 1986. Parker, David B.", "Parker, David B. Parker, David B. The Rise and Fall of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a \"Parable on Populism\" Journal of the Georgia Association of Historians, vol. 15 (1994), pp. 49–63.", "15 (1994), pp. 49–63. 49–63. Reneau, Reneau H. \"Misanthropology: A Florilegium of Bahumbuggery\" Inglewood, CA, donlazaro translations, 2004, pp. 155–164 Reneau, Reneau H. \"A Newer Testament: Misanthropology Unleashed\" Inglewood, CA, donlazaro translations, 2008, pp.", "155–164 Reneau, Reneau H. \"A Newer Testament: Misanthropology Unleashed\" Inglewood, CA, donlazaro translations, 2008, pp. 129–147 Riley, Michael O. Oz and Beyond: The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum. Lawrence, KS, University of Kansas Press, 1997.", "Lawrence, KS, University of Kansas Press, 1997. Rogers, Katharine M. L. Frank Baum, Creator of Oz: A Biography. New York, St. Martin's Press, 2002. Sale, Roger. Fairy Tales and After: From Snow White to E. B. White. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University press, 1978.", "Cambridge, MA, Harvard University press, 1978. Schwartz, Evan I. Finding Oz: How L. Frank Baum Discovered the Great American Story. New York, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009 Wagner, Sally Roesch. The Wonderful Mother of Oz. Fayetteville, NY: The Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation, 2003. Wilgus, Neal.", "Wilgus, Neal. Wilgus, Neal. \"Classic American Fairy Tales: The Fantasies of L. Frank Baum\" in Darrell Schweitzer (ed) Discovering Classic Fantasy Fiction'', Gillette NJ: Wildside Press, 1996, pp. 113–121.", "113–121. 113–121. External links The Complete Oz Works L. Frank Baum Papers at Syracuse University Bibliography (Baum and Oz) The International Wizard of Oz Club, Inc.", "External links The Complete Oz Works L. Frank Baum Papers at Syracuse University Bibliography (Baum and Oz) The International Wizard of Oz Club, Inc. Wonderful Wizard of Oz Website Copyright Registration Application from Claimant L. Frank Baum for The wonderful Wizard of Oz From the Collections at the Library of Congress Finding aid to Roland Orvil Baughman collection about L. Frank Baum at Columbia University, Rare Book & Manuscript Library 1856 births 1919 deaths 19th-century American male actors 19th-century American newspaper editors 19th-century American newspaper publishers (people) 19th-century American novelists 20th-century American novelists 19th-century male writers 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American poets American male short story writers 20th-century American male actors American children's writers American fantasy writers American feminist writers American film producers American Methodists American people of English descent American people of German descent American people of Scotch-Irish descent American male silent film actors American male stage actors American suffragists American Theosophists Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) Children's poets Male feminists Oz (franchise) People from Aberdeen, South Dakota People from Chittenango, New York Peekskill Military Academy alumni Writers from Syracuse, New York Silent film directors Writers from Chicago New York (state) Republicans South Dakota Republicans California Republicans American male poets American male novelists Journalists from South Dakota Journalists from New York (state) Stamp dealers Novelists from Illinois American male non-fiction writers Male novelists 19th-century pseudonymous writers 20th-century pseudonymous writers" ]

[ "L. Frank Baum", "The South Dakota years", "What is important about the south dakota years?", "Baum was born in Chittenango, New York in 1856 into a devout Methodist family.", "Who were his parents?", "Cynthia Ann (nee Stanton) and Benjamin Ward Baum,", "Did he have siblings?", "and was the seventh of nine children", "Where did he go to school?", "From the age of 12, he spent two miserable years at Peekskill Military Academy but,", "where did he go after that?", "after being severely disciplined for daydreaming, he had a possibly psychogenic heart attack and was allowed to return home.", "What else did he do during this time?", "Baum started writing early in life, possibly prompted by his father buying him a cheap printing press.", "What did he write during this time?", "The brothers published several issues of the journal, including advertisements from local businesses,", "What else did they do ?", "By the age of 17, Baum established a second amateur journal called The Stamp Collector," ]

[ "Peter McCormack is a British Bitcoin investor, podcaster, former in the advertising industry, who founded What Bitcoin Did podcast McCormack has written the book Online Advertising Does not Work. What Bitcoin Did has been teaching and podcasting one to one conversation.\n\nLife \nMcCormack was born in Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, Berkshire. He grew up in Kempston, a town and civil parish in the Borough of Bedford, Bedfordshire. He dropped out of Buckinghamshire Chilterns University College where he studied Music Industry Management in 2000. From June 2005 to February 2007, McCormack was of commercial director at Evolving Media, which launched his temporary career in digital marketing. From February 2007 to May 2009 he was managing director of Evolving Media Network. In September 2009 he set up the digital transformation consultancy McCormack & Morrison with his Evolving colleague Oliver Morrison.\n\nMcCormack's mother died in January 2017, after which McCormack took time off to grieve. Around the same time, after about a year of trading bitcoin, McCormack started blogging about the crypto industry. In 2017, he got briefly rich on Bitcoin but then \"lost almost everything\".\n\nIn November 2017, McCormack started his podcast What Bitcoin Did. In October 2019, he released the first episode of his other podcast, \"Defiance\".\n\nWhat Bitcoin Did Podcast \nPeter started What Bitcoin Did Podcast after quitting the advertising industry and discovering bitcoin, he started the podcast in November 2017 as a hobby to learn more. On What Bitcoin Did, McCormack interviews experts on the topics of Bitcoin development, adoption, privacy, and investment. He has discussed political topics on the podcast as well. Some notable figures McCormack has featured on What Bitcoin Did are Adam Back, Brian Armstrong (businessman),Nayib Bukele, Vitalik Buterin and many more people. The podcast has grown to over 100 episodes with a guest list that is a testament to the diversity of knowledge and opinions that represent the broader Bitcoin community.\n\nDefiance Podcast \nDefiance has no political bias. They select guests based on the story alone and will not enter into any debates regarding guest choice or topics covered. Nobody is \"given a platform\", guests are offered an interview as they stated on website.\n\nBedford FC \nPeter is in negotiations to buy the football team Bedford F.C., a football club based in Bedford, England. <ref>\n\nHe announced in December 2021 that he had agreed on a deal to acquire Bedford F.C., with the intention of changing their name to Real Bedford at the end of the 2021/22 season. \"There is no intention of creating a token.\" Peter's team said.\n\nReferences\n\nLiving people\n1978 births\nBitcoin\nPodcasters\nFootball", "Daniel Lester is an American costume designer best known for his work on military themed films based in the Middle East (The Hurt Locker, Zero Dark Thirty, 12 Strong, Man Down). He was nominated for a Costume Designer’s Guild Award for his work on Once Upon A Time in 2018.\n\nLester moved to Los Angeles in the 1970s to open a boutique in Hollywood where he met many of the top industry artists. After years of setting up TV and film productions he began working as a costumer full time, beginning with highly respected designers including Academy Award winners Theodora Van Runkle and Moss Mabry.\n\nLester formed a partnership with Marilyn Vance and worked together on a string of iconic films including The Untouchables, Pretty Woman, Uncle Buck, The Rocketeer, and Little Monsters. During this period he received an Emmy nomination for his work on the television show Dallas: The Early Years. He moved on to work as a solo costume designer on Timecop, and continued with Spawn, The Relic, Sudden Death, The Core, and I Still Know What You Did Last Summer. He has worked on television shows such as The A-Team, Dallas: The Early Years, CSI, Eleventh Hour, and Once Upon A Time.\n\nDan Lester was born in Minnesota in 1954 and currently lives in Los Angeles, where he has resided for the last 40 years.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nLiving people\nAmerican costume designers\nYear of birth missing (living people)" ]

[ "Lyman Frank Baum (; May 15, 1856 – May 6, 1919) was an American author best known for his children's books, particularly The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and its sequels. He wrote 14 novels in the Oz series, plus 41 other novels (not including four lost, unpublished novels), 83 short stories, over 200 poems, and at least 42 scripts.", "He wrote 14 novels in the Oz series, plus 41 other novels (not including four lost, unpublished novels), 83 short stories, over 200 poems, and at least 42 scripts. He made numerous attempts to bring his works to the stage and screen; the 1939 adaptation of the first Oz book became a landmark of 20th-century cinema.", "He made numerous attempts to bring his works to the stage and screen; the 1939 adaptation of the first Oz book became a landmark of 20th-century cinema. Born and raised in upstate New York, Baum moved west after an unsuccessful stint as a theater producer and playwright.", "Born and raised in upstate New York, Baum moved west after an unsuccessful stint as a theater producer and playwright. He and his wife opened a store in South Dakota and he edited and published a newspaper.", "He and his wife opened a store in South Dakota and he edited and published a newspaper. They then moved to Chicago, where he worked as a newspaper reporter and published children's literature, coming out with the first Oz book in 1900.", "They then moved to Chicago, where he worked as a newspaper reporter and published children's literature, coming out with the first Oz book in 1900. While continuing his writing, among his final projects he sought to establish a movie studio focused on children's films in Los Angeles, California.", "While continuing his writing, among his final projects he sought to establish a movie studio focused on children's films in Los Angeles, California. His works anticipated such later commonplaces as television, augmented reality, laptop computers (The Master Key), wireless telephones (Tik-Tok of Oz), women in high-risk and action-heavy occupations (Mary Louise in the Country), and the ubiquity of clothes advertising (Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work).", "His works anticipated such later commonplaces as television, augmented reality, laptop computers (The Master Key), wireless telephones (Tik-Tok of Oz), women in high-risk and action-heavy occupations (Mary Louise in the Country), and the ubiquity of clothes advertising (Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work). Childhood and early life Baum was born in Chittenango, New York, in 1856 into a devout Methodist family.", "Childhood and early life Baum was born in Chittenango, New York, in 1856 into a devout Methodist family. He had German, Scots-Irish, and English ancestry. He was the seventh of nine children of Cynthia Ann (née Stanton) and Benjamin Ward Baum, only five of whom survived into adulthood.", "He was the seventh of nine children of Cynthia Ann (née Stanton) and Benjamin Ward Baum, only five of whom survived into adulthood. \"Lyman\" was the name of his father's brother, but he always disliked it and preferred his middle name \"Frank\".", "\"Lyman\" was the name of his father's brother, but he always disliked it and preferred his middle name \"Frank\". His father succeeded in many businesses, including barrel-making, oil drilling in Pennsylvania, and real estate.", "His father succeeded in many businesses, including barrel-making, oil drilling in Pennsylvania, and real estate. Baum grew up on his parents' expansive estate called Rose Lawn, which he fondly recalled as a sort of paradise. Rose Lawn was located in Mattydale, New York.", "Rose Lawn was located in Mattydale, New York. Frank was a sickly, dreamy child, tutored at home with his siblings. From the age of 12, he spent two miserable years at Peekskill Military Academy but, after being severely disciplined for daydreaming, he had a possibly psychogenic heart attack and was allowed to return home.", "From the age of 12, he spent two miserable years at Peekskill Military Academy but, after being severely disciplined for daydreaming, he had a possibly psychogenic heart attack and was allowed to return home. Baum started writing early in life, possibly prompted by his father buying him a cheap printing press.", "Baum started writing early in life, possibly prompted by his father buying him a cheap printing press. He had always been close to his younger brother Henry (Harry) Clay Baum, who helped in the production of The Rose Lawn Home Journal.", "He had always been close to his younger brother Henry (Harry) Clay Baum, who helped in the production of The Rose Lawn Home Journal. The brothers published several issues of the journal, including advertisements from local businesses, which they gave to family and friends for free.", "The brothers published several issues of the journal, including advertisements from local businesses, which they gave to family and friends for free. By the age of 17, Baum established a second amateur journal called The Stamp Collector, printed an 11-page pamphlet called Baum's Complete Stamp Dealers' Directory, and started a stamp dealership with friends.", "By the age of 17, Baum established a second amateur journal called The Stamp Collector, printed an 11-page pamphlet called Baum's Complete Stamp Dealers' Directory, and started a stamp dealership with friends. At 20, Baum took on the national craze of breeding fancy poultry. He specialized in raising the Hamburg chicken.", "He specialized in raising the Hamburg chicken. In March 1880, he established a monthly trade journal, The Poultry Record, and in 1886, when Baum was 30 years old, his first book was published: The Book of the Hamburgs: A Brief Treatise upon the Mating, Rearing, and Management of the Different Varieties of Hamburgs.", "In March 1880, he established a monthly trade journal, The Poultry Record, and in 1886, when Baum was 30 years old, his first book was published: The Book of the Hamburgs: A Brief Treatise upon the Mating, Rearing, and Management of the Different Varieties of Hamburgs. Baum had a flair for being the spotlight of fun in the household, including during times of financial difficulties.", "Baum had a flair for being the spotlight of fun in the household, including during times of financial difficulties. His selling of fireworks made the Fourth of July memorable. His skyrockets, Roman candles, and fireworks filled the sky, while many people around the neighborhood would gather in front of the house to watch the displays.", "His skyrockets, Roman candles, and fireworks filled the sky, while many people around the neighborhood would gather in front of the house to watch the displays. Christmas was even more festive. Baum dressed as Santa Claus for the family.", "Baum dressed as Santa Claus for the family. His father would place the Christmas tree behind a curtain in the front parlor so that Baum could talk to everyone while he decorated the tree without people managing to see him. He maintained this tradition all his life. Career Theater Baum embarked on his lifetime infatuation—and wavering financial success—with the theater.", "Career Theater Baum embarked on his lifetime infatuation—and wavering financial success—with the theater. A local theatrical company duped him into replenishing their stock of costumes on the promise of leading roles coming his way. Disillusioned, Baum left the theater—temporarily—and went to work as a clerk in his brother-in-law's dry goods company in Syracuse.", "Disillusioned, Baum left the theater—temporarily—and went to work as a clerk in his brother-in-law's dry goods company in Syracuse. This experience may have influenced his story \"The Suicide of Kiaros\", first published in the literary journal The White Elephant.", "This experience may have influenced his story \"The Suicide of Kiaros\", first published in the literary journal The White Elephant. A fellow clerk one day had been found locked in a store room dead, probably from suicide. Baum could never stay away long from the stage.", "Baum could never stay away long from the stage. He performed in plays under the stage names of Louis F. Baum and George Brooks. In 1880, his father built him a theater in Richburg, New York, and Baum set about writing plays and gathering a company to act in them.", "In 1880, his father built him a theater in Richburg, New York, and Baum set about writing plays and gathering a company to act in them. The Maid of Arran proved a modest success, a melodrama with songs based on William Black's novel A Princess of Thule.", "The Maid of Arran proved a modest success, a melodrama with songs based on William Black's novel A Princess of Thule. Baum wrote the play and composed songs for it (making it a prototypical musical, as its songs relate to the narrative), and acted in the leading role.", "Baum wrote the play and composed songs for it (making it a prototypical musical, as its songs relate to the narrative), and acted in the leading role. His aunt Katharine Gray played his character's aunt.", "His aunt Katharine Gray played his character's aunt. She was the founder of Syracuse Oratory School, and Baum advertised his services in her catalog to teach theater, including stage business, play writing, directing, translating (French, German, and Italian), revision, and operettas.", "She was the founder of Syracuse Oratory School, and Baum advertised his services in her catalog to teach theater, including stage business, play writing, directing, translating (French, German, and Italian), revision, and operettas. On November 9, 1882, Baum married Maud Gage, a daughter of Matilda Joslyn Gage, a famous women's suffrage and feminist activist.", "On November 9, 1882, Baum married Maud Gage, a daughter of Matilda Joslyn Gage, a famous women's suffrage and feminist activist. While Baum was touring with The Maid of Arran, the theater in Richburg caught fire during a production of Baum's ironically titled parlor drama Matches, destroying the theater as well as the only known copies of many of Baum's scripts, including Matches, as well as costumes.", "While Baum was touring with The Maid of Arran, the theater in Richburg caught fire during a production of Baum's ironically titled parlor drama Matches, destroying the theater as well as the only known copies of many of Baum's scripts, including Matches, as well as costumes. The South Dakota years In July 1888, Baum and his wife moved to Aberdeen, Dakota Territory where he opened a store called \"Baum's Bazaar\".", "The South Dakota years In July 1888, Baum and his wife moved to Aberdeen, Dakota Territory where he opened a store called \"Baum's Bazaar\". His habit of giving out wares on credit led to the eventual bankrupting of the store, so Baum turned to editing the local newspaper The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer where he wrote the column Our Landlady.", "His habit of giving out wares on credit led to the eventual bankrupting of the store, so Baum turned to editing the local newspaper The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer where he wrote the column Our Landlady. Following the death of Sitting Bull at the hands of Indian agency police, Baum urged the wholesale extermination of all America's native peoples in a column that he wrote on December 20, 1890 (full text below).", "Following the death of Sitting Bull at the hands of Indian agency police, Baum urged the wholesale extermination of all America's native peoples in a column that he wrote on December 20, 1890 (full text below). On January 3, 1891, he returned to the subject in an editorial response to the Wounded Knee Massacre: The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extirmination of the Indians.", "On January 3, 1891, he returned to the subject in an editorial response to the Wounded Knee Massacre: The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extirmination of the Indians. Having wronged them for centuries, we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth.", "Having wronged them for centuries, we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth. Baum's description of Kansas in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is based on his experiences in drought-ridden South Dakota.", "Baum's description of Kansas in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is based on his experiences in drought-ridden South Dakota. During much of this time, Matilda Joslyn Gage was living in the Baum household.", "During much of this time, Matilda Joslyn Gage was living in the Baum household. While Baum was in South Dakota, he sang in a quartet which included James Kyle, who became one of the first Populist (People's Party) Senators in the U.S.", "While Baum was in South Dakota, he sang in a quartet which included James Kyle, who became one of the first Populist (People's Party) Senators in the U.S. Writing Baum's newspaper failed in 1891, and he, Maud, and their four sons moved to the Humboldt Park section of Chicago, where Baum took a job reporting for the Evening Post.", "Writing Baum's newspaper failed in 1891, and he, Maud, and their four sons moved to the Humboldt Park section of Chicago, where Baum took a job reporting for the Evening Post. Beginning in 1897, he founded and edited a magazine called The Show Window, later known as the Merchants Record and Show Window, which focused on store window displays, retail strategies and visual merchandising.", "Beginning in 1897, he founded and edited a magazine called The Show Window, later known as the Merchants Record and Show Window, which focused on store window displays, retail strategies and visual merchandising. The major department stores of the time created elaborate Christmas time fantasies, using clockwork mechanisms that made people and animals appear to move.", "The major department stores of the time created elaborate Christmas time fantasies, using clockwork mechanisms that made people and animals appear to move. The former Show Window magazine is still currently in operation, now known as VMSD magazine (visual merchandising + store design), based in Cincinnati.", "The former Show Window magazine is still currently in operation, now known as VMSD magazine (visual merchandising + store design), based in Cincinnati. In 1900, Baum published a book about window displays in which he stressed the importance of mannequins in drawing customers. He also had to work as a traveling salesman.", "He also had to work as a traveling salesman. In 1897, he wrote and published Mother Goose in Prose, a collection of Mother Goose rhymes written as prose stories and illustrated by Maxfield Parrish. Mother Goose was a moderate success and allowed Baum to quit his sales job (which had had a negative impact on his health).", "Mother Goose was a moderate success and allowed Baum to quit his sales job (which had had a negative impact on his health). In 1899, Baum partnered with illustrator W. W. Denslow to publish Father Goose, His Book, a collection of nonsense poetry.", "In 1899, Baum partnered with illustrator W. W. Denslow to publish Father Goose, His Book, a collection of nonsense poetry. The book was a success, becoming the best-selling children's book of the year.", "The book was a success, becoming the best-selling children's book of the year. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz In 1900, Baum and Denslow (with whom he shared the copyright) published The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to much critical acclaim and financial success.", "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz In 1900, Baum and Denslow (with whom he shared the copyright) published The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to much critical acclaim and financial success. The book was the best-selling children's book for two years after its initial publication.", "The book was the best-selling children's book for two years after its initial publication. Baum went on to write thirteen more novels based on the places and people of the Land of Oz.", "Baum went on to write thirteen more novels based on the places and people of the Land of Oz. The Wizard of Oz: Fred R. Hamlin's Musical Extravaganza Two years after Wizard publication, Baum and Denslow teamed up with composer Paul Tietjens and director Julian Mitchell to produce a musical stage version of the book under Fred R. Hamlin.", "The Wizard of Oz: Fred R. Hamlin's Musical Extravaganza Two years after Wizard publication, Baum and Denslow teamed up with composer Paul Tietjens and director Julian Mitchell to produce a musical stage version of the book under Fred R. Hamlin. Baum and Tietjens had worked on a musical of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz in 1901 and based closely upon the book, but it was rejected.", "Baum and Tietjens had worked on a musical of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz in 1901 and based closely upon the book, but it was rejected. This stage version opened in Chicago in 1902 (the first to use the shortened title \"The Wizard of Oz\"), then ran on Broadway for 293 stage nights from January to October 1903.", "This stage version opened in Chicago in 1902 (the first to use the shortened title \"The Wizard of Oz\"), then ran on Broadway for 293 stage nights from January to October 1903. It returned to Broadway in 1904, where it played from March to May and again from November to December.", "It returned to Broadway in 1904, where it played from March to May and again from November to December. It successfully toured the United States with much of the same cast, as was done in those days, until 1911, and then became available for amateur use.", "It successfully toured the United States with much of the same cast, as was done in those days, until 1911, and then became available for amateur use. The stage version starred Anna Laughlin as Dorothy Gale, alongside David C. Montgomery and Fred Stone as the Tin Woodman and Scarecrow respectively, which shot the pair to instant fame.", "The stage version starred Anna Laughlin as Dorothy Gale, alongside David C. Montgomery and Fred Stone as the Tin Woodman and Scarecrow respectively, which shot the pair to instant fame. The stage version differed quite a bit from the book, and was aimed primarily at adults.", "The stage version differed quite a bit from the book, and was aimed primarily at adults. Toto was replaced with Imogene the Cow, and Tryxie Tryfle (a waitress) and Pastoria (a streetcar operator) were added as fellow cyclone victims.", "Toto was replaced with Imogene the Cow, and Tryxie Tryfle (a waitress) and Pastoria (a streetcar operator) were added as fellow cyclone victims. The Wicked Witch of the West was eliminated entirely in the script, and the plot became about how the four friends were allied with the usurping Wizard and were hunted as traitors to Pastoria II, the rightful King of Oz.", "The Wicked Witch of the West was eliminated entirely in the script, and the plot became about how the four friends were allied with the usurping Wizard and were hunted as traitors to Pastoria II, the rightful King of Oz. It is unclear how much control or influence Baum had on the script; it appears that many of the changes were written by Baum against his wishes due to contractual requirements with Hamlin.", "It is unclear how much control or influence Baum had on the script; it appears that many of the changes were written by Baum against his wishes due to contractual requirements with Hamlin. Jokes in the script, mostly written by Glen MacDonough, called for explicit references to President Theodore Roosevelt, Senator Mark Hanna, Rev.", "Jokes in the script, mostly written by Glen MacDonough, called for explicit references to President Theodore Roosevelt, Senator Mark Hanna, Rev. Andrew Danquer, and oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller. Although use of the script was rather free-form, the line about Hanna was ordered dropped as soon as Hamlin got word of his death in 1904.", "Although use of the script was rather free-form, the line about Hanna was ordered dropped as soon as Hamlin got word of his death in 1904. Beginning with the success of the stage version, most subsequent versions of the story, including newer editions of the novel, have been titled \"The Wizard of Oz\", rather than using the full, original title.", "Beginning with the success of the stage version, most subsequent versions of the story, including newer editions of the novel, have been titled \"The Wizard of Oz\", rather than using the full, original title. In more recent years, restoring the full title has become increasingly common, particularly to distinguish the novel from the Hollywood film.", "In more recent years, restoring the full title has become increasingly common, particularly to distinguish the novel from the Hollywood film. Baum wrote a new Oz book, The Marvelous Land of Oz, with a view to making it into a stage production, which was titled The Woggle-Bug, but Montgomery and Stone balked at appearing when the original was still running.", "Baum wrote a new Oz book, The Marvelous Land of Oz, with a view to making it into a stage production, which was titled The Woggle-Bug, but Montgomery and Stone balked at appearing when the original was still running. The Scarecrow and Tin Woodman were then omitted from this adaptation, which was seen as a self-rip-off by critics and proved to be a major flop before it could reach Broadway.", "The Scarecrow and Tin Woodman were then omitted from this adaptation, which was seen as a self-rip-off by critics and proved to be a major flop before it could reach Broadway. He also worked for years on a musical version of Ozma of Oz, which eventually became The Tik-Tok Man of Oz.", "He also worked for years on a musical version of Ozma of Oz, which eventually became The Tik-Tok Man of Oz. This did fairly well in Los Angeles, but not well enough to convince producer Oliver Morosco to mount a production in New York.", "This did fairly well in Los Angeles, but not well enough to convince producer Oliver Morosco to mount a production in New York. He also began a stage version of The Patchwork Girl of Oz, but this was ultimately realized as a film.", "He also began a stage version of The Patchwork Girl of Oz, but this was ultimately realized as a film. Later life and work With the success of Wizard on page and stage, Baum and Denslow hoped for further success and published Dot and Tot of Merryland in 1901.", "Later life and work With the success of Wizard on page and stage, Baum and Denslow hoped for further success and published Dot and Tot of Merryland in 1901. The book was one of Baum's weakest, and its failure further strained his faltering relationship with Denslow. It was their last collaboration.", "It was their last collaboration. It was their last collaboration. Baum worked primarily with John R. Neill on his fantasy work beginning in 1904, but Baum met Neill few times (all before he moved to California) and often found Neill's art not humorous enough for his liking.", "Baum worked primarily with John R. Neill on his fantasy work beginning in 1904, but Baum met Neill few times (all before he moved to California) and often found Neill's art not humorous enough for his liking. He was particularly offended when Neill published The Oz Toy Book: Cut-outs for the Kiddies without authorization.", "He was particularly offended when Neill published The Oz Toy Book: Cut-outs for the Kiddies without authorization. Baum reportedly designed the chandeliers in the Crown Room of the Hotel del Coronado; however, that attribution has yet to be corroborated.", "Baum reportedly designed the chandeliers in the Crown Room of the Hotel del Coronado; however, that attribution has yet to be corroborated. Several times during the development of the Oz series, Baum declared that he had written his last Oz book and devoted himself to other works of fantasy fiction based in other magical lands, including The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus and Queen Zixi of Ix.", "Several times during the development of the Oz series, Baum declared that he had written his last Oz book and devoted himself to other works of fantasy fiction based in other magical lands, including The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus and Queen Zixi of Ix. However, he returned to the series each time, persuaded by popular demand, letters from children, and the failure of his new books.", "However, he returned to the series each time, persuaded by popular demand, letters from children, and the failure of his new books. Even so, his other works remained very popular after his death, with The Master Key appearing on St. Nicholas Magazine's survey of readers' favorite books well into the 1920s.", "Even so, his other works remained very popular after his death, with The Master Key appearing on St. Nicholas Magazine's survey of readers' favorite books well into the 1920s. In 1905, Baum declared plans for an Oz amusement park.", "In 1905, Baum declared plans for an Oz amusement park. In an interview, he mentioned buying “Pedloe Island” off the coast of California to turn it into an Oz park.", "In an interview, he mentioned buying “Pedloe Island” off the coast of California to turn it into an Oz park. However, there is no evidence that he purchased such an island, and no one has ever been able to find any island whose name even resembles Pedloe in that area.", "However, there is no evidence that he purchased such an island, and no one has ever been able to find any island whose name even resembles Pedloe in that area. Nevertheless, Baum stated to the press that he had discovered a Pedloe Island off the coast of California and that he had purchased it to be \"the Marvelous Land of Oz,\" intending it to be \"a fairy paradise for children.\"", "Nevertheless, Baum stated to the press that he had discovered a Pedloe Island off the coast of California and that he had purchased it to be \"the Marvelous Land of Oz,\" intending it to be \"a fairy paradise for children.\" Eleven year old Dorothy Talbot of San Francisco was reported to be ascendant to the throne on March 1, 1906, when the Palace of Oz was expected to be completed.", "Eleven year old Dorothy Talbot of San Francisco was reported to be ascendant to the throne on March 1, 1906, when the Palace of Oz was expected to be completed. Baum planned to live on the island, with administrative duties handled by the princess and her all-child advisers.", "Baum planned to live on the island, with administrative duties handled by the princess and her all-child advisers. Plans included statues of the Scarecrow, Tin Woodman, Jack Pumpkinhead, and H.M. Woggle-Bug, T.E. Baum abandoned his Oz park project after the failure of The Woggle-Bug, which was playing at the Garrick Theatre in 1905.", "Baum abandoned his Oz park project after the failure of The Woggle-Bug, which was playing at the Garrick Theatre in 1905. Because of his lifelong love of theatre, he financed elaborate musicals, often to his financial detriment.", "Because of his lifelong love of theatre, he financed elaborate musicals, often to his financial detriment. One of Baum's worst financial endeavors was his The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908), which combined a slideshow, film, and live actors with a lecture by Baum as if he were giving a travelogue to Oz.", "One of Baum's worst financial endeavors was his The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908), which combined a slideshow, film, and live actors with a lecture by Baum as if he were giving a travelogue to Oz. However, Baum ran into trouble and could not pay his debts to the company who produced the films.", "However, Baum ran into trouble and could not pay his debts to the company who produced the films. He did not get back to a stable financial situation for several years, after he sold the royalty rights to many of his earlier works, including The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. This resulted in the M.A.", "This resulted in the M.A. This resulted in the M.A. Donahue Company publishing cheap editions of his early works with advertising which purported that Baum's newer output was inferior to the less expensive books that they were releasing. He claimed bankruptcy in August 1911.", "He claimed bankruptcy in August 1911. However, Baum had shrewdly transferred most of his property into Maud's name, except for his clothing, his typewriter, and his library (mostly of children's books, such as the fairy tales of Andrew Lang, whose portrait he kept in his study)—all of which, he successfully argued, were essential to his occupation.", "However, Baum had shrewdly transferred most of his property into Maud's name, except for his clothing, his typewriter, and his library (mostly of children's books, such as the fairy tales of Andrew Lang, whose portrait he kept in his study)—all of which, he successfully argued, were essential to his occupation. Maud handled the finances anyway, and thus Baum lost much less than he could have.", "Maud handled the finances anyway, and thus Baum lost much less than he could have. Baum made use of several pseudonyms for some of his other non-Oz books.", "Baum made use of several pseudonyms for some of his other non-Oz books. They include: Edith Van Dyne (the Aunt Jane's Nieces series) Laura Bancroft (The Twinkle Tales, Policeman Bluejay) Floyd Akers (The Boy Fortune Hunters series, continuing the Sam Steele series) Suzanne Metcalf (Annabel) Schuyler Staunton (The Fate of a Crown, Daughters of Destiny) John Estes Cooke (Tamawaca Folks) Capt.", "They include: Edith Van Dyne (the Aunt Jane's Nieces series) Laura Bancroft (The Twinkle Tales, Policeman Bluejay) Floyd Akers (The Boy Fortune Hunters series, continuing the Sam Steele series) Suzanne Metcalf (Annabel) Schuyler Staunton (The Fate of a Crown, Daughters of Destiny) John Estes Cooke (Tamawaca Folks) Capt. Hugh Fitzgerald (the Sam Steele series) Baum also anonymously wrote The Last Egyptian: A Romance of the Nile.", "Hugh Fitzgerald (the Sam Steele series) Baum also anonymously wrote The Last Egyptian: A Romance of the Nile. He continued theatrical work with Harry Marston Haldeman's men's social group The Uplifters, for which he wrote several plays for various celebrations. He also wrote the group's parodic by-laws.", "He also wrote the group's parodic by-laws. The group also included Will Rogers, but was proud to have had Baum as a member and posthumously revived many of his works despite their ephemeral intent.", "The group also included Will Rogers, but was proud to have had Baum as a member and posthumously revived many of his works despite their ephemeral intent. Many of these play's titles are known, but only The Uplift of Lucifer is known to survive (it was published in a limited edition in the 1960s).", "Many of these play's titles are known, but only The Uplift of Lucifer is known to survive (it was published in a limited edition in the 1960s). Prior to that, his last produced play was The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (based on Ozma of Oz and the basis for Tik-Tok of Oz), a modest success in Hollywood that producer Oliver Morosco decided did not do well enough to take to Broadway.", "Prior to that, his last produced play was The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (based on Ozma of Oz and the basis for Tik-Tok of Oz), a modest success in Hollywood that producer Oliver Morosco decided did not do well enough to take to Broadway. Morosco, incidentally, quickly turned to film production, as did Baum.", "Morosco, incidentally, quickly turned to film production, as did Baum. In 1914, Baum started his own film production company The Oz Film Manufacturing Company, which came as an outgrowth of the Uplifters. He served as its president and principal producer and screenwriter.", "He served as its president and principal producer and screenwriter. The rest of the board consisted of Louis F. Gottschalk, Harry Marston Haldeman, and Clarence R. Rundel.", "The rest of the board consisted of Louis F. Gottschalk, Harry Marston Haldeman, and Clarence R. Rundel. The films were directed by J. Farrell MacDonald, with casts that included Violet MacMillan, Vivian Reed, Mildred Harris, Juanita Hansen, Pierre Couderc, Mai Welles, Louise Emmons, J. Charles Haydon, and early appearances by Harold Lloyd and Hal Roach.", "The films were directed by J. Farrell MacDonald, with casts that included Violet MacMillan, Vivian Reed, Mildred Harris, Juanita Hansen, Pierre Couderc, Mai Welles, Louise Emmons, J. Charles Haydon, and early appearances by Harold Lloyd and Hal Roach. Silent film actor Richard Rosson appeared in one of the films (Rosson's younger brother Harold Rosson was the cinematographer on The Wizard of Oz, released in 1939).", "Silent film actor Richard Rosson appeared in one of the films (Rosson's younger brother Harold Rosson was the cinematographer on The Wizard of Oz, released in 1939). After little success probing the unrealized children's film market, Baum acknowledged his authorship of The Last Egyptian and made a film of it (portions of which are included in Decasia), but the Oz name had become box office poison for the time being, and even a name change to Dramatic Feature Films and transfer of ownership to Frank Joslyn Baum did not help.", "After little success probing the unrealized children's film market, Baum acknowledged his authorship of The Last Egyptian and made a film of it (portions of which are included in Decasia), but the Oz name had become box office poison for the time being, and even a name change to Dramatic Feature Films and transfer of ownership to Frank Joslyn Baum did not help. Baum invested none of his own money in the venture, unlike The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays, but the stress probably took its toll on his health.", "Baum invested none of his own money in the venture, unlike The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays, but the stress probably took its toll on his health. Death On May 5, 1919, Baum suffered a stroke, slipped into a coma and died the following day, at the age of 62.", "Death On May 5, 1919, Baum suffered a stroke, slipped into a coma and died the following day, at the age of 62. His last words were spoken to his wife during a brief period of lucidity: \"Now we can cross the Shifting Sands.\"", "His last words were spoken to his wife during a brief period of lucidity: \"Now we can cross the Shifting Sands.\" He was buried in Glendale's Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery. His final Oz book, Glinda of Oz, was published on July 10, 1920, a year after his death.", "His final Oz book, Glinda of Oz, was published on July 10, 1920, a year after his death. The Oz series was continued long after his death by other authors, notably Ruth Plumly Thompson, who wrote an additional twenty-one Oz books.", "The Oz series was continued long after his death by other authors, notably Ruth Plumly Thompson, who wrote an additional twenty-one Oz books. Baum's beliefs Literary Baum's avowed intentions with the Oz books and his other fairy tales was to retell tales such as those which are found in the works of the Brothers Grimm and Hans Christian Andersen, remake them in an American vein, update them, omit stereotypical characters such as dwarfs or genies, and remove the association of violence and moral teachings.", "Baum's beliefs Literary Baum's avowed intentions with the Oz books and his other fairy tales was to retell tales such as those which are found in the works of the Brothers Grimm and Hans Christian Andersen, remake them in an American vein, update them, omit stereotypical characters such as dwarfs or genies, and remove the association of violence and moral teachings. His first Oz books contained a fair amount of violence, but the amount of it decreased as the series progressed; in The Emerald City of Oz, Ozma objects to the use of violence, even to the use of violence against the Nomes who threaten Oz with invasion.", "His first Oz books contained a fair amount of violence, but the amount of it decreased as the series progressed; in The Emerald City of Oz, Ozma objects to the use of violence, even to the use of violence against the Nomes who threaten Oz with invasion. His introduction is often cited as the beginning of the sanitization of children's stories, although he did not do a great deal more than eliminate harsh moral lessons.", "His introduction is often cited as the beginning of the sanitization of children's stories, although he did not do a great deal more than eliminate harsh moral lessons. Another traditional element that Baum intentionally omitted was the emphasis on romance. He considered romantic love to be uninteresting to young children, as well as largely incomprehensible.", "He considered romantic love to be uninteresting to young children, as well as largely incomprehensible. In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the only elements of romance lay in the background of the Tin Woodman and his love for Nimmie Amee, which explains his condition but does not affect the tale in any other way, and the background of Gayelette and the enchantment of the Winged monkeys.", "In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the only elements of romance lay in the background of the Tin Woodman and his love for Nimmie Amee, which explains his condition but does not affect the tale in any other way, and the background of Gayelette and the enchantment of the Winged monkeys. The only other stories with such elements were The Scarecrow of Oz and Tik-Tok of Oz, both of them were based on dramatizations, which Baum regarded warily until his readers accepted them.", "The only other stories with such elements were The Scarecrow of Oz and Tik-Tok of Oz, both of them were based on dramatizations, which Baum regarded warily until his readers accepted them. Political Women's suffrage advocate When Baum lived in Aberdeen, South Dakota, where he was secretary of its Equal Suffrage Club, much of the politics in the Republican Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer dealt with trying to convince the populace to vote for women's suffrage.", "Political Women's suffrage advocate When Baum lived in Aberdeen, South Dakota, where he was secretary of its Equal Suffrage Club, much of the politics in the Republican Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer dealt with trying to convince the populace to vote for women's suffrage. Susan B. Anthony visited Aberdeen and stayed with the Baums.", "Susan B. Anthony visited Aberdeen and stayed with the Baums. Nancy Tystad Koupal notes an apparent loss of interest in editorializing after Aberdeen failed to pass the bill for women's enfranchisement.", "Nancy Tystad Koupal notes an apparent loss of interest in editorializing after Aberdeen failed to pass the bill for women's enfranchisement. Sally Roesch Wagner of The Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation published The Wonderful Mother of Oz, describing how Matilda Gage's feminist politics were sympathetically channeled by Baum into his Oz books.", "Sally Roesch Wagner of The Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation published The Wonderful Mother of Oz, describing how Matilda Gage's feminist politics were sympathetically channeled by Baum into his Oz books. Some of Baum's contacts with suffragists of his day seem to have inspired much of The Marvelous Land of Oz.", "Some of Baum's contacts with suffragists of his day seem to have inspired much of The Marvelous Land of Oz. In this story, General Jinjur leads the girls and women of Oz in a revolt, armed with knitting needles; they succeed and make the men do the household chores.", "In this story, General Jinjur leads the girls and women of Oz in a revolt, armed with knitting needles; they succeed and make the men do the household chores. Jinjur proves to be an incompetent ruler, but Princess Ozma, who advocates gender equality, is ultimately placed on the throne.", "Jinjur proves to be an incompetent ruler, but Princess Ozma, who advocates gender equality, is ultimately placed on the throne. Charlotte Perkins Gilman's 1915 classic of feminist science fiction, Herland, bears strong similarities to The Emerald City of Oz(1910); the link between Baum and Gilman is considered to be Gage.", "Charlotte Perkins Gilman's 1915 classic of feminist science fiction, Herland, bears strong similarities to The Emerald City of Oz(1910); the link between Baum and Gilman is considered to be Gage. Baum's stories outside of Oz also contain feminist or egalitarian themes.", "Baum's stories outside of Oz also contain feminist or egalitarian themes. His Edith Van Dyne stories depict girls and young women engaging in traditionally masculine activities, including Aunt Jane's Nieces and The Flying Girl and its sequel. The Bluebird Books feature a girl sleuth.", "The Bluebird Books feature a girl sleuth. Racial views During the period surrounding the 1890 Ghost Dance movement and Wounded Knee Massacre, Baum wrote two editorials asserting that the safety of white settlers depended on the wholesale genocide of American Indians.", "Racial views During the period surrounding the 1890 Ghost Dance movement and Wounded Knee Massacre, Baum wrote two editorials asserting that the safety of white settlers depended on the wholesale genocide of American Indians. These editorials were re-published in 1990 by sociologist Robert Venables of Cornell University, who argues that Baum was not using sarcasm.", "These editorials were re-published in 1990 by sociologist Robert Venables of Cornell University, who argues that Baum was not using sarcasm. The first piece was published on December 20, 1890, five days after the killing of the Lakota Sioux holy man, Sitting Bull.Rogers, p. 259.", "The first piece was published on December 20, 1890, five days after the killing of the Lakota Sioux holy man, Sitting Bull.Rogers, p. 259. The piece opined that with Sitting Bull's death, \"the nobility of the Redskin\" had been extinguished, and the safety of the frontier would not be established until there was \"total annihilation\" of the remaining Native Americans, who, he claimed, lived as \"miserable wretches.\"", "The piece opined that with Sitting Bull's death, \"the nobility of the Redskin\" had been extinguished, and the safety of the frontier would not be established until there was \"total annihilation\" of the remaining Native Americans, who, he claimed, lived as \"miserable wretches.\" Baum said that their extermination should not be regretted, and their elimination would \"do justice to the manly characteristics\" of their ancestors.", "Baum said that their extermination should not be regretted, and their elimination would \"do justice to the manly characteristics\" of their ancestors. The Wounded Knee Massacre occurred nine days later; the second editorial was published on January 3, 1891. Baum alleged that General Nelson A.", "Baum alleged that General Nelson A. Miles' weak rule of the Native Americans had caused American soldiers to suffer a \"terrible loss of blood\", in a \"battle\" which had been a disgrace to the Department of War. He found that the \"disaster\" could have easily been prevented with proper preparations.", "He found that the \"disaster\" could have easily been prevented with proper preparations. Baum reiterated that he believed, due to the history of mistreatment of Native Americans, that the extermination of the \"untamed and untamable\" tribes was necessary to protect American settlers.", "Baum reiterated that he believed, due to the history of mistreatment of Native Americans, that the extermination of the \"untamed and untamable\" tribes was necessary to protect American settlers. Baum ended the editorial with the following anecdote: \"An eastern contemporary, with a grain of wisdom in its wit, says that 'when the whites win a fight, it is a victory, and when the Indians win it, it is a massacre.'\"", "Baum ended the editorial with the following anecdote: \"An eastern contemporary, with a grain of wisdom in its wit, says that 'when the whites win a fight, it is a victory, and when the Indians win it, it is a massacre.'\" In 2006, two descendants of Baum apologized to the Sioux nation for any hurt that their ancestor had caused.", "In 2006, two descendants of Baum apologized to the Sioux nation for any hurt that their ancestor had caused. The short story \"The Enchanted Buffalo\" claims to be a legend about a tribe of bison, and it states that a key element of it made it into the legends of Native American tribes.", "The short story \"The Enchanted Buffalo\" claims to be a legend about a tribe of bison, and it states that a key element of it made it into the legends of Native American tribes. Baum mentions his characters' distaste for a Hopi snake dance in Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John, but he also deplores the horrible situation which exists on Indian Reservations.", "Baum mentions his characters' distaste for a Hopi snake dance in Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John, but he also deplores the horrible situation which exists on Indian Reservations. Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch features a hard-working Mexican in order to disprove Anglo stereotypes which portray Mexicans as lazy.", "Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch features a hard-working Mexican in order to disprove Anglo stereotypes which portray Mexicans as lazy. Baum's mother-in-law and woman's suffrage leader Matilda Joslyn Gage strongly influenced his views.", "Baum's mother-in-law and woman's suffrage leader Matilda Joslyn Gage strongly influenced his views. Gage was initiated into the Wolf Clan and admitted into the Iroquois Council of Matrons in recognition of her outspoken respect and sympathy for Native American people.", "Gage was initiated into the Wolf Clan and admitted into the Iroquois Council of Matrons in recognition of her outspoken respect and sympathy for Native American people. Political imagery in The Wizard of Oz Numerous political references to the \"Wizard\" appeared early in the 20th century.", "Political imagery in The Wizard of Oz Numerous political references to the \"Wizard\" appeared early in the 20th century. Henry Littlefield, an upstate New York high school history teacher, wrote a scholarly article in 1964, the first full-fledged interpretation of the novel as an extended metaphor of the politics and characters of the 1890s.", "Henry Littlefield, an upstate New York high school history teacher, wrote a scholarly article in 1964, the first full-fledged interpretation of the novel as an extended metaphor of the politics and characters of the 1890s. He paid special attention to the Populist metaphors and debates over silver and gold.", "He paid special attention to the Populist metaphors and debates over silver and gold. Baum was a Republican and avid supporter of women's suffrage, and it is thought that he did not support the political ideals of either the Populist movement of 1890–1892 or the Bryanite silver crusade of 1896–1900. He published a poem in support of William McKinley.", "He published a poem in support of William McKinley. Since 1964, many scholars, economists, and historians have expanded on Littlefield's interpretation, pointing to multiple similarities between the characters (especially as depicted in Denslow's illustrations) and stock figures from editorial cartoons of the period.", "Since 1964, many scholars, economists, and historians have expanded on Littlefield's interpretation, pointing to multiple similarities between the characters (especially as depicted in Denslow's illustrations) and stock figures from editorial cartoons of the period. Littlefield wrote to The New York Times letters to the editor section spelling out that his theory had no basis in fact, but that his original point was \"not to label Baum, or to lessen any of his magic, but rather, as a history teacher at Mount Vernon High School, to invest turn-of-the-century America with the imagery and wonder I have always found in his stories.\"", "Littlefield wrote to The New York Times letters to the editor section spelling out that his theory had no basis in fact, but that his original point was \"not to label Baum, or to lessen any of his magic, but rather, as a history teacher at Mount Vernon High School, to invest turn-of-the-century America with the imagery and wonder I have always found in his stories.\" Baum's newspaper had addressed politics in the 1890s, and Denslow was an editorial cartoonist as well as an illustrator of children's books.", "Baum's newspaper had addressed politics in the 1890s, and Denslow was an editorial cartoonist as well as an illustrator of children's books. A series of political references is included in the 1902 stage version, such as references to the President, to a powerful senator, and to John D. Rockefeller for providing the oil needed by the Tin Woodman.", "A series of political references is included in the 1902 stage version, such as references to the President, to a powerful senator, and to John D. Rockefeller for providing the oil needed by the Tin Woodman. Scholars have found few political references in Baum's Oz books after 1902.", "Scholars have found few political references in Baum's Oz books after 1902. Baum was asked whether his stories had hidden meanings, but he always replied that they were written to \"please children\". Religion Baum was originally a Methodist, but he joined the Episcopal Church in Aberdeen in order to participate in community theatricals.", "Religion Baum was originally a Methodist, but he joined the Episcopal Church in Aberdeen in order to participate in community theatricals. Later, he and his wife were encouraged to become members of the Theosophical Society in 1892 by Matilda Joslyn Gage.", "Later, he and his wife were encouraged to become members of the Theosophical Society in 1892 by Matilda Joslyn Gage. Baum's beliefs are frequently reflected in his writings; however, the only mention of a church in his Oz books is the porcelain one which the Cowardly Lion breaks in the Dainty China Country in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.", "Baum's beliefs are frequently reflected in his writings; however, the only mention of a church in his Oz books is the porcelain one which the Cowardly Lion breaks in the Dainty China Country in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The Baums sent their older sons to \"Ethical Culture Sunday School\" in Chicago, which taught morality, not religion.Michael Patrick Hearn.", "The Baums sent their older sons to \"Ethical Culture Sunday School\" in Chicago, which taught morality, not religion.Michael Patrick Hearn. The Annotated Wizard of Oz. 2nd Edition. 2000. pp. 7, 271, 328.", "7, 271, 328. 7, 271, 328. Writers including Evan I. Schwartz among others have suggested that Baum intentionally used allegory and symbolism in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to convey concepts that are central to spiritual teachings such as Theosophy and Buddhism.", "Writers including Evan I. Schwartz among others have suggested that Baum intentionally used allegory and symbolism in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to convey concepts that are central to spiritual teachings such as Theosophy and Buddhism. They postulate that the main characters’ experiences in Oz represent the soul’s journey toward enlightenment.", "They postulate that the main characters’ experiences in Oz represent the soul’s journey toward enlightenment. Schwartz specifically states that key plot elements of the book take “the reader on a journey guided by Eastern philosophy” (Schwartz, p. 265).", "Schwartz specifically states that key plot elements of the book take “the reader on a journey guided by Eastern philosophy” (Schwartz, p. 265). An article in BBC Culture lists several allegorical interpretations of the book including that it may be viewed as a parable of Theosophy.", "An article in BBC Culture lists several allegorical interpretations of the book including that it may be viewed as a parable of Theosophy. The article cites various symbols and their possible meanings, for example the Yellow Brick Road representing the ‘Golden Path’ in Buddhism, along which the soul travels to a state of spiritual realization.", "The article cites various symbols and their possible meanings, for example the Yellow Brick Road representing the ‘Golden Path’ in Buddhism, along which the soul travels to a state of spiritual realization. Baum’s own writing suggests he believed the story may have been divinely inspired: “It was pure inspiration.", "Baum’s own writing suggests he believed the story may have been divinely inspired: “It was pure inspiration. It came to me right out of the blue. I think that sometimes the Great Author had a message to get across and He was to use the instrument at hand”.", "I think that sometimes the Great Author had a message to get across and He was to use the instrument at hand”. Bibliography Works Mother Goose in Prose (1897) By the Candelabra's Glare (1898) Father Goose: His Book (1899) A New Wonderland (1900) The Army Alphabet (1900) The Navy Alphabet (1900) American Fairy Tales (1901) The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Egypt (1908) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Panama (1908) Fortune Hunters in China The Boy Fortune Hunters in the South Seas (1911) The Sea Fairies (1911) Sky Island (1912) Queen Zixi of Ix (1905) The Fate of a Crown (1905) Sam Steele's Adventures on Land and Sea (1906) Daughters of Destiny (novel) (1906) The Last Egyptian (1907) Land of Oz worksThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904)Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1905, comic strip depicting 27 stories)The Woggle-Bug Book (1905)Ozma of Oz (1907)Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908)The Road to Oz (1909)The Emerald City of Oz (1910)The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913)Little Wizard Stories of Oz (1913, collection of 6 short stories)Tik-Tok of Oz (1914)The Scarecrow of Oz (1915)Rinkitink in Oz (1916)The Lost Princess of Oz (1917)The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918)The Magic of Oz (1919, posthumously published)Glinda of Oz (1920, posthumously published) 1921's The Royal Book of Oz was posthumously attributed to Baum but was entirely the work of Ruth Plumly Thompson.", "Bibliography Works Mother Goose in Prose (1897) By the Candelabra's Glare (1898) Father Goose: His Book (1899) A New Wonderland (1900) The Army Alphabet (1900) The Navy Alphabet (1900) American Fairy Tales (1901) The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Egypt (1908) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Panama (1908) Fortune Hunters in China The Boy Fortune Hunters in the South Seas (1911) The Sea Fairies (1911) Sky Island (1912) Queen Zixi of Ix (1905) The Fate of a Crown (1905) Sam Steele's Adventures on Land and Sea (1906) Daughters of Destiny (novel) (1906) The Last Egyptian (1907) Land of Oz worksThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904)Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1905, comic strip depicting 27 stories)The Woggle-Bug Book (1905)Ozma of Oz (1907)Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908)The Road to Oz (1909)The Emerald City of Oz (1910)The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913)Little Wizard Stories of Oz (1913, collection of 6 short stories)Tik-Tok of Oz (1914)The Scarecrow of Oz (1915)Rinkitink in Oz (1916)The Lost Princess of Oz (1917)The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918)The Magic of Oz (1919, posthumously published)Glinda of Oz (1920, posthumously published) 1921's The Royal Book of Oz was posthumously attributed to Baum but was entirely the work of Ruth Plumly Thompson. Popular culture and legacy A 1970 episode of the long-running American Western anthology series Death Valley Days presents a highly romanticized portrayal of Baum's time in South Dakota.", "Popular culture and legacy A 1970 episode of the long-running American Western anthology series Death Valley Days presents a highly romanticized portrayal of Baum's time in South Dakota. The comedic teleplay, titled \"The Wizard of Aberdeen\", stars Conlan Carter as Baum and Beverlee McKinsey as Maud.", "The comedic teleplay, titled \"The Wizard of Aberdeen\", stars Conlan Carter as Baum and Beverlee McKinsey as Maud. Although the 30-minute presentation touches on Baum's family life and his struggles in Aberdeen as a newspaper editor, it focuses principally on his storytelling to local children about characters in a distant land he initially refers to as \"Ooz\".", "Although the 30-minute presentation touches on Baum's family life and his struggles in Aberdeen as a newspaper editor, it focuses principally on his storytelling to local children about characters in a distant land he initially refers to as \"Ooz\". John Ritter portrayed Baum in the television film The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990).", "John Ritter portrayed Baum in the television film The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990). The theme park Storybook Land, located in Aberdeen, South Dakota, features the Land of Oz, with characters and attractions from the books.", "The theme park Storybook Land, located in Aberdeen, South Dakota, features the Land of Oz, with characters and attractions from the books. In the short-lived 2008 TV series Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, the show's protagonist John Connor enrolls in high school under the name of \"John Baum\" (after L. Frank Baum) to keep his true identity a secret.", "In the short-lived 2008 TV series Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, the show's protagonist John Connor enrolls in high school under the name of \"John Baum\" (after L. Frank Baum) to keep his true identity a secret. His mother Sarah had mentioned to Cameron that The Wonderful Wizard Of Oz was John's favorite book when he was younger.", "His mother Sarah had mentioned to Cameron that The Wonderful Wizard Of Oz was John's favorite book when he was younger. In 2013, Baum was inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. Chittenango, New York holds a three-day annual festival called Oz-Stravaganza!", "Chittenango, New York holds a three-day annual festival called Oz-Stravaganza! to celebrate the literary works of author L. Frank Baum, who was born in Chittenango on May 15, 1856. The children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was published on May 17, 1900.", "The children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was published on May 17, 1900. The weekend-long festival, usually held during the first Saturday of June and the weekend thereof, includes a parade, which features many community groups.", "The weekend-long festival, usually held during the first Saturday of June and the weekend thereof, includes a parade, which features many community groups. The parade has also featured actors and actresses who played Munchkins in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, including Jerry Maren, Karl Slover, Meinhardt Raabe, and Margaret Williams Pellegrini.", "The parade has also featured actors and actresses who played Munchkins in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, including Jerry Maren, Karl Slover, Meinhardt Raabe, and Margaret Williams Pellegrini. See also Notes References Algeo, John. \"A Notable Theosophist: L. Frank Baum.\" American Theosophist, Vol.", "American Theosophist, Vol. American Theosophist, Vol. 74 (August–September 1986), pp. 270–3. Attebery, Brian. The Fantasy Tradition in American Literature. Bloomington, IN, Indiana University Press, 1980. Baum, Frank Joslyn, and Russell P. Macfall. To Please a Child. Chicago, Reilly & Lee, 1961.", "Chicago, Reilly & Lee, 1961. Baum, L. Frank. The Annotated Wizard of Oz. Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Michael Patrick Hearn. New York, Clarkson N. Potter, 1973. Revised 2000. New York, W.W. Norton, 2000. Ford, Alla T. The High-Jinks of L. Frank Baum.", "Ford, Alla T. The High-Jinks of L. Frank Baum. Hong Kong, Ford Press, 1969. Ford, Alla T. The Musical Fantasies of L. Frank Baum. Lake Worth, FL, Ford Press, 1969. Gardner, Martin, and Russel B. Nye. The Wizard of Oz and Who He Was.", "The Wizard of Oz and Who He Was. East Lansing, MI, Michigan State University Press, 1957. Revised 1994. Hearn, Michael Patrick. The Critical Heritage Edition of the Wizard of Oz. New York, Schocken, 1986. Koupal, Nancy Tystad. Baum's Road to Oz: The Dakota Years.", "Baum's Road to Oz: The Dakota Years. Pierre, SD, South Dakota State Historical Society, 2000. Koupal, Nancy Tystad. Our Landlady. Lawrence, KS, University of Nebraska Press, 1986. Parker, David B.", "Parker, David B. Parker, David B. The Rise and Fall of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a \"Parable on Populism\" Journal of the Georgia Association of Historians, vol. 15 (1994), pp. 49–63.", "15 (1994), pp. 49–63. 49–63. Reneau, Reneau H. \"Misanthropology: A Florilegium of Bahumbuggery\" Inglewood, CA, donlazaro translations, 2004, pp. 155–164 Reneau, Reneau H. \"A Newer Testament: Misanthropology Unleashed\" Inglewood, CA, donlazaro translations, 2008, pp.", "155–164 Reneau, Reneau H. \"A Newer Testament: Misanthropology Unleashed\" Inglewood, CA, donlazaro translations, 2008, pp. 129–147 Riley, Michael O. Oz and Beyond: The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum. Lawrence, KS, University of Kansas Press, 1997.", "Lawrence, KS, University of Kansas Press, 1997. Rogers, Katharine M. L. Frank Baum, Creator of Oz: A Biography. New York, St. Martin's Press, 2002. Sale, Roger. Fairy Tales and After: From Snow White to E. B. White. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University press, 1978.", "Cambridge, MA, Harvard University press, 1978. Schwartz, Evan I. Finding Oz: How L. Frank Baum Discovered the Great American Story. New York, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009 Wagner, Sally Roesch. The Wonderful Mother of Oz. Fayetteville, NY: The Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation, 2003. Wilgus, Neal.", "Wilgus, Neal. Wilgus, Neal. \"Classic American Fairy Tales: The Fantasies of L. Frank Baum\" in Darrell Schweitzer (ed) Discovering Classic Fantasy Fiction'', Gillette NJ: Wildside Press, 1996, pp. 113–121.", "113–121. 113–121. External links The Complete Oz Works L. Frank Baum Papers at Syracuse University Bibliography (Baum and Oz) The International Wizard of Oz Club, Inc.", "External links The Complete Oz Works L. Frank Baum Papers at Syracuse University Bibliography (Baum and Oz) The International Wizard of Oz Club, Inc. Wonderful Wizard of Oz Website Copyright Registration Application from Claimant L. Frank Baum for The wonderful Wizard of Oz From the Collections at the Library of Congress Finding aid to Roland Orvil Baughman collection about L. Frank Baum at Columbia University, Rare Book & Manuscript Library 1856 births 1919 deaths 19th-century American male actors 19th-century American newspaper editors 19th-century American newspaper publishers (people) 19th-century American novelists 20th-century American novelists 19th-century male writers 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American poets American male short story writers 20th-century American male actors American children's writers American fantasy writers American feminist writers American film producers American Methodists American people of English descent American people of German descent American people of Scotch-Irish descent American male silent film actors American male stage actors American suffragists American Theosophists Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) Children's poets Male feminists Oz (franchise) People from Aberdeen, South Dakota People from Chittenango, New York Peekskill Military Academy alumni Writers from Syracuse, New York Silent film directors Writers from Chicago New York (state) Republicans South Dakota Republicans California Republicans American male poets American male novelists Journalists from South Dakota Journalists from New York (state) Stamp dealers Novelists from Illinois American male non-fiction writers Male novelists 19th-century pseudonymous writers 20th-century pseudonymous writers" ]

[ "L. Frank Baum", "The South Dakota years", "What is important about the south dakota years?", "Baum was born in Chittenango, New York in 1856 into a devout Methodist family.", "Who were his parents?", "Cynthia Ann (nee Stanton) and Benjamin Ward Baum,", "Did he have siblings?", "and was the seventh of nine children", "Where did he go to school?", "From the age of 12, he spent two miserable years at Peekskill Military Academy but,", "where did he go after that?", "after being severely disciplined for daydreaming, he had a possibly psychogenic heart attack and was allowed to return home.", "What else did he do during this time?", "Baum started writing early in life, possibly prompted by his father buying him a cheap printing press.", "What did he write during this time?", "The brothers published several issues of the journal, including advertisements from local businesses,", "What else did they do ?", "By the age of 17, Baum established a second amateur journal called The Stamp Collector,", "What did he work on after that?", "At 20, Baum took on the national craze of breeding fancy poultry." ]

[ "Copyright law in Syria is regulated by the Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Law issued by Legislative Decree No. 62 of 2013. The Syrian Ministry of Culture, through its Copyright Office, is generally in charge of proposing copyright legislation to Parliament.\n\nHistory \nOn January 17, 1924, during the French Mandate over Syria and Lebanon, Decree 2385 was issued in which Article 145 defined works of art and literature as intellectual production.\n\nOn February 23, 1987, the Arab Society for Intellectual Property was founded, known at the time as the Arab Society for the Protection of Industrial Property with the mission of \"promoting and developing Intellectual Property protection in the Arab world...\". At the time, Syria was on the board alongside nine other Arab states. As of August 2017, Syria has one representative on the Society's board.\n\nSyria's first copyright law was issued in 2001. This law was repealed in 2013 by Legislative Decree No. 62 of 2013 on Law for the Protection of Copyright and Neighbouring Rights.\n\nMain features \nThe Syrian copyright law grants copyright protection automatically without the need for any formalities to all literary, scientific, and artistic works irrespective of the value of the work, the purpose for which it was created or whether or not it is reduced to a material form. The law protects all forms of human expression including computer software and databases. In addition to the classic forms of copyright protection, the law also protects neighbouring rights such as performers rights, audio-visual producers rights, and broadcasting rights. The law also provides a mechanism for compulsory licensing and a collective rights management.\n\nExclusive rights \nThe Syrian copyright law provides a number of moral and economic rights.\n\nMoral rights \nThe Syrian copyright law provides the author with following moral rights:\n The right to decide the publication of the work for the first time and the method and timing of this publication.\n The right to attribute the work to himself, to choose not to disclose his identity, or to use an pseudonym.\n The right to reject any mutilation or change applied to his work.\n The right to reject any interference with his work in a way that affects his honour or reputation.\n The right to stop the circulation of his work if serious reasons emerged to justify this action.\n\nEconomic rights \nThe Syrian copyright law provides the author with the following economic rights:\n The right to copy the work using any medium.\n The right to translate a work, arrange it musically, or adapt into any other way.\n The right to distribute the work to the work by sale or any other disposition.\n The right to publicly perform the work.\n The right to make the work available to the public using the internet or any other method.\n\nCopyright term \nMoral rights under the Syrian law are protected in perpetuity, but economic rights last only for a specific period of time as follows:\n Generally, all works are protected for the lifetime of the author plus 50 years.\n Audio visual works and collective works are protected for 50 years from the date of publication, if not published within 50 years from creation, then they are protected for 50 years from the date of creation.\n Applied art works are protected for 25 years from the date of the creation of the work.\n Databases are protected for 15 years from the date of the creation of the database.\n\nMembership to copyright treaties \nSyria is a member to following copyright treaties:\n Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (Acceded on 2004-03-11) \n Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations (Acceded on 2006-02-13) \n Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances (Ratified signature on 2013-03-18)\n Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons Who Are Blind, Visually Impaired or Otherwise Print Disabled (Signed on 2013-11-22, not yet ratified)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Syrian Arab Republic IP Laws and Treaties in WIPO Lex (WIPO Lex).\n\nSyria\nSyrian law", "To All My Friends On Shore is a 1972 television film drama starring Bill Cosby, and co-starring Gloria Foster. Cosby not only starred in the film, but produced it and worked on the film's music.\n\nPlot\nBlue (Cosby) works as a skycap for an airport. At the same time he works a second job as a junk scavenger. His wife Serena (Foster) works as a maid and is going to school trying to become a nurse. Blue is busy working trying to save money to buy his family a house so they can leave the projects. His young son, Vandy (Hines), resents him because he won't let him have any fun like his friends. It is eventually discovered that Vandy has sickle cell anemia. It is then that Blue realizes what he should spend his time on - being with his family.\n\nCast\nBill Cosby....Blue\nGloria Foster....Serena Blue\nDennis Hines....Evander \"Vandy\" Blue Jr.\n\nProduction\nThis was one of a string of film/TV productions Bill Cosby did in the 1970s. After he did The Bill Cosby Show (1969-1971), Cosby did other works. He did this film plus Man and Boy and Hickey & Boggs, the latter of which paired him with his I Spy co star Robert Culp. In addition he produced the Saturday morning series Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids which ran on CBS until the 1980s. Although Cosby did drama, he stayed with it in brief and concentrated on comedy; during this time, he worked with Gloria Foster, who appeared in other Cosby shows and films. As the 1970s closed, Cosby stayed with Fat Albert and worked on variety shows for Prime Time that ultimately bombed and were cancelled, including Cos.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nTo All My Friends on Shore at URBTPlus\n\nAmerican drama films\n1970s drama films\nAmerican television films\nAmerican films" ]

[ "Lyman Frank Baum (; May 15, 1856 – May 6, 1919) was an American author best known for his children's books, particularly The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and its sequels. He wrote 14 novels in the Oz series, plus 41 other novels (not including four lost, unpublished novels), 83 short stories, over 200 poems, and at least 42 scripts.", "He wrote 14 novels in the Oz series, plus 41 other novels (not including four lost, unpublished novels), 83 short stories, over 200 poems, and at least 42 scripts. He made numerous attempts to bring his works to the stage and screen; the 1939 adaptation of the first Oz book became a landmark of 20th-century cinema.", "He made numerous attempts to bring his works to the stage and screen; the 1939 adaptation of the first Oz book became a landmark of 20th-century cinema. Born and raised in upstate New York, Baum moved west after an unsuccessful stint as a theater producer and playwright.", "Born and raised in upstate New York, Baum moved west after an unsuccessful stint as a theater producer and playwright. He and his wife opened a store in South Dakota and he edited and published a newspaper.", "He and his wife opened a store in South Dakota and he edited and published a newspaper. They then moved to Chicago, where he worked as a newspaper reporter and published children's literature, coming out with the first Oz book in 1900.", "They then moved to Chicago, where he worked as a newspaper reporter and published children's literature, coming out with the first Oz book in 1900. While continuing his writing, among his final projects he sought to establish a movie studio focused on children's films in Los Angeles, California.", "While continuing his writing, among his final projects he sought to establish a movie studio focused on children's films in Los Angeles, California. His works anticipated such later commonplaces as television, augmented reality, laptop computers (The Master Key), wireless telephones (Tik-Tok of Oz), women in high-risk and action-heavy occupations (Mary Louise in the Country), and the ubiquity of clothes advertising (Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work).", "His works anticipated such later commonplaces as television, augmented reality, laptop computers (The Master Key), wireless telephones (Tik-Tok of Oz), women in high-risk and action-heavy occupations (Mary Louise in the Country), and the ubiquity of clothes advertising (Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work). Childhood and early life Baum was born in Chittenango, New York, in 1856 into a devout Methodist family.", "Childhood and early life Baum was born in Chittenango, New York, in 1856 into a devout Methodist family. He had German, Scots-Irish, and English ancestry. He was the seventh of nine children of Cynthia Ann (née Stanton) and Benjamin Ward Baum, only five of whom survived into adulthood.", "He was the seventh of nine children of Cynthia Ann (née Stanton) and Benjamin Ward Baum, only five of whom survived into adulthood. \"Lyman\" was the name of his father's brother, but he always disliked it and preferred his middle name \"Frank\".", "\"Lyman\" was the name of his father's brother, but he always disliked it and preferred his middle name \"Frank\". His father succeeded in many businesses, including barrel-making, oil drilling in Pennsylvania, and real estate.", "His father succeeded in many businesses, including barrel-making, oil drilling in Pennsylvania, and real estate. Baum grew up on his parents' expansive estate called Rose Lawn, which he fondly recalled as a sort of paradise. Rose Lawn was located in Mattydale, New York.", "Rose Lawn was located in Mattydale, New York. Frank was a sickly, dreamy child, tutored at home with his siblings. From the age of 12, he spent two miserable years at Peekskill Military Academy but, after being severely disciplined for daydreaming, he had a possibly psychogenic heart attack and was allowed to return home.", "From the age of 12, he spent two miserable years at Peekskill Military Academy but, after being severely disciplined for daydreaming, he had a possibly psychogenic heart attack and was allowed to return home. Baum started writing early in life, possibly prompted by his father buying him a cheap printing press.", "Baum started writing early in life, possibly prompted by his father buying him a cheap printing press. He had always been close to his younger brother Henry (Harry) Clay Baum, who helped in the production of The Rose Lawn Home Journal.", "He had always been close to his younger brother Henry (Harry) Clay Baum, who helped in the production of The Rose Lawn Home Journal. The brothers published several issues of the journal, including advertisements from local businesses, which they gave to family and friends for free.", "The brothers published several issues of the journal, including advertisements from local businesses, which they gave to family and friends for free. By the age of 17, Baum established a second amateur journal called The Stamp Collector, printed an 11-page pamphlet called Baum's Complete Stamp Dealers' Directory, and started a stamp dealership with friends.", "By the age of 17, Baum established a second amateur journal called The Stamp Collector, printed an 11-page pamphlet called Baum's Complete Stamp Dealers' Directory, and started a stamp dealership with friends. At 20, Baum took on the national craze of breeding fancy poultry. He specialized in raising the Hamburg chicken.", "He specialized in raising the Hamburg chicken. In March 1880, he established a monthly trade journal, The Poultry Record, and in 1886, when Baum was 30 years old, his first book was published: The Book of the Hamburgs: A Brief Treatise upon the Mating, Rearing, and Management of the Different Varieties of Hamburgs.", "In March 1880, he established a monthly trade journal, The Poultry Record, and in 1886, when Baum was 30 years old, his first book was published: The Book of the Hamburgs: A Brief Treatise upon the Mating, Rearing, and Management of the Different Varieties of Hamburgs. Baum had a flair for being the spotlight of fun in the household, including during times of financial difficulties.", "Baum had a flair for being the spotlight of fun in the household, including during times of financial difficulties. His selling of fireworks made the Fourth of July memorable. His skyrockets, Roman candles, and fireworks filled the sky, while many people around the neighborhood would gather in front of the house to watch the displays.", "His skyrockets, Roman candles, and fireworks filled the sky, while many people around the neighborhood would gather in front of the house to watch the displays. Christmas was even more festive. Baum dressed as Santa Claus for the family.", "Baum dressed as Santa Claus for the family. His father would place the Christmas tree behind a curtain in the front parlor so that Baum could talk to everyone while he decorated the tree without people managing to see him. He maintained this tradition all his life. Career Theater Baum embarked on his lifetime infatuation—and wavering financial success—with the theater.", "Career Theater Baum embarked on his lifetime infatuation—and wavering financial success—with the theater. A local theatrical company duped him into replenishing their stock of costumes on the promise of leading roles coming his way. Disillusioned, Baum left the theater—temporarily—and went to work as a clerk in his brother-in-law's dry goods company in Syracuse.", "Disillusioned, Baum left the theater—temporarily—and went to work as a clerk in his brother-in-law's dry goods company in Syracuse. This experience may have influenced his story \"The Suicide of Kiaros\", first published in the literary journal The White Elephant.", "This experience may have influenced his story \"The Suicide of Kiaros\", first published in the literary journal The White Elephant. A fellow clerk one day had been found locked in a store room dead, probably from suicide. Baum could never stay away long from the stage.", "Baum could never stay away long from the stage. He performed in plays under the stage names of Louis F. Baum and George Brooks. In 1880, his father built him a theater in Richburg, New York, and Baum set about writing plays and gathering a company to act in them.", "In 1880, his father built him a theater in Richburg, New York, and Baum set about writing plays and gathering a company to act in them. The Maid of Arran proved a modest success, a melodrama with songs based on William Black's novel A Princess of Thule.", "The Maid of Arran proved a modest success, a melodrama with songs based on William Black's novel A Princess of Thule. Baum wrote the play and composed songs for it (making it a prototypical musical, as its songs relate to the narrative), and acted in the leading role.", "Baum wrote the play and composed songs for it (making it a prototypical musical, as its songs relate to the narrative), and acted in the leading role. His aunt Katharine Gray played his character's aunt.", "His aunt Katharine Gray played his character's aunt. She was the founder of Syracuse Oratory School, and Baum advertised his services in her catalog to teach theater, including stage business, play writing, directing, translating (French, German, and Italian), revision, and operettas.", "She was the founder of Syracuse Oratory School, and Baum advertised his services in her catalog to teach theater, including stage business, play writing, directing, translating (French, German, and Italian), revision, and operettas. On November 9, 1882, Baum married Maud Gage, a daughter of Matilda Joslyn Gage, a famous women's suffrage and feminist activist.", "On November 9, 1882, Baum married Maud Gage, a daughter of Matilda Joslyn Gage, a famous women's suffrage and feminist activist. While Baum was touring with The Maid of Arran, the theater in Richburg caught fire during a production of Baum's ironically titled parlor drama Matches, destroying the theater as well as the only known copies of many of Baum's scripts, including Matches, as well as costumes.", "While Baum was touring with The Maid of Arran, the theater in Richburg caught fire during a production of Baum's ironically titled parlor drama Matches, destroying the theater as well as the only known copies of many of Baum's scripts, including Matches, as well as costumes. The South Dakota years In July 1888, Baum and his wife moved to Aberdeen, Dakota Territory where he opened a store called \"Baum's Bazaar\".", "The South Dakota years In July 1888, Baum and his wife moved to Aberdeen, Dakota Territory where he opened a store called \"Baum's Bazaar\". His habit of giving out wares on credit led to the eventual bankrupting of the store, so Baum turned to editing the local newspaper The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer where he wrote the column Our Landlady.", "His habit of giving out wares on credit led to the eventual bankrupting of the store, so Baum turned to editing the local newspaper The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer where he wrote the column Our Landlady. Following the death of Sitting Bull at the hands of Indian agency police, Baum urged the wholesale extermination of all America's native peoples in a column that he wrote on December 20, 1890 (full text below).", "Following the death of Sitting Bull at the hands of Indian agency police, Baum urged the wholesale extermination of all America's native peoples in a column that he wrote on December 20, 1890 (full text below). On January 3, 1891, he returned to the subject in an editorial response to the Wounded Knee Massacre: The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extirmination of the Indians.", "On January 3, 1891, he returned to the subject in an editorial response to the Wounded Knee Massacre: The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extirmination of the Indians. Having wronged them for centuries, we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth.", "Having wronged them for centuries, we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth. Baum's description of Kansas in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is based on his experiences in drought-ridden South Dakota.", "Baum's description of Kansas in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is based on his experiences in drought-ridden South Dakota. During much of this time, Matilda Joslyn Gage was living in the Baum household.", "During much of this time, Matilda Joslyn Gage was living in the Baum household. While Baum was in South Dakota, he sang in a quartet which included James Kyle, who became one of the first Populist (People's Party) Senators in the U.S.", "While Baum was in South Dakota, he sang in a quartet which included James Kyle, who became one of the first Populist (People's Party) Senators in the U.S. Writing Baum's newspaper failed in 1891, and he, Maud, and their four sons moved to the Humboldt Park section of Chicago, where Baum took a job reporting for the Evening Post.", "Writing Baum's newspaper failed in 1891, and he, Maud, and their four sons moved to the Humboldt Park section of Chicago, where Baum took a job reporting for the Evening Post. Beginning in 1897, he founded and edited a magazine called The Show Window, later known as the Merchants Record and Show Window, which focused on store window displays, retail strategies and visual merchandising.", "Beginning in 1897, he founded and edited a magazine called The Show Window, later known as the Merchants Record and Show Window, which focused on store window displays, retail strategies and visual merchandising. The major department stores of the time created elaborate Christmas time fantasies, using clockwork mechanisms that made people and animals appear to move.", "The major department stores of the time created elaborate Christmas time fantasies, using clockwork mechanisms that made people and animals appear to move. The former Show Window magazine is still currently in operation, now known as VMSD magazine (visual merchandising + store design), based in Cincinnati.", "The former Show Window magazine is still currently in operation, now known as VMSD magazine (visual merchandising + store design), based in Cincinnati. In 1900, Baum published a book about window displays in which he stressed the importance of mannequins in drawing customers. He also had to work as a traveling salesman.", "He also had to work as a traveling salesman. In 1897, he wrote and published Mother Goose in Prose, a collection of Mother Goose rhymes written as prose stories and illustrated by Maxfield Parrish. Mother Goose was a moderate success and allowed Baum to quit his sales job (which had had a negative impact on his health).", "Mother Goose was a moderate success and allowed Baum to quit his sales job (which had had a negative impact on his health). In 1899, Baum partnered with illustrator W. W. Denslow to publish Father Goose, His Book, a collection of nonsense poetry.", "In 1899, Baum partnered with illustrator W. W. Denslow to publish Father Goose, His Book, a collection of nonsense poetry. The book was a success, becoming the best-selling children's book of the year.", "The book was a success, becoming the best-selling children's book of the year. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz In 1900, Baum and Denslow (with whom he shared the copyright) published The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to much critical acclaim and financial success.", "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz In 1900, Baum and Denslow (with whom he shared the copyright) published The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to much critical acclaim and financial success. The book was the best-selling children's book for two years after its initial publication.", "The book was the best-selling children's book for two years after its initial publication. Baum went on to write thirteen more novels based on the places and people of the Land of Oz.", "Baum went on to write thirteen more novels based on the places and people of the Land of Oz. The Wizard of Oz: Fred R. Hamlin's Musical Extravaganza Two years after Wizard publication, Baum and Denslow teamed up with composer Paul Tietjens and director Julian Mitchell to produce a musical stage version of the book under Fred R. Hamlin.", "The Wizard of Oz: Fred R. Hamlin's Musical Extravaganza Two years after Wizard publication, Baum and Denslow teamed up with composer Paul Tietjens and director Julian Mitchell to produce a musical stage version of the book under Fred R. Hamlin. Baum and Tietjens had worked on a musical of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz in 1901 and based closely upon the book, but it was rejected.", "Baum and Tietjens had worked on a musical of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz in 1901 and based closely upon the book, but it was rejected. This stage version opened in Chicago in 1902 (the first to use the shortened title \"The Wizard of Oz\"), then ran on Broadway for 293 stage nights from January to October 1903.", "This stage version opened in Chicago in 1902 (the first to use the shortened title \"The Wizard of Oz\"), then ran on Broadway for 293 stage nights from January to October 1903. It returned to Broadway in 1904, where it played from March to May and again from November to December.", "It returned to Broadway in 1904, where it played from March to May and again from November to December. It successfully toured the United States with much of the same cast, as was done in those days, until 1911, and then became available for amateur use.", "It successfully toured the United States with much of the same cast, as was done in those days, until 1911, and then became available for amateur use. The stage version starred Anna Laughlin as Dorothy Gale, alongside David C. Montgomery and Fred Stone as the Tin Woodman and Scarecrow respectively, which shot the pair to instant fame.", "The stage version starred Anna Laughlin as Dorothy Gale, alongside David C. Montgomery and Fred Stone as the Tin Woodman and Scarecrow respectively, which shot the pair to instant fame. The stage version differed quite a bit from the book, and was aimed primarily at adults.", "The stage version differed quite a bit from the book, and was aimed primarily at adults. Toto was replaced with Imogene the Cow, and Tryxie Tryfle (a waitress) and Pastoria (a streetcar operator) were added as fellow cyclone victims.", "Toto was replaced with Imogene the Cow, and Tryxie Tryfle (a waitress) and Pastoria (a streetcar operator) were added as fellow cyclone victims. The Wicked Witch of the West was eliminated entirely in the script, and the plot became about how the four friends were allied with the usurping Wizard and were hunted as traitors to Pastoria II, the rightful King of Oz.", "The Wicked Witch of the West was eliminated entirely in the script, and the plot became about how the four friends were allied with the usurping Wizard and were hunted as traitors to Pastoria II, the rightful King of Oz. It is unclear how much control or influence Baum had on the script; it appears that many of the changes were written by Baum against his wishes due to contractual requirements with Hamlin.", "It is unclear how much control or influence Baum had on the script; it appears that many of the changes were written by Baum against his wishes due to contractual requirements with Hamlin. Jokes in the script, mostly written by Glen MacDonough, called for explicit references to President Theodore Roosevelt, Senator Mark Hanna, Rev.", "Jokes in the script, mostly written by Glen MacDonough, called for explicit references to President Theodore Roosevelt, Senator Mark Hanna, Rev. Andrew Danquer, and oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller. Although use of the script was rather free-form, the line about Hanna was ordered dropped as soon as Hamlin got word of his death in 1904.", "Although use of the script was rather free-form, the line about Hanna was ordered dropped as soon as Hamlin got word of his death in 1904. Beginning with the success of the stage version, most subsequent versions of the story, including newer editions of the novel, have been titled \"The Wizard of Oz\", rather than using the full, original title.", "Beginning with the success of the stage version, most subsequent versions of the story, including newer editions of the novel, have been titled \"The Wizard of Oz\", rather than using the full, original title. In more recent years, restoring the full title has become increasingly common, particularly to distinguish the novel from the Hollywood film.", "In more recent years, restoring the full title has become increasingly common, particularly to distinguish the novel from the Hollywood film. Baum wrote a new Oz book, The Marvelous Land of Oz, with a view to making it into a stage production, which was titled The Woggle-Bug, but Montgomery and Stone balked at appearing when the original was still running.", "Baum wrote a new Oz book, The Marvelous Land of Oz, with a view to making it into a stage production, which was titled The Woggle-Bug, but Montgomery and Stone balked at appearing when the original was still running. The Scarecrow and Tin Woodman were then omitted from this adaptation, which was seen as a self-rip-off by critics and proved to be a major flop before it could reach Broadway.", "The Scarecrow and Tin Woodman were then omitted from this adaptation, which was seen as a self-rip-off by critics and proved to be a major flop before it could reach Broadway. He also worked for years on a musical version of Ozma of Oz, which eventually became The Tik-Tok Man of Oz.", "He also worked for years on a musical version of Ozma of Oz, which eventually became The Tik-Tok Man of Oz. This did fairly well in Los Angeles, but not well enough to convince producer Oliver Morosco to mount a production in New York.", "This did fairly well in Los Angeles, but not well enough to convince producer Oliver Morosco to mount a production in New York. He also began a stage version of The Patchwork Girl of Oz, but this was ultimately realized as a film.", "He also began a stage version of The Patchwork Girl of Oz, but this was ultimately realized as a film. Later life and work With the success of Wizard on page and stage, Baum and Denslow hoped for further success and published Dot and Tot of Merryland in 1901.", "Later life and work With the success of Wizard on page and stage, Baum and Denslow hoped for further success and published Dot and Tot of Merryland in 1901. The book was one of Baum's weakest, and its failure further strained his faltering relationship with Denslow. It was their last collaboration.", "It was their last collaboration. It was their last collaboration. Baum worked primarily with John R. Neill on his fantasy work beginning in 1904, but Baum met Neill few times (all before he moved to California) and often found Neill's art not humorous enough for his liking.", "Baum worked primarily with John R. Neill on his fantasy work beginning in 1904, but Baum met Neill few times (all before he moved to California) and often found Neill's art not humorous enough for his liking. He was particularly offended when Neill published The Oz Toy Book: Cut-outs for the Kiddies without authorization.", "He was particularly offended when Neill published The Oz Toy Book: Cut-outs for the Kiddies without authorization. Baum reportedly designed the chandeliers in the Crown Room of the Hotel del Coronado; however, that attribution has yet to be corroborated.", "Baum reportedly designed the chandeliers in the Crown Room of the Hotel del Coronado; however, that attribution has yet to be corroborated. Several times during the development of the Oz series, Baum declared that he had written his last Oz book and devoted himself to other works of fantasy fiction based in other magical lands, including The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus and Queen Zixi of Ix.", "Several times during the development of the Oz series, Baum declared that he had written his last Oz book and devoted himself to other works of fantasy fiction based in other magical lands, including The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus and Queen Zixi of Ix. However, he returned to the series each time, persuaded by popular demand, letters from children, and the failure of his new books.", "However, he returned to the series each time, persuaded by popular demand, letters from children, and the failure of his new books. Even so, his other works remained very popular after his death, with The Master Key appearing on St. Nicholas Magazine's survey of readers' favorite books well into the 1920s.", "Even so, his other works remained very popular after his death, with The Master Key appearing on St. Nicholas Magazine's survey of readers' favorite books well into the 1920s. In 1905, Baum declared plans for an Oz amusement park.", "In 1905, Baum declared plans for an Oz amusement park. In an interview, he mentioned buying “Pedloe Island” off the coast of California to turn it into an Oz park.", "In an interview, he mentioned buying “Pedloe Island” off the coast of California to turn it into an Oz park. However, there is no evidence that he purchased such an island, and no one has ever been able to find any island whose name even resembles Pedloe in that area.", "However, there is no evidence that he purchased such an island, and no one has ever been able to find any island whose name even resembles Pedloe in that area. Nevertheless, Baum stated to the press that he had discovered a Pedloe Island off the coast of California and that he had purchased it to be \"the Marvelous Land of Oz,\" intending it to be \"a fairy paradise for children.\"", "Nevertheless, Baum stated to the press that he had discovered a Pedloe Island off the coast of California and that he had purchased it to be \"the Marvelous Land of Oz,\" intending it to be \"a fairy paradise for children.\" Eleven year old Dorothy Talbot of San Francisco was reported to be ascendant to the throne on March 1, 1906, when the Palace of Oz was expected to be completed.", "Eleven year old Dorothy Talbot of San Francisco was reported to be ascendant to the throne on March 1, 1906, when the Palace of Oz was expected to be completed. Baum planned to live on the island, with administrative duties handled by the princess and her all-child advisers.", "Baum planned to live on the island, with administrative duties handled by the princess and her all-child advisers. Plans included statues of the Scarecrow, Tin Woodman, Jack Pumpkinhead, and H.M. Woggle-Bug, T.E. Baum abandoned his Oz park project after the failure of The Woggle-Bug, which was playing at the Garrick Theatre in 1905.", "Baum abandoned his Oz park project after the failure of The Woggle-Bug, which was playing at the Garrick Theatre in 1905. Because of his lifelong love of theatre, he financed elaborate musicals, often to his financial detriment.", "Because of his lifelong love of theatre, he financed elaborate musicals, often to his financial detriment. One of Baum's worst financial endeavors was his The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908), which combined a slideshow, film, and live actors with a lecture by Baum as if he were giving a travelogue to Oz.", "One of Baum's worst financial endeavors was his The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908), which combined a slideshow, film, and live actors with a lecture by Baum as if he were giving a travelogue to Oz. However, Baum ran into trouble and could not pay his debts to the company who produced the films.", "However, Baum ran into trouble and could not pay his debts to the company who produced the films. He did not get back to a stable financial situation for several years, after he sold the royalty rights to many of his earlier works, including The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. This resulted in the M.A.", "This resulted in the M.A. This resulted in the M.A. Donahue Company publishing cheap editions of his early works with advertising which purported that Baum's newer output was inferior to the less expensive books that they were releasing. He claimed bankruptcy in August 1911.", "He claimed bankruptcy in August 1911. However, Baum had shrewdly transferred most of his property into Maud's name, except for his clothing, his typewriter, and his library (mostly of children's books, such as the fairy tales of Andrew Lang, whose portrait he kept in his study)—all of which, he successfully argued, were essential to his occupation.", "However, Baum had shrewdly transferred most of his property into Maud's name, except for his clothing, his typewriter, and his library (mostly of children's books, such as the fairy tales of Andrew Lang, whose portrait he kept in his study)—all of which, he successfully argued, were essential to his occupation. Maud handled the finances anyway, and thus Baum lost much less than he could have.", "Maud handled the finances anyway, and thus Baum lost much less than he could have. Baum made use of several pseudonyms for some of his other non-Oz books.", "Baum made use of several pseudonyms for some of his other non-Oz books. They include: Edith Van Dyne (the Aunt Jane's Nieces series) Laura Bancroft (The Twinkle Tales, Policeman Bluejay) Floyd Akers (The Boy Fortune Hunters series, continuing the Sam Steele series) Suzanne Metcalf (Annabel) Schuyler Staunton (The Fate of a Crown, Daughters of Destiny) John Estes Cooke (Tamawaca Folks) Capt.", "They include: Edith Van Dyne (the Aunt Jane's Nieces series) Laura Bancroft (The Twinkle Tales, Policeman Bluejay) Floyd Akers (The Boy Fortune Hunters series, continuing the Sam Steele series) Suzanne Metcalf (Annabel) Schuyler Staunton (The Fate of a Crown, Daughters of Destiny) John Estes Cooke (Tamawaca Folks) Capt. Hugh Fitzgerald (the Sam Steele series) Baum also anonymously wrote The Last Egyptian: A Romance of the Nile.", "Hugh Fitzgerald (the Sam Steele series) Baum also anonymously wrote The Last Egyptian: A Romance of the Nile. He continued theatrical work with Harry Marston Haldeman's men's social group The Uplifters, for which he wrote several plays for various celebrations. He also wrote the group's parodic by-laws.", "He also wrote the group's parodic by-laws. The group also included Will Rogers, but was proud to have had Baum as a member and posthumously revived many of his works despite their ephemeral intent.", "The group also included Will Rogers, but was proud to have had Baum as a member and posthumously revived many of his works despite their ephemeral intent. Many of these play's titles are known, but only The Uplift of Lucifer is known to survive (it was published in a limited edition in the 1960s).", "Many of these play's titles are known, but only The Uplift of Lucifer is known to survive (it was published in a limited edition in the 1960s). Prior to that, his last produced play was The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (based on Ozma of Oz and the basis for Tik-Tok of Oz), a modest success in Hollywood that producer Oliver Morosco decided did not do well enough to take to Broadway.", "Prior to that, his last produced play was The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (based on Ozma of Oz and the basis for Tik-Tok of Oz), a modest success in Hollywood that producer Oliver Morosco decided did not do well enough to take to Broadway. Morosco, incidentally, quickly turned to film production, as did Baum.", "Morosco, incidentally, quickly turned to film production, as did Baum. In 1914, Baum started his own film production company The Oz Film Manufacturing Company, which came as an outgrowth of the Uplifters. He served as its president and principal producer and screenwriter.", "He served as its president and principal producer and screenwriter. The rest of the board consisted of Louis F. Gottschalk, Harry Marston Haldeman, and Clarence R. Rundel.", "The rest of the board consisted of Louis F. Gottschalk, Harry Marston Haldeman, and Clarence R. Rundel. The films were directed by J. Farrell MacDonald, with casts that included Violet MacMillan, Vivian Reed, Mildred Harris, Juanita Hansen, Pierre Couderc, Mai Welles, Louise Emmons, J. Charles Haydon, and early appearances by Harold Lloyd and Hal Roach.", "The films were directed by J. Farrell MacDonald, with casts that included Violet MacMillan, Vivian Reed, Mildred Harris, Juanita Hansen, Pierre Couderc, Mai Welles, Louise Emmons, J. Charles Haydon, and early appearances by Harold Lloyd and Hal Roach. Silent film actor Richard Rosson appeared in one of the films (Rosson's younger brother Harold Rosson was the cinematographer on The Wizard of Oz, released in 1939).", "Silent film actor Richard Rosson appeared in one of the films (Rosson's younger brother Harold Rosson was the cinematographer on The Wizard of Oz, released in 1939). After little success probing the unrealized children's film market, Baum acknowledged his authorship of The Last Egyptian and made a film of it (portions of which are included in Decasia), but the Oz name had become box office poison for the time being, and even a name change to Dramatic Feature Films and transfer of ownership to Frank Joslyn Baum did not help.", "After little success probing the unrealized children's film market, Baum acknowledged his authorship of The Last Egyptian and made a film of it (portions of which are included in Decasia), but the Oz name had become box office poison for the time being, and even a name change to Dramatic Feature Films and transfer of ownership to Frank Joslyn Baum did not help. Baum invested none of his own money in the venture, unlike The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays, but the stress probably took its toll on his health.", "Baum invested none of his own money in the venture, unlike The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays, but the stress probably took its toll on his health. Death On May 5, 1919, Baum suffered a stroke, slipped into a coma and died the following day, at the age of 62.", "Death On May 5, 1919, Baum suffered a stroke, slipped into a coma and died the following day, at the age of 62. His last words were spoken to his wife during a brief period of lucidity: \"Now we can cross the Shifting Sands.\"", "His last words were spoken to his wife during a brief period of lucidity: \"Now we can cross the Shifting Sands.\" He was buried in Glendale's Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery. His final Oz book, Glinda of Oz, was published on July 10, 1920, a year after his death.", "His final Oz book, Glinda of Oz, was published on July 10, 1920, a year after his death. The Oz series was continued long after his death by other authors, notably Ruth Plumly Thompson, who wrote an additional twenty-one Oz books.", "The Oz series was continued long after his death by other authors, notably Ruth Plumly Thompson, who wrote an additional twenty-one Oz books. Baum's beliefs Literary Baum's avowed intentions with the Oz books and his other fairy tales was to retell tales such as those which are found in the works of the Brothers Grimm and Hans Christian Andersen, remake them in an American vein, update them, omit stereotypical characters such as dwarfs or genies, and remove the association of violence and moral teachings.", "Baum's beliefs Literary Baum's avowed intentions with the Oz books and his other fairy tales was to retell tales such as those which are found in the works of the Brothers Grimm and Hans Christian Andersen, remake them in an American vein, update them, omit stereotypical characters such as dwarfs or genies, and remove the association of violence and moral teachings. His first Oz books contained a fair amount of violence, but the amount of it decreased as the series progressed; in The Emerald City of Oz, Ozma objects to the use of violence, even to the use of violence against the Nomes who threaten Oz with invasion.", "His first Oz books contained a fair amount of violence, but the amount of it decreased as the series progressed; in The Emerald City of Oz, Ozma objects to the use of violence, even to the use of violence against the Nomes who threaten Oz with invasion. His introduction is often cited as the beginning of the sanitization of children's stories, although he did not do a great deal more than eliminate harsh moral lessons.", "His introduction is often cited as the beginning of the sanitization of children's stories, although he did not do a great deal more than eliminate harsh moral lessons. Another traditional element that Baum intentionally omitted was the emphasis on romance. He considered romantic love to be uninteresting to young children, as well as largely incomprehensible.", "He considered romantic love to be uninteresting to young children, as well as largely incomprehensible. In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the only elements of romance lay in the background of the Tin Woodman and his love for Nimmie Amee, which explains his condition but does not affect the tale in any other way, and the background of Gayelette and the enchantment of the Winged monkeys.", "In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the only elements of romance lay in the background of the Tin Woodman and his love for Nimmie Amee, which explains his condition but does not affect the tale in any other way, and the background of Gayelette and the enchantment of the Winged monkeys. The only other stories with such elements were The Scarecrow of Oz and Tik-Tok of Oz, both of them were based on dramatizations, which Baum regarded warily until his readers accepted them.", "The only other stories with such elements were The Scarecrow of Oz and Tik-Tok of Oz, both of them were based on dramatizations, which Baum regarded warily until his readers accepted them. Political Women's suffrage advocate When Baum lived in Aberdeen, South Dakota, where he was secretary of its Equal Suffrage Club, much of the politics in the Republican Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer dealt with trying to convince the populace to vote for women's suffrage.", "Political Women's suffrage advocate When Baum lived in Aberdeen, South Dakota, where he was secretary of its Equal Suffrage Club, much of the politics in the Republican Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer dealt with trying to convince the populace to vote for women's suffrage. Susan B. Anthony visited Aberdeen and stayed with the Baums.", "Susan B. Anthony visited Aberdeen and stayed with the Baums. Nancy Tystad Koupal notes an apparent loss of interest in editorializing after Aberdeen failed to pass the bill for women's enfranchisement.", "Nancy Tystad Koupal notes an apparent loss of interest in editorializing after Aberdeen failed to pass the bill for women's enfranchisement. Sally Roesch Wagner of The Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation published The Wonderful Mother of Oz, describing how Matilda Gage's feminist politics were sympathetically channeled by Baum into his Oz books.", "Sally Roesch Wagner of The Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation published The Wonderful Mother of Oz, describing how Matilda Gage's feminist politics were sympathetically channeled by Baum into his Oz books. Some of Baum's contacts with suffragists of his day seem to have inspired much of The Marvelous Land of Oz.", "Some of Baum's contacts with suffragists of his day seem to have inspired much of The Marvelous Land of Oz. In this story, General Jinjur leads the girls and women of Oz in a revolt, armed with knitting needles; they succeed and make the men do the household chores.", "In this story, General Jinjur leads the girls and women of Oz in a revolt, armed with knitting needles; they succeed and make the men do the household chores. Jinjur proves to be an incompetent ruler, but Princess Ozma, who advocates gender equality, is ultimately placed on the throne.", "Jinjur proves to be an incompetent ruler, but Princess Ozma, who advocates gender equality, is ultimately placed on the throne. Charlotte Perkins Gilman's 1915 classic of feminist science fiction, Herland, bears strong similarities to The Emerald City of Oz(1910); the link between Baum and Gilman is considered to be Gage.", "Charlotte Perkins Gilman's 1915 classic of feminist science fiction, Herland, bears strong similarities to The Emerald City of Oz(1910); the link between Baum and Gilman is considered to be Gage. Baum's stories outside of Oz also contain feminist or egalitarian themes.", "Baum's stories outside of Oz also contain feminist or egalitarian themes. His Edith Van Dyne stories depict girls and young women engaging in traditionally masculine activities, including Aunt Jane's Nieces and The Flying Girl and its sequel. The Bluebird Books feature a girl sleuth.", "The Bluebird Books feature a girl sleuth. Racial views During the period surrounding the 1890 Ghost Dance movement and Wounded Knee Massacre, Baum wrote two editorials asserting that the safety of white settlers depended on the wholesale genocide of American Indians.", "Racial views During the period surrounding the 1890 Ghost Dance movement and Wounded Knee Massacre, Baum wrote two editorials asserting that the safety of white settlers depended on the wholesale genocide of American Indians. These editorials were re-published in 1990 by sociologist Robert Venables of Cornell University, who argues that Baum was not using sarcasm.", "These editorials were re-published in 1990 by sociologist Robert Venables of Cornell University, who argues that Baum was not using sarcasm. The first piece was published on December 20, 1890, five days after the killing of the Lakota Sioux holy man, Sitting Bull.Rogers, p. 259.", "The first piece was published on December 20, 1890, five days after the killing of the Lakota Sioux holy man, Sitting Bull.Rogers, p. 259. The piece opined that with Sitting Bull's death, \"the nobility of the Redskin\" had been extinguished, and the safety of the frontier would not be established until there was \"total annihilation\" of the remaining Native Americans, who, he claimed, lived as \"miserable wretches.\"", "The piece opined that with Sitting Bull's death, \"the nobility of the Redskin\" had been extinguished, and the safety of the frontier would not be established until there was \"total annihilation\" of the remaining Native Americans, who, he claimed, lived as \"miserable wretches.\" Baum said that their extermination should not be regretted, and their elimination would \"do justice to the manly characteristics\" of their ancestors.", "Baum said that their extermination should not be regretted, and their elimination would \"do justice to the manly characteristics\" of their ancestors. The Wounded Knee Massacre occurred nine days later; the second editorial was published on January 3, 1891. Baum alleged that General Nelson A.", "Baum alleged that General Nelson A. Miles' weak rule of the Native Americans had caused American soldiers to suffer a \"terrible loss of blood\", in a \"battle\" which had been a disgrace to the Department of War. He found that the \"disaster\" could have easily been prevented with proper preparations.", "He found that the \"disaster\" could have easily been prevented with proper preparations. Baum reiterated that he believed, due to the history of mistreatment of Native Americans, that the extermination of the \"untamed and untamable\" tribes was necessary to protect American settlers.", "Baum reiterated that he believed, due to the history of mistreatment of Native Americans, that the extermination of the \"untamed and untamable\" tribes was necessary to protect American settlers. Baum ended the editorial with the following anecdote: \"An eastern contemporary, with a grain of wisdom in its wit, says that 'when the whites win a fight, it is a victory, and when the Indians win it, it is a massacre.'\"", "Baum ended the editorial with the following anecdote: \"An eastern contemporary, with a grain of wisdom in its wit, says that 'when the whites win a fight, it is a victory, and when the Indians win it, it is a massacre.'\" In 2006, two descendants of Baum apologized to the Sioux nation for any hurt that their ancestor had caused.", "In 2006, two descendants of Baum apologized to the Sioux nation for any hurt that their ancestor had caused. The short story \"The Enchanted Buffalo\" claims to be a legend about a tribe of bison, and it states that a key element of it made it into the legends of Native American tribes.", "The short story \"The Enchanted Buffalo\" claims to be a legend about a tribe of bison, and it states that a key element of it made it into the legends of Native American tribes. Baum mentions his characters' distaste for a Hopi snake dance in Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John, but he also deplores the horrible situation which exists on Indian Reservations.", "Baum mentions his characters' distaste for a Hopi snake dance in Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John, but he also deplores the horrible situation which exists on Indian Reservations. Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch features a hard-working Mexican in order to disprove Anglo stereotypes which portray Mexicans as lazy.", "Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch features a hard-working Mexican in order to disprove Anglo stereotypes which portray Mexicans as lazy. Baum's mother-in-law and woman's suffrage leader Matilda Joslyn Gage strongly influenced his views.", "Baum's mother-in-law and woman's suffrage leader Matilda Joslyn Gage strongly influenced his views. Gage was initiated into the Wolf Clan and admitted into the Iroquois Council of Matrons in recognition of her outspoken respect and sympathy for Native American people.", "Gage was initiated into the Wolf Clan and admitted into the Iroquois Council of Matrons in recognition of her outspoken respect and sympathy for Native American people. Political imagery in The Wizard of Oz Numerous political references to the \"Wizard\" appeared early in the 20th century.", "Political imagery in The Wizard of Oz Numerous political references to the \"Wizard\" appeared early in the 20th century. Henry Littlefield, an upstate New York high school history teacher, wrote a scholarly article in 1964, the first full-fledged interpretation of the novel as an extended metaphor of the politics and characters of the 1890s.", "Henry Littlefield, an upstate New York high school history teacher, wrote a scholarly article in 1964, the first full-fledged interpretation of the novel as an extended metaphor of the politics and characters of the 1890s. He paid special attention to the Populist metaphors and debates over silver and gold.", "He paid special attention to the Populist metaphors and debates over silver and gold. Baum was a Republican and avid supporter of women's suffrage, and it is thought that he did not support the political ideals of either the Populist movement of 1890–1892 or the Bryanite silver crusade of 1896–1900. He published a poem in support of William McKinley.", "He published a poem in support of William McKinley. Since 1964, many scholars, economists, and historians have expanded on Littlefield's interpretation, pointing to multiple similarities between the characters (especially as depicted in Denslow's illustrations) and stock figures from editorial cartoons of the period.", "Since 1964, many scholars, economists, and historians have expanded on Littlefield's interpretation, pointing to multiple similarities between the characters (especially as depicted in Denslow's illustrations) and stock figures from editorial cartoons of the period. Littlefield wrote to The New York Times letters to the editor section spelling out that his theory had no basis in fact, but that his original point was \"not to label Baum, or to lessen any of his magic, but rather, as a history teacher at Mount Vernon High School, to invest turn-of-the-century America with the imagery and wonder I have always found in his stories.\"", "Littlefield wrote to The New York Times letters to the editor section spelling out that his theory had no basis in fact, but that his original point was \"not to label Baum, or to lessen any of his magic, but rather, as a history teacher at Mount Vernon High School, to invest turn-of-the-century America with the imagery and wonder I have always found in his stories.\" Baum's newspaper had addressed politics in the 1890s, and Denslow was an editorial cartoonist as well as an illustrator of children's books.", "Baum's newspaper had addressed politics in the 1890s, and Denslow was an editorial cartoonist as well as an illustrator of children's books. A series of political references is included in the 1902 stage version, such as references to the President, to a powerful senator, and to John D. Rockefeller for providing the oil needed by the Tin Woodman.", "A series of political references is included in the 1902 stage version, such as references to the President, to a powerful senator, and to John D. Rockefeller for providing the oil needed by the Tin Woodman. Scholars have found few political references in Baum's Oz books after 1902.", "Scholars have found few political references in Baum's Oz books after 1902. Baum was asked whether his stories had hidden meanings, but he always replied that they were written to \"please children\". Religion Baum was originally a Methodist, but he joined the Episcopal Church in Aberdeen in order to participate in community theatricals.", "Religion Baum was originally a Methodist, but he joined the Episcopal Church in Aberdeen in order to participate in community theatricals. Later, he and his wife were encouraged to become members of the Theosophical Society in 1892 by Matilda Joslyn Gage.", "Later, he and his wife were encouraged to become members of the Theosophical Society in 1892 by Matilda Joslyn Gage. Baum's beliefs are frequently reflected in his writings; however, the only mention of a church in his Oz books is the porcelain one which the Cowardly Lion breaks in the Dainty China Country in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.", "Baum's beliefs are frequently reflected in his writings; however, the only mention of a church in his Oz books is the porcelain one which the Cowardly Lion breaks in the Dainty China Country in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The Baums sent their older sons to \"Ethical Culture Sunday School\" in Chicago, which taught morality, not religion.Michael Patrick Hearn.", "The Baums sent their older sons to \"Ethical Culture Sunday School\" in Chicago, which taught morality, not religion.Michael Patrick Hearn. The Annotated Wizard of Oz. 2nd Edition. 2000. pp. 7, 271, 328.", "7, 271, 328. 7, 271, 328. Writers including Evan I. Schwartz among others have suggested that Baum intentionally used allegory and symbolism in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to convey concepts that are central to spiritual teachings such as Theosophy and Buddhism.", "Writers including Evan I. Schwartz among others have suggested that Baum intentionally used allegory and symbolism in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to convey concepts that are central to spiritual teachings such as Theosophy and Buddhism. They postulate that the main characters’ experiences in Oz represent the soul’s journey toward enlightenment.", "They postulate that the main characters’ experiences in Oz represent the soul’s journey toward enlightenment. Schwartz specifically states that key plot elements of the book take “the reader on a journey guided by Eastern philosophy” (Schwartz, p. 265).", "Schwartz specifically states that key plot elements of the book take “the reader on a journey guided by Eastern philosophy” (Schwartz, p. 265). An article in BBC Culture lists several allegorical interpretations of the book including that it may be viewed as a parable of Theosophy.", "An article in BBC Culture lists several allegorical interpretations of the book including that it may be viewed as a parable of Theosophy. The article cites various symbols and their possible meanings, for example the Yellow Brick Road representing the ‘Golden Path’ in Buddhism, along which the soul travels to a state of spiritual realization.", "The article cites various symbols and their possible meanings, for example the Yellow Brick Road representing the ‘Golden Path’ in Buddhism, along which the soul travels to a state of spiritual realization. Baum’s own writing suggests he believed the story may have been divinely inspired: “It was pure inspiration.", "Baum’s own writing suggests he believed the story may have been divinely inspired: “It was pure inspiration. It came to me right out of the blue. I think that sometimes the Great Author had a message to get across and He was to use the instrument at hand”.", "I think that sometimes the Great Author had a message to get across and He was to use the instrument at hand”. Bibliography Works Mother Goose in Prose (1897) By the Candelabra's Glare (1898) Father Goose: His Book (1899) A New Wonderland (1900) The Army Alphabet (1900) The Navy Alphabet (1900) American Fairy Tales (1901) The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Egypt (1908) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Panama (1908) Fortune Hunters in China The Boy Fortune Hunters in the South Seas (1911) The Sea Fairies (1911) Sky Island (1912) Queen Zixi of Ix (1905) The Fate of a Crown (1905) Sam Steele's Adventures on Land and Sea (1906) Daughters of Destiny (novel) (1906) The Last Egyptian (1907) Land of Oz worksThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904)Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1905, comic strip depicting 27 stories)The Woggle-Bug Book (1905)Ozma of Oz (1907)Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908)The Road to Oz (1909)The Emerald City of Oz (1910)The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913)Little Wizard Stories of Oz (1913, collection of 6 short stories)Tik-Tok of Oz (1914)The Scarecrow of Oz (1915)Rinkitink in Oz (1916)The Lost Princess of Oz (1917)The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918)The Magic of Oz (1919, posthumously published)Glinda of Oz (1920, posthumously published) 1921's The Royal Book of Oz was posthumously attributed to Baum but was entirely the work of Ruth Plumly Thompson.", "Bibliography Works Mother Goose in Prose (1897) By the Candelabra's Glare (1898) Father Goose: His Book (1899) A New Wonderland (1900) The Army Alphabet (1900) The Navy Alphabet (1900) American Fairy Tales (1901) The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Egypt (1908) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Panama (1908) Fortune Hunters in China The Boy Fortune Hunters in the South Seas (1911) The Sea Fairies (1911) Sky Island (1912) Queen Zixi of Ix (1905) The Fate of a Crown (1905) Sam Steele's Adventures on Land and Sea (1906) Daughters of Destiny (novel) (1906) The Last Egyptian (1907) Land of Oz worksThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904)Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1905, comic strip depicting 27 stories)The Woggle-Bug Book (1905)Ozma of Oz (1907)Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908)The Road to Oz (1909)The Emerald City of Oz (1910)The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913)Little Wizard Stories of Oz (1913, collection of 6 short stories)Tik-Tok of Oz (1914)The Scarecrow of Oz (1915)Rinkitink in Oz (1916)The Lost Princess of Oz (1917)The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918)The Magic of Oz (1919, posthumously published)Glinda of Oz (1920, posthumously published) 1921's The Royal Book of Oz was posthumously attributed to Baum but was entirely the work of Ruth Plumly Thompson. Popular culture and legacy A 1970 episode of the long-running American Western anthology series Death Valley Days presents a highly romanticized portrayal of Baum's time in South Dakota.", "Popular culture and legacy A 1970 episode of the long-running American Western anthology series Death Valley Days presents a highly romanticized portrayal of Baum's time in South Dakota. The comedic teleplay, titled \"The Wizard of Aberdeen\", stars Conlan Carter as Baum and Beverlee McKinsey as Maud.", "The comedic teleplay, titled \"The Wizard of Aberdeen\", stars Conlan Carter as Baum and Beverlee McKinsey as Maud. Although the 30-minute presentation touches on Baum's family life and his struggles in Aberdeen as a newspaper editor, it focuses principally on his storytelling to local children about characters in a distant land he initially refers to as \"Ooz\".", "Although the 30-minute presentation touches on Baum's family life and his struggles in Aberdeen as a newspaper editor, it focuses principally on his storytelling to local children about characters in a distant land he initially refers to as \"Ooz\". John Ritter portrayed Baum in the television film The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990).", "John Ritter portrayed Baum in the television film The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990). The theme park Storybook Land, located in Aberdeen, South Dakota, features the Land of Oz, with characters and attractions from the books.", "The theme park Storybook Land, located in Aberdeen, South Dakota, features the Land of Oz, with characters and attractions from the books. In the short-lived 2008 TV series Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, the show's protagonist John Connor enrolls in high school under the name of \"John Baum\" (after L. Frank Baum) to keep his true identity a secret.", "In the short-lived 2008 TV series Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, the show's protagonist John Connor enrolls in high school under the name of \"John Baum\" (after L. Frank Baum) to keep his true identity a secret. His mother Sarah had mentioned to Cameron that The Wonderful Wizard Of Oz was John's favorite book when he was younger.", "His mother Sarah had mentioned to Cameron that The Wonderful Wizard Of Oz was John's favorite book when he was younger. In 2013, Baum was inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. Chittenango, New York holds a three-day annual festival called Oz-Stravaganza!", "Chittenango, New York holds a three-day annual festival called Oz-Stravaganza! to celebrate the literary works of author L. Frank Baum, who was born in Chittenango on May 15, 1856. The children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was published on May 17, 1900.", "The children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was published on May 17, 1900. The weekend-long festival, usually held during the first Saturday of June and the weekend thereof, includes a parade, which features many community groups.", "The weekend-long festival, usually held during the first Saturday of June and the weekend thereof, includes a parade, which features many community groups. The parade has also featured actors and actresses who played Munchkins in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, including Jerry Maren, Karl Slover, Meinhardt Raabe, and Margaret Williams Pellegrini.", "The parade has also featured actors and actresses who played Munchkins in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, including Jerry Maren, Karl Slover, Meinhardt Raabe, and Margaret Williams Pellegrini. See also Notes References Algeo, John. \"A Notable Theosophist: L. Frank Baum.\" American Theosophist, Vol.", "American Theosophist, Vol. American Theosophist, Vol. 74 (August–September 1986), pp. 270–3. Attebery, Brian. The Fantasy Tradition in American Literature. Bloomington, IN, Indiana University Press, 1980. Baum, Frank Joslyn, and Russell P. Macfall. To Please a Child. Chicago, Reilly & Lee, 1961.", "Chicago, Reilly & Lee, 1961. Baum, L. Frank. The Annotated Wizard of Oz. Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Michael Patrick Hearn. New York, Clarkson N. Potter, 1973. Revised 2000. New York, W.W. Norton, 2000. Ford, Alla T. The High-Jinks of L. Frank Baum.", "Ford, Alla T. The High-Jinks of L. Frank Baum. Hong Kong, Ford Press, 1969. Ford, Alla T. The Musical Fantasies of L. Frank Baum. Lake Worth, FL, Ford Press, 1969. Gardner, Martin, and Russel B. Nye. The Wizard of Oz and Who He Was.", "The Wizard of Oz and Who He Was. East Lansing, MI, Michigan State University Press, 1957. Revised 1994. Hearn, Michael Patrick. The Critical Heritage Edition of the Wizard of Oz. New York, Schocken, 1986. Koupal, Nancy Tystad. Baum's Road to Oz: The Dakota Years.", "Baum's Road to Oz: The Dakota Years. Pierre, SD, South Dakota State Historical Society, 2000. Koupal, Nancy Tystad. Our Landlady. Lawrence, KS, University of Nebraska Press, 1986. Parker, David B.", "Parker, David B. Parker, David B. The Rise and Fall of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a \"Parable on Populism\" Journal of the Georgia Association of Historians, vol. 15 (1994), pp. 49–63.", "15 (1994), pp. 49–63. 49–63. Reneau, Reneau H. \"Misanthropology: A Florilegium of Bahumbuggery\" Inglewood, CA, donlazaro translations, 2004, pp. 155–164 Reneau, Reneau H. \"A Newer Testament: Misanthropology Unleashed\" Inglewood, CA, donlazaro translations, 2008, pp.", "155–164 Reneau, Reneau H. \"A Newer Testament: Misanthropology Unleashed\" Inglewood, CA, donlazaro translations, 2008, pp. 129–147 Riley, Michael O. Oz and Beyond: The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum. Lawrence, KS, University of Kansas Press, 1997.", "Lawrence, KS, University of Kansas Press, 1997. Rogers, Katharine M. L. Frank Baum, Creator of Oz: A Biography. New York, St. Martin's Press, 2002. Sale, Roger. Fairy Tales and After: From Snow White to E. B. White. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University press, 1978.", "Cambridge, MA, Harvard University press, 1978. Schwartz, Evan I. Finding Oz: How L. Frank Baum Discovered the Great American Story. New York, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009 Wagner, Sally Roesch. The Wonderful Mother of Oz. Fayetteville, NY: The Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation, 2003. Wilgus, Neal.", "Wilgus, Neal. Wilgus, Neal. \"Classic American Fairy Tales: The Fantasies of L. Frank Baum\" in Darrell Schweitzer (ed) Discovering Classic Fantasy Fiction'', Gillette NJ: Wildside Press, 1996, pp. 113–121.", "113–121. 113–121. External links The Complete Oz Works L. Frank Baum Papers at Syracuse University Bibliography (Baum and Oz) The International Wizard of Oz Club, Inc.", "External links The Complete Oz Works L. Frank Baum Papers at Syracuse University Bibliography (Baum and Oz) The International Wizard of Oz Club, Inc. Wonderful Wizard of Oz Website Copyright Registration Application from Claimant L. Frank Baum for The wonderful Wizard of Oz From the Collections at the Library of Congress Finding aid to Roland Orvil Baughman collection about L. Frank Baum at Columbia University, Rare Book & Manuscript Library 1856 births 1919 deaths 19th-century American male actors 19th-century American newspaper editors 19th-century American newspaper publishers (people) 19th-century American novelists 20th-century American novelists 19th-century male writers 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American poets American male short story writers 20th-century American male actors American children's writers American fantasy writers American feminist writers American film producers American Methodists American people of English descent American people of German descent American people of Scotch-Irish descent American male silent film actors American male stage actors American suffragists American Theosophists Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) Children's poets Male feminists Oz (franchise) People from Aberdeen, South Dakota People from Chittenango, New York Peekskill Military Academy alumni Writers from Syracuse, New York Silent film directors Writers from Chicago New York (state) Republicans South Dakota Republicans California Republicans American male poets American male novelists Journalists from South Dakota Journalists from New York (state) Stamp dealers Novelists from Illinois American male non-fiction writers Male novelists 19th-century pseudonymous writers 20th-century pseudonymous writers" ]

[ "L. Frank Baum", "The South Dakota years", "What is important about the south dakota years?", "Baum was born in Chittenango, New York in 1856 into a devout Methodist family.", "Who were his parents?", "Cynthia Ann (nee Stanton) and Benjamin Ward Baum,", "Did he have siblings?", "and was the seventh of nine children", "Where did he go to school?", "From the age of 12, he spent two miserable years at Peekskill Military Academy but,", "where did he go after that?", "after being severely disciplined for daydreaming, he had a possibly psychogenic heart attack and was allowed to return home.", "What else did he do during this time?", "Baum started writing early in life, possibly prompted by his father buying him a cheap printing press.", "What did he write during this time?", "The brothers published several issues of the journal, including advertisements from local businesses,", "What else did they do ?", "By the age of 17, Baum established a second amateur journal called The Stamp Collector,", "What did he work on after that?", "At 20, Baum took on the national craze of breeding fancy poultry.", "Any other works during this time?", "He performed in plays under the stage names of Louis F. Baum and George Brooks." ]

[ "The Piano Sonata No. 6, Op. 13, by Samuil Feinberg was composed in 1923. The piece received its premiere on 4 September 1925 at the Festival of Contemporary Music in Venice. Its premiere was attended by famous composers of the time such as Igor Stravinsky and Arnold Schoenberg. Feinberg's composition was well-received, and would remain his only piano sonata to receive a wide publication.\n\nHistory\nThe sonata received its premiere on 4 September 1925 at the Festival of Contemporary Music in Venice, with Feinberg himself as the soloist. The piece was well received and even resulted in some publicity when the Dutch journal De Telegraaf pitted Feinberg's composition against the Piano Sonata of Igor Stravinsky, who was also in attendance of the festival.\n\nStructure and content\nThe 6th sonata encompasses a single movement, usually lasting around 15 minutes\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFeinberg 06\n1923 compositions", "Goodnight Already! is a children's book series by American author Jory John, illustrated by Benji Davies and published by HarperCollins. The series includes four books: Goodnight Already! (2014), I Love You Already! (2015), Come Home Already! (2017), and All Right Already! (2018).\n\nGoodnight Already! \nGoodnight Already! was published December 2, 2014.\n\nThe book received positive reviews from Booklist and Publishers Weekly, as well as a mediocre review from Kirkus Reviews. It also received the following accolades:\n\n Goodreads Choice Award Nominee for Picture Books (2015)\n E. B. White Read-Aloud Honor Book (2015)\n\nI Love You Already! \nI Love You Already! was published December 22, 2015.\n\nThe book received positive reviews from Publishers Weekly and Booklist, as well as a mediocre review from Kirkus Reviews.\n\nCome Home Already! \nCome Home Already! was published December 5, 2017.\n\nThe book received a positive review from Kirkus Reviews and was named one of Bank Street College of Education's Best Children's Books of the Year (2018).\n\nAll Right Already! \nAll Right Already! was published November 13, 2018.\n\nThe book received a positive review from School Library Journal.\n\nReferences \n\nHarperCollins books\nSeries of children's books" ]

[ "Lyman Frank Baum (; May 15, 1856 – May 6, 1919) was an American author best known for his children's books, particularly The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and its sequels. He wrote 14 novels in the Oz series, plus 41 other novels (not including four lost, unpublished novels), 83 short stories, over 200 poems, and at least 42 scripts.", "He wrote 14 novels in the Oz series, plus 41 other novels (not including four lost, unpublished novels), 83 short stories, over 200 poems, and at least 42 scripts. He made numerous attempts to bring his works to the stage and screen; the 1939 adaptation of the first Oz book became a landmark of 20th-century cinema.", "He made numerous attempts to bring his works to the stage and screen; the 1939 adaptation of the first Oz book became a landmark of 20th-century cinema. Born and raised in upstate New York, Baum moved west after an unsuccessful stint as a theater producer and playwright.", "Born and raised in upstate New York, Baum moved west after an unsuccessful stint as a theater producer and playwright. He and his wife opened a store in South Dakota and he edited and published a newspaper.", "He and his wife opened a store in South Dakota and he edited and published a newspaper. They then moved to Chicago, where he worked as a newspaper reporter and published children's literature, coming out with the first Oz book in 1900.", "They then moved to Chicago, where he worked as a newspaper reporter and published children's literature, coming out with the first Oz book in 1900. While continuing his writing, among his final projects he sought to establish a movie studio focused on children's films in Los Angeles, California.", "While continuing his writing, among his final projects he sought to establish a movie studio focused on children's films in Los Angeles, California. His works anticipated such later commonplaces as television, augmented reality, laptop computers (The Master Key), wireless telephones (Tik-Tok of Oz), women in high-risk and action-heavy occupations (Mary Louise in the Country), and the ubiquity of clothes advertising (Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work).", "His works anticipated such later commonplaces as television, augmented reality, laptop computers (The Master Key), wireless telephones (Tik-Tok of Oz), women in high-risk and action-heavy occupations (Mary Louise in the Country), and the ubiquity of clothes advertising (Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work). Childhood and early life Baum was born in Chittenango, New York, in 1856 into a devout Methodist family.", "Childhood and early life Baum was born in Chittenango, New York, in 1856 into a devout Methodist family. He had German, Scots-Irish, and English ancestry. He was the seventh of nine children of Cynthia Ann (née Stanton) and Benjamin Ward Baum, only five of whom survived into adulthood.", "He was the seventh of nine children of Cynthia Ann (née Stanton) and Benjamin Ward Baum, only five of whom survived into adulthood. \"Lyman\" was the name of his father's brother, but he always disliked it and preferred his middle name \"Frank\".", "\"Lyman\" was the name of his father's brother, but he always disliked it and preferred his middle name \"Frank\". His father succeeded in many businesses, including barrel-making, oil drilling in Pennsylvania, and real estate.", "His father succeeded in many businesses, including barrel-making, oil drilling in Pennsylvania, and real estate. Baum grew up on his parents' expansive estate called Rose Lawn, which he fondly recalled as a sort of paradise. Rose Lawn was located in Mattydale, New York.", "Rose Lawn was located in Mattydale, New York. Frank was a sickly, dreamy child, tutored at home with his siblings. From the age of 12, he spent two miserable years at Peekskill Military Academy but, after being severely disciplined for daydreaming, he had a possibly psychogenic heart attack and was allowed to return home.", "From the age of 12, he spent two miserable years at Peekskill Military Academy but, after being severely disciplined for daydreaming, he had a possibly psychogenic heart attack and was allowed to return home. Baum started writing early in life, possibly prompted by his father buying him a cheap printing press.", "Baum started writing early in life, possibly prompted by his father buying him a cheap printing press. He had always been close to his younger brother Henry (Harry) Clay Baum, who helped in the production of The Rose Lawn Home Journal.", "He had always been close to his younger brother Henry (Harry) Clay Baum, who helped in the production of The Rose Lawn Home Journal. The brothers published several issues of the journal, including advertisements from local businesses, which they gave to family and friends for free.", "The brothers published several issues of the journal, including advertisements from local businesses, which they gave to family and friends for free. By the age of 17, Baum established a second amateur journal called The Stamp Collector, printed an 11-page pamphlet called Baum's Complete Stamp Dealers' Directory, and started a stamp dealership with friends.", "By the age of 17, Baum established a second amateur journal called The Stamp Collector, printed an 11-page pamphlet called Baum's Complete Stamp Dealers' Directory, and started a stamp dealership with friends. At 20, Baum took on the national craze of breeding fancy poultry. He specialized in raising the Hamburg chicken.", "He specialized in raising the Hamburg chicken. In March 1880, he established a monthly trade journal, The Poultry Record, and in 1886, when Baum was 30 years old, his first book was published: The Book of the Hamburgs: A Brief Treatise upon the Mating, Rearing, and Management of the Different Varieties of Hamburgs.", "In March 1880, he established a monthly trade journal, The Poultry Record, and in 1886, when Baum was 30 years old, his first book was published: The Book of the Hamburgs: A Brief Treatise upon the Mating, Rearing, and Management of the Different Varieties of Hamburgs. Baum had a flair for being the spotlight of fun in the household, including during times of financial difficulties.", "Baum had a flair for being the spotlight of fun in the household, including during times of financial difficulties. His selling of fireworks made the Fourth of July memorable. His skyrockets, Roman candles, and fireworks filled the sky, while many people around the neighborhood would gather in front of the house to watch the displays.", "His skyrockets, Roman candles, and fireworks filled the sky, while many people around the neighborhood would gather in front of the house to watch the displays. Christmas was even more festive. Baum dressed as Santa Claus for the family.", "Baum dressed as Santa Claus for the family. His father would place the Christmas tree behind a curtain in the front parlor so that Baum could talk to everyone while he decorated the tree without people managing to see him. He maintained this tradition all his life. Career Theater Baum embarked on his lifetime infatuation—and wavering financial success—with the theater.", "Career Theater Baum embarked on his lifetime infatuation—and wavering financial success—with the theater. A local theatrical company duped him into replenishing their stock of costumes on the promise of leading roles coming his way. Disillusioned, Baum left the theater—temporarily—and went to work as a clerk in his brother-in-law's dry goods company in Syracuse.", "Disillusioned, Baum left the theater—temporarily—and went to work as a clerk in his brother-in-law's dry goods company in Syracuse. This experience may have influenced his story \"The Suicide of Kiaros\", first published in the literary journal The White Elephant.", "This experience may have influenced his story \"The Suicide of Kiaros\", first published in the literary journal The White Elephant. A fellow clerk one day had been found locked in a store room dead, probably from suicide. Baum could never stay away long from the stage.", "Baum could never stay away long from the stage. He performed in plays under the stage names of Louis F. Baum and George Brooks. In 1880, his father built him a theater in Richburg, New York, and Baum set about writing plays and gathering a company to act in them.", "In 1880, his father built him a theater in Richburg, New York, and Baum set about writing plays and gathering a company to act in them. The Maid of Arran proved a modest success, a melodrama with songs based on William Black's novel A Princess of Thule.", "The Maid of Arran proved a modest success, a melodrama with songs based on William Black's novel A Princess of Thule. Baum wrote the play and composed songs for it (making it a prototypical musical, as its songs relate to the narrative), and acted in the leading role.", "Baum wrote the play and composed songs for it (making it a prototypical musical, as its songs relate to the narrative), and acted in the leading role. His aunt Katharine Gray played his character's aunt.", "His aunt Katharine Gray played his character's aunt. She was the founder of Syracuse Oratory School, and Baum advertised his services in her catalog to teach theater, including stage business, play writing, directing, translating (French, German, and Italian), revision, and operettas.", "She was the founder of Syracuse Oratory School, and Baum advertised his services in her catalog to teach theater, including stage business, play writing, directing, translating (French, German, and Italian), revision, and operettas. On November 9, 1882, Baum married Maud Gage, a daughter of Matilda Joslyn Gage, a famous women's suffrage and feminist activist.", "On November 9, 1882, Baum married Maud Gage, a daughter of Matilda Joslyn Gage, a famous women's suffrage and feminist activist. While Baum was touring with The Maid of Arran, the theater in Richburg caught fire during a production of Baum's ironically titled parlor drama Matches, destroying the theater as well as the only known copies of many of Baum's scripts, including Matches, as well as costumes.", "While Baum was touring with The Maid of Arran, the theater in Richburg caught fire during a production of Baum's ironically titled parlor drama Matches, destroying the theater as well as the only known copies of many of Baum's scripts, including Matches, as well as costumes. The South Dakota years In July 1888, Baum and his wife moved to Aberdeen, Dakota Territory where he opened a store called \"Baum's Bazaar\".", "The South Dakota years In July 1888, Baum and his wife moved to Aberdeen, Dakota Territory where he opened a store called \"Baum's Bazaar\". His habit of giving out wares on credit led to the eventual bankrupting of the store, so Baum turned to editing the local newspaper The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer where he wrote the column Our Landlady.", "His habit of giving out wares on credit led to the eventual bankrupting of the store, so Baum turned to editing the local newspaper The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer where he wrote the column Our Landlady. Following the death of Sitting Bull at the hands of Indian agency police, Baum urged the wholesale extermination of all America's native peoples in a column that he wrote on December 20, 1890 (full text below).", "Following the death of Sitting Bull at the hands of Indian agency police, Baum urged the wholesale extermination of all America's native peoples in a column that he wrote on December 20, 1890 (full text below). On January 3, 1891, he returned to the subject in an editorial response to the Wounded Knee Massacre: The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extirmination of the Indians.", "On January 3, 1891, he returned to the subject in an editorial response to the Wounded Knee Massacre: The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extirmination of the Indians. Having wronged them for centuries, we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth.", "Having wronged them for centuries, we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth. Baum's description of Kansas in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is based on his experiences in drought-ridden South Dakota.", "Baum's description of Kansas in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is based on his experiences in drought-ridden South Dakota. During much of this time, Matilda Joslyn Gage was living in the Baum household.", "During much of this time, Matilda Joslyn Gage was living in the Baum household. While Baum was in South Dakota, he sang in a quartet which included James Kyle, who became one of the first Populist (People's Party) Senators in the U.S.", "While Baum was in South Dakota, he sang in a quartet which included James Kyle, who became one of the first Populist (People's Party) Senators in the U.S. Writing Baum's newspaper failed in 1891, and he, Maud, and their four sons moved to the Humboldt Park section of Chicago, where Baum took a job reporting for the Evening Post.", "Writing Baum's newspaper failed in 1891, and he, Maud, and their four sons moved to the Humboldt Park section of Chicago, where Baum took a job reporting for the Evening Post. Beginning in 1897, he founded and edited a magazine called The Show Window, later known as the Merchants Record and Show Window, which focused on store window displays, retail strategies and visual merchandising.", "Beginning in 1897, he founded and edited a magazine called The Show Window, later known as the Merchants Record and Show Window, which focused on store window displays, retail strategies and visual merchandising. The major department stores of the time created elaborate Christmas time fantasies, using clockwork mechanisms that made people and animals appear to move.", "The major department stores of the time created elaborate Christmas time fantasies, using clockwork mechanisms that made people and animals appear to move. The former Show Window magazine is still currently in operation, now known as VMSD magazine (visual merchandising + store design), based in Cincinnati.", "The former Show Window magazine is still currently in operation, now known as VMSD magazine (visual merchandising + store design), based in Cincinnati. In 1900, Baum published a book about window displays in which he stressed the importance of mannequins in drawing customers. He also had to work as a traveling salesman.", "He also had to work as a traveling salesman. In 1897, he wrote and published Mother Goose in Prose, a collection of Mother Goose rhymes written as prose stories and illustrated by Maxfield Parrish. Mother Goose was a moderate success and allowed Baum to quit his sales job (which had had a negative impact on his health).", "Mother Goose was a moderate success and allowed Baum to quit his sales job (which had had a negative impact on his health). In 1899, Baum partnered with illustrator W. W. Denslow to publish Father Goose, His Book, a collection of nonsense poetry.", "In 1899, Baum partnered with illustrator W. W. Denslow to publish Father Goose, His Book, a collection of nonsense poetry. The book was a success, becoming the best-selling children's book of the year.", "The book was a success, becoming the best-selling children's book of the year. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz In 1900, Baum and Denslow (with whom he shared the copyright) published The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to much critical acclaim and financial success.", "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz In 1900, Baum and Denslow (with whom he shared the copyright) published The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to much critical acclaim and financial success. The book was the best-selling children's book for two years after its initial publication.", "The book was the best-selling children's book for two years after its initial publication. Baum went on to write thirteen more novels based on the places and people of the Land of Oz.", "Baum went on to write thirteen more novels based on the places and people of the Land of Oz. The Wizard of Oz: Fred R. Hamlin's Musical Extravaganza Two years after Wizard publication, Baum and Denslow teamed up with composer Paul Tietjens and director Julian Mitchell to produce a musical stage version of the book under Fred R. Hamlin.", "The Wizard of Oz: Fred R. Hamlin's Musical Extravaganza Two years after Wizard publication, Baum and Denslow teamed up with composer Paul Tietjens and director Julian Mitchell to produce a musical stage version of the book under Fred R. Hamlin. Baum and Tietjens had worked on a musical of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz in 1901 and based closely upon the book, but it was rejected.", "Baum and Tietjens had worked on a musical of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz in 1901 and based closely upon the book, but it was rejected. This stage version opened in Chicago in 1902 (the first to use the shortened title \"The Wizard of Oz\"), then ran on Broadway for 293 stage nights from January to October 1903.", "This stage version opened in Chicago in 1902 (the first to use the shortened title \"The Wizard of Oz\"), then ran on Broadway for 293 stage nights from January to October 1903. It returned to Broadway in 1904, where it played from March to May and again from November to December.", "It returned to Broadway in 1904, where it played from March to May and again from November to December. It successfully toured the United States with much of the same cast, as was done in those days, until 1911, and then became available for amateur use.", "It successfully toured the United States with much of the same cast, as was done in those days, until 1911, and then became available for amateur use. The stage version starred Anna Laughlin as Dorothy Gale, alongside David C. Montgomery and Fred Stone as the Tin Woodman and Scarecrow respectively, which shot the pair to instant fame.", "The stage version starred Anna Laughlin as Dorothy Gale, alongside David C. Montgomery and Fred Stone as the Tin Woodman and Scarecrow respectively, which shot the pair to instant fame. The stage version differed quite a bit from the book, and was aimed primarily at adults.", "The stage version differed quite a bit from the book, and was aimed primarily at adults. Toto was replaced with Imogene the Cow, and Tryxie Tryfle (a waitress) and Pastoria (a streetcar operator) were added as fellow cyclone victims.", "Toto was replaced with Imogene the Cow, and Tryxie Tryfle (a waitress) and Pastoria (a streetcar operator) were added as fellow cyclone victims. The Wicked Witch of the West was eliminated entirely in the script, and the plot became about how the four friends were allied with the usurping Wizard and were hunted as traitors to Pastoria II, the rightful King of Oz.", "The Wicked Witch of the West was eliminated entirely in the script, and the plot became about how the four friends were allied with the usurping Wizard and were hunted as traitors to Pastoria II, the rightful King of Oz. It is unclear how much control or influence Baum had on the script; it appears that many of the changes were written by Baum against his wishes due to contractual requirements with Hamlin.", "It is unclear how much control or influence Baum had on the script; it appears that many of the changes were written by Baum against his wishes due to contractual requirements with Hamlin. Jokes in the script, mostly written by Glen MacDonough, called for explicit references to President Theodore Roosevelt, Senator Mark Hanna, Rev.", "Jokes in the script, mostly written by Glen MacDonough, called for explicit references to President Theodore Roosevelt, Senator Mark Hanna, Rev. Andrew Danquer, and oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller. Although use of the script was rather free-form, the line about Hanna was ordered dropped as soon as Hamlin got word of his death in 1904.", "Although use of the script was rather free-form, the line about Hanna was ordered dropped as soon as Hamlin got word of his death in 1904. Beginning with the success of the stage version, most subsequent versions of the story, including newer editions of the novel, have been titled \"The Wizard of Oz\", rather than using the full, original title.", "Beginning with the success of the stage version, most subsequent versions of the story, including newer editions of the novel, have been titled \"The Wizard of Oz\", rather than using the full, original title. In more recent years, restoring the full title has become increasingly common, particularly to distinguish the novel from the Hollywood film.", "In more recent years, restoring the full title has become increasingly common, particularly to distinguish the novel from the Hollywood film. Baum wrote a new Oz book, The Marvelous Land of Oz, with a view to making it into a stage production, which was titled The Woggle-Bug, but Montgomery and Stone balked at appearing when the original was still running.", "Baum wrote a new Oz book, The Marvelous Land of Oz, with a view to making it into a stage production, which was titled The Woggle-Bug, but Montgomery and Stone balked at appearing when the original was still running. The Scarecrow and Tin Woodman were then omitted from this adaptation, which was seen as a self-rip-off by critics and proved to be a major flop before it could reach Broadway.", "The Scarecrow and Tin Woodman were then omitted from this adaptation, which was seen as a self-rip-off by critics and proved to be a major flop before it could reach Broadway. He also worked for years on a musical version of Ozma of Oz, which eventually became The Tik-Tok Man of Oz.", "He also worked for years on a musical version of Ozma of Oz, which eventually became The Tik-Tok Man of Oz. This did fairly well in Los Angeles, but not well enough to convince producer Oliver Morosco to mount a production in New York.", "This did fairly well in Los Angeles, but not well enough to convince producer Oliver Morosco to mount a production in New York. He also began a stage version of The Patchwork Girl of Oz, but this was ultimately realized as a film.", "He also began a stage version of The Patchwork Girl of Oz, but this was ultimately realized as a film. Later life and work With the success of Wizard on page and stage, Baum and Denslow hoped for further success and published Dot and Tot of Merryland in 1901.", "Later life and work With the success of Wizard on page and stage, Baum and Denslow hoped for further success and published Dot and Tot of Merryland in 1901. The book was one of Baum's weakest, and its failure further strained his faltering relationship with Denslow. It was their last collaboration.", "It was their last collaboration. It was their last collaboration. Baum worked primarily with John R. Neill on his fantasy work beginning in 1904, but Baum met Neill few times (all before he moved to California) and often found Neill's art not humorous enough for his liking.", "Baum worked primarily with John R. Neill on his fantasy work beginning in 1904, but Baum met Neill few times (all before he moved to California) and often found Neill's art not humorous enough for his liking. He was particularly offended when Neill published The Oz Toy Book: Cut-outs for the Kiddies without authorization.", "He was particularly offended when Neill published The Oz Toy Book: Cut-outs for the Kiddies without authorization. Baum reportedly designed the chandeliers in the Crown Room of the Hotel del Coronado; however, that attribution has yet to be corroborated.", "Baum reportedly designed the chandeliers in the Crown Room of the Hotel del Coronado; however, that attribution has yet to be corroborated. Several times during the development of the Oz series, Baum declared that he had written his last Oz book and devoted himself to other works of fantasy fiction based in other magical lands, including The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus and Queen Zixi of Ix.", "Several times during the development of the Oz series, Baum declared that he had written his last Oz book and devoted himself to other works of fantasy fiction based in other magical lands, including The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus and Queen Zixi of Ix. However, he returned to the series each time, persuaded by popular demand, letters from children, and the failure of his new books.", "However, he returned to the series each time, persuaded by popular demand, letters from children, and the failure of his new books. Even so, his other works remained very popular after his death, with The Master Key appearing on St. Nicholas Magazine's survey of readers' favorite books well into the 1920s.", "Even so, his other works remained very popular after his death, with The Master Key appearing on St. Nicholas Magazine's survey of readers' favorite books well into the 1920s. In 1905, Baum declared plans for an Oz amusement park.", "In 1905, Baum declared plans for an Oz amusement park. In an interview, he mentioned buying “Pedloe Island” off the coast of California to turn it into an Oz park.", "In an interview, he mentioned buying “Pedloe Island” off the coast of California to turn it into an Oz park. However, there is no evidence that he purchased such an island, and no one has ever been able to find any island whose name even resembles Pedloe in that area.", "However, there is no evidence that he purchased such an island, and no one has ever been able to find any island whose name even resembles Pedloe in that area. Nevertheless, Baum stated to the press that he had discovered a Pedloe Island off the coast of California and that he had purchased it to be \"the Marvelous Land of Oz,\" intending it to be \"a fairy paradise for children.\"", "Nevertheless, Baum stated to the press that he had discovered a Pedloe Island off the coast of California and that he had purchased it to be \"the Marvelous Land of Oz,\" intending it to be \"a fairy paradise for children.\" Eleven year old Dorothy Talbot of San Francisco was reported to be ascendant to the throne on March 1, 1906, when the Palace of Oz was expected to be completed.", "Eleven year old Dorothy Talbot of San Francisco was reported to be ascendant to the throne on March 1, 1906, when the Palace of Oz was expected to be completed. Baum planned to live on the island, with administrative duties handled by the princess and her all-child advisers.", "Baum planned to live on the island, with administrative duties handled by the princess and her all-child advisers. Plans included statues of the Scarecrow, Tin Woodman, Jack Pumpkinhead, and H.M. Woggle-Bug, T.E. Baum abandoned his Oz park project after the failure of The Woggle-Bug, which was playing at the Garrick Theatre in 1905.", "Baum abandoned his Oz park project after the failure of The Woggle-Bug, which was playing at the Garrick Theatre in 1905. Because of his lifelong love of theatre, he financed elaborate musicals, often to his financial detriment.", "Because of his lifelong love of theatre, he financed elaborate musicals, often to his financial detriment. One of Baum's worst financial endeavors was his The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908), which combined a slideshow, film, and live actors with a lecture by Baum as if he were giving a travelogue to Oz.", "One of Baum's worst financial endeavors was his The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908), which combined a slideshow, film, and live actors with a lecture by Baum as if he were giving a travelogue to Oz. However, Baum ran into trouble and could not pay his debts to the company who produced the films.", "However, Baum ran into trouble and could not pay his debts to the company who produced the films. He did not get back to a stable financial situation for several years, after he sold the royalty rights to many of his earlier works, including The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. This resulted in the M.A.", "This resulted in the M.A. This resulted in the M.A. Donahue Company publishing cheap editions of his early works with advertising which purported that Baum's newer output was inferior to the less expensive books that they were releasing. He claimed bankruptcy in August 1911.", "He claimed bankruptcy in August 1911. However, Baum had shrewdly transferred most of his property into Maud's name, except for his clothing, his typewriter, and his library (mostly of children's books, such as the fairy tales of Andrew Lang, whose portrait he kept in his study)—all of which, he successfully argued, were essential to his occupation.", "However, Baum had shrewdly transferred most of his property into Maud's name, except for his clothing, his typewriter, and his library (mostly of children's books, such as the fairy tales of Andrew Lang, whose portrait he kept in his study)—all of which, he successfully argued, were essential to his occupation. Maud handled the finances anyway, and thus Baum lost much less than he could have.", "Maud handled the finances anyway, and thus Baum lost much less than he could have. Baum made use of several pseudonyms for some of his other non-Oz books.", "Baum made use of several pseudonyms for some of his other non-Oz books. They include: Edith Van Dyne (the Aunt Jane's Nieces series) Laura Bancroft (The Twinkle Tales, Policeman Bluejay) Floyd Akers (The Boy Fortune Hunters series, continuing the Sam Steele series) Suzanne Metcalf (Annabel) Schuyler Staunton (The Fate of a Crown, Daughters of Destiny) John Estes Cooke (Tamawaca Folks) Capt.", "They include: Edith Van Dyne (the Aunt Jane's Nieces series) Laura Bancroft (The Twinkle Tales, Policeman Bluejay) Floyd Akers (The Boy Fortune Hunters series, continuing the Sam Steele series) Suzanne Metcalf (Annabel) Schuyler Staunton (The Fate of a Crown, Daughters of Destiny) John Estes Cooke (Tamawaca Folks) Capt. Hugh Fitzgerald (the Sam Steele series) Baum also anonymously wrote The Last Egyptian: A Romance of the Nile.", "Hugh Fitzgerald (the Sam Steele series) Baum also anonymously wrote The Last Egyptian: A Romance of the Nile. He continued theatrical work with Harry Marston Haldeman's men's social group The Uplifters, for which he wrote several plays for various celebrations. He also wrote the group's parodic by-laws.", "He also wrote the group's parodic by-laws. The group also included Will Rogers, but was proud to have had Baum as a member and posthumously revived many of his works despite their ephemeral intent.", "The group also included Will Rogers, but was proud to have had Baum as a member and posthumously revived many of his works despite their ephemeral intent. Many of these play's titles are known, but only The Uplift of Lucifer is known to survive (it was published in a limited edition in the 1960s).", "Many of these play's titles are known, but only The Uplift of Lucifer is known to survive (it was published in a limited edition in the 1960s). Prior to that, his last produced play was The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (based on Ozma of Oz and the basis for Tik-Tok of Oz), a modest success in Hollywood that producer Oliver Morosco decided did not do well enough to take to Broadway.", "Prior to that, his last produced play was The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (based on Ozma of Oz and the basis for Tik-Tok of Oz), a modest success in Hollywood that producer Oliver Morosco decided did not do well enough to take to Broadway. Morosco, incidentally, quickly turned to film production, as did Baum.", "Morosco, incidentally, quickly turned to film production, as did Baum. In 1914, Baum started his own film production company The Oz Film Manufacturing Company, which came as an outgrowth of the Uplifters. He served as its president and principal producer and screenwriter.", "He served as its president and principal producer and screenwriter. The rest of the board consisted of Louis F. Gottschalk, Harry Marston Haldeman, and Clarence R. Rundel.", "The rest of the board consisted of Louis F. Gottschalk, Harry Marston Haldeman, and Clarence R. Rundel. The films were directed by J. Farrell MacDonald, with casts that included Violet MacMillan, Vivian Reed, Mildred Harris, Juanita Hansen, Pierre Couderc, Mai Welles, Louise Emmons, J. Charles Haydon, and early appearances by Harold Lloyd and Hal Roach.", "The films were directed by J. Farrell MacDonald, with casts that included Violet MacMillan, Vivian Reed, Mildred Harris, Juanita Hansen, Pierre Couderc, Mai Welles, Louise Emmons, J. Charles Haydon, and early appearances by Harold Lloyd and Hal Roach. Silent film actor Richard Rosson appeared in one of the films (Rosson's younger brother Harold Rosson was the cinematographer on The Wizard of Oz, released in 1939).", "Silent film actor Richard Rosson appeared in one of the films (Rosson's younger brother Harold Rosson was the cinematographer on The Wizard of Oz, released in 1939). After little success probing the unrealized children's film market, Baum acknowledged his authorship of The Last Egyptian and made a film of it (portions of which are included in Decasia), but the Oz name had become box office poison for the time being, and even a name change to Dramatic Feature Films and transfer of ownership to Frank Joslyn Baum did not help.", "After little success probing the unrealized children's film market, Baum acknowledged his authorship of The Last Egyptian and made a film of it (portions of which are included in Decasia), but the Oz name had become box office poison for the time being, and even a name change to Dramatic Feature Films and transfer of ownership to Frank Joslyn Baum did not help. Baum invested none of his own money in the venture, unlike The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays, but the stress probably took its toll on his health.", "Baum invested none of his own money in the venture, unlike The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays, but the stress probably took its toll on his health. Death On May 5, 1919, Baum suffered a stroke, slipped into a coma and died the following day, at the age of 62.", "Death On May 5, 1919, Baum suffered a stroke, slipped into a coma and died the following day, at the age of 62. His last words were spoken to his wife during a brief period of lucidity: \"Now we can cross the Shifting Sands.\"", "His last words were spoken to his wife during a brief period of lucidity: \"Now we can cross the Shifting Sands.\" He was buried in Glendale's Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery. His final Oz book, Glinda of Oz, was published on July 10, 1920, a year after his death.", "His final Oz book, Glinda of Oz, was published on July 10, 1920, a year after his death. The Oz series was continued long after his death by other authors, notably Ruth Plumly Thompson, who wrote an additional twenty-one Oz books.", "The Oz series was continued long after his death by other authors, notably Ruth Plumly Thompson, who wrote an additional twenty-one Oz books. Baum's beliefs Literary Baum's avowed intentions with the Oz books and his other fairy tales was to retell tales such as those which are found in the works of the Brothers Grimm and Hans Christian Andersen, remake them in an American vein, update them, omit stereotypical characters such as dwarfs or genies, and remove the association of violence and moral teachings.", "Baum's beliefs Literary Baum's avowed intentions with the Oz books and his other fairy tales was to retell tales such as those which are found in the works of the Brothers Grimm and Hans Christian Andersen, remake them in an American vein, update them, omit stereotypical characters such as dwarfs or genies, and remove the association of violence and moral teachings. His first Oz books contained a fair amount of violence, but the amount of it decreased as the series progressed; in The Emerald City of Oz, Ozma objects to the use of violence, even to the use of violence against the Nomes who threaten Oz with invasion.", "His first Oz books contained a fair amount of violence, but the amount of it decreased as the series progressed; in The Emerald City of Oz, Ozma objects to the use of violence, even to the use of violence against the Nomes who threaten Oz with invasion. His introduction is often cited as the beginning of the sanitization of children's stories, although he did not do a great deal more than eliminate harsh moral lessons.", "His introduction is often cited as the beginning of the sanitization of children's stories, although he did not do a great deal more than eliminate harsh moral lessons. Another traditional element that Baum intentionally omitted was the emphasis on romance. He considered romantic love to be uninteresting to young children, as well as largely incomprehensible.", "He considered romantic love to be uninteresting to young children, as well as largely incomprehensible. In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the only elements of romance lay in the background of the Tin Woodman and his love for Nimmie Amee, which explains his condition but does not affect the tale in any other way, and the background of Gayelette and the enchantment of the Winged monkeys.", "In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the only elements of romance lay in the background of the Tin Woodman and his love for Nimmie Amee, which explains his condition but does not affect the tale in any other way, and the background of Gayelette and the enchantment of the Winged monkeys. The only other stories with such elements were The Scarecrow of Oz and Tik-Tok of Oz, both of them were based on dramatizations, which Baum regarded warily until his readers accepted them.", "The only other stories with such elements were The Scarecrow of Oz and Tik-Tok of Oz, both of them were based on dramatizations, which Baum regarded warily until his readers accepted them. Political Women's suffrage advocate When Baum lived in Aberdeen, South Dakota, where he was secretary of its Equal Suffrage Club, much of the politics in the Republican Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer dealt with trying to convince the populace to vote for women's suffrage.", "Political Women's suffrage advocate When Baum lived in Aberdeen, South Dakota, where he was secretary of its Equal Suffrage Club, much of the politics in the Republican Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer dealt with trying to convince the populace to vote for women's suffrage. Susan B. Anthony visited Aberdeen and stayed with the Baums.", "Susan B. Anthony visited Aberdeen and stayed with the Baums. Nancy Tystad Koupal notes an apparent loss of interest in editorializing after Aberdeen failed to pass the bill for women's enfranchisement.", "Nancy Tystad Koupal notes an apparent loss of interest in editorializing after Aberdeen failed to pass the bill for women's enfranchisement. Sally Roesch Wagner of The Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation published The Wonderful Mother of Oz, describing how Matilda Gage's feminist politics were sympathetically channeled by Baum into his Oz books.", "Sally Roesch Wagner of The Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation published The Wonderful Mother of Oz, describing how Matilda Gage's feminist politics were sympathetically channeled by Baum into his Oz books. Some of Baum's contacts with suffragists of his day seem to have inspired much of The Marvelous Land of Oz.", "Some of Baum's contacts with suffragists of his day seem to have inspired much of The Marvelous Land of Oz. In this story, General Jinjur leads the girls and women of Oz in a revolt, armed with knitting needles; they succeed and make the men do the household chores.", "In this story, General Jinjur leads the girls and women of Oz in a revolt, armed with knitting needles; they succeed and make the men do the household chores. Jinjur proves to be an incompetent ruler, but Princess Ozma, who advocates gender equality, is ultimately placed on the throne.", "Jinjur proves to be an incompetent ruler, but Princess Ozma, who advocates gender equality, is ultimately placed on the throne. Charlotte Perkins Gilman's 1915 classic of feminist science fiction, Herland, bears strong similarities to The Emerald City of Oz(1910); the link between Baum and Gilman is considered to be Gage.", "Charlotte Perkins Gilman's 1915 classic of feminist science fiction, Herland, bears strong similarities to The Emerald City of Oz(1910); the link between Baum and Gilman is considered to be Gage. Baum's stories outside of Oz also contain feminist or egalitarian themes.", "Baum's stories outside of Oz also contain feminist or egalitarian themes. His Edith Van Dyne stories depict girls and young women engaging in traditionally masculine activities, including Aunt Jane's Nieces and The Flying Girl and its sequel. The Bluebird Books feature a girl sleuth.", "The Bluebird Books feature a girl sleuth. Racial views During the period surrounding the 1890 Ghost Dance movement and Wounded Knee Massacre, Baum wrote two editorials asserting that the safety of white settlers depended on the wholesale genocide of American Indians.", "Racial views During the period surrounding the 1890 Ghost Dance movement and Wounded Knee Massacre, Baum wrote two editorials asserting that the safety of white settlers depended on the wholesale genocide of American Indians. These editorials were re-published in 1990 by sociologist Robert Venables of Cornell University, who argues that Baum was not using sarcasm.", "These editorials were re-published in 1990 by sociologist Robert Venables of Cornell University, who argues that Baum was not using sarcasm. The first piece was published on December 20, 1890, five days after the killing of the Lakota Sioux holy man, Sitting Bull.Rogers, p. 259.", "The first piece was published on December 20, 1890, five days after the killing of the Lakota Sioux holy man, Sitting Bull.Rogers, p. 259. The piece opined that with Sitting Bull's death, \"the nobility of the Redskin\" had been extinguished, and the safety of the frontier would not be established until there was \"total annihilation\" of the remaining Native Americans, who, he claimed, lived as \"miserable wretches.\"", "The piece opined that with Sitting Bull's death, \"the nobility of the Redskin\" had been extinguished, and the safety of the frontier would not be established until there was \"total annihilation\" of the remaining Native Americans, who, he claimed, lived as \"miserable wretches.\" Baum said that their extermination should not be regretted, and their elimination would \"do justice to the manly characteristics\" of their ancestors.", "Baum said that their extermination should not be regretted, and their elimination would \"do justice to the manly characteristics\" of their ancestors. The Wounded Knee Massacre occurred nine days later; the second editorial was published on January 3, 1891. Baum alleged that General Nelson A.", "Baum alleged that General Nelson A. Miles' weak rule of the Native Americans had caused American soldiers to suffer a \"terrible loss of blood\", in a \"battle\" which had been a disgrace to the Department of War. He found that the \"disaster\" could have easily been prevented with proper preparations.", "He found that the \"disaster\" could have easily been prevented with proper preparations. Baum reiterated that he believed, due to the history of mistreatment of Native Americans, that the extermination of the \"untamed and untamable\" tribes was necessary to protect American settlers.", "Baum reiterated that he believed, due to the history of mistreatment of Native Americans, that the extermination of the \"untamed and untamable\" tribes was necessary to protect American settlers. Baum ended the editorial with the following anecdote: \"An eastern contemporary, with a grain of wisdom in its wit, says that 'when the whites win a fight, it is a victory, and when the Indians win it, it is a massacre.'\"", "Baum ended the editorial with the following anecdote: \"An eastern contemporary, with a grain of wisdom in its wit, says that 'when the whites win a fight, it is a victory, and when the Indians win it, it is a massacre.'\" In 2006, two descendants of Baum apologized to the Sioux nation for any hurt that their ancestor had caused.", "In 2006, two descendants of Baum apologized to the Sioux nation for any hurt that their ancestor had caused. The short story \"The Enchanted Buffalo\" claims to be a legend about a tribe of bison, and it states that a key element of it made it into the legends of Native American tribes.", "The short story \"The Enchanted Buffalo\" claims to be a legend about a tribe of bison, and it states that a key element of it made it into the legends of Native American tribes. Baum mentions his characters' distaste for a Hopi snake dance in Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John, but he also deplores the horrible situation which exists on Indian Reservations.", "Baum mentions his characters' distaste for a Hopi snake dance in Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John, but he also deplores the horrible situation which exists on Indian Reservations. Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch features a hard-working Mexican in order to disprove Anglo stereotypes which portray Mexicans as lazy.", "Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch features a hard-working Mexican in order to disprove Anglo stereotypes which portray Mexicans as lazy. Baum's mother-in-law and woman's suffrage leader Matilda Joslyn Gage strongly influenced his views.", "Baum's mother-in-law and woman's suffrage leader Matilda Joslyn Gage strongly influenced his views. Gage was initiated into the Wolf Clan and admitted into the Iroquois Council of Matrons in recognition of her outspoken respect and sympathy for Native American people.", "Gage was initiated into the Wolf Clan and admitted into the Iroquois Council of Matrons in recognition of her outspoken respect and sympathy for Native American people. Political imagery in The Wizard of Oz Numerous political references to the \"Wizard\" appeared early in the 20th century.", "Political imagery in The Wizard of Oz Numerous political references to the \"Wizard\" appeared early in the 20th century. Henry Littlefield, an upstate New York high school history teacher, wrote a scholarly article in 1964, the first full-fledged interpretation of the novel as an extended metaphor of the politics and characters of the 1890s.", "Henry Littlefield, an upstate New York high school history teacher, wrote a scholarly article in 1964, the first full-fledged interpretation of the novel as an extended metaphor of the politics and characters of the 1890s. He paid special attention to the Populist metaphors and debates over silver and gold.", "He paid special attention to the Populist metaphors and debates over silver and gold. Baum was a Republican and avid supporter of women's suffrage, and it is thought that he did not support the political ideals of either the Populist movement of 1890–1892 or the Bryanite silver crusade of 1896–1900. He published a poem in support of William McKinley.", "He published a poem in support of William McKinley. Since 1964, many scholars, economists, and historians have expanded on Littlefield's interpretation, pointing to multiple similarities between the characters (especially as depicted in Denslow's illustrations) and stock figures from editorial cartoons of the period.", "Since 1964, many scholars, economists, and historians have expanded on Littlefield's interpretation, pointing to multiple similarities between the characters (especially as depicted in Denslow's illustrations) and stock figures from editorial cartoons of the period. Littlefield wrote to The New York Times letters to the editor section spelling out that his theory had no basis in fact, but that his original point was \"not to label Baum, or to lessen any of his magic, but rather, as a history teacher at Mount Vernon High School, to invest turn-of-the-century America with the imagery and wonder I have always found in his stories.\"", "Littlefield wrote to The New York Times letters to the editor section spelling out that his theory had no basis in fact, but that his original point was \"not to label Baum, or to lessen any of his magic, but rather, as a history teacher at Mount Vernon High School, to invest turn-of-the-century America with the imagery and wonder I have always found in his stories.\" Baum's newspaper had addressed politics in the 1890s, and Denslow was an editorial cartoonist as well as an illustrator of children's books.", "Baum's newspaper had addressed politics in the 1890s, and Denslow was an editorial cartoonist as well as an illustrator of children's books. A series of political references is included in the 1902 stage version, such as references to the President, to a powerful senator, and to John D. Rockefeller for providing the oil needed by the Tin Woodman.", "A series of political references is included in the 1902 stage version, such as references to the President, to a powerful senator, and to John D. Rockefeller for providing the oil needed by the Tin Woodman. Scholars have found few political references in Baum's Oz books after 1902.", "Scholars have found few political references in Baum's Oz books after 1902. Baum was asked whether his stories had hidden meanings, but he always replied that they were written to \"please children\". Religion Baum was originally a Methodist, but he joined the Episcopal Church in Aberdeen in order to participate in community theatricals.", "Religion Baum was originally a Methodist, but he joined the Episcopal Church in Aberdeen in order to participate in community theatricals. Later, he and his wife were encouraged to become members of the Theosophical Society in 1892 by Matilda Joslyn Gage.", "Later, he and his wife were encouraged to become members of the Theosophical Society in 1892 by Matilda Joslyn Gage. Baum's beliefs are frequently reflected in his writings; however, the only mention of a church in his Oz books is the porcelain one which the Cowardly Lion breaks in the Dainty China Country in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.", "Baum's beliefs are frequently reflected in his writings; however, the only mention of a church in his Oz books is the porcelain one which the Cowardly Lion breaks in the Dainty China Country in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The Baums sent their older sons to \"Ethical Culture Sunday School\" in Chicago, which taught morality, not religion.Michael Patrick Hearn.", "The Baums sent their older sons to \"Ethical Culture Sunday School\" in Chicago, which taught morality, not religion.Michael Patrick Hearn. The Annotated Wizard of Oz. 2nd Edition. 2000. pp. 7, 271, 328.", "7, 271, 328. 7, 271, 328. Writers including Evan I. Schwartz among others have suggested that Baum intentionally used allegory and symbolism in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to convey concepts that are central to spiritual teachings such as Theosophy and Buddhism.", "Writers including Evan I. Schwartz among others have suggested that Baum intentionally used allegory and symbolism in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to convey concepts that are central to spiritual teachings such as Theosophy and Buddhism. They postulate that the main characters’ experiences in Oz represent the soul’s journey toward enlightenment.", "They postulate that the main characters’ experiences in Oz represent the soul’s journey toward enlightenment. Schwartz specifically states that key plot elements of the book take “the reader on a journey guided by Eastern philosophy” (Schwartz, p. 265).", "Schwartz specifically states that key plot elements of the book take “the reader on a journey guided by Eastern philosophy” (Schwartz, p. 265). An article in BBC Culture lists several allegorical interpretations of the book including that it may be viewed as a parable of Theosophy.", "An article in BBC Culture lists several allegorical interpretations of the book including that it may be viewed as a parable of Theosophy. The article cites various symbols and their possible meanings, for example the Yellow Brick Road representing the ‘Golden Path’ in Buddhism, along which the soul travels to a state of spiritual realization.", "The article cites various symbols and their possible meanings, for example the Yellow Brick Road representing the ‘Golden Path’ in Buddhism, along which the soul travels to a state of spiritual realization. Baum’s own writing suggests he believed the story may have been divinely inspired: “It was pure inspiration.", "Baum’s own writing suggests he believed the story may have been divinely inspired: “It was pure inspiration. It came to me right out of the blue. I think that sometimes the Great Author had a message to get across and He was to use the instrument at hand”.", "I think that sometimes the Great Author had a message to get across and He was to use the instrument at hand”. Bibliography Works Mother Goose in Prose (1897) By the Candelabra's Glare (1898) Father Goose: His Book (1899) A New Wonderland (1900) The Army Alphabet (1900) The Navy Alphabet (1900) American Fairy Tales (1901) The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Egypt (1908) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Panama (1908) Fortune Hunters in China The Boy Fortune Hunters in the South Seas (1911) The Sea Fairies (1911) Sky Island (1912) Queen Zixi of Ix (1905) The Fate of a Crown (1905) Sam Steele's Adventures on Land and Sea (1906) Daughters of Destiny (novel) (1906) The Last Egyptian (1907) Land of Oz worksThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904)Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1905, comic strip depicting 27 stories)The Woggle-Bug Book (1905)Ozma of Oz (1907)Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908)The Road to Oz (1909)The Emerald City of Oz (1910)The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913)Little Wizard Stories of Oz (1913, collection of 6 short stories)Tik-Tok of Oz (1914)The Scarecrow of Oz (1915)Rinkitink in Oz (1916)The Lost Princess of Oz (1917)The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918)The Magic of Oz (1919, posthumously published)Glinda of Oz (1920, posthumously published) 1921's The Royal Book of Oz was posthumously attributed to Baum but was entirely the work of Ruth Plumly Thompson.", "Bibliography Works Mother Goose in Prose (1897) By the Candelabra's Glare (1898) Father Goose: His Book (1899) A New Wonderland (1900) The Army Alphabet (1900) The Navy Alphabet (1900) American Fairy Tales (1901) The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Egypt (1908) The Boy Fortune Hunters in Panama (1908) Fortune Hunters in China The Boy Fortune Hunters in the South Seas (1911) The Sea Fairies (1911) Sky Island (1912) Queen Zixi of Ix (1905) The Fate of a Crown (1905) Sam Steele's Adventures on Land and Sea (1906) Daughters of Destiny (novel) (1906) The Last Egyptian (1907) Land of Oz worksThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904)Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1905, comic strip depicting 27 stories)The Woggle-Bug Book (1905)Ozma of Oz (1907)Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908)The Road to Oz (1909)The Emerald City of Oz (1910)The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913)Little Wizard Stories of Oz (1913, collection of 6 short stories)Tik-Tok of Oz (1914)The Scarecrow of Oz (1915)Rinkitink in Oz (1916)The Lost Princess of Oz (1917)The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918)The Magic of Oz (1919, posthumously published)Glinda of Oz (1920, posthumously published) 1921's The Royal Book of Oz was posthumously attributed to Baum but was entirely the work of Ruth Plumly Thompson. Popular culture and legacy A 1970 episode of the long-running American Western anthology series Death Valley Days presents a highly romanticized portrayal of Baum's time in South Dakota.", "Popular culture and legacy A 1970 episode of the long-running American Western anthology series Death Valley Days presents a highly romanticized portrayal of Baum's time in South Dakota. The comedic teleplay, titled \"The Wizard of Aberdeen\", stars Conlan Carter as Baum and Beverlee McKinsey as Maud.", "The comedic teleplay, titled \"The Wizard of Aberdeen\", stars Conlan Carter as Baum and Beverlee McKinsey as Maud. Although the 30-minute presentation touches on Baum's family life and his struggles in Aberdeen as a newspaper editor, it focuses principally on his storytelling to local children about characters in a distant land he initially refers to as \"Ooz\".", "Although the 30-minute presentation touches on Baum's family life and his struggles in Aberdeen as a newspaper editor, it focuses principally on his storytelling to local children about characters in a distant land he initially refers to as \"Ooz\". John Ritter portrayed Baum in the television film The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990).", "John Ritter portrayed Baum in the television film The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990). The theme park Storybook Land, located in Aberdeen, South Dakota, features the Land of Oz, with characters and attractions from the books.", "The theme park Storybook Land, located in Aberdeen, South Dakota, features the Land of Oz, with characters and attractions from the books. In the short-lived 2008 TV series Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, the show's protagonist John Connor enrolls in high school under the name of \"John Baum\" (after L. Frank Baum) to keep his true identity a secret.", "In the short-lived 2008 TV series Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, the show's protagonist John Connor enrolls in high school under the name of \"John Baum\" (after L. Frank Baum) to keep his true identity a secret. His mother Sarah had mentioned to Cameron that The Wonderful Wizard Of Oz was John's favorite book when he was younger.", "His mother Sarah had mentioned to Cameron that The Wonderful Wizard Of Oz was John's favorite book when he was younger. In 2013, Baum was inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. Chittenango, New York holds a three-day annual festival called Oz-Stravaganza!", "Chittenango, New York holds a three-day annual festival called Oz-Stravaganza! to celebrate the literary works of author L. Frank Baum, who was born in Chittenango on May 15, 1856. The children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was published on May 17, 1900.", "The children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was published on May 17, 1900. The weekend-long festival, usually held during the first Saturday of June and the weekend thereof, includes a parade, which features many community groups.", "The weekend-long festival, usually held during the first Saturday of June and the weekend thereof, includes a parade, which features many community groups. The parade has also featured actors and actresses who played Munchkins in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, including Jerry Maren, Karl Slover, Meinhardt Raabe, and Margaret Williams Pellegrini.", "The parade has also featured actors and actresses who played Munchkins in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, including Jerry Maren, Karl Slover, Meinhardt Raabe, and Margaret Williams Pellegrini. See also Notes References Algeo, John. \"A Notable Theosophist: L. Frank Baum.\" American Theosophist, Vol.", "American Theosophist, Vol. American Theosophist, Vol. 74 (August–September 1986), pp. 270–3. Attebery, Brian. The Fantasy Tradition in American Literature. Bloomington, IN, Indiana University Press, 1980. Baum, Frank Joslyn, and Russell P. Macfall. To Please a Child. Chicago, Reilly & Lee, 1961.", "Chicago, Reilly & Lee, 1961. Baum, L. Frank. The Annotated Wizard of Oz. Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Michael Patrick Hearn. New York, Clarkson N. Potter, 1973. Revised 2000. New York, W.W. Norton, 2000. Ford, Alla T. The High-Jinks of L. Frank Baum.", "Ford, Alla T. The High-Jinks of L. Frank Baum. Hong Kong, Ford Press, 1969. Ford, Alla T. The Musical Fantasies of L. Frank Baum. Lake Worth, FL, Ford Press, 1969. Gardner, Martin, and Russel B. Nye. The Wizard of Oz and Who He Was.", "The Wizard of Oz and Who He Was. East Lansing, MI, Michigan State University Press, 1957. Revised 1994. Hearn, Michael Patrick. The Critical Heritage Edition of the Wizard of Oz. New York, Schocken, 1986. Koupal, Nancy Tystad. Baum's Road to Oz: The Dakota Years.", "Baum's Road to Oz: The Dakota Years. Pierre, SD, South Dakota State Historical Society, 2000. Koupal, Nancy Tystad. Our Landlady. Lawrence, KS, University of Nebraska Press, 1986. Parker, David B.", "Parker, David B. Parker, David B. The Rise and Fall of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a \"Parable on Populism\" Journal of the Georgia Association of Historians, vol. 15 (1994), pp. 49–63.", "15 (1994), pp. 49–63. 49–63. Reneau, Reneau H. \"Misanthropology: A Florilegium of Bahumbuggery\" Inglewood, CA, donlazaro translations, 2004, pp. 155–164 Reneau, Reneau H. \"A Newer Testament: Misanthropology Unleashed\" Inglewood, CA, donlazaro translations, 2008, pp.", "155–164 Reneau, Reneau H. \"A Newer Testament: Misanthropology Unleashed\" Inglewood, CA, donlazaro translations, 2008, pp. 129–147 Riley, Michael O. Oz and Beyond: The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum. Lawrence, KS, University of Kansas Press, 1997.", "Lawrence, KS, University of Kansas Press, 1997. Rogers, Katharine M. L. Frank Baum, Creator of Oz: A Biography. New York, St. Martin's Press, 2002. Sale, Roger. Fairy Tales and After: From Snow White to E. B. White. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University press, 1978.", "Cambridge, MA, Harvard University press, 1978. Schwartz, Evan I. Finding Oz: How L. Frank Baum Discovered the Great American Story. New York, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009 Wagner, Sally Roesch. The Wonderful Mother of Oz. Fayetteville, NY: The Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation, 2003. Wilgus, Neal.", "Wilgus, Neal. Wilgus, Neal. \"Classic American Fairy Tales: The Fantasies of L. Frank Baum\" in Darrell Schweitzer (ed) Discovering Classic Fantasy Fiction'', Gillette NJ: Wildside Press, 1996, pp. 113–121.", "113–121. 113–121. External links The Complete Oz Works L. Frank Baum Papers at Syracuse University Bibliography (Baum and Oz) The International Wizard of Oz Club, Inc.", "External links The Complete Oz Works L. Frank Baum Papers at Syracuse University Bibliography (Baum and Oz) The International Wizard of Oz Club, Inc. Wonderful Wizard of Oz Website Copyright Registration Application from Claimant L. Frank Baum for The wonderful Wizard of Oz From the Collections at the Library of Congress Finding aid to Roland Orvil Baughman collection about L. Frank Baum at Columbia University, Rare Book & Manuscript Library 1856 births 1919 deaths 19th-century American male actors 19th-century American newspaper editors 19th-century American newspaper publishers (people) 19th-century American novelists 20th-century American novelists 19th-century male writers 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American poets American male short story writers 20th-century American male actors American children's writers American fantasy writers American feminist writers American film producers American Methodists American people of English descent American people of German descent American people of Scotch-Irish descent American male silent film actors American male stage actors American suffragists American Theosophists Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) Children's poets Male feminists Oz (franchise) People from Aberdeen, South Dakota People from Chittenango, New York Peekskill Military Academy alumni Writers from Syracuse, New York Silent film directors Writers from Chicago New York (state) Republicans South Dakota Republicans California Republicans American male poets American male novelists Journalists from South Dakota Journalists from New York (state) Stamp dealers Novelists from Illinois American male non-fiction writers Male novelists 19th-century pseudonymous writers 20th-century pseudonymous writers" ]

[ "Stewart Copeland", "Solo projects and movie soundtracks (1987-1998)", "Did Copeland release any solo albums?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Tropic Thunder: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on August 5, 2008, the week before the film was released in theaters.\n\nFive songs, \"Cum On Feel the Noize\" by Quiet Riot, \"Sympathy for the Devil\" by The Rolling Stones, \"For What It's Worth\" by Buffalo Springfield, \"Low\" by Flo Rida and T-Pain, and \"Get Back\" by Ludacris, were not present on the soundtrack, yet did appear in the film. The soundtrack features songs from The Temptations, MC Hammer, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Edwin Starr, and other artists. The single \"Name of the Game\" by The Crystal Method featuring Ryu has an exclusive remix on the soundtrack.\n\nThe soundtrack debuted 20th on Billboard'''s Top Soundtracks list and peaked at 39th on its Top Independent Albums list. James Christopher Monger of allmusic compared the music to other film's soundtracks such as Platoon, Full Metal Jacket, and Forrest Gump'' and called it \"...a fun but slight listen that plays out like an old late-'70s K-Tel compilation with a few bonus cuts from the future.\"\n\nTrack listing\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Soundtracks for 'Tropic Thunder' at Internet Movie Database\n\n2008 soundtrack albums\nFilm scores\nAction film soundtracks\nComedy film soundtracks", "Brimstone & Treacle is the soundtrack for the 1982 film adaptation of the play Brimstone and Treacle directed by Richard Loncraine and starring Denholm Elliott, Joan Plowright and Sting. Sting and The Police wrote most of the original material on the album. The rest of the soundtrack was made of songs by other acts signed to A&M like The Go-Go's and Squeeze and a couple of traditional songs performed by the Finchley Children's Music Group and the ad-hoc formed Brimstone Chorale.\n\nThe Police's \"I Burn for You\" was a song Sting had presented for inclusion in the band's third album Zenyatta Mondatta two years earlier but it was deemed unsuitable for the musical direction the band was taking and rejected. Stewart Copeland's roadie Jeff Seitz played drums on \"Only You\" while the voice of actress Suzanna Hamilton can be heard on The Police's \"A Kind of Loving\". Words from the original play by Dennis Potter form the lyrics of \"Narration\".\n\nSting's cover of \"Spread a Little Happiness\" was released as a single and it reached number 16 in the UK charts. The title track was also awarded the 1984 Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance, making Sting a three-time winner in this particular category, The Police being recipients of the award in 1981 and 1982—although Sting had no part in the band's \"Behind My Camel\", the 1982 award winner which he did not write and refused to play on. Sting would later go on to perform \"I Burn for You\" live during his The Dream of the Blue Turtles tour in 1985. That version is featured on his Bring on the Night live album.\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel \n Brimstone Chorale – Performer\n The Go-Go's – Performer\n The Police – Performer\n Jeff Seitz – Drums on \"Only You\". \n Squeeze – Performer\n Sting – Performer\n Kenith Trodd – Producer\n\nNotes \n\nThe Police\nSting (musician) soundtracks\n1982 soundtrack albums\nA&M Records soundtracks\nGrammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance\nNew wave soundtracks" ]

[ "Stewart Armstrong Copeland (born July 16, 1952) is an American musician and composer. He rose to prominence as the drummer of the British rock band The Police. He has also produced many film and video game soundtracks and written various pieces of music for ballet, opera, and orchestra.", "He has also produced many film and video game soundtracks and written various pieces of music for ballet, opera, and orchestra. His composing work includes the films Wall Street (1987), Good Burger (1997), and We Are Your Friends (2015); the television series The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, and The Amanda Show; and the video games Alone in the Dark 4 and the Spyro series.", "His composing work includes the films Wall Street (1987), Good Burger (1997), and We Are Your Friends (2015); the television series The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, and The Amanda Show; and the video games Alone in the Dark 4 and the Spyro series. According to MusicRadar, Copeland's \"distinctive drum sound and uniqueness of style has made him one of the most popular drummers to ever get behind a drumset\".", "According to MusicRadar, Copeland's \"distinctive drum sound and uniqueness of style has made him one of the most popular drummers to ever get behind a drumset\". He was ranked the 10th best drummer of all time by Rolling Stone in 2016.", "He was ranked the 10th best drummer of all time by Rolling Stone in 2016. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Police in 2003, the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 2005, and the Classic Drummer Hall of Fame in 2013.", "He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Police in 2003, the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 2005, and the Classic Drummer Hall of Fame in 2013. Early life Stewart Armstrong Copeland was born in Alexandria, Virginia, on July 16, 1952, the youngest of four children of Scottish archaeologist Lorraine Adie and Alabama-born CIA officer Miles Copeland Jr.", "Early life Stewart Armstrong Copeland was born in Alexandria, Virginia, on July 16, 1952, the youngest of four children of Scottish archaeologist Lorraine Adie and Alabama-born CIA officer Miles Copeland Jr. According to his 1989 biography and files released by the CIA in 2008, his father was a founding member of the OSS and the CIA.", "According to his 1989 biography and files released by the CIA in 2008, his father was a founding member of the OSS and the CIA. The family moved to Cairo a few months after Copeland's birth. When he was five years old, the family moved to Beirut, where he attended the American Community School.", "When he was five years old, the family moved to Beirut, where he attended the American Community School. He started taking drum lessons at age 12 and was playing drums for school dances within a year. He later moved to England, attending the American School in London and Millfield boarding school in Somerset from 1967 to 1969.", "He later moved to England, attending the American School in London and Millfield boarding school in Somerset from 1967 to 1969. He went to college in California, enrolling at Alliant International University and the University of California, Berkeley. His eldest brother, Miles Copeland III, founded I.R.S. Records and became the manager of the Police.", "Records and became the manager of the Police. He has also overseen Copeland's interests in other music projects. His other brother, the late Ian Copeland, was a pioneering booking agent who represented the Police and many others.", "His other brother, the late Ian Copeland, was a pioneering booking agent who represented the Police and many others. Career Curved Air (1975–1976) Returning to England, Copeland worked as road manager for the progressive rock band Curved Air's 1974 reunion tour, and then as drummer for the band during 1975 and 1976.", "Career Curved Air (1975–1976) Returning to England, Copeland worked as road manager for the progressive rock band Curved Air's 1974 reunion tour, and then as drummer for the band during 1975 and 1976. The band kicked off with a European tour, which started poorly.", "The band kicked off with a European tour, which started poorly. Band leader Darryl Way, a notorious perfectionist, grew impatient with the struggling of his bandmates, especially novice drummer Copeland.", "Band leader Darryl Way, a notorious perfectionist, grew impatient with the struggling of his bandmates, especially novice drummer Copeland. Then, for reasons no one could pinpoint, the musicians suddenly \"clicked\" with each other and the band caught fire, quickly becoming a popular and acclaimed live act.", "Then, for reasons no one could pinpoint, the musicians suddenly \"clicked\" with each other and the band caught fire, quickly becoming a popular and acclaimed live act. The Police (1977–1986) In early 1977, Copeland founded the Police with lead singer-bass guitarist Sting and guitarist Henry Padovani (who was soon replaced by Andy Summers), and they became one of the top bands of the late 1970s and early 1980s.", "The Police (1977–1986) In early 1977, Copeland founded the Police with lead singer-bass guitarist Sting and guitarist Henry Padovani (who was soon replaced by Andy Summers), and they became one of the top bands of the late 1970s and early 1980s. Copeland was the youngest member of the band.", "Copeland was the youngest member of the band. The Police's early track list (before their album debut) was largely Copeland compositions, including the band's first single \"Fall Out\" (Illegal Records, 1977) and the B-side \"Nothing Achieving\".", "The Police's early track list (before their album debut) was largely Copeland compositions, including the band's first single \"Fall Out\" (Illegal Records, 1977) and the B-side \"Nothing Achieving\". Though Copeland's songwriting contribution was reduced to a couple of songs per album as Sting started writing more material, he continued to co-arrange all the Police's songs together with his two bandmates.", "Though Copeland's songwriting contribution was reduced to a couple of songs per album as Sting started writing more material, he continued to co-arrange all the Police's songs together with his two bandmates. Amongst Copeland's most notable songs are \"On Any Other Day\" (where he also sang lead vocals), \"Does Everyone Stare\" (later to be used as the title of his documentary on the band Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out), \"Contact\", \"Bombs Away\", \"Darkness\" and \"Miss Gradenko\".", "Amongst Copeland's most notable songs are \"On Any Other Day\" (where he also sang lead vocals), \"Does Everyone Stare\" (later to be used as the title of his documentary on the band Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out), \"Contact\", \"Bombs Away\", \"Darkness\" and \"Miss Gradenko\". Copeland also co-wrote a number of songs with Sting, including \"Peanuts\", \"Landlord\", \"It's Alright for You\" and \"Re-Humanize Yourself\".", "Copeland also co-wrote a number of songs with Sting, including \"Peanuts\", \"Landlord\", \"It's Alright for You\" and \"Re-Humanize Yourself\". Copeland also recorded under the pseudonym Klark Kent, releasing several UK singles in 1978 with one (\"Don't Care\") entering the UK Singles Chart that year, along with an eponymous 10-inch album on green vinyl released in 1980.", "Copeland also recorded under the pseudonym Klark Kent, releasing several UK singles in 1978 with one (\"Don't Care\") entering the UK Singles Chart that year, along with an eponymous 10-inch album on green vinyl released in 1980. Recording at Nigel Gray's Surrey Sound Studio, Copeland played all the instruments and sang the lead vocals himself.", "Recording at Nigel Gray's Surrey Sound Studio, Copeland played all the instruments and sang the lead vocals himself. Kent's \"Don't Care\", which peaked at No.", "Kent's \"Don't Care\", which peaked at No. 48 UK in August 1978, actually predates the first chart single by the Police by several months (\"Can't Stand Losing You\", issued in October 1978) as \"Don't Care\" was released in early June 1978.", "48 UK in August 1978, actually predates the first chart single by the Police by several months (\"Can't Stand Losing You\", issued in October 1978) as \"Don't Care\" was released in early June 1978. In 1982, Copeland was involved in the production of a WOMAD benefit album called Music and Rhythm.", "In 1982, Copeland was involved in the production of a WOMAD benefit album called Music and Rhythm. Copeland's score for Rumble Fish secured him a Golden Globe nomination in 1983.", "Copeland's score for Rumble Fish secured him a Golden Globe nomination in 1983. The film, directed and produced by Francis Ford Coppola from the S. E. Hinton novel, also had a song released to radio on A&M Records \"Don't Box Me In\" (UK Singles Chart n. 91)—a collaboration between Copeland and singer-songwriter Stan Ridgway, leader of the band Wall of Voodoo—that received significant airplay upon release of the film that year.", "The film, directed and produced by Francis Ford Coppola from the S. E. Hinton novel, also had a song released to radio on A&M Records \"Don't Box Me In\" (UK Singles Chart n. 91)—a collaboration between Copeland and singer-songwriter Stan Ridgway, leader of the band Wall of Voodoo—that received significant airplay upon release of the film that year. The Rhythmatist record of 1985 was the result of a pilgrimage to Africa and its people, and it features local drums and percussion, with more drums, percussion, other musical instruments and occasional lead vocals added by Copeland.", "The Rhythmatist record of 1985 was the result of a pilgrimage to Africa and its people, and it features local drums and percussion, with more drums, percussion, other musical instruments and occasional lead vocals added by Copeland. The album was the official soundtrack to the movie of the same name, which was co-written by Stewart.", "The album was the official soundtrack to the movie of the same name, which was co-written by Stewart. Copeland is seen in the film playing the drums in a cage with lions surrounding him. The band attempted a reunion in 1986, but the project fell apart.", "The band attempted a reunion in 1986, but the project fell apart. Solo projects and movie soundtracks (1987–1998) After the Police disbanded, Copeland established a career composing soundtracks for movies (Airborne, Talk Radio, Wall Street, Riff Raff, Raining Stones, Surviving the Game, See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Highlander II: The Quickening, She's Having a Baby, The First Power, Fresh, Taking Care of Business, West Beirut, I am David, Riding the Bus with My Sister, Good Burger), television (The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, Star Wars: Droids, the pilot for Babylon 5 (1993), Nickelodeon's The Amanda Show, The Life and Times of Juniper Lee), operas (Holy Blood and Crescent Moon, commissioned by Cleveland Opera) and ballets (Prey' Ballet Oklahoma, Casque of Amontillado, Noah's Ark/Solcheeka, commissioned by the Seattle Symphony Orchestra, King Lear, commissioned by the San Francisco Ballet Company, Emilio).", "Solo projects and movie soundtracks (1987–1998) After the Police disbanded, Copeland established a career composing soundtracks for movies (Airborne, Talk Radio, Wall Street, Riff Raff, Raining Stones, Surviving the Game, See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Highlander II: The Quickening, She's Having a Baby, The First Power, Fresh, Taking Care of Business, West Beirut, I am David, Riding the Bus with My Sister, Good Burger), television (The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, Star Wars: Droids, the pilot for Babylon 5 (1993), Nickelodeon's The Amanda Show, The Life and Times of Juniper Lee), operas (Holy Blood and Crescent Moon, commissioned by Cleveland Opera) and ballets (Prey' Ballet Oklahoma, Casque of Amontillado, Noah's Ark/Solcheeka, commissioned by the Seattle Symphony Orchestra, King Lear, commissioned by the San Francisco Ballet Company, Emilio). In 1996, Copeland provided the score for The Leopard Son, Discovery Channel's its first commercially released full-length feature film, made by wildlife filmmaker Hugo van Lawick.", "In 1996, Copeland provided the score for The Leopard Son, Discovery Channel's its first commercially released full-length feature film, made by wildlife filmmaker Hugo van Lawick. Copeland also occasionally played drums for other artists.", "Copeland also occasionally played drums for other artists. Peter Gabriel employed Copeland to perform on his song \"Red Rain\" from his 1986 album So because of his \"hi-hat mastery\". He has also performed with Mike Rutherford and Tom Waits.", "He has also performed with Mike Rutherford and Tom Waits. That year he also teamed with Adam Ant to record the title track and video for the Anthony Michael Hall movie Out of Bounds. In 1989, Copeland formed Animal Logic with jazz bassist Stanley Clarke and singer-songwriter Deborah Holland.", "In 1989, Copeland formed Animal Logic with jazz bassist Stanley Clarke and singer-songwriter Deborah Holland. The trio had success with their first album and world tour but the follow-up recording sold poorly, and the band did not continue.", "The trio had success with their first album and world tour but the follow-up recording sold poorly, and the band did not continue. In 1993 he composed the music for Channel 4's Horse Opera and director Bob Baldwin, and in 1999, he provided the voice of an additional American soldier in the animated musical comedy war film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999).", "In 1993 he composed the music for Channel 4's Horse Opera and director Bob Baldwin, and in 1999, he provided the voice of an additional American soldier in the animated musical comedy war film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999). Spyro the Dragon soundtracks (1998–2002, 2018) He was commissioned by Insomniac Games in 1998 to make the musical score for the hit PlayStation game Spyro the Dragon.", "Spyro the Dragon soundtracks (1998–2002, 2018) He was commissioned by Insomniac Games in 1998 to make the musical score for the hit PlayStation game Spyro the Dragon. Copeland would play through the levels first to get a feel for each one before composing the soundtrack.", "Copeland would play through the levels first to get a feel for each one before composing the soundtrack. He also stayed with the project to create the musical scores for the remaining Insomniac sequels Spyro 2: Ripto's Rage! and Spyro: Year of the Dragon.", "and Spyro: Year of the Dragon. The franchise shifted over to Universal for the fourth title, Spyro: Enter the Dragonfly, which would be Copeland's last outing with the series. While the soundtracks never saw commercial release, the limited edition of the fourth game came packaged with a bonus CD, containing unused tracks.", "While the soundtracks never saw commercial release, the limited edition of the fourth game came packaged with a bonus CD, containing unused tracks. The soundtracks were very well received, and one track would later appear on the 2007 compilation album The Stewart Copeland Anthology. Copeland composed a new title theme for Spyro Reignited Trilogy.", "Copeland composed a new title theme for Spyro Reignited Trilogy. This period also saw Copeland compose the soundtrack for Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare, his only video game soundtrack outside of the Spyro franchise to date.", "This period also saw Copeland compose the soundtrack for Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare, his only video game soundtrack outside of the Spyro franchise to date. In 2000, he combined with Les Claypool of Primus (with whom he produced a track on the Primus album Antipop) and Trey Anastasio of Phish to create the band Oysterhead.", "In 2000, he combined with Les Claypool of Primus (with whom he produced a track on the Primus album Antipop) and Trey Anastasio of Phish to create the band Oysterhead. That same year, he was approached by director Adam Collis to assemble the score for the film Sunset Strip.", "That same year, he was approached by director Adam Collis to assemble the score for the film Sunset Strip. Collaborations (2002–2006) In 2002, Copeland was hired by Ray Manzarek and Robby Krieger of the Doors to play with them for a new album and tour, but after an injury sidelined Copeland, the arrangement ended in reciprocal lawsuits.", "Collaborations (2002–2006) In 2002, Copeland was hired by Ray Manzarek and Robby Krieger of the Doors to play with them for a new album and tour, but after an injury sidelined Copeland, the arrangement ended in reciprocal lawsuits. In 2005, Copeland released \"Orchestralli\", a live recording of chamber ensemble music which he had composed during a short tour of Italy in 2002.", "In 2005, Copeland released \"Orchestralli\", a live recording of chamber ensemble music which he had composed during a short tour of Italy in 2002. Also in 2005, Copeland started Gizmo, a new project with avant-garde guitarist David Fiuczynski, multi-instrumentalist Vittorio Cosma, singer Raiz and bassist Max Gazzè.", "Also in 2005, Copeland started Gizmo, a new project with avant-garde guitarist David Fiuczynski, multi-instrumentalist Vittorio Cosma, singer Raiz and bassist Max Gazzè. The band made their U.S debut on September 16, 2006, at the Modern Drummer Drum Festival.", "The band made their U.S debut on September 16, 2006, at the Modern Drummer Drum Festival. In January 2006, Copeland premiered his film about the Police called Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out at the Sundance Film Festival.", "In January 2006, Copeland premiered his film about the Police called Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out at the Sundance Film Festival. In February and March, he appeared as one of the judges on the BBC television show Just the Two of Us (a role he later reprised for a second series in January 2007).", "In February and March, he appeared as one of the judges on the BBC television show Just the Two of Us (a role he later reprised for a second series in January 2007). The Police reunion (2007–2008) At the 2007 Grammy Awards, Copeland, Andy Summers and Sting performed the song \"Roxanne\" together again as the Police.", "The Police reunion (2007–2008) At the 2007 Grammy Awards, Copeland, Andy Summers and Sting performed the song \"Roxanne\" together again as the Police. This marked the band's first public performance since 1986 (they had previously reunited only for an improvised set at Sting's wedding party in 1992 and for their induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2003).", "This marked the band's first public performance since 1986 (they had previously reunited only for an improvised set at Sting's wedding party in 1992 and for their induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2003). One day later, the band announced that in celebration of the Police's 30th anniversary, they would be embarking on what turned out to be a one-off reunion tour on May 28, 2007.", "One day later, the band announced that in celebration of the Police's 30th anniversary, they would be embarking on what turned out to be a one-off reunion tour on May 28, 2007. During the tour, Copeland also released his compilation album The Stewart Copeland Anthology, which was composed of his independent work.", "During the tour, Copeland also released his compilation album The Stewart Copeland Anthology, which was composed of his independent work. In 2007, the French government appointed Copeland (along with Police bandmates Summers and Sting) a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.", "In 2007, the French government appointed Copeland (along with Police bandmates Summers and Sting) a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. The group performed 151 dates across five continents, concluding with a final show in August 2008 at Madison Square Garden, New York.", "The group performed 151 dates across five continents, concluding with a final show in August 2008 at Madison Square Garden, New York. Projects (2008–present) In 2008, RIM commissioned Copeland to write a \"soundtrack\" for the BlackBerry Bold smart phone.", "Projects (2008–present) In 2008, RIM commissioned Copeland to write a \"soundtrack\" for the BlackBerry Bold smart phone. He created a highly percussive theme of one minute's length from which he evolved six ringtones and a softer 'alarm tone' that are preloaded on the device.", "He created a highly percussive theme of one minute's length from which he evolved six ringtones and a softer 'alarm tone' that are preloaded on the device. In March 2008, he premiered his orchestral composition \"Celeste\" at \"An Evening with Stewart Copeland\", part of the Savannah Music Festival.", "In March 2008, he premiered his orchestral composition \"Celeste\" at \"An Evening with Stewart Copeland\", part of the Savannah Music Festival. The performance featured classical violinist Daniel Hope. His appearance at Savannah included a screening of Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out and a question and answer session.", "His appearance at Savannah included a screening of Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out and a question and answer session. Also in 2008, he was commissioned by the Dallas Symphony Orchestra to create a percussion piece involving primarily Indonesian instruments.", "Also in 2008, he was commissioned by the Dallas Symphony Orchestra to create a percussion piece involving primarily Indonesian instruments. \"Gamelan D'Drum\" was first performed in Dallas on February 5, 2012, and had its European Premiere at the Royal Academy of Music in London in July 2012.", "\"Gamelan D'Drum\" was first performed in Dallas on February 5, 2012, and had its European Premiere at the Royal Academy of Music in London in July 2012. On August 21, 2009, at SummerFest 2009, Copeland unveiled the composition \"Retail Therapy\", which was commissioned by the Music Society.", "On August 21, 2009, at SummerFest 2009, Copeland unveiled the composition \"Retail Therapy\", which was commissioned by the Music Society. He performed three more original works: \"Kaya\", \"Celeste\", and \"Gene Pool\", the last accompanied by San Diego-based percussion ensemble red fish blue fish.", "He performed three more original works: \"Kaya\", \"Celeste\", and \"Gene Pool\", the last accompanied by San Diego-based percussion ensemble red fish blue fish. He attended a composer's roundtable and a question and answer discussion in conjunction with the festival.", "He attended a composer's roundtable and a question and answer discussion in conjunction with the festival. Copeland wrote the score for a theatrical presentation of Ben-Hur, which premiered on September 17, 2009, at the O2 Arena in London. He provided English-language narration of the production, which is performed in Latin and Aramaic.", "He provided English-language narration of the production, which is performed in Latin and Aramaic. His memoir Strange Things Happen: A Life with The Police, Polo, and Pygmies was released by Harper Collins in September 2009. The book chronicles events in his life from childhood through his work with the Police and to the present.", "The book chronicles events in his life from childhood through his work with the Police and to the present. In October 2009, he was a guest on Private Passions, the biographical music discussion program on BBC Radio 3. On May 24, 2011, he started a YouTube channel devoted to his videos and project updates.", "On May 24, 2011, he started a YouTube channel devoted to his videos and project updates. On this channel, he uploads performances with various musicians, including Primus, Andy Summers, Jeff Lynne, Snoop Dogg, and others in his home studio, which he refers to as the Sacred Grove.", "On this channel, he uploads performances with various musicians, including Primus, Andy Summers, Jeff Lynne, Snoop Dogg, and others in his home studio, which he refers to as the Sacred Grove. On August 24, 2011, he was a featured soloist on the Late Show with David Letterman, as part of their second \"Drum Solo Week\".", "On August 24, 2011, he was a featured soloist on the Late Show with David Letterman, as part of their second \"Drum Solo Week\". On January 10, 2012, he appeared on an episode of the A&E reality series Storage Wars to appraise a drum set for Barry Weiss, buying a Turkish cymbal from the set for $40.", "On January 10, 2012, he appeared on an episode of the A&E reality series Storage Wars to appraise a drum set for Barry Weiss, buying a Turkish cymbal from the set for $40. In July he reunited with former Animal Logic bandmate Stanley Clarke for a European tour.", "In July he reunited with former Animal Logic bandmate Stanley Clarke for a European tour. In May 2013, he and the Long Beach Opera premiered The Tale Tell Heart, an opera based on the short story by Edgar Allan Poe. On November 26, 2013, he appeared in the first episode of The Tim Ferriss Experiment.", "On November 26, 2013, he appeared in the first episode of The Tim Ferriss Experiment. In 2017, he formed the supergroup Gizmodrome with Adrian Belew, Vittorio Cosma, and Mark King and released an album of the same name.", "In 2017, he formed the supergroup Gizmodrome with Adrian Belew, Vittorio Cosma, and Mark King and released an album of the same name. On September 5, 2021, the opera Electric Saint about the life of Nikola Tesla by Copeland with libretto by Jonathan Moore premiered at the National Theater of Weimar.", "On September 5, 2021, the opera Electric Saint about the life of Nikola Tesla by Copeland with libretto by Jonathan Moore premiered at the National Theater of Weimar. Personal life Copeland grew up in Beirut. In 1974, he became romantically involved with Curved Air vocalist Sonja Kristina; they were married from 1982 to 1991.", "In 1974, he became romantically involved with Curved Air vocalist Sonja Kristina; they were married from 1982 to 1991. He adopted her son Sven from a previous relationship, and they had two sons of their own named Jordan and Scott.", "He adopted her son Sven from a previous relationship, and they had two sons of their own named Jordan and Scott. In 1981, he fathered a son named Patrick with Marina Guinness, the daughter of Irish author Desmond Guinness.", "In 1981, he fathered a son named Patrick with Marina Guinness, the daughter of Irish author Desmond Guinness. He currently lives in Los Angeles with his second wife, Fiona Dent, with whom he has three children named Eve, Grace, and Celeste.", "He currently lives in Los Angeles with his second wife, Fiona Dent, with whom he has three children named Eve, Grace, and Celeste. Copeland's hobbies include rollerskating, cycling along the beach in Santa Monica, California, filmmaking, and playing polo.", "Copeland's hobbies include rollerskating, cycling along the beach in Santa Monica, California, filmmaking, and playing polo. He is also active on his YouTube channel, where he uploads videos of himself and other musicians during jam sessions in his studio, the Sacred Grove.", "He is also active on his YouTube channel, where he uploads videos of himself and other musicians during jam sessions in his studio, the Sacred Grove. Drumming style Copeland grew up listening to a combination of Lebanese music, rock and roll, jazz, and reggae, but he selected from these styles what he needed rather than imitating them.", "Drumming style Copeland grew up listening to a combination of Lebanese music, rock and roll, jazz, and reggae, but he selected from these styles what he needed rather than imitating them. In the 1980s, when many musicians were looking for bigger sound from bigger drums, he added Octobans.", "In the 1980s, when many musicians were looking for bigger sound from bigger drums, he added Octobans. Invented by Tama Drums in 1978, Octobans consisted of eight six-inch drums in the shape of narrow tubes. He used another innovation, a splash cymbal based on a toy that he owned and that he helped Paiste design.", "He used another innovation, a splash cymbal based on a toy that he owned and that he helped Paiste design. He relied heavily on his 13\" hi-hats. Despite being left-handed, Copeland plays a right-handed drum kit, placing the hi-hats on his left and ride cymbal and floor toms on his right.", "Despite being left-handed, Copeland plays a right-handed drum kit, placing the hi-hats on his left and ride cymbal and floor toms on his right. He uses a wide dynamic range and demonstrates a proficiency of jazz-style articulation in his snare drum playing, interspersing strong back-beats with soft rim comping.", "He uses a wide dynamic range and demonstrates a proficiency of jazz-style articulation in his snare drum playing, interspersing strong back-beats with soft rim comping. During his years with the Police, he became known for engaging only the hi-hat with the bass drum to keep the beat.", "During his years with the Police, he became known for engaging only the hi-hat with the bass drum to keep the beat. In an interview with Modern Drummer, Copeland has cited Mitch Mitchell of the Jimi Hendrix Experience as a prime musical influence.", "In an interview with Modern Drummer, Copeland has cited Mitch Mitchell of the Jimi Hendrix Experience as a prime musical influence. He states that as a child, whenever he had a song or melody pop in his head, he would walk around wondering how Mitch Mitchell would drum to that particular tune.", "He states that as a child, whenever he had a song or melody pop in his head, he would walk around wondering how Mitch Mitchell would drum to that particular tune. He also named Sandy Nelson and Ginger Baker as other fundamental influences in the youth years.", "He also named Sandy Nelson and Ginger Baker as other fundamental influences in the youth years. He has stated that due to his 'enforced listening' of Buddy Rich, he considers himself 'allergic to jazz.' He is noted for his strong emphasis on the groove as a complement to the song, rather than as its core component.", "He is noted for his strong emphasis on the groove as a complement to the song, rather than as its core component. He once drove this point home at a drum clinic: Copeland announced that he would show the audience something \"that very few modern drummers can do\" and proceeded to play a simple rock beat for two minutes.", "He once drove this point home at a drum clinic: Copeland announced that he would show the audience something \"that very few modern drummers can do\" and proceeded to play a simple rock beat for two minutes. Nonetheless, his playing often incorporates spectacular fills and subtle inflections which greatly augment the groove.", "Nonetheless, his playing often incorporates spectacular fills and subtle inflections which greatly augment the groove. Compared to most of his 1980s contemporaries, his snare sound was bright and cutting. He is also one of the few rock drummers to use traditional grip rather than matched grip. He is also noted for syncopation in his drumming.", "He is also noted for syncopation in his drumming. Equipment Copeland's equipment includes Tama drums, Paiste cymbals, Remo drum heads, and Vater signature drum sticks.", "Equipment Copeland's equipment includes Tama drums, Paiste cymbals, Remo drum heads, and Vater signature drum sticks. Original live kit set-up (1984) Tama Imperialstar Mahogany Drums (9-ply) and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Midnight Blue 10x8\" Rack Tom 12x8\" Rack Tom 13x9\" Rack Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 14x5\" Pearl Chrome over Brass Snare 22x14\" Bass Drum Tama Octobans Low Pitch (x4) Cowbell Wood Blocks Cymbals – Paiste 13\" Formula 602 Medium Hi-Hats 16\" 2002 Crash 8\" 2002 Bell 7.5 Ufip Ictus Bell 8\" 2002 Splash (x2) 11\" 2002 Splash 14\" (or 16\") Rude Crash/Ride 16\" (or 18\") Rude Crash/Ride 18\" 2002 Medium 24\" Rude Ride/Crash 20\" 2002 China Simmons (x2) Pads (to his left) Assorted Percussion Stewart also used Calato Regal Tip Rock Wood Tipped Drumsticks The Police Reunion (2007–2008) tour kit Tama Starclassic Maple Drums and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Custom Police Blue Sparkle Maple Wood 10x8\" Tom 12x8\" Tom (To the left of his snare drum) 13x9\" Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 18x16\" Floor Tom 20x14\" Tama Gong Drum 22x18\" Bass Drum 14x5\" Tama SC145 Stewart Copeland Signature Snare Tama Custom Police Blue Sparkle Octobans (x4) (custom made for Copeland) Cymbals – Paiste 12\" Prototype Micro Hi-Hats 16\" Signature Full Crash 17\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Full Crash 18\" 2002 Flat Ride (prototype) 22\" Signature Blue Bell Ride 10\" Signature Splash 8\" Signature Bell 8\" Signature Prototype Splash Assorted percussion Stewart also uses his own Vater Stewart Copeland Standard Sticks.", "Original live kit set-up (1984) Tama Imperialstar Mahogany Drums (9-ply) and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Midnight Blue 10x8\" Rack Tom 12x8\" Rack Tom 13x9\" Rack Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 14x5\" Pearl Chrome over Brass Snare 22x14\" Bass Drum Tama Octobans Low Pitch (x4) Cowbell Wood Blocks Cymbals – Paiste 13\" Formula 602 Medium Hi-Hats 16\" 2002 Crash 8\" 2002 Bell 7.5 Ufip Ictus Bell 8\" 2002 Splash (x2) 11\" 2002 Splash 14\" (or 16\") Rude Crash/Ride 16\" (or 18\") Rude Crash/Ride 18\" 2002 Medium 24\" Rude Ride/Crash 20\" 2002 China Simmons (x2) Pads (to his left) Assorted Percussion Stewart also used Calato Regal Tip Rock Wood Tipped Drumsticks The Police Reunion (2007–2008) tour kit Tama Starclassic Maple Drums and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Custom Police Blue Sparkle Maple Wood 10x8\" Tom 12x8\" Tom (To the left of his snare drum) 13x9\" Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 18x16\" Floor Tom 20x14\" Tama Gong Drum 22x18\" Bass Drum 14x5\" Tama SC145 Stewart Copeland Signature Snare Tama Custom Police Blue Sparkle Octobans (x4) (custom made for Copeland) Cymbals – Paiste 12\" Prototype Micro Hi-Hats 16\" Signature Full Crash 17\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Full Crash 18\" 2002 Flat Ride (prototype) 22\" Signature Blue Bell Ride 10\" Signature Splash 8\" Signature Bell 8\" Signature Prototype Splash Assorted percussion Stewart also uses his own Vater Stewart Copeland Standard Sticks. Discography Studio albums Film scores TV series Video games See also List of drummers Membranophone (list of drums) References External links Copeland's official site 1952 births Living people A&M Records artists American expatriates in Egypt American expatriates in Lebanon American expatriates in the United Kingdom American film score composers American male film score composers American people of Scottish descent American rock drummers The Police members Curved Air members People educated at Millfield Musicians from Alexandria, Virginia Musicians from Beirut Video game composers United States International University alumni Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres 20th-century American drummers American male drummers Copeland family Oysterhead members Gizmodrome members Strontium 90 (band) members" ]

[ "Stewart Copeland", "Solo projects and movie soundtracks (1987-1998)", "Did Copeland release any solo albums?", "I don't know.", "What movie soundtracks did Copeland perform on?", "Copeland established a career composing soundtracks for movies (" ]

[ "Tropic Thunder: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on August 5, 2008, the week before the film was released in theaters.\n\nFive songs, \"Cum On Feel the Noize\" by Quiet Riot, \"Sympathy for the Devil\" by The Rolling Stones, \"For What It's Worth\" by Buffalo Springfield, \"Low\" by Flo Rida and T-Pain, and \"Get Back\" by Ludacris, were not present on the soundtrack, yet did appear in the film. The soundtrack features songs from The Temptations, MC Hammer, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Edwin Starr, and other artists. The single \"Name of the Game\" by The Crystal Method featuring Ryu has an exclusive remix on the soundtrack.\n\nThe soundtrack debuted 20th on Billboard'''s Top Soundtracks list and peaked at 39th on its Top Independent Albums list. James Christopher Monger of allmusic compared the music to other film's soundtracks such as Platoon, Full Metal Jacket, and Forrest Gump'' and called it \"...a fun but slight listen that plays out like an old late-'70s K-Tel compilation with a few bonus cuts from the future.\"\n\nTrack listing\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Soundtracks for 'Tropic Thunder' at Internet Movie Database\n\n2008 soundtrack albums\nFilm scores\nAction film soundtracks\nComedy film soundtracks", "+Bien (or Más Bien) is the eponymous soundtrack for the Argentine-produced film released in 2001. All 11 tracks were composed and performed by Gustavo Cerati for the movie. Cerati also acted in the movie.\n\nTrack listing\n\nReferences\n\nGustavo Cerati soundtracks\n2001 soundtrack albums\nFilm soundtracks\nSony International soundtracks\nInstrumental soundtracks" ]

[ "Stewart Armstrong Copeland (born July 16, 1952) is an American musician and composer. He rose to prominence as the drummer of the British rock band The Police. He has also produced many film and video game soundtracks and written various pieces of music for ballet, opera, and orchestra.", "He has also produced many film and video game soundtracks and written various pieces of music for ballet, opera, and orchestra. His composing work includes the films Wall Street (1987), Good Burger (1997), and We Are Your Friends (2015); the television series The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, and The Amanda Show; and the video games Alone in the Dark 4 and the Spyro series.", "His composing work includes the films Wall Street (1987), Good Burger (1997), and We Are Your Friends (2015); the television series The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, and The Amanda Show; and the video games Alone in the Dark 4 and the Spyro series. According to MusicRadar, Copeland's \"distinctive drum sound and uniqueness of style has made him one of the most popular drummers to ever get behind a drumset\".", "According to MusicRadar, Copeland's \"distinctive drum sound and uniqueness of style has made him one of the most popular drummers to ever get behind a drumset\". He was ranked the 10th best drummer of all time by Rolling Stone in 2016.", "He was ranked the 10th best drummer of all time by Rolling Stone in 2016. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Police in 2003, the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 2005, and the Classic Drummer Hall of Fame in 2013.", "He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Police in 2003, the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 2005, and the Classic Drummer Hall of Fame in 2013. Early life Stewart Armstrong Copeland was born in Alexandria, Virginia, on July 16, 1952, the youngest of four children of Scottish archaeologist Lorraine Adie and Alabama-born CIA officer Miles Copeland Jr.", "Early life Stewart Armstrong Copeland was born in Alexandria, Virginia, on July 16, 1952, the youngest of four children of Scottish archaeologist Lorraine Adie and Alabama-born CIA officer Miles Copeland Jr. According to his 1989 biography and files released by the CIA in 2008, his father was a founding member of the OSS and the CIA.", "According to his 1989 biography and files released by the CIA in 2008, his father was a founding member of the OSS and the CIA. The family moved to Cairo a few months after Copeland's birth. When he was five years old, the family moved to Beirut, where he attended the American Community School.", "When he was five years old, the family moved to Beirut, where he attended the American Community School. He started taking drum lessons at age 12 and was playing drums for school dances within a year. He later moved to England, attending the American School in London and Millfield boarding school in Somerset from 1967 to 1969.", "He later moved to England, attending the American School in London and Millfield boarding school in Somerset from 1967 to 1969. He went to college in California, enrolling at Alliant International University and the University of California, Berkeley. His eldest brother, Miles Copeland III, founded I.R.S. Records and became the manager of the Police.", "Records and became the manager of the Police. He has also overseen Copeland's interests in other music projects. His other brother, the late Ian Copeland, was a pioneering booking agent who represented the Police and many others.", "His other brother, the late Ian Copeland, was a pioneering booking agent who represented the Police and many others. Career Curved Air (1975–1976) Returning to England, Copeland worked as road manager for the progressive rock band Curved Air's 1974 reunion tour, and then as drummer for the band during 1975 and 1976.", "Career Curved Air (1975–1976) Returning to England, Copeland worked as road manager for the progressive rock band Curved Air's 1974 reunion tour, and then as drummer for the band during 1975 and 1976. The band kicked off with a European tour, which started poorly.", "The band kicked off with a European tour, which started poorly. Band leader Darryl Way, a notorious perfectionist, grew impatient with the struggling of his bandmates, especially novice drummer Copeland.", "Band leader Darryl Way, a notorious perfectionist, grew impatient with the struggling of his bandmates, especially novice drummer Copeland. Then, for reasons no one could pinpoint, the musicians suddenly \"clicked\" with each other and the band caught fire, quickly becoming a popular and acclaimed live act.", "Then, for reasons no one could pinpoint, the musicians suddenly \"clicked\" with each other and the band caught fire, quickly becoming a popular and acclaimed live act. The Police (1977–1986) In early 1977, Copeland founded the Police with lead singer-bass guitarist Sting and guitarist Henry Padovani (who was soon replaced by Andy Summers), and they became one of the top bands of the late 1970s and early 1980s.", "The Police (1977–1986) In early 1977, Copeland founded the Police with lead singer-bass guitarist Sting and guitarist Henry Padovani (who was soon replaced by Andy Summers), and they became one of the top bands of the late 1970s and early 1980s. Copeland was the youngest member of the band.", "Copeland was the youngest member of the band. The Police's early track list (before their album debut) was largely Copeland compositions, including the band's first single \"Fall Out\" (Illegal Records, 1977) and the B-side \"Nothing Achieving\".", "The Police's early track list (before their album debut) was largely Copeland compositions, including the band's first single \"Fall Out\" (Illegal Records, 1977) and the B-side \"Nothing Achieving\". Though Copeland's songwriting contribution was reduced to a couple of songs per album as Sting started writing more material, he continued to co-arrange all the Police's songs together with his two bandmates.", "Though Copeland's songwriting contribution was reduced to a couple of songs per album as Sting started writing more material, he continued to co-arrange all the Police's songs together with his two bandmates. Amongst Copeland's most notable songs are \"On Any Other Day\" (where he also sang lead vocals), \"Does Everyone Stare\" (later to be used as the title of his documentary on the band Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out), \"Contact\", \"Bombs Away\", \"Darkness\" and \"Miss Gradenko\".", "Amongst Copeland's most notable songs are \"On Any Other Day\" (where he also sang lead vocals), \"Does Everyone Stare\" (later to be used as the title of his documentary on the band Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out), \"Contact\", \"Bombs Away\", \"Darkness\" and \"Miss Gradenko\". Copeland also co-wrote a number of songs with Sting, including \"Peanuts\", \"Landlord\", \"It's Alright for You\" and \"Re-Humanize Yourself\".", "Copeland also co-wrote a number of songs with Sting, including \"Peanuts\", \"Landlord\", \"It's Alright for You\" and \"Re-Humanize Yourself\". Copeland also recorded under the pseudonym Klark Kent, releasing several UK singles in 1978 with one (\"Don't Care\") entering the UK Singles Chart that year, along with an eponymous 10-inch album on green vinyl released in 1980.", "Copeland also recorded under the pseudonym Klark Kent, releasing several UK singles in 1978 with one (\"Don't Care\") entering the UK Singles Chart that year, along with an eponymous 10-inch album on green vinyl released in 1980. Recording at Nigel Gray's Surrey Sound Studio, Copeland played all the instruments and sang the lead vocals himself.", "Recording at Nigel Gray's Surrey Sound Studio, Copeland played all the instruments and sang the lead vocals himself. Kent's \"Don't Care\", which peaked at No.", "Kent's \"Don't Care\", which peaked at No. 48 UK in August 1978, actually predates the first chart single by the Police by several months (\"Can't Stand Losing You\", issued in October 1978) as \"Don't Care\" was released in early June 1978.", "48 UK in August 1978, actually predates the first chart single by the Police by several months (\"Can't Stand Losing You\", issued in October 1978) as \"Don't Care\" was released in early June 1978. In 1982, Copeland was involved in the production of a WOMAD benefit album called Music and Rhythm.", "In 1982, Copeland was involved in the production of a WOMAD benefit album called Music and Rhythm. Copeland's score for Rumble Fish secured him a Golden Globe nomination in 1983.", "Copeland's score for Rumble Fish secured him a Golden Globe nomination in 1983. The film, directed and produced by Francis Ford Coppola from the S. E. Hinton novel, also had a song released to radio on A&M Records \"Don't Box Me In\" (UK Singles Chart n. 91)—a collaboration between Copeland and singer-songwriter Stan Ridgway, leader of the band Wall of Voodoo—that received significant airplay upon release of the film that year.", "The film, directed and produced by Francis Ford Coppola from the S. E. Hinton novel, also had a song released to radio on A&M Records \"Don't Box Me In\" (UK Singles Chart n. 91)—a collaboration between Copeland and singer-songwriter Stan Ridgway, leader of the band Wall of Voodoo—that received significant airplay upon release of the film that year. The Rhythmatist record of 1985 was the result of a pilgrimage to Africa and its people, and it features local drums and percussion, with more drums, percussion, other musical instruments and occasional lead vocals added by Copeland.", "The Rhythmatist record of 1985 was the result of a pilgrimage to Africa and its people, and it features local drums and percussion, with more drums, percussion, other musical instruments and occasional lead vocals added by Copeland. The album was the official soundtrack to the movie of the same name, which was co-written by Stewart.", "The album was the official soundtrack to the movie of the same name, which was co-written by Stewart. Copeland is seen in the film playing the drums in a cage with lions surrounding him. The band attempted a reunion in 1986, but the project fell apart.", "The band attempted a reunion in 1986, but the project fell apart. Solo projects and movie soundtracks (1987–1998) After the Police disbanded, Copeland established a career composing soundtracks for movies (Airborne, Talk Radio, Wall Street, Riff Raff, Raining Stones, Surviving the Game, See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Highlander II: The Quickening, She's Having a Baby, The First Power, Fresh, Taking Care of Business, West Beirut, I am David, Riding the Bus with My Sister, Good Burger), television (The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, Star Wars: Droids, the pilot for Babylon 5 (1993), Nickelodeon's The Amanda Show, The Life and Times of Juniper Lee), operas (Holy Blood and Crescent Moon, commissioned by Cleveland Opera) and ballets (Prey' Ballet Oklahoma, Casque of Amontillado, Noah's Ark/Solcheeka, commissioned by the Seattle Symphony Orchestra, King Lear, commissioned by the San Francisco Ballet Company, Emilio).", "Solo projects and movie soundtracks (1987–1998) After the Police disbanded, Copeland established a career composing soundtracks for movies (Airborne, Talk Radio, Wall Street, Riff Raff, Raining Stones, Surviving the Game, See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Highlander II: The Quickening, She's Having a Baby, The First Power, Fresh, Taking Care of Business, West Beirut, I am David, Riding the Bus with My Sister, Good Burger), television (The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, Star Wars: Droids, the pilot for Babylon 5 (1993), Nickelodeon's The Amanda Show, The Life and Times of Juniper Lee), operas (Holy Blood and Crescent Moon, commissioned by Cleveland Opera) and ballets (Prey' Ballet Oklahoma, Casque of Amontillado, Noah's Ark/Solcheeka, commissioned by the Seattle Symphony Orchestra, King Lear, commissioned by the San Francisco Ballet Company, Emilio). In 1996, Copeland provided the score for The Leopard Son, Discovery Channel's its first commercially released full-length feature film, made by wildlife filmmaker Hugo van Lawick.", "In 1996, Copeland provided the score for The Leopard Son, Discovery Channel's its first commercially released full-length feature film, made by wildlife filmmaker Hugo van Lawick. Copeland also occasionally played drums for other artists.", "Copeland also occasionally played drums for other artists. Peter Gabriel employed Copeland to perform on his song \"Red Rain\" from his 1986 album So because of his \"hi-hat mastery\". He has also performed with Mike Rutherford and Tom Waits.", "He has also performed with Mike Rutherford and Tom Waits. That year he also teamed with Adam Ant to record the title track and video for the Anthony Michael Hall movie Out of Bounds. In 1989, Copeland formed Animal Logic with jazz bassist Stanley Clarke and singer-songwriter Deborah Holland.", "In 1989, Copeland formed Animal Logic with jazz bassist Stanley Clarke and singer-songwriter Deborah Holland. The trio had success with their first album and world tour but the follow-up recording sold poorly, and the band did not continue.", "The trio had success with their first album and world tour but the follow-up recording sold poorly, and the band did not continue. In 1993 he composed the music for Channel 4's Horse Opera and director Bob Baldwin, and in 1999, he provided the voice of an additional American soldier in the animated musical comedy war film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999).", "In 1993 he composed the music for Channel 4's Horse Opera and director Bob Baldwin, and in 1999, he provided the voice of an additional American soldier in the animated musical comedy war film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999). Spyro the Dragon soundtracks (1998–2002, 2018) He was commissioned by Insomniac Games in 1998 to make the musical score for the hit PlayStation game Spyro the Dragon.", "Spyro the Dragon soundtracks (1998–2002, 2018) He was commissioned by Insomniac Games in 1998 to make the musical score for the hit PlayStation game Spyro the Dragon. Copeland would play through the levels first to get a feel for each one before composing the soundtrack.", "Copeland would play through the levels first to get a feel for each one before composing the soundtrack. He also stayed with the project to create the musical scores for the remaining Insomniac sequels Spyro 2: Ripto's Rage! and Spyro: Year of the Dragon.", "and Spyro: Year of the Dragon. The franchise shifted over to Universal for the fourth title, Spyro: Enter the Dragonfly, which would be Copeland's last outing with the series. While the soundtracks never saw commercial release, the limited edition of the fourth game came packaged with a bonus CD, containing unused tracks.", "While the soundtracks never saw commercial release, the limited edition of the fourth game came packaged with a bonus CD, containing unused tracks. The soundtracks were very well received, and one track would later appear on the 2007 compilation album The Stewart Copeland Anthology. Copeland composed a new title theme for Spyro Reignited Trilogy.", "Copeland composed a new title theme for Spyro Reignited Trilogy. This period also saw Copeland compose the soundtrack for Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare, his only video game soundtrack outside of the Spyro franchise to date.", "This period also saw Copeland compose the soundtrack for Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare, his only video game soundtrack outside of the Spyro franchise to date. In 2000, he combined with Les Claypool of Primus (with whom he produced a track on the Primus album Antipop) and Trey Anastasio of Phish to create the band Oysterhead.", "In 2000, he combined with Les Claypool of Primus (with whom he produced a track on the Primus album Antipop) and Trey Anastasio of Phish to create the band Oysterhead. That same year, he was approached by director Adam Collis to assemble the score for the film Sunset Strip.", "That same year, he was approached by director Adam Collis to assemble the score for the film Sunset Strip. Collaborations (2002–2006) In 2002, Copeland was hired by Ray Manzarek and Robby Krieger of the Doors to play with them for a new album and tour, but after an injury sidelined Copeland, the arrangement ended in reciprocal lawsuits.", "Collaborations (2002–2006) In 2002, Copeland was hired by Ray Manzarek and Robby Krieger of the Doors to play with them for a new album and tour, but after an injury sidelined Copeland, the arrangement ended in reciprocal lawsuits. In 2005, Copeland released \"Orchestralli\", a live recording of chamber ensemble music which he had composed during a short tour of Italy in 2002.", "In 2005, Copeland released \"Orchestralli\", a live recording of chamber ensemble music which he had composed during a short tour of Italy in 2002. Also in 2005, Copeland started Gizmo, a new project with avant-garde guitarist David Fiuczynski, multi-instrumentalist Vittorio Cosma, singer Raiz and bassist Max Gazzè.", "Also in 2005, Copeland started Gizmo, a new project with avant-garde guitarist David Fiuczynski, multi-instrumentalist Vittorio Cosma, singer Raiz and bassist Max Gazzè. The band made their U.S debut on September 16, 2006, at the Modern Drummer Drum Festival.", "The band made their U.S debut on September 16, 2006, at the Modern Drummer Drum Festival. In January 2006, Copeland premiered his film about the Police called Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out at the Sundance Film Festival.", "In January 2006, Copeland premiered his film about the Police called Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out at the Sundance Film Festival. In February and March, he appeared as one of the judges on the BBC television show Just the Two of Us (a role he later reprised for a second series in January 2007).", "In February and March, he appeared as one of the judges on the BBC television show Just the Two of Us (a role he later reprised for a second series in January 2007). The Police reunion (2007–2008) At the 2007 Grammy Awards, Copeland, Andy Summers and Sting performed the song \"Roxanne\" together again as the Police.", "The Police reunion (2007–2008) At the 2007 Grammy Awards, Copeland, Andy Summers and Sting performed the song \"Roxanne\" together again as the Police. This marked the band's first public performance since 1986 (they had previously reunited only for an improvised set at Sting's wedding party in 1992 and for their induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2003).", "This marked the band's first public performance since 1986 (they had previously reunited only for an improvised set at Sting's wedding party in 1992 and for their induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2003). One day later, the band announced that in celebration of the Police's 30th anniversary, they would be embarking on what turned out to be a one-off reunion tour on May 28, 2007.", "One day later, the band announced that in celebration of the Police's 30th anniversary, they would be embarking on what turned out to be a one-off reunion tour on May 28, 2007. During the tour, Copeland also released his compilation album The Stewart Copeland Anthology, which was composed of his independent work.", "During the tour, Copeland also released his compilation album The Stewart Copeland Anthology, which was composed of his independent work. In 2007, the French government appointed Copeland (along with Police bandmates Summers and Sting) a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.", "In 2007, the French government appointed Copeland (along with Police bandmates Summers and Sting) a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. The group performed 151 dates across five continents, concluding with a final show in August 2008 at Madison Square Garden, New York.", "The group performed 151 dates across five continents, concluding with a final show in August 2008 at Madison Square Garden, New York. Projects (2008–present) In 2008, RIM commissioned Copeland to write a \"soundtrack\" for the BlackBerry Bold smart phone.", "Projects (2008–present) In 2008, RIM commissioned Copeland to write a \"soundtrack\" for the BlackBerry Bold smart phone. He created a highly percussive theme of one minute's length from which he evolved six ringtones and a softer 'alarm tone' that are preloaded on the device.", "He created a highly percussive theme of one minute's length from which he evolved six ringtones and a softer 'alarm tone' that are preloaded on the device. In March 2008, he premiered his orchestral composition \"Celeste\" at \"An Evening with Stewart Copeland\", part of the Savannah Music Festival.", "In March 2008, he premiered his orchestral composition \"Celeste\" at \"An Evening with Stewart Copeland\", part of the Savannah Music Festival. The performance featured classical violinist Daniel Hope. His appearance at Savannah included a screening of Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out and a question and answer session.", "His appearance at Savannah included a screening of Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out and a question and answer session. Also in 2008, he was commissioned by the Dallas Symphony Orchestra to create a percussion piece involving primarily Indonesian instruments.", "Also in 2008, he was commissioned by the Dallas Symphony Orchestra to create a percussion piece involving primarily Indonesian instruments. \"Gamelan D'Drum\" was first performed in Dallas on February 5, 2012, and had its European Premiere at the Royal Academy of Music in London in July 2012.", "\"Gamelan D'Drum\" was first performed in Dallas on February 5, 2012, and had its European Premiere at the Royal Academy of Music in London in July 2012. On August 21, 2009, at SummerFest 2009, Copeland unveiled the composition \"Retail Therapy\", which was commissioned by the Music Society.", "On August 21, 2009, at SummerFest 2009, Copeland unveiled the composition \"Retail Therapy\", which was commissioned by the Music Society. He performed three more original works: \"Kaya\", \"Celeste\", and \"Gene Pool\", the last accompanied by San Diego-based percussion ensemble red fish blue fish.", "He performed three more original works: \"Kaya\", \"Celeste\", and \"Gene Pool\", the last accompanied by San Diego-based percussion ensemble red fish blue fish. He attended a composer's roundtable and a question and answer discussion in conjunction with the festival.", "He attended a composer's roundtable and a question and answer discussion in conjunction with the festival. Copeland wrote the score for a theatrical presentation of Ben-Hur, which premiered on September 17, 2009, at the O2 Arena in London. He provided English-language narration of the production, which is performed in Latin and Aramaic.", "He provided English-language narration of the production, which is performed in Latin and Aramaic. His memoir Strange Things Happen: A Life with The Police, Polo, and Pygmies was released by Harper Collins in September 2009. The book chronicles events in his life from childhood through his work with the Police and to the present.", "The book chronicles events in his life from childhood through his work with the Police and to the present. In October 2009, he was a guest on Private Passions, the biographical music discussion program on BBC Radio 3. On May 24, 2011, he started a YouTube channel devoted to his videos and project updates.", "On May 24, 2011, he started a YouTube channel devoted to his videos and project updates. On this channel, he uploads performances with various musicians, including Primus, Andy Summers, Jeff Lynne, Snoop Dogg, and others in his home studio, which he refers to as the Sacred Grove.", "On this channel, he uploads performances with various musicians, including Primus, Andy Summers, Jeff Lynne, Snoop Dogg, and others in his home studio, which he refers to as the Sacred Grove. On August 24, 2011, he was a featured soloist on the Late Show with David Letterman, as part of their second \"Drum Solo Week\".", "On August 24, 2011, he was a featured soloist on the Late Show with David Letterman, as part of their second \"Drum Solo Week\". On January 10, 2012, he appeared on an episode of the A&E reality series Storage Wars to appraise a drum set for Barry Weiss, buying a Turkish cymbal from the set for $40.", "On January 10, 2012, he appeared on an episode of the A&E reality series Storage Wars to appraise a drum set for Barry Weiss, buying a Turkish cymbal from the set for $40. In July he reunited with former Animal Logic bandmate Stanley Clarke for a European tour.", "In July he reunited with former Animal Logic bandmate Stanley Clarke for a European tour. In May 2013, he and the Long Beach Opera premiered The Tale Tell Heart, an opera based on the short story by Edgar Allan Poe. On November 26, 2013, he appeared in the first episode of The Tim Ferriss Experiment.", "On November 26, 2013, he appeared in the first episode of The Tim Ferriss Experiment. In 2017, he formed the supergroup Gizmodrome with Adrian Belew, Vittorio Cosma, and Mark King and released an album of the same name.", "In 2017, he formed the supergroup Gizmodrome with Adrian Belew, Vittorio Cosma, and Mark King and released an album of the same name. On September 5, 2021, the opera Electric Saint about the life of Nikola Tesla by Copeland with libretto by Jonathan Moore premiered at the National Theater of Weimar.", "On September 5, 2021, the opera Electric Saint about the life of Nikola Tesla by Copeland with libretto by Jonathan Moore premiered at the National Theater of Weimar. Personal life Copeland grew up in Beirut. In 1974, he became romantically involved with Curved Air vocalist Sonja Kristina; they were married from 1982 to 1991.", "In 1974, he became romantically involved with Curved Air vocalist Sonja Kristina; they were married from 1982 to 1991. He adopted her son Sven from a previous relationship, and they had two sons of their own named Jordan and Scott.", "He adopted her son Sven from a previous relationship, and they had two sons of their own named Jordan and Scott. In 1981, he fathered a son named Patrick with Marina Guinness, the daughter of Irish author Desmond Guinness.", "In 1981, he fathered a son named Patrick with Marina Guinness, the daughter of Irish author Desmond Guinness. He currently lives in Los Angeles with his second wife, Fiona Dent, with whom he has three children named Eve, Grace, and Celeste.", "He currently lives in Los Angeles with his second wife, Fiona Dent, with whom he has three children named Eve, Grace, and Celeste. Copeland's hobbies include rollerskating, cycling along the beach in Santa Monica, California, filmmaking, and playing polo.", "Copeland's hobbies include rollerskating, cycling along the beach in Santa Monica, California, filmmaking, and playing polo. He is also active on his YouTube channel, where he uploads videos of himself and other musicians during jam sessions in his studio, the Sacred Grove.", "He is also active on his YouTube channel, where he uploads videos of himself and other musicians during jam sessions in his studio, the Sacred Grove. Drumming style Copeland grew up listening to a combination of Lebanese music, rock and roll, jazz, and reggae, but he selected from these styles what he needed rather than imitating them.", "Drumming style Copeland grew up listening to a combination of Lebanese music, rock and roll, jazz, and reggae, but he selected from these styles what he needed rather than imitating them. In the 1980s, when many musicians were looking for bigger sound from bigger drums, he added Octobans.", "In the 1980s, when many musicians were looking for bigger sound from bigger drums, he added Octobans. Invented by Tama Drums in 1978, Octobans consisted of eight six-inch drums in the shape of narrow tubes. He used another innovation, a splash cymbal based on a toy that he owned and that he helped Paiste design.", "He used another innovation, a splash cymbal based on a toy that he owned and that he helped Paiste design. He relied heavily on his 13\" hi-hats. Despite being left-handed, Copeland plays a right-handed drum kit, placing the hi-hats on his left and ride cymbal and floor toms on his right.", "Despite being left-handed, Copeland plays a right-handed drum kit, placing the hi-hats on his left and ride cymbal and floor toms on his right. He uses a wide dynamic range and demonstrates a proficiency of jazz-style articulation in his snare drum playing, interspersing strong back-beats with soft rim comping.", "He uses a wide dynamic range and demonstrates a proficiency of jazz-style articulation in his snare drum playing, interspersing strong back-beats with soft rim comping. During his years with the Police, he became known for engaging only the hi-hat with the bass drum to keep the beat.", "During his years with the Police, he became known for engaging only the hi-hat with the bass drum to keep the beat. In an interview with Modern Drummer, Copeland has cited Mitch Mitchell of the Jimi Hendrix Experience as a prime musical influence.", "In an interview with Modern Drummer, Copeland has cited Mitch Mitchell of the Jimi Hendrix Experience as a prime musical influence. He states that as a child, whenever he had a song or melody pop in his head, he would walk around wondering how Mitch Mitchell would drum to that particular tune.", "He states that as a child, whenever he had a song or melody pop in his head, he would walk around wondering how Mitch Mitchell would drum to that particular tune. He also named Sandy Nelson and Ginger Baker as other fundamental influences in the youth years.", "He also named Sandy Nelson and Ginger Baker as other fundamental influences in the youth years. He has stated that due to his 'enforced listening' of Buddy Rich, he considers himself 'allergic to jazz.' He is noted for his strong emphasis on the groove as a complement to the song, rather than as its core component.", "He is noted for his strong emphasis on the groove as a complement to the song, rather than as its core component. He once drove this point home at a drum clinic: Copeland announced that he would show the audience something \"that very few modern drummers can do\" and proceeded to play a simple rock beat for two minutes.", "He once drove this point home at a drum clinic: Copeland announced that he would show the audience something \"that very few modern drummers can do\" and proceeded to play a simple rock beat for two minutes. Nonetheless, his playing often incorporates spectacular fills and subtle inflections which greatly augment the groove.", "Nonetheless, his playing often incorporates spectacular fills and subtle inflections which greatly augment the groove. Compared to most of his 1980s contemporaries, his snare sound was bright and cutting. He is also one of the few rock drummers to use traditional grip rather than matched grip. He is also noted for syncopation in his drumming.", "He is also noted for syncopation in his drumming. Equipment Copeland's equipment includes Tama drums, Paiste cymbals, Remo drum heads, and Vater signature drum sticks.", "Equipment Copeland's equipment includes Tama drums, Paiste cymbals, Remo drum heads, and Vater signature drum sticks. Original live kit set-up (1984) Tama Imperialstar Mahogany Drums (9-ply) and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Midnight Blue 10x8\" Rack Tom 12x8\" Rack Tom 13x9\" Rack Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 14x5\" Pearl Chrome over Brass Snare 22x14\" Bass Drum Tama Octobans Low Pitch (x4) Cowbell Wood Blocks Cymbals – Paiste 13\" Formula 602 Medium Hi-Hats 16\" 2002 Crash 8\" 2002 Bell 7.5 Ufip Ictus Bell 8\" 2002 Splash (x2) 11\" 2002 Splash 14\" (or 16\") Rude Crash/Ride 16\" (or 18\") Rude Crash/Ride 18\" 2002 Medium 24\" Rude Ride/Crash 20\" 2002 China Simmons (x2) Pads (to his left) Assorted Percussion Stewart also used Calato Regal Tip Rock Wood Tipped Drumsticks The Police Reunion (2007–2008) tour kit Tama Starclassic Maple Drums and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Custom Police Blue Sparkle Maple Wood 10x8\" Tom 12x8\" Tom (To the left of his snare drum) 13x9\" Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 18x16\" Floor Tom 20x14\" Tama Gong Drum 22x18\" Bass Drum 14x5\" Tama SC145 Stewart Copeland Signature Snare Tama Custom Police Blue Sparkle Octobans (x4) (custom made for Copeland) Cymbals – Paiste 12\" Prototype Micro Hi-Hats 16\" Signature Full Crash 17\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Full Crash 18\" 2002 Flat Ride (prototype) 22\" Signature Blue Bell Ride 10\" Signature Splash 8\" Signature Bell 8\" Signature Prototype Splash Assorted percussion Stewart also uses his own Vater Stewart Copeland Standard Sticks.", "Original live kit set-up (1984) Tama Imperialstar Mahogany Drums (9-ply) and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Midnight Blue 10x8\" Rack Tom 12x8\" Rack Tom 13x9\" Rack Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 14x5\" Pearl Chrome over Brass Snare 22x14\" Bass Drum Tama Octobans Low Pitch (x4) Cowbell Wood Blocks Cymbals – Paiste 13\" Formula 602 Medium Hi-Hats 16\" 2002 Crash 8\" 2002 Bell 7.5 Ufip Ictus Bell 8\" 2002 Splash (x2) 11\" 2002 Splash 14\" (or 16\") Rude Crash/Ride 16\" (or 18\") Rude Crash/Ride 18\" 2002 Medium 24\" Rude Ride/Crash 20\" 2002 China Simmons (x2) Pads (to his left) Assorted Percussion Stewart also used Calato Regal Tip Rock Wood Tipped Drumsticks The Police Reunion (2007–2008) tour kit Tama Starclassic Maple Drums and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Custom Police Blue Sparkle Maple Wood 10x8\" Tom 12x8\" Tom (To the left of his snare drum) 13x9\" Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 18x16\" Floor Tom 20x14\" Tama Gong Drum 22x18\" Bass Drum 14x5\" Tama SC145 Stewart Copeland Signature Snare Tama Custom Police Blue Sparkle Octobans (x4) (custom made for Copeland) Cymbals – Paiste 12\" Prototype Micro Hi-Hats 16\" Signature Full Crash 17\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Full Crash 18\" 2002 Flat Ride (prototype) 22\" Signature Blue Bell Ride 10\" Signature Splash 8\" Signature Bell 8\" Signature Prototype Splash Assorted percussion Stewart also uses his own Vater Stewart Copeland Standard Sticks. Discography Studio albums Film scores TV series Video games See also List of drummers Membranophone (list of drums) References External links Copeland's official site 1952 births Living people A&M Records artists American expatriates in Egypt American expatriates in Lebanon American expatriates in the United Kingdom American film score composers American male film score composers American people of Scottish descent American rock drummers The Police members Curved Air members People educated at Millfield Musicians from Alexandria, Virginia Musicians from Beirut Video game composers United States International University alumni Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres 20th-century American drummers American male drummers Copeland family Oysterhead members Gizmodrome members Strontium 90 (band) members" ]

[ "Stewart Copeland", "Solo projects and movie soundtracks (1987-1998)", "Did Copeland release any solo albums?", "I don't know.", "What movie soundtracks did Copeland perform on?", "Copeland established a career composing soundtracks for movies (", "What movie soundtracks did Copeland compose?", "Airborne, Talk Radio, Wall Street, Riff Raff, Raining Stones, Surviving the Game, See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Highlander II:", "Were there other movies?", "The Leopard Son, She's Having a Baby, The First Power, Fresh, Taking Care of Business, West Beirut, I am David, Good Burger)," ]

[ "James Copeland (January 18, 1823 – October 30, 1857) was an American outlaw during the early to mid nineteenth century, whose crimes took place mostly, in southern Mississippi and southern Alabama. He was born in Jackson County, Mississippi. He was the co-leader of a gang known as the Wages and Copeland Clan. On October 30, 1857, Copeland was executed by hanging in Perry County, Mississippi.\n\nEarly life \nBorn on January 18, 1823, in Jackson County, Mississippi, to Isham Copeland and Rebecca Wells, James Copeland began school at approximately age ten or eleven. Although his father was willing to put him through school for as long as James desired, he began associating with people who taught him fraud and how to cheat and steal. It was reported that he would often trick his schoolmates out of their money and pocket knives.\n\nJames Copeland himself once said, his first great theft was a valuable pocket knife of a neighbor, whom he tricked out of it. He did this when he was twelve, although he stated he stole from his schoolmates long before this. His next great theft was when he was fourteen. He and his brother, Isham, nicknamed Whinn, went out for a night claiming they were going hunting. Instead, they stole fifteen hogs from a person nearby and went to Mobile to sell them for the sum of $30. He later went back to that person's house and tried to steal more hogs, but he was caught and arrested by the Jackson County Sheriff and charged with larceny. Realizing that the lawyer Copeland's father had hired would not prevent incarceration, Copeland's mother contacted Gale H. Wages, a notorious thief from Mobile. Wages first considered waylaying and killing the witness to the hog theft but settled on destroying the evidence instead. Wages and James Copeland burned the Jackson County Courthouse to the ground one night, destroying evidence and everything else housed in the building.\n\nStill a teenager, Copeland joined with the Mobile bandits led by Wages and Charles \"Preacher\" McGrath. Wages took Copeland to a gathering in Mobile, where he was initiated as a member of a large clan that engaged in theft and other crimes for profit. He took the clan's oath: \"You solemnly swear upon the Holy Evangelist of Almighty God, that you will never divulge, and always conceal and never reveal any of the signs or passwords of our order; that you will not invent any sign, token or device by which the secret mysteries of our order may be known; that you will not in any way betray or cause to be betrayed any member of this order — the whole under pain of having your head severed from your body — so help you God.\"\n\nCopeland learned the secret codes and alphabet of the clan, and he eventually brought four of his brothers into the clan. The clan's criminal activities consisted primarily of the theft of Negro slaves and horses, the looting and burning of houses and stores, counterfeiting, boat larceny, and murder.\n\nCopeland knew of water hideouts and boat slips as well as he knew the land. He and his gang burned parts of Mobile, sacked it then disappeared into Mobile Bay. Copeland set fire to the West Side of Mobile and while the citizens were braving the flames to save what they could, the gang looted the East side. After things cooled down, Copeland set fire to the East side and sacked the West side of the port city. Each time, the raiders loaded boats with their plunder and disappeared into the dark waters of Mobile Bay.\n\nThe gang \nThe reported 60 members of the Wages and Copeland Clan were as follows:\n\n J. Alfred\n J. Baker\n J. Bowings\n A. Brown\n D. Brown\n W. Brown\n G. Buskings\n J. Butler\n R. Cable\n G. Clealand\n Henry Copeland\n John Copeland\n T. Copeland\n William Copeland\n G. Daniels\n J. Dewit\n D. Doty\n J. Doty\n J. Elva\n J. Gillet\n J. Harden\n S. Harden\n J. Harper\n J. Harper (see note)\n J. Hevard\n Thomas Hix\n W. P. Hobs\n J. Hopkins\n J. Kelly\n C. H. McGraffin\n Charles McGrath\n N. McIntosh\n W. W. Moore\n ___ Moulton\n E. Myrick\n ___ Overall\n J. Pool\n J. Porter\n T. Powell\n W. W. Ratlief\n W. Ross\n W. Sanferd\n H. Sanford\n E. Sharpor\n S. S. Shoemake\n S. Teapark\n J. Taylor\n G. H. Wages\n J. Walter\n J. Waters Jr.\n A. Watson\n G. Welter\n J. Welter\n J. W. Wesley\n W. C. Whelps\n J. Whitfield\n J. Whitlom\n Jasper Whitlow\n J. F. Wright\n G. Young\n\nNote: Initials of Moulton and Overall were omitted because of doubts about who Copeland referred to. Two Gang members had the same initials.\n\nLater years \n\nWages and McGrath attempted to collect a disputed debt for fellow clan member Allen Brown. James Andrew Harvey had purchased, in good faith, a farm from Brown, who did not hold clear title to the property. Unable to establish ownership, Harvey refused to pay the outstanding debt. Brown passed the loan along to Wages, who was to either collect the money or kill Harvey. However, Harvey killed Wages and McGrath.\n\nOn July 15, 1848, James Copeland and his gang rode to James Harvey's home on Red Creek in Perry County (now Forrest County), Mississippi. They had been offered one-thousand dollars by Wages' father, to avenge his son's death. Here, the Copeland clan fought a blazing gun battle, which resulted in the death of Harvey and one of Copeland's men. Friends carried the mortally wounded Harvey to John Dale's home in northwestern Harrison County (now Stone County), where he died several days later and was buried in the nearby Dale Cemetery. In 1974, Harvey's remains were exhumed and reinterred in Pearl River County, Mississippi.\n\nImprisonment and later execution \n\nAlthough Copeland escaped the gun battle, he was eventually captured near Mobile in 1849, tried for his Alabama crimes, and sentenced to a four-year prison term. Upon completion of the prison term, Copeland was transferred to Mississippi to stand trial for the Harvey killing, for which he was convicted and sentenced to hang. Before his death on the gallows in 1857, Copeland made a full confession to Sheriff J.R.S. Pitts in Perry County, Mississippi, naming each member of the clan. Many clan members were prominent citizens of Mobile and the surrounding area.\n\nBurial, grave robbing, and public display \nCopeland's body was buried on the banks of the Leaf River near Augusta, Mississippi. After two or three days, the body disappeared, however and a skeleton was purportedly made of his remains. The skeleton was allegedly exhibited at McInnis and Dozier Drugstore in Hattiesburg, Mississippi in the late 19th century. In the early 1900s, the skeleton vanished and has never been seen again.\n\nCopeland treasure \nCopeland detailed how his clan had buried some $30,000 in gold in a swamp near Mobile and later reburied the treasure in the Catahoula Swamp of Hancock County, Mississippi. Rumors have circulated for decades of Copeland gold caches, still unclaimed, hidden around the shores of the Gulf of Mexico. The James Copeland legend lives today, as treasure hunters search sections of the Mississippi Gulf Coast for burial sites of the Copeland gang's ill-gotten gains.\n\nSee also\nJohn Murrell (bandit)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nAmerican Local History Network: Outlaws, Rascals and Ruffians—James Copeland\n\n1823 births\n1857 deaths\nAmerican outlaws\n19th-century American criminals\nOutlaw gangs in the United States\nCriminals from Mississippi\nAmerican people convicted of murder\nExecuted people from Mississippi\nPeople executed by Mississippi by hanging\n19th-century executions of American people\n19th-century American people\nPeople from Mississippi\nPeople from Jackson County, Mississippi", "Copeland is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:\n\n Aaron Copland (1900–1990), American composer\n Al Copeland (1944–2008), American restaurateur\n Anthony Copeland (born 1963), American football player\n Billy Copeland (1856–1917), Scottish cricketer\n Brian Copeland (born 1964), American comedian\n Chad Copeland (born 1971), American basketball player\n Charles L. Copeland (born 1963), American politician\n Charlie Copeland (footballer), (1892–1939), English footballer\n Chris Copeland (born 1984), American basketball player\n David Copeland (footballer) (1875–1931), English footballer\n David Y. Copeland III (1931–2019), American politician\n Edmund Copeland, British cosmologist\n Edward Copeland (disambiguation), multiple people\n Edwin Copeland (1873–1964), American botanist\n George Copeland (1882–1971), American pianist\n Gordon Copeland (1943–2018), New Zealand politician\n Herbert Copeland (1902–1968), American biologist\n Hollis Copeland (born 1955), American basketball player\n Howard Copeland (1944–2019), American lawyer and politician\n Ian Copeland (1949–2006), American talent agent\n Ida Copeland (1876–1964), British politician\n Ivy Copeland (1888–1961), New Zealand artist and art teacher\n Jack Copeland (born 1950), British philosopher\n James Copeland (disambiguation), multiple people\n Jeremaine Copeland (born 1977), Canadian football player\n Jim Copeland (American football) (1945–2010), American football player\n Joan Copeland (1922–2022), American actress\n John Copeland (born 1970), American football player\n John Anthony Copeland Jr. (1834–1859), American abolitionist\n Johnny Copeland (1937–1997), American blues singer and guitarist\n Katherine Copeland (born 1990), British rower\n Kenneth Copeland (born 1936), American televangelist\n Lanard Copeland (born 1965), Australian-American basketball player and coach\n Les C. Copeland (1887–1942) American composer and pianist\n Lillian Copeland (1904–1964), American track and field athlete\n Lorraine Copeland (1921–2013), British archaeologist\n Marquise Copeland (born 1997), American football player\n Miles Copeland (disambiguation), multiple people\n Misty Copeland (born 1982), American ballet dancer\n Robert Copeland (disambiguation), multiple people\n Royal Copeland, multiple people\n Russell Copeland (born 1971), American football player\n Scott Copeland (born 1987), American baseball player\n Shemekia Copeland (born 1979), American blues singer\n Stewart Copeland (born 1952), American musician\n Ted Copeland, English football coach\n Thomas Copeland (1781–1855), British surgeon\n Thomas Copeland (headmaster) (1437–??), English schoolmaster\n Tom Copeland (born 1924), American politician\n Trent Copeland (born 1986), Australian cricketer\n William Copeland (disambiguation), multiple people\n\nFictional Characters\n Dominic Copeland, a fictional character in the British medical drama Holby City\n Joseph Copeland, a fictional character in the anime Gundam SEED DESTINY\n Copelands’, fictional characters in the movie “White Chicks”\n\nSee also \n William Copeland Borlase\n Copeland (disambiguation)\n Copland (disambiguation)\n\nReferences\n\nSurnames\nEnglish-language surnames\nSurnames of English origin\nSurnames of British Isles origin" ]

[ "Stewart Armstrong Copeland (born July 16, 1952) is an American musician and composer. He rose to prominence as the drummer of the British rock band The Police. He has also produced many film and video game soundtracks and written various pieces of music for ballet, opera, and orchestra.", "He has also produced many film and video game soundtracks and written various pieces of music for ballet, opera, and orchestra. His composing work includes the films Wall Street (1987), Good Burger (1997), and We Are Your Friends (2015); the television series The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, and The Amanda Show; and the video games Alone in the Dark 4 and the Spyro series.", "His composing work includes the films Wall Street (1987), Good Burger (1997), and We Are Your Friends (2015); the television series The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, and The Amanda Show; and the video games Alone in the Dark 4 and the Spyro series. According to MusicRadar, Copeland's \"distinctive drum sound and uniqueness of style has made him one of the most popular drummers to ever get behind a drumset\".", "According to MusicRadar, Copeland's \"distinctive drum sound and uniqueness of style has made him one of the most popular drummers to ever get behind a drumset\". He was ranked the 10th best drummer of all time by Rolling Stone in 2016.", "He was ranked the 10th best drummer of all time by Rolling Stone in 2016. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Police in 2003, the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 2005, and the Classic Drummer Hall of Fame in 2013.", "He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Police in 2003, the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 2005, and the Classic Drummer Hall of Fame in 2013. Early life Stewart Armstrong Copeland was born in Alexandria, Virginia, on July 16, 1952, the youngest of four children of Scottish archaeologist Lorraine Adie and Alabama-born CIA officer Miles Copeland Jr.", "Early life Stewart Armstrong Copeland was born in Alexandria, Virginia, on July 16, 1952, the youngest of four children of Scottish archaeologist Lorraine Adie and Alabama-born CIA officer Miles Copeland Jr. According to his 1989 biography and files released by the CIA in 2008, his father was a founding member of the OSS and the CIA.", "According to his 1989 biography and files released by the CIA in 2008, his father was a founding member of the OSS and the CIA. The family moved to Cairo a few months after Copeland's birth. When he was five years old, the family moved to Beirut, where he attended the American Community School.", "When he was five years old, the family moved to Beirut, where he attended the American Community School. He started taking drum lessons at age 12 and was playing drums for school dances within a year. He later moved to England, attending the American School in London and Millfield boarding school in Somerset from 1967 to 1969.", "He later moved to England, attending the American School in London and Millfield boarding school in Somerset from 1967 to 1969. He went to college in California, enrolling at Alliant International University and the University of California, Berkeley. His eldest brother, Miles Copeland III, founded I.R.S. Records and became the manager of the Police.", "Records and became the manager of the Police. He has also overseen Copeland's interests in other music projects. His other brother, the late Ian Copeland, was a pioneering booking agent who represented the Police and many others.", "His other brother, the late Ian Copeland, was a pioneering booking agent who represented the Police and many others. Career Curved Air (1975–1976) Returning to England, Copeland worked as road manager for the progressive rock band Curved Air's 1974 reunion tour, and then as drummer for the band during 1975 and 1976.", "Career Curved Air (1975–1976) Returning to England, Copeland worked as road manager for the progressive rock band Curved Air's 1974 reunion tour, and then as drummer for the band during 1975 and 1976. The band kicked off with a European tour, which started poorly.", "The band kicked off with a European tour, which started poorly. Band leader Darryl Way, a notorious perfectionist, grew impatient with the struggling of his bandmates, especially novice drummer Copeland.", "Band leader Darryl Way, a notorious perfectionist, grew impatient with the struggling of his bandmates, especially novice drummer Copeland. Then, for reasons no one could pinpoint, the musicians suddenly \"clicked\" with each other and the band caught fire, quickly becoming a popular and acclaimed live act.", "Then, for reasons no one could pinpoint, the musicians suddenly \"clicked\" with each other and the band caught fire, quickly becoming a popular and acclaimed live act. The Police (1977–1986) In early 1977, Copeland founded the Police with lead singer-bass guitarist Sting and guitarist Henry Padovani (who was soon replaced by Andy Summers), and they became one of the top bands of the late 1970s and early 1980s.", "The Police (1977–1986) In early 1977, Copeland founded the Police with lead singer-bass guitarist Sting and guitarist Henry Padovani (who was soon replaced by Andy Summers), and they became one of the top bands of the late 1970s and early 1980s. Copeland was the youngest member of the band.", "Copeland was the youngest member of the band. The Police's early track list (before their album debut) was largely Copeland compositions, including the band's first single \"Fall Out\" (Illegal Records, 1977) and the B-side \"Nothing Achieving\".", "The Police's early track list (before their album debut) was largely Copeland compositions, including the band's first single \"Fall Out\" (Illegal Records, 1977) and the B-side \"Nothing Achieving\". Though Copeland's songwriting contribution was reduced to a couple of songs per album as Sting started writing more material, he continued to co-arrange all the Police's songs together with his two bandmates.", "Though Copeland's songwriting contribution was reduced to a couple of songs per album as Sting started writing more material, he continued to co-arrange all the Police's songs together with his two bandmates. Amongst Copeland's most notable songs are \"On Any Other Day\" (where he also sang lead vocals), \"Does Everyone Stare\" (later to be used as the title of his documentary on the band Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out), \"Contact\", \"Bombs Away\", \"Darkness\" and \"Miss Gradenko\".", "Amongst Copeland's most notable songs are \"On Any Other Day\" (where he also sang lead vocals), \"Does Everyone Stare\" (later to be used as the title of his documentary on the band Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out), \"Contact\", \"Bombs Away\", \"Darkness\" and \"Miss Gradenko\". Copeland also co-wrote a number of songs with Sting, including \"Peanuts\", \"Landlord\", \"It's Alright for You\" and \"Re-Humanize Yourself\".", "Copeland also co-wrote a number of songs with Sting, including \"Peanuts\", \"Landlord\", \"It's Alright for You\" and \"Re-Humanize Yourself\". Copeland also recorded under the pseudonym Klark Kent, releasing several UK singles in 1978 with one (\"Don't Care\") entering the UK Singles Chart that year, along with an eponymous 10-inch album on green vinyl released in 1980.", "Copeland also recorded under the pseudonym Klark Kent, releasing several UK singles in 1978 with one (\"Don't Care\") entering the UK Singles Chart that year, along with an eponymous 10-inch album on green vinyl released in 1980. Recording at Nigel Gray's Surrey Sound Studio, Copeland played all the instruments and sang the lead vocals himself.", "Recording at Nigel Gray's Surrey Sound Studio, Copeland played all the instruments and sang the lead vocals himself. Kent's \"Don't Care\", which peaked at No.", "Kent's \"Don't Care\", which peaked at No. 48 UK in August 1978, actually predates the first chart single by the Police by several months (\"Can't Stand Losing You\", issued in October 1978) as \"Don't Care\" was released in early June 1978.", "48 UK in August 1978, actually predates the first chart single by the Police by several months (\"Can't Stand Losing You\", issued in October 1978) as \"Don't Care\" was released in early June 1978. In 1982, Copeland was involved in the production of a WOMAD benefit album called Music and Rhythm.", "In 1982, Copeland was involved in the production of a WOMAD benefit album called Music and Rhythm. Copeland's score for Rumble Fish secured him a Golden Globe nomination in 1983.", "Copeland's score for Rumble Fish secured him a Golden Globe nomination in 1983. The film, directed and produced by Francis Ford Coppola from the S. E. Hinton novel, also had a song released to radio on A&M Records \"Don't Box Me In\" (UK Singles Chart n. 91)—a collaboration between Copeland and singer-songwriter Stan Ridgway, leader of the band Wall of Voodoo—that received significant airplay upon release of the film that year.", "The film, directed and produced by Francis Ford Coppola from the S. E. Hinton novel, also had a song released to radio on A&M Records \"Don't Box Me In\" (UK Singles Chart n. 91)—a collaboration between Copeland and singer-songwriter Stan Ridgway, leader of the band Wall of Voodoo—that received significant airplay upon release of the film that year. The Rhythmatist record of 1985 was the result of a pilgrimage to Africa and its people, and it features local drums and percussion, with more drums, percussion, other musical instruments and occasional lead vocals added by Copeland.", "The Rhythmatist record of 1985 was the result of a pilgrimage to Africa and its people, and it features local drums and percussion, with more drums, percussion, other musical instruments and occasional lead vocals added by Copeland. The album was the official soundtrack to the movie of the same name, which was co-written by Stewart.", "The album was the official soundtrack to the movie of the same name, which was co-written by Stewart. Copeland is seen in the film playing the drums in a cage with lions surrounding him. The band attempted a reunion in 1986, but the project fell apart.", "The band attempted a reunion in 1986, but the project fell apart. Solo projects and movie soundtracks (1987–1998) After the Police disbanded, Copeland established a career composing soundtracks for movies (Airborne, Talk Radio, Wall Street, Riff Raff, Raining Stones, Surviving the Game, See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Highlander II: The Quickening, She's Having a Baby, The First Power, Fresh, Taking Care of Business, West Beirut, I am David, Riding the Bus with My Sister, Good Burger), television (The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, Star Wars: Droids, the pilot for Babylon 5 (1993), Nickelodeon's The Amanda Show, The Life and Times of Juniper Lee), operas (Holy Blood and Crescent Moon, commissioned by Cleveland Opera) and ballets (Prey' Ballet Oklahoma, Casque of Amontillado, Noah's Ark/Solcheeka, commissioned by the Seattle Symphony Orchestra, King Lear, commissioned by the San Francisco Ballet Company, Emilio).", "Solo projects and movie soundtracks (1987–1998) After the Police disbanded, Copeland established a career composing soundtracks for movies (Airborne, Talk Radio, Wall Street, Riff Raff, Raining Stones, Surviving the Game, See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Highlander II: The Quickening, She's Having a Baby, The First Power, Fresh, Taking Care of Business, West Beirut, I am David, Riding the Bus with My Sister, Good Burger), television (The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, Star Wars: Droids, the pilot for Babylon 5 (1993), Nickelodeon's The Amanda Show, The Life and Times of Juniper Lee), operas (Holy Blood and Crescent Moon, commissioned by Cleveland Opera) and ballets (Prey' Ballet Oklahoma, Casque of Amontillado, Noah's Ark/Solcheeka, commissioned by the Seattle Symphony Orchestra, King Lear, commissioned by the San Francisco Ballet Company, Emilio). In 1996, Copeland provided the score for The Leopard Son, Discovery Channel's its first commercially released full-length feature film, made by wildlife filmmaker Hugo van Lawick.", "In 1996, Copeland provided the score for The Leopard Son, Discovery Channel's its first commercially released full-length feature film, made by wildlife filmmaker Hugo van Lawick. Copeland also occasionally played drums for other artists.", "Copeland also occasionally played drums for other artists. Peter Gabriel employed Copeland to perform on his song \"Red Rain\" from his 1986 album So because of his \"hi-hat mastery\". He has also performed with Mike Rutherford and Tom Waits.", "He has also performed with Mike Rutherford and Tom Waits. That year he also teamed with Adam Ant to record the title track and video for the Anthony Michael Hall movie Out of Bounds. In 1989, Copeland formed Animal Logic with jazz bassist Stanley Clarke and singer-songwriter Deborah Holland.", "In 1989, Copeland formed Animal Logic with jazz bassist Stanley Clarke and singer-songwriter Deborah Holland. The trio had success with their first album and world tour but the follow-up recording sold poorly, and the band did not continue.", "The trio had success with their first album and world tour but the follow-up recording sold poorly, and the band did not continue. In 1993 he composed the music for Channel 4's Horse Opera and director Bob Baldwin, and in 1999, he provided the voice of an additional American soldier in the animated musical comedy war film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999).", "In 1993 he composed the music for Channel 4's Horse Opera and director Bob Baldwin, and in 1999, he provided the voice of an additional American soldier in the animated musical comedy war film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999). Spyro the Dragon soundtracks (1998–2002, 2018) He was commissioned by Insomniac Games in 1998 to make the musical score for the hit PlayStation game Spyro the Dragon.", "Spyro the Dragon soundtracks (1998–2002, 2018) He was commissioned by Insomniac Games in 1998 to make the musical score for the hit PlayStation game Spyro the Dragon. Copeland would play through the levels first to get a feel for each one before composing the soundtrack.", "Copeland would play through the levels first to get a feel for each one before composing the soundtrack. He also stayed with the project to create the musical scores for the remaining Insomniac sequels Spyro 2: Ripto's Rage! and Spyro: Year of the Dragon.", "and Spyro: Year of the Dragon. The franchise shifted over to Universal for the fourth title, Spyro: Enter the Dragonfly, which would be Copeland's last outing with the series. While the soundtracks never saw commercial release, the limited edition of the fourth game came packaged with a bonus CD, containing unused tracks.", "While the soundtracks never saw commercial release, the limited edition of the fourth game came packaged with a bonus CD, containing unused tracks. The soundtracks were very well received, and one track would later appear on the 2007 compilation album The Stewart Copeland Anthology. Copeland composed a new title theme for Spyro Reignited Trilogy.", "Copeland composed a new title theme for Spyro Reignited Trilogy. This period also saw Copeland compose the soundtrack for Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare, his only video game soundtrack outside of the Spyro franchise to date.", "This period also saw Copeland compose the soundtrack for Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare, his only video game soundtrack outside of the Spyro franchise to date. In 2000, he combined with Les Claypool of Primus (with whom he produced a track on the Primus album Antipop) and Trey Anastasio of Phish to create the band Oysterhead.", "In 2000, he combined with Les Claypool of Primus (with whom he produced a track on the Primus album Antipop) and Trey Anastasio of Phish to create the band Oysterhead. That same year, he was approached by director Adam Collis to assemble the score for the film Sunset Strip.", "That same year, he was approached by director Adam Collis to assemble the score for the film Sunset Strip. Collaborations (2002–2006) In 2002, Copeland was hired by Ray Manzarek and Robby Krieger of the Doors to play with them for a new album and tour, but after an injury sidelined Copeland, the arrangement ended in reciprocal lawsuits.", "Collaborations (2002–2006) In 2002, Copeland was hired by Ray Manzarek and Robby Krieger of the Doors to play with them for a new album and tour, but after an injury sidelined Copeland, the arrangement ended in reciprocal lawsuits. In 2005, Copeland released \"Orchestralli\", a live recording of chamber ensemble music which he had composed during a short tour of Italy in 2002.", "In 2005, Copeland released \"Orchestralli\", a live recording of chamber ensemble music which he had composed during a short tour of Italy in 2002. Also in 2005, Copeland started Gizmo, a new project with avant-garde guitarist David Fiuczynski, multi-instrumentalist Vittorio Cosma, singer Raiz and bassist Max Gazzè.", "Also in 2005, Copeland started Gizmo, a new project with avant-garde guitarist David Fiuczynski, multi-instrumentalist Vittorio Cosma, singer Raiz and bassist Max Gazzè. The band made their U.S debut on September 16, 2006, at the Modern Drummer Drum Festival.", "The band made their U.S debut on September 16, 2006, at the Modern Drummer Drum Festival. In January 2006, Copeland premiered his film about the Police called Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out at the Sundance Film Festival.", "In January 2006, Copeland premiered his film about the Police called Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out at the Sundance Film Festival. In February and March, he appeared as one of the judges on the BBC television show Just the Two of Us (a role he later reprised for a second series in January 2007).", "In February and March, he appeared as one of the judges on the BBC television show Just the Two of Us (a role he later reprised for a second series in January 2007). The Police reunion (2007–2008) At the 2007 Grammy Awards, Copeland, Andy Summers and Sting performed the song \"Roxanne\" together again as the Police.", "The Police reunion (2007–2008) At the 2007 Grammy Awards, Copeland, Andy Summers and Sting performed the song \"Roxanne\" together again as the Police. This marked the band's first public performance since 1986 (they had previously reunited only for an improvised set at Sting's wedding party in 1992 and for their induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2003).", "This marked the band's first public performance since 1986 (they had previously reunited only for an improvised set at Sting's wedding party in 1992 and for their induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2003). One day later, the band announced that in celebration of the Police's 30th anniversary, they would be embarking on what turned out to be a one-off reunion tour on May 28, 2007.", "One day later, the band announced that in celebration of the Police's 30th anniversary, they would be embarking on what turned out to be a one-off reunion tour on May 28, 2007. During the tour, Copeland also released his compilation album The Stewart Copeland Anthology, which was composed of his independent work.", "During the tour, Copeland also released his compilation album The Stewart Copeland Anthology, which was composed of his independent work. In 2007, the French government appointed Copeland (along with Police bandmates Summers and Sting) a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.", "In 2007, the French government appointed Copeland (along with Police bandmates Summers and Sting) a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. The group performed 151 dates across five continents, concluding with a final show in August 2008 at Madison Square Garden, New York.", "The group performed 151 dates across five continents, concluding with a final show in August 2008 at Madison Square Garden, New York. Projects (2008–present) In 2008, RIM commissioned Copeland to write a \"soundtrack\" for the BlackBerry Bold smart phone.", "Projects (2008–present) In 2008, RIM commissioned Copeland to write a \"soundtrack\" for the BlackBerry Bold smart phone. He created a highly percussive theme of one minute's length from which he evolved six ringtones and a softer 'alarm tone' that are preloaded on the device.", "He created a highly percussive theme of one minute's length from which he evolved six ringtones and a softer 'alarm tone' that are preloaded on the device. In March 2008, he premiered his orchestral composition \"Celeste\" at \"An Evening with Stewart Copeland\", part of the Savannah Music Festival.", "In March 2008, he premiered his orchestral composition \"Celeste\" at \"An Evening with Stewart Copeland\", part of the Savannah Music Festival. The performance featured classical violinist Daniel Hope. His appearance at Savannah included a screening of Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out and a question and answer session.", "His appearance at Savannah included a screening of Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out and a question and answer session. Also in 2008, he was commissioned by the Dallas Symphony Orchestra to create a percussion piece involving primarily Indonesian instruments.", "Also in 2008, he was commissioned by the Dallas Symphony Orchestra to create a percussion piece involving primarily Indonesian instruments. \"Gamelan D'Drum\" was first performed in Dallas on February 5, 2012, and had its European Premiere at the Royal Academy of Music in London in July 2012.", "\"Gamelan D'Drum\" was first performed in Dallas on February 5, 2012, and had its European Premiere at the Royal Academy of Music in London in July 2012. On August 21, 2009, at SummerFest 2009, Copeland unveiled the composition \"Retail Therapy\", which was commissioned by the Music Society.", "On August 21, 2009, at SummerFest 2009, Copeland unveiled the composition \"Retail Therapy\", which was commissioned by the Music Society. He performed three more original works: \"Kaya\", \"Celeste\", and \"Gene Pool\", the last accompanied by San Diego-based percussion ensemble red fish blue fish.", "He performed three more original works: \"Kaya\", \"Celeste\", and \"Gene Pool\", the last accompanied by San Diego-based percussion ensemble red fish blue fish. He attended a composer's roundtable and a question and answer discussion in conjunction with the festival.", "He attended a composer's roundtable and a question and answer discussion in conjunction with the festival. Copeland wrote the score for a theatrical presentation of Ben-Hur, which premiered on September 17, 2009, at the O2 Arena in London. He provided English-language narration of the production, which is performed in Latin and Aramaic.", "He provided English-language narration of the production, which is performed in Latin and Aramaic. His memoir Strange Things Happen: A Life with The Police, Polo, and Pygmies was released by Harper Collins in September 2009. The book chronicles events in his life from childhood through his work with the Police and to the present.", "The book chronicles events in his life from childhood through his work with the Police and to the present. In October 2009, he was a guest on Private Passions, the biographical music discussion program on BBC Radio 3. On May 24, 2011, he started a YouTube channel devoted to his videos and project updates.", "On May 24, 2011, he started a YouTube channel devoted to his videos and project updates. On this channel, he uploads performances with various musicians, including Primus, Andy Summers, Jeff Lynne, Snoop Dogg, and others in his home studio, which he refers to as the Sacred Grove.", "On this channel, he uploads performances with various musicians, including Primus, Andy Summers, Jeff Lynne, Snoop Dogg, and others in his home studio, which he refers to as the Sacred Grove. On August 24, 2011, he was a featured soloist on the Late Show with David Letterman, as part of their second \"Drum Solo Week\".", "On August 24, 2011, he was a featured soloist on the Late Show with David Letterman, as part of their second \"Drum Solo Week\". On January 10, 2012, he appeared on an episode of the A&E reality series Storage Wars to appraise a drum set for Barry Weiss, buying a Turkish cymbal from the set for $40.", "On January 10, 2012, he appeared on an episode of the A&E reality series Storage Wars to appraise a drum set for Barry Weiss, buying a Turkish cymbal from the set for $40. In July he reunited with former Animal Logic bandmate Stanley Clarke for a European tour.", "In July he reunited with former Animal Logic bandmate Stanley Clarke for a European tour. In May 2013, he and the Long Beach Opera premiered The Tale Tell Heart, an opera based on the short story by Edgar Allan Poe. On November 26, 2013, he appeared in the first episode of The Tim Ferriss Experiment.", "On November 26, 2013, he appeared in the first episode of The Tim Ferriss Experiment. In 2017, he formed the supergroup Gizmodrome with Adrian Belew, Vittorio Cosma, and Mark King and released an album of the same name.", "In 2017, he formed the supergroup Gizmodrome with Adrian Belew, Vittorio Cosma, and Mark King and released an album of the same name. On September 5, 2021, the opera Electric Saint about the life of Nikola Tesla by Copeland with libretto by Jonathan Moore premiered at the National Theater of Weimar.", "On September 5, 2021, the opera Electric Saint about the life of Nikola Tesla by Copeland with libretto by Jonathan Moore premiered at the National Theater of Weimar. Personal life Copeland grew up in Beirut. In 1974, he became romantically involved with Curved Air vocalist Sonja Kristina; they were married from 1982 to 1991.", "In 1974, he became romantically involved with Curved Air vocalist Sonja Kristina; they were married from 1982 to 1991. He adopted her son Sven from a previous relationship, and they had two sons of their own named Jordan and Scott.", "He adopted her son Sven from a previous relationship, and they had two sons of their own named Jordan and Scott. In 1981, he fathered a son named Patrick with Marina Guinness, the daughter of Irish author Desmond Guinness.", "In 1981, he fathered a son named Patrick with Marina Guinness, the daughter of Irish author Desmond Guinness. He currently lives in Los Angeles with his second wife, Fiona Dent, with whom he has three children named Eve, Grace, and Celeste.", "He currently lives in Los Angeles with his second wife, Fiona Dent, with whom he has three children named Eve, Grace, and Celeste. Copeland's hobbies include rollerskating, cycling along the beach in Santa Monica, California, filmmaking, and playing polo.", "Copeland's hobbies include rollerskating, cycling along the beach in Santa Monica, California, filmmaking, and playing polo. He is also active on his YouTube channel, where he uploads videos of himself and other musicians during jam sessions in his studio, the Sacred Grove.", "He is also active on his YouTube channel, where he uploads videos of himself and other musicians during jam sessions in his studio, the Sacred Grove. Drumming style Copeland grew up listening to a combination of Lebanese music, rock and roll, jazz, and reggae, but he selected from these styles what he needed rather than imitating them.", "Drumming style Copeland grew up listening to a combination of Lebanese music, rock and roll, jazz, and reggae, but he selected from these styles what he needed rather than imitating them. In the 1980s, when many musicians were looking for bigger sound from bigger drums, he added Octobans.", "In the 1980s, when many musicians were looking for bigger sound from bigger drums, he added Octobans. Invented by Tama Drums in 1978, Octobans consisted of eight six-inch drums in the shape of narrow tubes. He used another innovation, a splash cymbal based on a toy that he owned and that he helped Paiste design.", "He used another innovation, a splash cymbal based on a toy that he owned and that he helped Paiste design. He relied heavily on his 13\" hi-hats. Despite being left-handed, Copeland plays a right-handed drum kit, placing the hi-hats on his left and ride cymbal and floor toms on his right.", "Despite being left-handed, Copeland plays a right-handed drum kit, placing the hi-hats on his left and ride cymbal and floor toms on his right. He uses a wide dynamic range and demonstrates a proficiency of jazz-style articulation in his snare drum playing, interspersing strong back-beats with soft rim comping.", "He uses a wide dynamic range and demonstrates a proficiency of jazz-style articulation in his snare drum playing, interspersing strong back-beats with soft rim comping. During his years with the Police, he became known for engaging only the hi-hat with the bass drum to keep the beat.", "During his years with the Police, he became known for engaging only the hi-hat with the bass drum to keep the beat. In an interview with Modern Drummer, Copeland has cited Mitch Mitchell of the Jimi Hendrix Experience as a prime musical influence.", "In an interview with Modern Drummer, Copeland has cited Mitch Mitchell of the Jimi Hendrix Experience as a prime musical influence. He states that as a child, whenever he had a song or melody pop in his head, he would walk around wondering how Mitch Mitchell would drum to that particular tune.", "He states that as a child, whenever he had a song or melody pop in his head, he would walk around wondering how Mitch Mitchell would drum to that particular tune. He also named Sandy Nelson and Ginger Baker as other fundamental influences in the youth years.", "He also named Sandy Nelson and Ginger Baker as other fundamental influences in the youth years. He has stated that due to his 'enforced listening' of Buddy Rich, he considers himself 'allergic to jazz.' He is noted for his strong emphasis on the groove as a complement to the song, rather than as its core component.", "He is noted for his strong emphasis on the groove as a complement to the song, rather than as its core component. He once drove this point home at a drum clinic: Copeland announced that he would show the audience something \"that very few modern drummers can do\" and proceeded to play a simple rock beat for two minutes.", "He once drove this point home at a drum clinic: Copeland announced that he would show the audience something \"that very few modern drummers can do\" and proceeded to play a simple rock beat for two minutes. Nonetheless, his playing often incorporates spectacular fills and subtle inflections which greatly augment the groove.", "Nonetheless, his playing often incorporates spectacular fills and subtle inflections which greatly augment the groove. Compared to most of his 1980s contemporaries, his snare sound was bright and cutting. He is also one of the few rock drummers to use traditional grip rather than matched grip. He is also noted for syncopation in his drumming.", "He is also noted for syncopation in his drumming. Equipment Copeland's equipment includes Tama drums, Paiste cymbals, Remo drum heads, and Vater signature drum sticks.", "Equipment Copeland's equipment includes Tama drums, Paiste cymbals, Remo drum heads, and Vater signature drum sticks. Original live kit set-up (1984) Tama Imperialstar Mahogany Drums (9-ply) and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Midnight Blue 10x8\" Rack Tom 12x8\" Rack Tom 13x9\" Rack Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 14x5\" Pearl Chrome over Brass Snare 22x14\" Bass Drum Tama Octobans Low Pitch (x4) Cowbell Wood Blocks Cymbals – Paiste 13\" Formula 602 Medium Hi-Hats 16\" 2002 Crash 8\" 2002 Bell 7.5 Ufip Ictus Bell 8\" 2002 Splash (x2) 11\" 2002 Splash 14\" (or 16\") Rude Crash/Ride 16\" (or 18\") Rude Crash/Ride 18\" 2002 Medium 24\" Rude Ride/Crash 20\" 2002 China Simmons (x2) Pads (to his left) Assorted Percussion Stewart also used Calato Regal Tip Rock Wood Tipped Drumsticks The Police Reunion (2007–2008) tour kit Tama Starclassic Maple Drums and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Custom Police Blue Sparkle Maple Wood 10x8\" Tom 12x8\" Tom (To the left of his snare drum) 13x9\" Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 18x16\" Floor Tom 20x14\" Tama Gong Drum 22x18\" Bass Drum 14x5\" Tama SC145 Stewart Copeland Signature Snare Tama Custom Police Blue Sparkle Octobans (x4) (custom made for Copeland) Cymbals – Paiste 12\" Prototype Micro Hi-Hats 16\" Signature Full Crash 17\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Full Crash 18\" 2002 Flat Ride (prototype) 22\" Signature Blue Bell Ride 10\" Signature Splash 8\" Signature Bell 8\" Signature Prototype Splash Assorted percussion Stewart also uses his own Vater Stewart Copeland Standard Sticks.", "Original live kit set-up (1984) Tama Imperialstar Mahogany Drums (9-ply) and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Midnight Blue 10x8\" Rack Tom 12x8\" Rack Tom 13x9\" Rack Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 14x5\" Pearl Chrome over Brass Snare 22x14\" Bass Drum Tama Octobans Low Pitch (x4) Cowbell Wood Blocks Cymbals – Paiste 13\" Formula 602 Medium Hi-Hats 16\" 2002 Crash 8\" 2002 Bell 7.5 Ufip Ictus Bell 8\" 2002 Splash (x2) 11\" 2002 Splash 14\" (or 16\") Rude Crash/Ride 16\" (or 18\") Rude Crash/Ride 18\" 2002 Medium 24\" Rude Ride/Crash 20\" 2002 China Simmons (x2) Pads (to his left) Assorted Percussion Stewart also used Calato Regal Tip Rock Wood Tipped Drumsticks The Police Reunion (2007–2008) tour kit Tama Starclassic Maple Drums and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Custom Police Blue Sparkle Maple Wood 10x8\" Tom 12x8\" Tom (To the left of his snare drum) 13x9\" Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 18x16\" Floor Tom 20x14\" Tama Gong Drum 22x18\" Bass Drum 14x5\" Tama SC145 Stewart Copeland Signature Snare Tama Custom Police Blue Sparkle Octobans (x4) (custom made for Copeland) Cymbals – Paiste 12\" Prototype Micro Hi-Hats 16\" Signature Full Crash 17\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Full Crash 18\" 2002 Flat Ride (prototype) 22\" Signature Blue Bell Ride 10\" Signature Splash 8\" Signature Bell 8\" Signature Prototype Splash Assorted percussion Stewart also uses his own Vater Stewart Copeland Standard Sticks. Discography Studio albums Film scores TV series Video games See also List of drummers Membranophone (list of drums) References External links Copeland's official site 1952 births Living people A&M Records artists American expatriates in Egypt American expatriates in Lebanon American expatriates in the United Kingdom American film score composers American male film score composers American people of Scottish descent American rock drummers The Police members Curved Air members People educated at Millfield Musicians from Alexandria, Virginia Musicians from Beirut Video game composers United States International University alumni Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres 20th-century American drummers American male drummers Copeland family Oysterhead members Gizmodrome members Strontium 90 (band) members" ]

[ "Stewart Copeland", "Solo projects and movie soundtracks (1987-1998)", "Did Copeland release any solo albums?", "I don't know.", "What movie soundtracks did Copeland perform on?", "Copeland established a career composing soundtracks for movies (", "What movie soundtracks did Copeland compose?", "Airborne, Talk Radio, Wall Street, Riff Raff, Raining Stones, Surviving the Game, See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Highlander II:", "Were there other movies?", "The Leopard Son, She's Having a Baby, The First Power, Fresh, Taking Care of Business, West Beirut, I am David, Good Burger),", "Did Copeland compose anything else?", "television (The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, Star Wars: Droids, the pilot for Babylon 5 (1993), Nickelodeon's The Amanda Show, The Life and Times of Juniper Lee" ]

[ "Ian Hultquist is an American composer and musician. Hultquist is best known for his score for The Diabolical and for being a founding member of the band Passion Pit. He is also known for his works on movies such as Mommy Dead and Dearest, The First Monday in May, My Blind Brother and Memoria.\n\nCareer\n\nAfter graduating from Berklee College of Music, Hultquist became a founding member of the indie band Passion Pit in 2007 and acted as their music director while on tour. This pulled him away from film composing for awhile and in 2010 he and his wife Sofia Hultquist created their side project 'Aislyn'.\n\nIn 2013 he was introduced to documentary filmmaker Andrew Rossi who quickly hired him to score his film Ivory Tower. Around the same time, while on set for a Passion Pit music video, Hultquist would also meet and befriend actor David Dastmalchian, who would then hire Hultquist to score his feature film 'Animals'.\n\nFrom there, Hultquist's composing career burgeoned as he began to compose music for films at SXSW and Sundance. In October 2014, he officially left Passion Pit.\n\nPersonal life\nHultquist is married to fellow composer and musician Sofia Hultquist.\n\nWorks and awards \nHultquist has composed dozens of soundtracks and film scores for both film and TV. He is best known for scoringThe Diabolical and for being a founding member of the band Passion Pit. He is also known for his works on movies such as Mommy Dead and Dearest, The First Monday in May, My Blind Brother and Memoria. He also composed score for Apple TV+'s Dickinson with Drum & Lace.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n \n\nAmerican film score composers\nAmerican television composers\nAmerican indie pop musicians\nLiving people\nAmerican male film score composers\nMale television composers\n1985 births\nBerklee College of Music alumni", "S.W.A.T. is the soundtrack score for the 2003 action film S.W.A.T., based on the 1970s TV series of the same name, composed by Elliot Goldenthal.\n\nThe score \nIt is generally viewed as being another surprise project for Goldenthal, being that he usually gravitates towards more \"intellectual\" and \"arthouse\" type movies. Although he has done a few \"commercial\" action movie type scores in the past, the decision to score S.W.A.T. was nevertheless interesting, and Goldenthal has developed a reputation for choosing unlikely projects, if anything, for the sheer fun of it. In choosing to compose the score for S.W.A.T., Goldenthal—some have said—had played the \"Media Ventures\" (now known as Remote Control Productions) composers at their own game and won; creating an original, intense, yet complex and diverse score.\n\nTrack listing \n Bullet Frenzy (10:17)\n Don't Shoot Me Baby (3:26)\n My Big Black Assault Weapon (1:38)\n AK-47 Scherzo (3:42)\n Three Chords in Two Minutes (1:53)\n Run for Your Life (3:05)\n The Fascist Shuffle (1:29)\n \"S.W.A.T. 911\" (3:10) - Danny Saber\n Crash Landing (4:48)\n That Cop Stole My Car (2:04)\n S.W.A.T. Sticker (0:53)\n Bullet Frenzy II (1:38)\n Time is Running Out (4:59) - Apollo Four Forty\n Brother Down (4:24) - Sam Roberts Band\n Samuel Jackson (4:03) - Hot Action Cop\n Figure.09 (3:18) - Linkin Park from the album, Meteora\n Just Because (3:51) - Jane's Addiction\n\nThe song, \"Crosstown Traffic\" by Jimi Hendrix is also played during the film, but it is not included in the soundtrack.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Varèse Sarabande page for the score.\n\nS.W.A.T. (franchise)\nElliot Goldenthal soundtracks\n2003 soundtrack albums\nAction film soundtracks\nThriller film soundtracks\nCrime film soundtracks" ]

[ "Stewart Armstrong Copeland (born July 16, 1952) is an American musician and composer. He rose to prominence as the drummer of the British rock band The Police. He has also produced many film and video game soundtracks and written various pieces of music for ballet, opera, and orchestra.", "He has also produced many film and video game soundtracks and written various pieces of music for ballet, opera, and orchestra. His composing work includes the films Wall Street (1987), Good Burger (1997), and We Are Your Friends (2015); the television series The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, and The Amanda Show; and the video games Alone in the Dark 4 and the Spyro series.", "His composing work includes the films Wall Street (1987), Good Burger (1997), and We Are Your Friends (2015); the television series The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, and The Amanda Show; and the video games Alone in the Dark 4 and the Spyro series. According to MusicRadar, Copeland's \"distinctive drum sound and uniqueness of style has made him one of the most popular drummers to ever get behind a drumset\".", "According to MusicRadar, Copeland's \"distinctive drum sound and uniqueness of style has made him one of the most popular drummers to ever get behind a drumset\". He was ranked the 10th best drummer of all time by Rolling Stone in 2016.", "He was ranked the 10th best drummer of all time by Rolling Stone in 2016. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Police in 2003, the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 2005, and the Classic Drummer Hall of Fame in 2013.", "He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Police in 2003, the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 2005, and the Classic Drummer Hall of Fame in 2013. Early life Stewart Armstrong Copeland was born in Alexandria, Virginia, on July 16, 1952, the youngest of four children of Scottish archaeologist Lorraine Adie and Alabama-born CIA officer Miles Copeland Jr.", "Early life Stewart Armstrong Copeland was born in Alexandria, Virginia, on July 16, 1952, the youngest of four children of Scottish archaeologist Lorraine Adie and Alabama-born CIA officer Miles Copeland Jr. According to his 1989 biography and files released by the CIA in 2008, his father was a founding member of the OSS and the CIA.", "According to his 1989 biography and files released by the CIA in 2008, his father was a founding member of the OSS and the CIA. The family moved to Cairo a few months after Copeland's birth. When he was five years old, the family moved to Beirut, where he attended the American Community School.", "When he was five years old, the family moved to Beirut, where he attended the American Community School. He started taking drum lessons at age 12 and was playing drums for school dances within a year. He later moved to England, attending the American School in London and Millfield boarding school in Somerset from 1967 to 1969.", "He later moved to England, attending the American School in London and Millfield boarding school in Somerset from 1967 to 1969. He went to college in California, enrolling at Alliant International University and the University of California, Berkeley. His eldest brother, Miles Copeland III, founded I.R.S. Records and became the manager of the Police.", "Records and became the manager of the Police. He has also overseen Copeland's interests in other music projects. His other brother, the late Ian Copeland, was a pioneering booking agent who represented the Police and many others.", "His other brother, the late Ian Copeland, was a pioneering booking agent who represented the Police and many others. Career Curved Air (1975–1976) Returning to England, Copeland worked as road manager for the progressive rock band Curved Air's 1974 reunion tour, and then as drummer for the band during 1975 and 1976.", "Career Curved Air (1975–1976) Returning to England, Copeland worked as road manager for the progressive rock band Curved Air's 1974 reunion tour, and then as drummer for the band during 1975 and 1976. The band kicked off with a European tour, which started poorly.", "The band kicked off with a European tour, which started poorly. Band leader Darryl Way, a notorious perfectionist, grew impatient with the struggling of his bandmates, especially novice drummer Copeland.", "Band leader Darryl Way, a notorious perfectionist, grew impatient with the struggling of his bandmates, especially novice drummer Copeland. Then, for reasons no one could pinpoint, the musicians suddenly \"clicked\" with each other and the band caught fire, quickly becoming a popular and acclaimed live act.", "Then, for reasons no one could pinpoint, the musicians suddenly \"clicked\" with each other and the band caught fire, quickly becoming a popular and acclaimed live act. The Police (1977–1986) In early 1977, Copeland founded the Police with lead singer-bass guitarist Sting and guitarist Henry Padovani (who was soon replaced by Andy Summers), and they became one of the top bands of the late 1970s and early 1980s.", "The Police (1977–1986) In early 1977, Copeland founded the Police with lead singer-bass guitarist Sting and guitarist Henry Padovani (who was soon replaced by Andy Summers), and they became one of the top bands of the late 1970s and early 1980s. Copeland was the youngest member of the band.", "Copeland was the youngest member of the band. The Police's early track list (before their album debut) was largely Copeland compositions, including the band's first single \"Fall Out\" (Illegal Records, 1977) and the B-side \"Nothing Achieving\".", "The Police's early track list (before their album debut) was largely Copeland compositions, including the band's first single \"Fall Out\" (Illegal Records, 1977) and the B-side \"Nothing Achieving\". Though Copeland's songwriting contribution was reduced to a couple of songs per album as Sting started writing more material, he continued to co-arrange all the Police's songs together with his two bandmates.", "Though Copeland's songwriting contribution was reduced to a couple of songs per album as Sting started writing more material, he continued to co-arrange all the Police's songs together with his two bandmates. Amongst Copeland's most notable songs are \"On Any Other Day\" (where he also sang lead vocals), \"Does Everyone Stare\" (later to be used as the title of his documentary on the band Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out), \"Contact\", \"Bombs Away\", \"Darkness\" and \"Miss Gradenko\".", "Amongst Copeland's most notable songs are \"On Any Other Day\" (where he also sang lead vocals), \"Does Everyone Stare\" (later to be used as the title of his documentary on the band Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out), \"Contact\", \"Bombs Away\", \"Darkness\" and \"Miss Gradenko\". Copeland also co-wrote a number of songs with Sting, including \"Peanuts\", \"Landlord\", \"It's Alright for You\" and \"Re-Humanize Yourself\".", "Copeland also co-wrote a number of songs with Sting, including \"Peanuts\", \"Landlord\", \"It's Alright for You\" and \"Re-Humanize Yourself\". Copeland also recorded under the pseudonym Klark Kent, releasing several UK singles in 1978 with one (\"Don't Care\") entering the UK Singles Chart that year, along with an eponymous 10-inch album on green vinyl released in 1980.", "Copeland also recorded under the pseudonym Klark Kent, releasing several UK singles in 1978 with one (\"Don't Care\") entering the UK Singles Chart that year, along with an eponymous 10-inch album on green vinyl released in 1980. Recording at Nigel Gray's Surrey Sound Studio, Copeland played all the instruments and sang the lead vocals himself.", "Recording at Nigel Gray's Surrey Sound Studio, Copeland played all the instruments and sang the lead vocals himself. Kent's \"Don't Care\", which peaked at No.", "Kent's \"Don't Care\", which peaked at No. 48 UK in August 1978, actually predates the first chart single by the Police by several months (\"Can't Stand Losing You\", issued in October 1978) as \"Don't Care\" was released in early June 1978.", "48 UK in August 1978, actually predates the first chart single by the Police by several months (\"Can't Stand Losing You\", issued in October 1978) as \"Don't Care\" was released in early June 1978. In 1982, Copeland was involved in the production of a WOMAD benefit album called Music and Rhythm.", "In 1982, Copeland was involved in the production of a WOMAD benefit album called Music and Rhythm. Copeland's score for Rumble Fish secured him a Golden Globe nomination in 1983.", "Copeland's score for Rumble Fish secured him a Golden Globe nomination in 1983. The film, directed and produced by Francis Ford Coppola from the S. E. Hinton novel, also had a song released to radio on A&M Records \"Don't Box Me In\" (UK Singles Chart n. 91)—a collaboration between Copeland and singer-songwriter Stan Ridgway, leader of the band Wall of Voodoo—that received significant airplay upon release of the film that year.", "The film, directed and produced by Francis Ford Coppola from the S. E. Hinton novel, also had a song released to radio on A&M Records \"Don't Box Me In\" (UK Singles Chart n. 91)—a collaboration between Copeland and singer-songwriter Stan Ridgway, leader of the band Wall of Voodoo—that received significant airplay upon release of the film that year. The Rhythmatist record of 1985 was the result of a pilgrimage to Africa and its people, and it features local drums and percussion, with more drums, percussion, other musical instruments and occasional lead vocals added by Copeland.", "The Rhythmatist record of 1985 was the result of a pilgrimage to Africa and its people, and it features local drums and percussion, with more drums, percussion, other musical instruments and occasional lead vocals added by Copeland. The album was the official soundtrack to the movie of the same name, which was co-written by Stewart.", "The album was the official soundtrack to the movie of the same name, which was co-written by Stewart. Copeland is seen in the film playing the drums in a cage with lions surrounding him. The band attempted a reunion in 1986, but the project fell apart.", "The band attempted a reunion in 1986, but the project fell apart. Solo projects and movie soundtracks (1987–1998) After the Police disbanded, Copeland established a career composing soundtracks for movies (Airborne, Talk Radio, Wall Street, Riff Raff, Raining Stones, Surviving the Game, See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Highlander II: The Quickening, She's Having a Baby, The First Power, Fresh, Taking Care of Business, West Beirut, I am David, Riding the Bus with My Sister, Good Burger), television (The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, Star Wars: Droids, the pilot for Babylon 5 (1993), Nickelodeon's The Amanda Show, The Life and Times of Juniper Lee), operas (Holy Blood and Crescent Moon, commissioned by Cleveland Opera) and ballets (Prey' Ballet Oklahoma, Casque of Amontillado, Noah's Ark/Solcheeka, commissioned by the Seattle Symphony Orchestra, King Lear, commissioned by the San Francisco Ballet Company, Emilio).", "Solo projects and movie soundtracks (1987–1998) After the Police disbanded, Copeland established a career composing soundtracks for movies (Airborne, Talk Radio, Wall Street, Riff Raff, Raining Stones, Surviving the Game, See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Highlander II: The Quickening, She's Having a Baby, The First Power, Fresh, Taking Care of Business, West Beirut, I am David, Riding the Bus with My Sister, Good Burger), television (The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, Star Wars: Droids, the pilot for Babylon 5 (1993), Nickelodeon's The Amanda Show, The Life and Times of Juniper Lee), operas (Holy Blood and Crescent Moon, commissioned by Cleveland Opera) and ballets (Prey' Ballet Oklahoma, Casque of Amontillado, Noah's Ark/Solcheeka, commissioned by the Seattle Symphony Orchestra, King Lear, commissioned by the San Francisco Ballet Company, Emilio). In 1996, Copeland provided the score for The Leopard Son, Discovery Channel's its first commercially released full-length feature film, made by wildlife filmmaker Hugo van Lawick.", "In 1996, Copeland provided the score for The Leopard Son, Discovery Channel's its first commercially released full-length feature film, made by wildlife filmmaker Hugo van Lawick. Copeland also occasionally played drums for other artists.", "Copeland also occasionally played drums for other artists. Peter Gabriel employed Copeland to perform on his song \"Red Rain\" from his 1986 album So because of his \"hi-hat mastery\". He has also performed with Mike Rutherford and Tom Waits.", "He has also performed with Mike Rutherford and Tom Waits. That year he also teamed with Adam Ant to record the title track and video for the Anthony Michael Hall movie Out of Bounds. In 1989, Copeland formed Animal Logic with jazz bassist Stanley Clarke and singer-songwriter Deborah Holland.", "In 1989, Copeland formed Animal Logic with jazz bassist Stanley Clarke and singer-songwriter Deborah Holland. The trio had success with their first album and world tour but the follow-up recording sold poorly, and the band did not continue.", "The trio had success with their first album and world tour but the follow-up recording sold poorly, and the band did not continue. In 1993 he composed the music for Channel 4's Horse Opera and director Bob Baldwin, and in 1999, he provided the voice of an additional American soldier in the animated musical comedy war film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999).", "In 1993 he composed the music for Channel 4's Horse Opera and director Bob Baldwin, and in 1999, he provided the voice of an additional American soldier in the animated musical comedy war film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999). Spyro the Dragon soundtracks (1998–2002, 2018) He was commissioned by Insomniac Games in 1998 to make the musical score for the hit PlayStation game Spyro the Dragon.", "Spyro the Dragon soundtracks (1998–2002, 2018) He was commissioned by Insomniac Games in 1998 to make the musical score for the hit PlayStation game Spyro the Dragon. Copeland would play through the levels first to get a feel for each one before composing the soundtrack.", "Copeland would play through the levels first to get a feel for each one before composing the soundtrack. He also stayed with the project to create the musical scores for the remaining Insomniac sequels Spyro 2: Ripto's Rage! and Spyro: Year of the Dragon.", "and Spyro: Year of the Dragon. The franchise shifted over to Universal for the fourth title, Spyro: Enter the Dragonfly, which would be Copeland's last outing with the series. While the soundtracks never saw commercial release, the limited edition of the fourth game came packaged with a bonus CD, containing unused tracks.", "While the soundtracks never saw commercial release, the limited edition of the fourth game came packaged with a bonus CD, containing unused tracks. The soundtracks were very well received, and one track would later appear on the 2007 compilation album The Stewart Copeland Anthology. Copeland composed a new title theme for Spyro Reignited Trilogy.", "Copeland composed a new title theme for Spyro Reignited Trilogy. This period also saw Copeland compose the soundtrack for Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare, his only video game soundtrack outside of the Spyro franchise to date.", "This period also saw Copeland compose the soundtrack for Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare, his only video game soundtrack outside of the Spyro franchise to date. In 2000, he combined with Les Claypool of Primus (with whom he produced a track on the Primus album Antipop) and Trey Anastasio of Phish to create the band Oysterhead.", "In 2000, he combined with Les Claypool of Primus (with whom he produced a track on the Primus album Antipop) and Trey Anastasio of Phish to create the band Oysterhead. That same year, he was approached by director Adam Collis to assemble the score for the film Sunset Strip.", "That same year, he was approached by director Adam Collis to assemble the score for the film Sunset Strip. Collaborations (2002–2006) In 2002, Copeland was hired by Ray Manzarek and Robby Krieger of the Doors to play with them for a new album and tour, but after an injury sidelined Copeland, the arrangement ended in reciprocal lawsuits.", "Collaborations (2002–2006) In 2002, Copeland was hired by Ray Manzarek and Robby Krieger of the Doors to play with them for a new album and tour, but after an injury sidelined Copeland, the arrangement ended in reciprocal lawsuits. In 2005, Copeland released \"Orchestralli\", a live recording of chamber ensemble music which he had composed during a short tour of Italy in 2002.", "In 2005, Copeland released \"Orchestralli\", a live recording of chamber ensemble music which he had composed during a short tour of Italy in 2002. Also in 2005, Copeland started Gizmo, a new project with avant-garde guitarist David Fiuczynski, multi-instrumentalist Vittorio Cosma, singer Raiz and bassist Max Gazzè.", "Also in 2005, Copeland started Gizmo, a new project with avant-garde guitarist David Fiuczynski, multi-instrumentalist Vittorio Cosma, singer Raiz and bassist Max Gazzè. The band made their U.S debut on September 16, 2006, at the Modern Drummer Drum Festival.", "The band made their U.S debut on September 16, 2006, at the Modern Drummer Drum Festival. In January 2006, Copeland premiered his film about the Police called Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out at the Sundance Film Festival.", "In January 2006, Copeland premiered his film about the Police called Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out at the Sundance Film Festival. In February and March, he appeared as one of the judges on the BBC television show Just the Two of Us (a role he later reprised for a second series in January 2007).", "In February and March, he appeared as one of the judges on the BBC television show Just the Two of Us (a role he later reprised for a second series in January 2007). The Police reunion (2007–2008) At the 2007 Grammy Awards, Copeland, Andy Summers and Sting performed the song \"Roxanne\" together again as the Police.", "The Police reunion (2007–2008) At the 2007 Grammy Awards, Copeland, Andy Summers and Sting performed the song \"Roxanne\" together again as the Police. This marked the band's first public performance since 1986 (they had previously reunited only for an improvised set at Sting's wedding party in 1992 and for their induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2003).", "This marked the band's first public performance since 1986 (they had previously reunited only for an improvised set at Sting's wedding party in 1992 and for their induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2003). One day later, the band announced that in celebration of the Police's 30th anniversary, they would be embarking on what turned out to be a one-off reunion tour on May 28, 2007.", "One day later, the band announced that in celebration of the Police's 30th anniversary, they would be embarking on what turned out to be a one-off reunion tour on May 28, 2007. During the tour, Copeland also released his compilation album The Stewart Copeland Anthology, which was composed of his independent work.", "During the tour, Copeland also released his compilation album The Stewart Copeland Anthology, which was composed of his independent work. In 2007, the French government appointed Copeland (along with Police bandmates Summers and Sting) a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.", "In 2007, the French government appointed Copeland (along with Police bandmates Summers and Sting) a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. The group performed 151 dates across five continents, concluding with a final show in August 2008 at Madison Square Garden, New York.", "The group performed 151 dates across five continents, concluding with a final show in August 2008 at Madison Square Garden, New York. Projects (2008–present) In 2008, RIM commissioned Copeland to write a \"soundtrack\" for the BlackBerry Bold smart phone.", "Projects (2008–present) In 2008, RIM commissioned Copeland to write a \"soundtrack\" for the BlackBerry Bold smart phone. He created a highly percussive theme of one minute's length from which he evolved six ringtones and a softer 'alarm tone' that are preloaded on the device.", "He created a highly percussive theme of one minute's length from which he evolved six ringtones and a softer 'alarm tone' that are preloaded on the device. In March 2008, he premiered his orchestral composition \"Celeste\" at \"An Evening with Stewart Copeland\", part of the Savannah Music Festival.", "In March 2008, he premiered his orchestral composition \"Celeste\" at \"An Evening with Stewart Copeland\", part of the Savannah Music Festival. The performance featured classical violinist Daniel Hope. His appearance at Savannah included a screening of Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out and a question and answer session.", "His appearance at Savannah included a screening of Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out and a question and answer session. Also in 2008, he was commissioned by the Dallas Symphony Orchestra to create a percussion piece involving primarily Indonesian instruments.", "Also in 2008, he was commissioned by the Dallas Symphony Orchestra to create a percussion piece involving primarily Indonesian instruments. \"Gamelan D'Drum\" was first performed in Dallas on February 5, 2012, and had its European Premiere at the Royal Academy of Music in London in July 2012.", "\"Gamelan D'Drum\" was first performed in Dallas on February 5, 2012, and had its European Premiere at the Royal Academy of Music in London in July 2012. On August 21, 2009, at SummerFest 2009, Copeland unveiled the composition \"Retail Therapy\", which was commissioned by the Music Society.", "On August 21, 2009, at SummerFest 2009, Copeland unveiled the composition \"Retail Therapy\", which was commissioned by the Music Society. He performed three more original works: \"Kaya\", \"Celeste\", and \"Gene Pool\", the last accompanied by San Diego-based percussion ensemble red fish blue fish.", "He performed three more original works: \"Kaya\", \"Celeste\", and \"Gene Pool\", the last accompanied by San Diego-based percussion ensemble red fish blue fish. He attended a composer's roundtable and a question and answer discussion in conjunction with the festival.", "He attended a composer's roundtable and a question and answer discussion in conjunction with the festival. Copeland wrote the score for a theatrical presentation of Ben-Hur, which premiered on September 17, 2009, at the O2 Arena in London. He provided English-language narration of the production, which is performed in Latin and Aramaic.", "He provided English-language narration of the production, which is performed in Latin and Aramaic. His memoir Strange Things Happen: A Life with The Police, Polo, and Pygmies was released by Harper Collins in September 2009. The book chronicles events in his life from childhood through his work with the Police and to the present.", "The book chronicles events in his life from childhood through his work with the Police and to the present. In October 2009, he was a guest on Private Passions, the biographical music discussion program on BBC Radio 3. On May 24, 2011, he started a YouTube channel devoted to his videos and project updates.", "On May 24, 2011, he started a YouTube channel devoted to his videos and project updates. On this channel, he uploads performances with various musicians, including Primus, Andy Summers, Jeff Lynne, Snoop Dogg, and others in his home studio, which he refers to as the Sacred Grove.", "On this channel, he uploads performances with various musicians, including Primus, Andy Summers, Jeff Lynne, Snoop Dogg, and others in his home studio, which he refers to as the Sacred Grove. On August 24, 2011, he was a featured soloist on the Late Show with David Letterman, as part of their second \"Drum Solo Week\".", "On August 24, 2011, he was a featured soloist on the Late Show with David Letterman, as part of their second \"Drum Solo Week\". On January 10, 2012, he appeared on an episode of the A&E reality series Storage Wars to appraise a drum set for Barry Weiss, buying a Turkish cymbal from the set for $40.", "On January 10, 2012, he appeared on an episode of the A&E reality series Storage Wars to appraise a drum set for Barry Weiss, buying a Turkish cymbal from the set for $40. In July he reunited with former Animal Logic bandmate Stanley Clarke for a European tour.", "In July he reunited with former Animal Logic bandmate Stanley Clarke for a European tour. In May 2013, he and the Long Beach Opera premiered The Tale Tell Heart, an opera based on the short story by Edgar Allan Poe. On November 26, 2013, he appeared in the first episode of The Tim Ferriss Experiment.", "On November 26, 2013, he appeared in the first episode of The Tim Ferriss Experiment. In 2017, he formed the supergroup Gizmodrome with Adrian Belew, Vittorio Cosma, and Mark King and released an album of the same name.", "In 2017, he formed the supergroup Gizmodrome with Adrian Belew, Vittorio Cosma, and Mark King and released an album of the same name. On September 5, 2021, the opera Electric Saint about the life of Nikola Tesla by Copeland with libretto by Jonathan Moore premiered at the National Theater of Weimar.", "On September 5, 2021, the opera Electric Saint about the life of Nikola Tesla by Copeland with libretto by Jonathan Moore premiered at the National Theater of Weimar. Personal life Copeland grew up in Beirut. In 1974, he became romantically involved with Curved Air vocalist Sonja Kristina; they were married from 1982 to 1991.", "In 1974, he became romantically involved with Curved Air vocalist Sonja Kristina; they were married from 1982 to 1991. He adopted her son Sven from a previous relationship, and they had two sons of their own named Jordan and Scott.", "He adopted her son Sven from a previous relationship, and they had two sons of their own named Jordan and Scott. In 1981, he fathered a son named Patrick with Marina Guinness, the daughter of Irish author Desmond Guinness.", "In 1981, he fathered a son named Patrick with Marina Guinness, the daughter of Irish author Desmond Guinness. He currently lives in Los Angeles with his second wife, Fiona Dent, with whom he has three children named Eve, Grace, and Celeste.", "He currently lives in Los Angeles with his second wife, Fiona Dent, with whom he has three children named Eve, Grace, and Celeste. Copeland's hobbies include rollerskating, cycling along the beach in Santa Monica, California, filmmaking, and playing polo.", "Copeland's hobbies include rollerskating, cycling along the beach in Santa Monica, California, filmmaking, and playing polo. He is also active on his YouTube channel, where he uploads videos of himself and other musicians during jam sessions in his studio, the Sacred Grove.", "He is also active on his YouTube channel, where he uploads videos of himself and other musicians during jam sessions in his studio, the Sacred Grove. Drumming style Copeland grew up listening to a combination of Lebanese music, rock and roll, jazz, and reggae, but he selected from these styles what he needed rather than imitating them.", "Drumming style Copeland grew up listening to a combination of Lebanese music, rock and roll, jazz, and reggae, but he selected from these styles what he needed rather than imitating them. In the 1980s, when many musicians were looking for bigger sound from bigger drums, he added Octobans.", "In the 1980s, when many musicians were looking for bigger sound from bigger drums, he added Octobans. Invented by Tama Drums in 1978, Octobans consisted of eight six-inch drums in the shape of narrow tubes. He used another innovation, a splash cymbal based on a toy that he owned and that he helped Paiste design.", "He used another innovation, a splash cymbal based on a toy that he owned and that he helped Paiste design. He relied heavily on his 13\" hi-hats. Despite being left-handed, Copeland plays a right-handed drum kit, placing the hi-hats on his left and ride cymbal and floor toms on his right.", "Despite being left-handed, Copeland plays a right-handed drum kit, placing the hi-hats on his left and ride cymbal and floor toms on his right. He uses a wide dynamic range and demonstrates a proficiency of jazz-style articulation in his snare drum playing, interspersing strong back-beats with soft rim comping.", "He uses a wide dynamic range and demonstrates a proficiency of jazz-style articulation in his snare drum playing, interspersing strong back-beats with soft rim comping. During his years with the Police, he became known for engaging only the hi-hat with the bass drum to keep the beat.", "During his years with the Police, he became known for engaging only the hi-hat with the bass drum to keep the beat. In an interview with Modern Drummer, Copeland has cited Mitch Mitchell of the Jimi Hendrix Experience as a prime musical influence.", "In an interview with Modern Drummer, Copeland has cited Mitch Mitchell of the Jimi Hendrix Experience as a prime musical influence. He states that as a child, whenever he had a song or melody pop in his head, he would walk around wondering how Mitch Mitchell would drum to that particular tune.", "He states that as a child, whenever he had a song or melody pop in his head, he would walk around wondering how Mitch Mitchell would drum to that particular tune. He also named Sandy Nelson and Ginger Baker as other fundamental influences in the youth years.", "He also named Sandy Nelson and Ginger Baker as other fundamental influences in the youth years. He has stated that due to his 'enforced listening' of Buddy Rich, he considers himself 'allergic to jazz.' He is noted for his strong emphasis on the groove as a complement to the song, rather than as its core component.", "He is noted for his strong emphasis on the groove as a complement to the song, rather than as its core component. He once drove this point home at a drum clinic: Copeland announced that he would show the audience something \"that very few modern drummers can do\" and proceeded to play a simple rock beat for two minutes.", "He once drove this point home at a drum clinic: Copeland announced that he would show the audience something \"that very few modern drummers can do\" and proceeded to play a simple rock beat for two minutes. Nonetheless, his playing often incorporates spectacular fills and subtle inflections which greatly augment the groove.", "Nonetheless, his playing often incorporates spectacular fills and subtle inflections which greatly augment the groove. Compared to most of his 1980s contemporaries, his snare sound was bright and cutting. He is also one of the few rock drummers to use traditional grip rather than matched grip. He is also noted for syncopation in his drumming.", "He is also noted for syncopation in his drumming. Equipment Copeland's equipment includes Tama drums, Paiste cymbals, Remo drum heads, and Vater signature drum sticks.", "Equipment Copeland's equipment includes Tama drums, Paiste cymbals, Remo drum heads, and Vater signature drum sticks. Original live kit set-up (1984) Tama Imperialstar Mahogany Drums (9-ply) and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Midnight Blue 10x8\" Rack Tom 12x8\" Rack Tom 13x9\" Rack Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 14x5\" Pearl Chrome over Brass Snare 22x14\" Bass Drum Tama Octobans Low Pitch (x4) Cowbell Wood Blocks Cymbals – Paiste 13\" Formula 602 Medium Hi-Hats 16\" 2002 Crash 8\" 2002 Bell 7.5 Ufip Ictus Bell 8\" 2002 Splash (x2) 11\" 2002 Splash 14\" (or 16\") Rude Crash/Ride 16\" (or 18\") Rude Crash/Ride 18\" 2002 Medium 24\" Rude Ride/Crash 20\" 2002 China Simmons (x2) Pads (to his left) Assorted Percussion Stewart also used Calato Regal Tip Rock Wood Tipped Drumsticks The Police Reunion (2007–2008) tour kit Tama Starclassic Maple Drums and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Custom Police Blue Sparkle Maple Wood 10x8\" Tom 12x8\" Tom (To the left of his snare drum) 13x9\" Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 18x16\" Floor Tom 20x14\" Tama Gong Drum 22x18\" Bass Drum 14x5\" Tama SC145 Stewart Copeland Signature Snare Tama Custom Police Blue Sparkle Octobans (x4) (custom made for Copeland) Cymbals – Paiste 12\" Prototype Micro Hi-Hats 16\" Signature Full Crash 17\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Full Crash 18\" 2002 Flat Ride (prototype) 22\" Signature Blue Bell Ride 10\" Signature Splash 8\" Signature Bell 8\" Signature Prototype Splash Assorted percussion Stewart also uses his own Vater Stewart Copeland Standard Sticks.", "Original live kit set-up (1984) Tama Imperialstar Mahogany Drums (9-ply) and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Midnight Blue 10x8\" Rack Tom 12x8\" Rack Tom 13x9\" Rack Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 14x5\" Pearl Chrome over Brass Snare 22x14\" Bass Drum Tama Octobans Low Pitch (x4) Cowbell Wood Blocks Cymbals – Paiste 13\" Formula 602 Medium Hi-Hats 16\" 2002 Crash 8\" 2002 Bell 7.5 Ufip Ictus Bell 8\" 2002 Splash (x2) 11\" 2002 Splash 14\" (or 16\") Rude Crash/Ride 16\" (or 18\") Rude Crash/Ride 18\" 2002 Medium 24\" Rude Ride/Crash 20\" 2002 China Simmons (x2) Pads (to his left) Assorted Percussion Stewart also used Calato Regal Tip Rock Wood Tipped Drumsticks The Police Reunion (2007–2008) tour kit Tama Starclassic Maple Drums and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Custom Police Blue Sparkle Maple Wood 10x8\" Tom 12x8\" Tom (To the left of his snare drum) 13x9\" Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 18x16\" Floor Tom 20x14\" Tama Gong Drum 22x18\" Bass Drum 14x5\" Tama SC145 Stewart Copeland Signature Snare Tama Custom Police Blue Sparkle Octobans (x4) (custom made for Copeland) Cymbals – Paiste 12\" Prototype Micro Hi-Hats 16\" Signature Full Crash 17\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Full Crash 18\" 2002 Flat Ride (prototype) 22\" Signature Blue Bell Ride 10\" Signature Splash 8\" Signature Bell 8\" Signature Prototype Splash Assorted percussion Stewart also uses his own Vater Stewart Copeland Standard Sticks. Discography Studio albums Film scores TV series Video games See also List of drummers Membranophone (list of drums) References External links Copeland's official site 1952 births Living people A&M Records artists American expatriates in Egypt American expatriates in Lebanon American expatriates in the United Kingdom American film score composers American male film score composers American people of Scottish descent American rock drummers The Police members Curved Air members People educated at Millfield Musicians from Alexandria, Virginia Musicians from Beirut Video game composers United States International University alumni Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres 20th-century American drummers American male drummers Copeland family Oysterhead members Gizmodrome members Strontium 90 (band) members" ]

[ "Stewart Copeland", "Solo projects and movie soundtracks (1987-1998)", "Did Copeland release any solo albums?", "I don't know.", "What movie soundtracks did Copeland perform on?", "Copeland established a career composing soundtracks for movies (", "What movie soundtracks did Copeland compose?", "Airborne, Talk Radio, Wall Street, Riff Raff, Raining Stones, Surviving the Game, See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Highlander II:", "Were there other movies?", "The Leopard Son, She's Having a Baby, The First Power, Fresh, Taking Care of Business, West Beirut, I am David, Good Burger),", "Did Copeland compose anything else?", "television (The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, Star Wars: Droids, the pilot for Babylon 5 (1993), Nickelodeon's The Amanda Show, The Life and Times of Juniper Lee", "Did he compose for anything besides movies and TV?", "operas (Holy Blood and Crescent Moon, commissioned by Cleveland Opera) and ballets (" ]

[ "The Cage is a ballet made by New York City Ballet ballet master Jerome Robbins to Stravinsky's Concerto in D for string orchestra, also known as the \"Basel Concerto\", which he was commissioned to compose on the twentieth anniversary of the chamber orchestra Basler Kammerorchester; it notably shifts between D major and minor. The premiere took place on Sunday, 10 June 1951 at the City Center of Music and Drama, New York, with décor by Jean Rosenthal, costumes by Ruth Sobatka and lighting by Jennifer Tipton. It was danced as part of City Ballet's 1982 Stravinsky Centennial Celebration.\n\nCast\n\nOriginal \n\n \nNora Kaye\nYvonne Mounsey\n \nNicholas Magallanes\nMichael Maule\n\nNotes\n\nReferences \nRepertory Week, NYCB, Spring season, 2008 repertory, week 7\n\nReviews\n\n \nNY Times, John Martin, June 15, 1951 \nNY Times, Anna Kisselgoff, November 20, 1979 \n \nNY Times, Jack Anderson, February 5, 1982 \nNY Times, Jennifer Dunning, June 23, 2003 \n\nBallets by Jerome Robbins\nBallets to the music of Igor Stravinsky\n1951 ballet premieres\nBallets designed by Jennifer Tipton\nBallets designed by Jean Rosenthal\nNew York City Ballet repertory", "L'éventail de Jeanne (Jean's Fan) is a children's ballet choreographed in 1927 by Alice Bourgat and Yvonne Franck.\n\nThe music is a collaborative work by ten French composers, each of whom contributed a stylised dance in classic form:\n Maurice Ravel (Fanfare)\n Pierre-Octave Ferroud (Marche)\n Jacques Ibert (Valse)\n Alexis Roland-Manuel (Canarie)\n Marcel Delannoy (Bourrée)\n Albert Roussel (Sarabande)\n Darius Milhaud (Polka)\n Francis Poulenc (Pastourelle)\n Georges Auric (Rondeau)\n Florent Schmitt (Finale: Kermesse-Valse)\n\n\"Jeanne\" refers to a Parisian hostess and patroness of the arts, Jeanne Dubost, who ran a children’s ballet school. In the spring of 1927 she presented ten of her composer friends with leaves from her fan, asking each of them to write a little dance for her pupils. The children were dressed in fairytale costumes and the décor was enlivened by a set designed with mirrors.\n\nIt was produced in private at Jeanne Dubost’s Paris salon on 16 June 1927, with Maurice Ravel playing a piano transcription of the music. It had its public premiere at the Paris Opera on 4 March 1929, with the ten-year-old Tamara Toumanova dancing the lead role. This was the first performance of Darius Milhaud's music there and he was so annoyed to debut with a trifling work that he boycotted the performance.\n\nExcerpts have been recorded, particularly Ravel’s Fanfare and Poulenc’s Pastourelle. The first complete recording was made in 1984 by the Philharmonia Orchestra led by Geoffrey Simon.\n\nReferences\n Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 5th ed.\n What’s What in Titles of Classical Music – and Beyond\n The Music of Albert Roussel\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\nVideo - Darius Milhaud - L'éventail de Jeanne (30:00).\n\nBallets by Maurice Ravel\nBallets by Francis Poulenc\nBallets by Jacques Ibert\nBallets by Darius Milhaud\nBallets by Albert Roussel\nBallets by Florent Schmitt\nBallets by Georges Auric\nBallets by Alice Bourgat\nBallets by Yvonne Franck\n1927 ballet premieres\n1927 compositions\nCollaborations in classical music" ]

[ "Stewart Armstrong Copeland (born July 16, 1952) is an American musician and composer. He rose to prominence as the drummer of the British rock band The Police. He has also produced many film and video game soundtracks and written various pieces of music for ballet, opera, and orchestra.", "He has also produced many film and video game soundtracks and written various pieces of music for ballet, opera, and orchestra. His composing work includes the films Wall Street (1987), Good Burger (1997), and We Are Your Friends (2015); the television series The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, and The Amanda Show; and the video games Alone in the Dark 4 and the Spyro series.", "His composing work includes the films Wall Street (1987), Good Burger (1997), and We Are Your Friends (2015); the television series The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, and The Amanda Show; and the video games Alone in the Dark 4 and the Spyro series. According to MusicRadar, Copeland's \"distinctive drum sound and uniqueness of style has made him one of the most popular drummers to ever get behind a drumset\".", "According to MusicRadar, Copeland's \"distinctive drum sound and uniqueness of style has made him one of the most popular drummers to ever get behind a drumset\". He was ranked the 10th best drummer of all time by Rolling Stone in 2016.", "He was ranked the 10th best drummer of all time by Rolling Stone in 2016. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Police in 2003, the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 2005, and the Classic Drummer Hall of Fame in 2013.", "He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Police in 2003, the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 2005, and the Classic Drummer Hall of Fame in 2013. Early life Stewart Armstrong Copeland was born in Alexandria, Virginia, on July 16, 1952, the youngest of four children of Scottish archaeologist Lorraine Adie and Alabama-born CIA officer Miles Copeland Jr.", "Early life Stewart Armstrong Copeland was born in Alexandria, Virginia, on July 16, 1952, the youngest of four children of Scottish archaeologist Lorraine Adie and Alabama-born CIA officer Miles Copeland Jr. According to his 1989 biography and files released by the CIA in 2008, his father was a founding member of the OSS and the CIA.", "According to his 1989 biography and files released by the CIA in 2008, his father was a founding member of the OSS and the CIA. The family moved to Cairo a few months after Copeland's birth. When he was five years old, the family moved to Beirut, where he attended the American Community School.", "When he was five years old, the family moved to Beirut, where he attended the American Community School. He started taking drum lessons at age 12 and was playing drums for school dances within a year. He later moved to England, attending the American School in London and Millfield boarding school in Somerset from 1967 to 1969.", "He later moved to England, attending the American School in London and Millfield boarding school in Somerset from 1967 to 1969. He went to college in California, enrolling at Alliant International University and the University of California, Berkeley. His eldest brother, Miles Copeland III, founded I.R.S. Records and became the manager of the Police.", "Records and became the manager of the Police. He has also overseen Copeland's interests in other music projects. His other brother, the late Ian Copeland, was a pioneering booking agent who represented the Police and many others.", "His other brother, the late Ian Copeland, was a pioneering booking agent who represented the Police and many others. Career Curved Air (1975–1976) Returning to England, Copeland worked as road manager for the progressive rock band Curved Air's 1974 reunion tour, and then as drummer for the band during 1975 and 1976.", "Career Curved Air (1975–1976) Returning to England, Copeland worked as road manager for the progressive rock band Curved Air's 1974 reunion tour, and then as drummer for the band during 1975 and 1976. The band kicked off with a European tour, which started poorly.", "The band kicked off with a European tour, which started poorly. Band leader Darryl Way, a notorious perfectionist, grew impatient with the struggling of his bandmates, especially novice drummer Copeland.", "Band leader Darryl Way, a notorious perfectionist, grew impatient with the struggling of his bandmates, especially novice drummer Copeland. Then, for reasons no one could pinpoint, the musicians suddenly \"clicked\" with each other and the band caught fire, quickly becoming a popular and acclaimed live act.", "Then, for reasons no one could pinpoint, the musicians suddenly \"clicked\" with each other and the band caught fire, quickly becoming a popular and acclaimed live act. The Police (1977–1986) In early 1977, Copeland founded the Police with lead singer-bass guitarist Sting and guitarist Henry Padovani (who was soon replaced by Andy Summers), and they became one of the top bands of the late 1970s and early 1980s.", "The Police (1977–1986) In early 1977, Copeland founded the Police with lead singer-bass guitarist Sting and guitarist Henry Padovani (who was soon replaced by Andy Summers), and they became one of the top bands of the late 1970s and early 1980s. Copeland was the youngest member of the band.", "Copeland was the youngest member of the band. The Police's early track list (before their album debut) was largely Copeland compositions, including the band's first single \"Fall Out\" (Illegal Records, 1977) and the B-side \"Nothing Achieving\".", "The Police's early track list (before their album debut) was largely Copeland compositions, including the band's first single \"Fall Out\" (Illegal Records, 1977) and the B-side \"Nothing Achieving\". Though Copeland's songwriting contribution was reduced to a couple of songs per album as Sting started writing more material, he continued to co-arrange all the Police's songs together with his two bandmates.", "Though Copeland's songwriting contribution was reduced to a couple of songs per album as Sting started writing more material, he continued to co-arrange all the Police's songs together with his two bandmates. Amongst Copeland's most notable songs are \"On Any Other Day\" (where he also sang lead vocals), \"Does Everyone Stare\" (later to be used as the title of his documentary on the band Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out), \"Contact\", \"Bombs Away\", \"Darkness\" and \"Miss Gradenko\".", "Amongst Copeland's most notable songs are \"On Any Other Day\" (where he also sang lead vocals), \"Does Everyone Stare\" (later to be used as the title of his documentary on the band Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out), \"Contact\", \"Bombs Away\", \"Darkness\" and \"Miss Gradenko\". Copeland also co-wrote a number of songs with Sting, including \"Peanuts\", \"Landlord\", \"It's Alright for You\" and \"Re-Humanize Yourself\".", "Copeland also co-wrote a number of songs with Sting, including \"Peanuts\", \"Landlord\", \"It's Alright for You\" and \"Re-Humanize Yourself\". Copeland also recorded under the pseudonym Klark Kent, releasing several UK singles in 1978 with one (\"Don't Care\") entering the UK Singles Chart that year, along with an eponymous 10-inch album on green vinyl released in 1980.", "Copeland also recorded under the pseudonym Klark Kent, releasing several UK singles in 1978 with one (\"Don't Care\") entering the UK Singles Chart that year, along with an eponymous 10-inch album on green vinyl released in 1980. Recording at Nigel Gray's Surrey Sound Studio, Copeland played all the instruments and sang the lead vocals himself.", "Recording at Nigel Gray's Surrey Sound Studio, Copeland played all the instruments and sang the lead vocals himself. Kent's \"Don't Care\", which peaked at No.", "Kent's \"Don't Care\", which peaked at No. 48 UK in August 1978, actually predates the first chart single by the Police by several months (\"Can't Stand Losing You\", issued in October 1978) as \"Don't Care\" was released in early June 1978.", "48 UK in August 1978, actually predates the first chart single by the Police by several months (\"Can't Stand Losing You\", issued in October 1978) as \"Don't Care\" was released in early June 1978. In 1982, Copeland was involved in the production of a WOMAD benefit album called Music and Rhythm.", "In 1982, Copeland was involved in the production of a WOMAD benefit album called Music and Rhythm. Copeland's score for Rumble Fish secured him a Golden Globe nomination in 1983.", "Copeland's score for Rumble Fish secured him a Golden Globe nomination in 1983. The film, directed and produced by Francis Ford Coppola from the S. E. Hinton novel, also had a song released to radio on A&M Records \"Don't Box Me In\" (UK Singles Chart n. 91)—a collaboration between Copeland and singer-songwriter Stan Ridgway, leader of the band Wall of Voodoo—that received significant airplay upon release of the film that year.", "The film, directed and produced by Francis Ford Coppola from the S. E. Hinton novel, also had a song released to radio on A&M Records \"Don't Box Me In\" (UK Singles Chart n. 91)—a collaboration between Copeland and singer-songwriter Stan Ridgway, leader of the band Wall of Voodoo—that received significant airplay upon release of the film that year. The Rhythmatist record of 1985 was the result of a pilgrimage to Africa and its people, and it features local drums and percussion, with more drums, percussion, other musical instruments and occasional lead vocals added by Copeland.", "The Rhythmatist record of 1985 was the result of a pilgrimage to Africa and its people, and it features local drums and percussion, with more drums, percussion, other musical instruments and occasional lead vocals added by Copeland. The album was the official soundtrack to the movie of the same name, which was co-written by Stewart.", "The album was the official soundtrack to the movie of the same name, which was co-written by Stewart. Copeland is seen in the film playing the drums in a cage with lions surrounding him. The band attempted a reunion in 1986, but the project fell apart.", "The band attempted a reunion in 1986, but the project fell apart. Solo projects and movie soundtracks (1987–1998) After the Police disbanded, Copeland established a career composing soundtracks for movies (Airborne, Talk Radio, Wall Street, Riff Raff, Raining Stones, Surviving the Game, See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Highlander II: The Quickening, She's Having a Baby, The First Power, Fresh, Taking Care of Business, West Beirut, I am David, Riding the Bus with My Sister, Good Burger), television (The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, Star Wars: Droids, the pilot for Babylon 5 (1993), Nickelodeon's The Amanda Show, The Life and Times of Juniper Lee), operas (Holy Blood and Crescent Moon, commissioned by Cleveland Opera) and ballets (Prey' Ballet Oklahoma, Casque of Amontillado, Noah's Ark/Solcheeka, commissioned by the Seattle Symphony Orchestra, King Lear, commissioned by the San Francisco Ballet Company, Emilio).", "Solo projects and movie soundtracks (1987–1998) After the Police disbanded, Copeland established a career composing soundtracks for movies (Airborne, Talk Radio, Wall Street, Riff Raff, Raining Stones, Surviving the Game, See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Highlander II: The Quickening, She's Having a Baby, The First Power, Fresh, Taking Care of Business, West Beirut, I am David, Riding the Bus with My Sister, Good Burger), television (The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, Star Wars: Droids, the pilot for Babylon 5 (1993), Nickelodeon's The Amanda Show, The Life and Times of Juniper Lee), operas (Holy Blood and Crescent Moon, commissioned by Cleveland Opera) and ballets (Prey' Ballet Oklahoma, Casque of Amontillado, Noah's Ark/Solcheeka, commissioned by the Seattle Symphony Orchestra, King Lear, commissioned by the San Francisco Ballet Company, Emilio). In 1996, Copeland provided the score for The Leopard Son, Discovery Channel's its first commercially released full-length feature film, made by wildlife filmmaker Hugo van Lawick.", "In 1996, Copeland provided the score for The Leopard Son, Discovery Channel's its first commercially released full-length feature film, made by wildlife filmmaker Hugo van Lawick. Copeland also occasionally played drums for other artists.", "Copeland also occasionally played drums for other artists. Peter Gabriel employed Copeland to perform on his song \"Red Rain\" from his 1986 album So because of his \"hi-hat mastery\". He has also performed with Mike Rutherford and Tom Waits.", "He has also performed with Mike Rutherford and Tom Waits. That year he also teamed with Adam Ant to record the title track and video for the Anthony Michael Hall movie Out of Bounds. In 1989, Copeland formed Animal Logic with jazz bassist Stanley Clarke and singer-songwriter Deborah Holland.", "In 1989, Copeland formed Animal Logic with jazz bassist Stanley Clarke and singer-songwriter Deborah Holland. The trio had success with their first album and world tour but the follow-up recording sold poorly, and the band did not continue.", "The trio had success with their first album and world tour but the follow-up recording sold poorly, and the band did not continue. In 1993 he composed the music for Channel 4's Horse Opera and director Bob Baldwin, and in 1999, he provided the voice of an additional American soldier in the animated musical comedy war film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999).", "In 1993 he composed the music for Channel 4's Horse Opera and director Bob Baldwin, and in 1999, he provided the voice of an additional American soldier in the animated musical comedy war film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999). Spyro the Dragon soundtracks (1998–2002, 2018) He was commissioned by Insomniac Games in 1998 to make the musical score for the hit PlayStation game Spyro the Dragon.", "Spyro the Dragon soundtracks (1998–2002, 2018) He was commissioned by Insomniac Games in 1998 to make the musical score for the hit PlayStation game Spyro the Dragon. Copeland would play through the levels first to get a feel for each one before composing the soundtrack.", "Copeland would play through the levels first to get a feel for each one before composing the soundtrack. He also stayed with the project to create the musical scores for the remaining Insomniac sequels Spyro 2: Ripto's Rage! and Spyro: Year of the Dragon.", "and Spyro: Year of the Dragon. The franchise shifted over to Universal for the fourth title, Spyro: Enter the Dragonfly, which would be Copeland's last outing with the series. While the soundtracks never saw commercial release, the limited edition of the fourth game came packaged with a bonus CD, containing unused tracks.", "While the soundtracks never saw commercial release, the limited edition of the fourth game came packaged with a bonus CD, containing unused tracks. The soundtracks were very well received, and one track would later appear on the 2007 compilation album The Stewart Copeland Anthology. Copeland composed a new title theme for Spyro Reignited Trilogy.", "Copeland composed a new title theme for Spyro Reignited Trilogy. This period also saw Copeland compose the soundtrack for Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare, his only video game soundtrack outside of the Spyro franchise to date.", "This period also saw Copeland compose the soundtrack for Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare, his only video game soundtrack outside of the Spyro franchise to date. In 2000, he combined with Les Claypool of Primus (with whom he produced a track on the Primus album Antipop) and Trey Anastasio of Phish to create the band Oysterhead.", "In 2000, he combined with Les Claypool of Primus (with whom he produced a track on the Primus album Antipop) and Trey Anastasio of Phish to create the band Oysterhead. That same year, he was approached by director Adam Collis to assemble the score for the film Sunset Strip.", "That same year, he was approached by director Adam Collis to assemble the score for the film Sunset Strip. Collaborations (2002–2006) In 2002, Copeland was hired by Ray Manzarek and Robby Krieger of the Doors to play with them for a new album and tour, but after an injury sidelined Copeland, the arrangement ended in reciprocal lawsuits.", "Collaborations (2002–2006) In 2002, Copeland was hired by Ray Manzarek and Robby Krieger of the Doors to play with them for a new album and tour, but after an injury sidelined Copeland, the arrangement ended in reciprocal lawsuits. In 2005, Copeland released \"Orchestralli\", a live recording of chamber ensemble music which he had composed during a short tour of Italy in 2002.", "In 2005, Copeland released \"Orchestralli\", a live recording of chamber ensemble music which he had composed during a short tour of Italy in 2002. Also in 2005, Copeland started Gizmo, a new project with avant-garde guitarist David Fiuczynski, multi-instrumentalist Vittorio Cosma, singer Raiz and bassist Max Gazzè.", "Also in 2005, Copeland started Gizmo, a new project with avant-garde guitarist David Fiuczynski, multi-instrumentalist Vittorio Cosma, singer Raiz and bassist Max Gazzè. The band made their U.S debut on September 16, 2006, at the Modern Drummer Drum Festival.", "The band made their U.S debut on September 16, 2006, at the Modern Drummer Drum Festival. In January 2006, Copeland premiered his film about the Police called Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out at the Sundance Film Festival.", "In January 2006, Copeland premiered his film about the Police called Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out at the Sundance Film Festival. In February and March, he appeared as one of the judges on the BBC television show Just the Two of Us (a role he later reprised for a second series in January 2007).", "In February and March, he appeared as one of the judges on the BBC television show Just the Two of Us (a role he later reprised for a second series in January 2007). The Police reunion (2007–2008) At the 2007 Grammy Awards, Copeland, Andy Summers and Sting performed the song \"Roxanne\" together again as the Police.", "The Police reunion (2007–2008) At the 2007 Grammy Awards, Copeland, Andy Summers and Sting performed the song \"Roxanne\" together again as the Police. This marked the band's first public performance since 1986 (they had previously reunited only for an improvised set at Sting's wedding party in 1992 and for their induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2003).", "This marked the band's first public performance since 1986 (they had previously reunited only for an improvised set at Sting's wedding party in 1992 and for their induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2003). One day later, the band announced that in celebration of the Police's 30th anniversary, they would be embarking on what turned out to be a one-off reunion tour on May 28, 2007.", "One day later, the band announced that in celebration of the Police's 30th anniversary, they would be embarking on what turned out to be a one-off reunion tour on May 28, 2007. During the tour, Copeland also released his compilation album The Stewart Copeland Anthology, which was composed of his independent work.", "During the tour, Copeland also released his compilation album The Stewart Copeland Anthology, which was composed of his independent work. In 2007, the French government appointed Copeland (along with Police bandmates Summers and Sting) a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.", "In 2007, the French government appointed Copeland (along with Police bandmates Summers and Sting) a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. The group performed 151 dates across five continents, concluding with a final show in August 2008 at Madison Square Garden, New York.", "The group performed 151 dates across five continents, concluding with a final show in August 2008 at Madison Square Garden, New York. Projects (2008–present) In 2008, RIM commissioned Copeland to write a \"soundtrack\" for the BlackBerry Bold smart phone.", "Projects (2008–present) In 2008, RIM commissioned Copeland to write a \"soundtrack\" for the BlackBerry Bold smart phone. He created a highly percussive theme of one minute's length from which he evolved six ringtones and a softer 'alarm tone' that are preloaded on the device.", "He created a highly percussive theme of one minute's length from which he evolved six ringtones and a softer 'alarm tone' that are preloaded on the device. In March 2008, he premiered his orchestral composition \"Celeste\" at \"An Evening with Stewart Copeland\", part of the Savannah Music Festival.", "In March 2008, he premiered his orchestral composition \"Celeste\" at \"An Evening with Stewart Copeland\", part of the Savannah Music Festival. The performance featured classical violinist Daniel Hope. His appearance at Savannah included a screening of Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out and a question and answer session.", "His appearance at Savannah included a screening of Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out and a question and answer session. Also in 2008, he was commissioned by the Dallas Symphony Orchestra to create a percussion piece involving primarily Indonesian instruments.", "Also in 2008, he was commissioned by the Dallas Symphony Orchestra to create a percussion piece involving primarily Indonesian instruments. \"Gamelan D'Drum\" was first performed in Dallas on February 5, 2012, and had its European Premiere at the Royal Academy of Music in London in July 2012.", "\"Gamelan D'Drum\" was first performed in Dallas on February 5, 2012, and had its European Premiere at the Royal Academy of Music in London in July 2012. On August 21, 2009, at SummerFest 2009, Copeland unveiled the composition \"Retail Therapy\", which was commissioned by the Music Society.", "On August 21, 2009, at SummerFest 2009, Copeland unveiled the composition \"Retail Therapy\", which was commissioned by the Music Society. He performed three more original works: \"Kaya\", \"Celeste\", and \"Gene Pool\", the last accompanied by San Diego-based percussion ensemble red fish blue fish.", "He performed three more original works: \"Kaya\", \"Celeste\", and \"Gene Pool\", the last accompanied by San Diego-based percussion ensemble red fish blue fish. He attended a composer's roundtable and a question and answer discussion in conjunction with the festival.", "He attended a composer's roundtable and a question and answer discussion in conjunction with the festival. Copeland wrote the score for a theatrical presentation of Ben-Hur, which premiered on September 17, 2009, at the O2 Arena in London. He provided English-language narration of the production, which is performed in Latin and Aramaic.", "He provided English-language narration of the production, which is performed in Latin and Aramaic. His memoir Strange Things Happen: A Life with The Police, Polo, and Pygmies was released by Harper Collins in September 2009. The book chronicles events in his life from childhood through his work with the Police and to the present.", "The book chronicles events in his life from childhood through his work with the Police and to the present. In October 2009, he was a guest on Private Passions, the biographical music discussion program on BBC Radio 3. On May 24, 2011, he started a YouTube channel devoted to his videos and project updates.", "On May 24, 2011, he started a YouTube channel devoted to his videos and project updates. On this channel, he uploads performances with various musicians, including Primus, Andy Summers, Jeff Lynne, Snoop Dogg, and others in his home studio, which he refers to as the Sacred Grove.", "On this channel, he uploads performances with various musicians, including Primus, Andy Summers, Jeff Lynne, Snoop Dogg, and others in his home studio, which he refers to as the Sacred Grove. On August 24, 2011, he was a featured soloist on the Late Show with David Letterman, as part of their second \"Drum Solo Week\".", "On August 24, 2011, he was a featured soloist on the Late Show with David Letterman, as part of their second \"Drum Solo Week\". On January 10, 2012, he appeared on an episode of the A&E reality series Storage Wars to appraise a drum set for Barry Weiss, buying a Turkish cymbal from the set for $40.", "On January 10, 2012, he appeared on an episode of the A&E reality series Storage Wars to appraise a drum set for Barry Weiss, buying a Turkish cymbal from the set for $40. In July he reunited with former Animal Logic bandmate Stanley Clarke for a European tour.", "In July he reunited with former Animal Logic bandmate Stanley Clarke for a European tour. In May 2013, he and the Long Beach Opera premiered The Tale Tell Heart, an opera based on the short story by Edgar Allan Poe. On November 26, 2013, he appeared in the first episode of The Tim Ferriss Experiment.", "On November 26, 2013, he appeared in the first episode of The Tim Ferriss Experiment. In 2017, he formed the supergroup Gizmodrome with Adrian Belew, Vittorio Cosma, and Mark King and released an album of the same name.", "In 2017, he formed the supergroup Gizmodrome with Adrian Belew, Vittorio Cosma, and Mark King and released an album of the same name. On September 5, 2021, the opera Electric Saint about the life of Nikola Tesla by Copeland with libretto by Jonathan Moore premiered at the National Theater of Weimar.", "On September 5, 2021, the opera Electric Saint about the life of Nikola Tesla by Copeland with libretto by Jonathan Moore premiered at the National Theater of Weimar. Personal life Copeland grew up in Beirut. In 1974, he became romantically involved with Curved Air vocalist Sonja Kristina; they were married from 1982 to 1991.", "In 1974, he became romantically involved with Curved Air vocalist Sonja Kristina; they were married from 1982 to 1991. He adopted her son Sven from a previous relationship, and they had two sons of their own named Jordan and Scott.", "He adopted her son Sven from a previous relationship, and they had two sons of their own named Jordan and Scott. In 1981, he fathered a son named Patrick with Marina Guinness, the daughter of Irish author Desmond Guinness.", "In 1981, he fathered a son named Patrick with Marina Guinness, the daughter of Irish author Desmond Guinness. He currently lives in Los Angeles with his second wife, Fiona Dent, with whom he has three children named Eve, Grace, and Celeste.", "He currently lives in Los Angeles with his second wife, Fiona Dent, with whom he has three children named Eve, Grace, and Celeste. Copeland's hobbies include rollerskating, cycling along the beach in Santa Monica, California, filmmaking, and playing polo.", "Copeland's hobbies include rollerskating, cycling along the beach in Santa Monica, California, filmmaking, and playing polo. He is also active on his YouTube channel, where he uploads videos of himself and other musicians during jam sessions in his studio, the Sacred Grove.", "He is also active on his YouTube channel, where he uploads videos of himself and other musicians during jam sessions in his studio, the Sacred Grove. Drumming style Copeland grew up listening to a combination of Lebanese music, rock and roll, jazz, and reggae, but he selected from these styles what he needed rather than imitating them.", "Drumming style Copeland grew up listening to a combination of Lebanese music, rock and roll, jazz, and reggae, but he selected from these styles what he needed rather than imitating them. In the 1980s, when many musicians were looking for bigger sound from bigger drums, he added Octobans.", "In the 1980s, when many musicians were looking for bigger sound from bigger drums, he added Octobans. Invented by Tama Drums in 1978, Octobans consisted of eight six-inch drums in the shape of narrow tubes. He used another innovation, a splash cymbal based on a toy that he owned and that he helped Paiste design.", "He used another innovation, a splash cymbal based on a toy that he owned and that he helped Paiste design. He relied heavily on his 13\" hi-hats. Despite being left-handed, Copeland plays a right-handed drum kit, placing the hi-hats on his left and ride cymbal and floor toms on his right.", "Despite being left-handed, Copeland plays a right-handed drum kit, placing the hi-hats on his left and ride cymbal and floor toms on his right. He uses a wide dynamic range and demonstrates a proficiency of jazz-style articulation in his snare drum playing, interspersing strong back-beats with soft rim comping.", "He uses a wide dynamic range and demonstrates a proficiency of jazz-style articulation in his snare drum playing, interspersing strong back-beats with soft rim comping. During his years with the Police, he became known for engaging only the hi-hat with the bass drum to keep the beat.", "During his years with the Police, he became known for engaging only the hi-hat with the bass drum to keep the beat. In an interview with Modern Drummer, Copeland has cited Mitch Mitchell of the Jimi Hendrix Experience as a prime musical influence.", "In an interview with Modern Drummer, Copeland has cited Mitch Mitchell of the Jimi Hendrix Experience as a prime musical influence. He states that as a child, whenever he had a song or melody pop in his head, he would walk around wondering how Mitch Mitchell would drum to that particular tune.", "He states that as a child, whenever he had a song or melody pop in his head, he would walk around wondering how Mitch Mitchell would drum to that particular tune. He also named Sandy Nelson and Ginger Baker as other fundamental influences in the youth years.", "He also named Sandy Nelson and Ginger Baker as other fundamental influences in the youth years. He has stated that due to his 'enforced listening' of Buddy Rich, he considers himself 'allergic to jazz.' He is noted for his strong emphasis on the groove as a complement to the song, rather than as its core component.", "He is noted for his strong emphasis on the groove as a complement to the song, rather than as its core component. He once drove this point home at a drum clinic: Copeland announced that he would show the audience something \"that very few modern drummers can do\" and proceeded to play a simple rock beat for two minutes.", "He once drove this point home at a drum clinic: Copeland announced that he would show the audience something \"that very few modern drummers can do\" and proceeded to play a simple rock beat for two minutes. Nonetheless, his playing often incorporates spectacular fills and subtle inflections which greatly augment the groove.", "Nonetheless, his playing often incorporates spectacular fills and subtle inflections which greatly augment the groove. Compared to most of his 1980s contemporaries, his snare sound was bright and cutting. He is also one of the few rock drummers to use traditional grip rather than matched grip. He is also noted for syncopation in his drumming.", "He is also noted for syncopation in his drumming. Equipment Copeland's equipment includes Tama drums, Paiste cymbals, Remo drum heads, and Vater signature drum sticks.", "Equipment Copeland's equipment includes Tama drums, Paiste cymbals, Remo drum heads, and Vater signature drum sticks. Original live kit set-up (1984) Tama Imperialstar Mahogany Drums (9-ply) and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Midnight Blue 10x8\" Rack Tom 12x8\" Rack Tom 13x9\" Rack Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 14x5\" Pearl Chrome over Brass Snare 22x14\" Bass Drum Tama Octobans Low Pitch (x4) Cowbell Wood Blocks Cymbals – Paiste 13\" Formula 602 Medium Hi-Hats 16\" 2002 Crash 8\" 2002 Bell 7.5 Ufip Ictus Bell 8\" 2002 Splash (x2) 11\" 2002 Splash 14\" (or 16\") Rude Crash/Ride 16\" (or 18\") Rude Crash/Ride 18\" 2002 Medium 24\" Rude Ride/Crash 20\" 2002 China Simmons (x2) Pads (to his left) Assorted Percussion Stewart also used Calato Regal Tip Rock Wood Tipped Drumsticks The Police Reunion (2007–2008) tour kit Tama Starclassic Maple Drums and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Custom Police Blue Sparkle Maple Wood 10x8\" Tom 12x8\" Tom (To the left of his snare drum) 13x9\" Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 18x16\" Floor Tom 20x14\" Tama Gong Drum 22x18\" Bass Drum 14x5\" Tama SC145 Stewart Copeland Signature Snare Tama Custom Police Blue Sparkle Octobans (x4) (custom made for Copeland) Cymbals – Paiste 12\" Prototype Micro Hi-Hats 16\" Signature Full Crash 17\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Full Crash 18\" 2002 Flat Ride (prototype) 22\" Signature Blue Bell Ride 10\" Signature Splash 8\" Signature Bell 8\" Signature Prototype Splash Assorted percussion Stewart also uses his own Vater Stewart Copeland Standard Sticks.", "Original live kit set-up (1984) Tama Imperialstar Mahogany Drums (9-ply) and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Midnight Blue 10x8\" Rack Tom 12x8\" Rack Tom 13x9\" Rack Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 14x5\" Pearl Chrome over Brass Snare 22x14\" Bass Drum Tama Octobans Low Pitch (x4) Cowbell Wood Blocks Cymbals – Paiste 13\" Formula 602 Medium Hi-Hats 16\" 2002 Crash 8\" 2002 Bell 7.5 Ufip Ictus Bell 8\" 2002 Splash (x2) 11\" 2002 Splash 14\" (or 16\") Rude Crash/Ride 16\" (or 18\") Rude Crash/Ride 18\" 2002 Medium 24\" Rude Ride/Crash 20\" 2002 China Simmons (x2) Pads (to his left) Assorted Percussion Stewart also used Calato Regal Tip Rock Wood Tipped Drumsticks The Police Reunion (2007–2008) tour kit Tama Starclassic Maple Drums and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Custom Police Blue Sparkle Maple Wood 10x8\" Tom 12x8\" Tom (To the left of his snare drum) 13x9\" Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 18x16\" Floor Tom 20x14\" Tama Gong Drum 22x18\" Bass Drum 14x5\" Tama SC145 Stewart Copeland Signature Snare Tama Custom Police Blue Sparkle Octobans (x4) (custom made for Copeland) Cymbals – Paiste 12\" Prototype Micro Hi-Hats 16\" Signature Full Crash 17\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Full Crash 18\" 2002 Flat Ride (prototype) 22\" Signature Blue Bell Ride 10\" Signature Splash 8\" Signature Bell 8\" Signature Prototype Splash Assorted percussion Stewart also uses his own Vater Stewart Copeland Standard Sticks. Discography Studio albums Film scores TV series Video games See also List of drummers Membranophone (list of drums) References External links Copeland's official site 1952 births Living people A&M Records artists American expatriates in Egypt American expatriates in Lebanon American expatriates in the United Kingdom American film score composers American male film score composers American people of Scottish descent American rock drummers The Police members Curved Air members People educated at Millfield Musicians from Alexandria, Virginia Musicians from Beirut Video game composers United States International University alumni Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres 20th-century American drummers American male drummers Copeland family Oysterhead members Gizmodrome members Strontium 90 (band) members" ]

[ "Stewart Copeland", "Solo projects and movie soundtracks (1987-1998)", "Did Copeland release any solo albums?", "I don't know.", "What movie soundtracks did Copeland perform on?", "Copeland established a career composing soundtracks for movies (", "What movie soundtracks did Copeland compose?", "Airborne, Talk Radio, Wall Street, Riff Raff, Raining Stones, Surviving the Game, See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Highlander II:", "Were there other movies?", "The Leopard Son, She's Having a Baby, The First Power, Fresh, Taking Care of Business, West Beirut, I am David, Good Burger),", "Did Copeland compose anything else?", "television (The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, Star Wars: Droids, the pilot for Babylon 5 (1993), Nickelodeon's The Amanda Show, The Life and Times of Juniper Lee", "Did he compose for anything besides movies and TV?", "operas (Holy Blood and Crescent Moon, commissioned by Cleveland Opera) and ballets (", "What ballets did he compose?", "Prey' Ballet Oklahoma, Casque of Amontillado, Noah's Ark/Solcheeka, commissioned by the Seattle Symphony Orchestra, King Lear,", "Did he perform with any bands besides The Police?", "Peter Gabriel employed Copeland to perform on his songs \"Red Rain\" and \"Big Time\"" ]

[ "Peter Gabriel is the debut solo studio album by English progressive rock singer-songwriter Peter Gabriel and the first of four with the same eponymous title. Released on 25 February 1977, it was produced by Bob Ezrin. Gabriel and Ezrin assembled musicians, including guitarist Robert Fripp, and his future King Crimson bandmate Tony Levin on bass. On the album's release, Gabriel began touring with a seven-piece band under his own name. The album went to No. 7 in UK and No. 38 in the US. This album is often called either Peter Gabriel I or Car, referring to the album cover by London artist Peter Christopherson. Music streaming services currently refer to it as Peter Gabriel 1: Car. Gabriel's first solo success came with the album's lead single \"Solsbury Hill\", which Gabriel has said is about \"being prepared to lose what you have for what you might get ... It's about letting go.\"\n\nAlthough mainly happy with the music, Gabriel felt that the album – particularly \"Here Comes the Flood\" – was overproduced. Piano-only or piano with synth versions of that song appear on Robert Fripp's Exposure and his appearance on Kate Bush's December 1979 BBC Two TV special (in which Gabriel and Bush also duetted on Roy Harper's \"Another Day\"). A third such version appeared on the 1990 compilation album Shaking the Tree: Sixteen Golden Greats. Gabriel often performs the song live, accompanied by only himself on keyboard, either in German or English, depending on the audience. The song was debuted during an appearance on Thames Television's Good Afternoon in the summer of 1976.\n\nDirect Disk Labs released a half-speed-mastered version of the album, from the original master tapes. It has a longer version of \"Slowburn\" (5:16 instead of 4:36) with the song's introduction intact. All other versions of this album have the introduction (with a full band) edited out.\n\nBackground \nDuring The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway tour, Gabriel announced to his Genesis bandmates that he had decided to leave the band, citing estrangement from the other members and the strains on his marriage. Nonetheless, he saw his commitment through to the conclusion of the tour. The breaking point came with the difficult pregnancy of Gabriel's wife, Jill, and the subsequent birth of their first child, Anna. When he opted to stay with his sick daughter and wife, rather than record and tour, the resentment from the rest of the band led Gabriel to conclude that he had to leave the group.\n\nIn a letter to fans, delivered through the music press at the end of the tour, titled Out, Angels Out, Gabriel explained that the \"vehicle we had built as a co-op to serve our song writing became our master and had cooped us up inside the success we had wanted. It affected the attitudes and the spirit of the whole band. The music had not dried up and I still respect the other musicians, but our roles had set in hard.\"\n\nGabriel then closed the letter: \"There is no animosity between myself and the band or management. The decision had been made some time ago and we have talked about our new direction. The reason why my leaving was not announced earlier was because I had been asked to delay until they had found a replacement to plug up the hole. It is not impossible that some of them might work with me on other projects.\"\n\nGabriel's Genesis bandmate Phil Collins, who replaced him in the band as lead vocalist, later remarked that the other members \"were not stunned by Peter's departure because we had known about it for quite a while\". The band continued without Gabriel, starting with their next studio album, 1976's A Trick of the Tail.\n\nRecording, release and promotion\nPeter Gabriel was recorded at The Soundstage in Toronto with producer Bob Ezrin in the autumn of 1976, with additional sessions at Morgan Studios and Olympic Studios, in London, England.\n\nGabriel and Ezrin assembled musicians for the sessions including guitarist Robert Fripp of King Crimson, bass player Tony Levin (later of King Crimson), drummer Allan Schwartzberg, percussionist Jimmy Maelen, guitarist Steve Hunter, keyboardist Jozef Chirowski and Larry Fast on synthesizers and programming.\n\nThe album was released on 25 February 1977 on Atco (US & Canada) and Charisma, reaching No. 7 in the UK and No. 38 in the USA.\n\nThe first single taken from it, \"Solsbury Hill\", became a Top 20 hit in the UK and reached No. 68 on the Billboard Hot 100. The second single, \"Modern Love\", did not chart.\n\nAfter Peter Gabriels release, Gabriel assembled a touring band, consisting of Fripp (occasionally using the pseudonym \"Dusty Rhodes\", and sometimes performing from offstage) and Hunter on guitar, Levin on bass, Fast on synthesisers, Schwartzberg on drums, Phil Aaberg on keyboards and Jimmy Maelen on percussion. The first leg of his debut solo tour, entitled \"Expect the Unexpected\", started on 5 March 1977 in the United States and continued until April. The UK portion of the tour concluded on 30 April. A second leg assembled a different band, which included Sid McGinnis on guitar, Levin on bass, Jerry Marotta on drums and Bayette on keyboards. The \"Sightings in the Test Area During Autumn\" leg began on 30 August and saw the band play throughout England and Europe before concluding on 1 November 1977.\n\nThe album received the prize of the French Académie Charles Cros.\n\nCover art\nThe photo on the cover is of Peter Gabriel sitting in the front passenger seat of a 1974 Lancia Flavia, owned by Storm Thorgerson, co-founder of Hipgnosis and the cover's designer. For the shoot, which took place in Wandsworth, the car was sprayed with water from a hose. The black-and-white image was then hand-coloured, and reflections modified using a scalpel, by artist Richard Manning.\n\nBecause Gabriel's first four albums were not titled and not even numbered, the photograph has been used by fans and online music services to assign the record the simple title of Car.\n\nAn alternative proposal was to feature a photograph of Peter Gabriel wearing contact lenses intended to give his eyes the appearance of metallic ball bearings; this was relegated to the inner sleeve instead.\n\nCritical reception \n\nRolling Stone critic Stephen Demorest described Peter Gabriel as \"a grab bag collection of songs that bear little resemblance to one another\" and called it \"an impressively rich debut album\". Robert Christgau of The Village Voice found it \"a lot smarter\" than Gabriel's past work in Genesis, and despite noting that \"every time I delve beneath its challenging textures to decipher a line or two I come up a little short\", felt that the album was \"worth considering\". Nick Kent, writing in NME in 1978, said that Peter Gabriel was \"a fine record with at least one 24-carat irresistible classic in 'Solsbury Hill' and a strong supporting cast of material that, all in all, in a year besmeared with great albums was, in retrospect, sorely underrated.\"\n\nTrack listing \nAll songs written by Peter Gabriel, except where indicated.\n\nOriginal order\n\n1977 US and Canada cassette release track order\n\nPersonnel \nPeter Gabriel – lead vocals, keyboard, flute, recorder\nRobert Fripp – electric guitar, classical guitar, banjo\nTony Levin – bass guitar, tuba, leader of the Barbershop Quartet\nJozef Chirowski – keyboard\nLarry Fast – synthesizer, programming\nAllan Schwartzberg – drums\nSteve Hunter – acoustic guitar on \"Solsbury Hill\", \"Slowburn\" and \"Waiting for the Big One\"; electric guitar, electric rhythm guitar; pedal steel\nDick Wagner – backing vocals, electric guitar on \"Here Comes the Flood\"\nJimmy Maelen – percussion, synthibam, bones\nLondon Symphony Orchestra – strings on \"Down the Dolce Vita\" and \"Here Comes the Flood\"\nMichael Gibbs – arrangement of orchestra\n\nCharts \n\nAlbum\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nSingles\n\nCertifications\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\nPeter Gabriel albums\n1977 debut albums\nAlbums with cover art by Hipgnosis\nAlbums produced by Bob Ezrin\nAtco Records albums\nCharisma Records albums\nAlbums recorded at Morgan Sound Studios\nAlbums recorded at Olympic Sound Studios", "Garden Wall was a band from Charterhouse School in Surrey that went on to merge with the remains of another band from the same school, Anon, to form the progressive rock band Genesis in 1967. The band was formed around May 1965 and consisted of Peter Gabriel (vocals), Tony Banks (keyboards) and Chris Stewart (drums).\n\nHistory\nThe band formed in May 1965, although it had its roots back in September 1963 when Tony Banks and Peter Gabriel both entered Charterhouse. Both of them did not like the school for their first year there, and as arriving at the same time, they stuck together throughout the first year. It did not take long for them to discover their common passion of music. This led the two of them to going into the nearby towns and villages and listening to whatever music would be playing in the record stores at the time. The two of them were members of the Duckites house at Charterhouse, and there was a piano in the main hall which they used to go and play on. These occasions in the main hall were the first musical collaborations between Banks and Gabriel.\n\nDuring his time at Charterhouse, Peter Gabriel had been drumming for an R & B band called \"The Spoken Word\", and another band called \"Millords\". As a result of his time in this band, Gabriel started songwriting with Banks. The first song the two of them ever wrote together eventually evolved into a track called 'She Is Beautiful', and eventually became known as 'The Serpent' (released on Genesis' debut album From Genesis to Revelation, in 1969).\n\nIn May 1965, when future Genesis guitarist Anthony Phillips had joined the school, a five-piece band called Anon had come into existence. It was around this time that Gabriel and Banks got together with Phillips' friend Chris Stewart (who was not a member of Anon), and together they formed a three-piece band featuring Gabriel on vocals, Banks on piano, and Stewart on drums. This band named itself Garden Wall. The band simply carried on like this, playing covers and new songs that Banks and Gabriel were writing together.\n\nIn December 1965, Garden Wall played their only concert, on a stage inside Charterhouse School on a double bill with Anon. Gabriel showered the audience with rose petals that he had spent the afternoon picking, this was to be the first of his famous onstage antics.\n\nGarden Wall's fellow band splintered at this point, with two of the members leaving in the summer and a third member leaving towards the end of the year. This left Phillips and Mike Rutherford, the band's two guitarists, who then joined all three of the members of the Garden Wall in 1967 to form Genesis.\n\nMembers\nTony Banks - keyboards (May 1965 - January 1967)\nPeter Gabriel - lead vocals (May 1965 - January 1967)\nChris Stewart - drums (May 1965 - January 1967)\n\nReferences\n\nEnglish rock music groups\nMusical groups from Surrey" ]

[ "Stewart Armstrong Copeland (born July 16, 1952) is an American musician and composer. He rose to prominence as the drummer of the British rock band The Police. He has also produced many film and video game soundtracks and written various pieces of music for ballet, opera, and orchestra.", "He has also produced many film and video game soundtracks and written various pieces of music for ballet, opera, and orchestra. His composing work includes the films Wall Street (1987), Good Burger (1997), and We Are Your Friends (2015); the television series The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, and The Amanda Show; and the video games Alone in the Dark 4 and the Spyro series.", "His composing work includes the films Wall Street (1987), Good Burger (1997), and We Are Your Friends (2015); the television series The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, and The Amanda Show; and the video games Alone in the Dark 4 and the Spyro series. According to MusicRadar, Copeland's \"distinctive drum sound and uniqueness of style has made him one of the most popular drummers to ever get behind a drumset\".", "According to MusicRadar, Copeland's \"distinctive drum sound and uniqueness of style has made him one of the most popular drummers to ever get behind a drumset\". He was ranked the 10th best drummer of all time by Rolling Stone in 2016.", "He was ranked the 10th best drummer of all time by Rolling Stone in 2016. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Police in 2003, the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 2005, and the Classic Drummer Hall of Fame in 2013.", "He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Police in 2003, the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 2005, and the Classic Drummer Hall of Fame in 2013. Early life Stewart Armstrong Copeland was born in Alexandria, Virginia, on July 16, 1952, the youngest of four children of Scottish archaeologist Lorraine Adie and Alabama-born CIA officer Miles Copeland Jr.", "Early life Stewart Armstrong Copeland was born in Alexandria, Virginia, on July 16, 1952, the youngest of four children of Scottish archaeologist Lorraine Adie and Alabama-born CIA officer Miles Copeland Jr. According to his 1989 biography and files released by the CIA in 2008, his father was a founding member of the OSS and the CIA.", "According to his 1989 biography and files released by the CIA in 2008, his father was a founding member of the OSS and the CIA. The family moved to Cairo a few months after Copeland's birth. When he was five years old, the family moved to Beirut, where he attended the American Community School.", "When he was five years old, the family moved to Beirut, where he attended the American Community School. He started taking drum lessons at age 12 and was playing drums for school dances within a year. He later moved to England, attending the American School in London and Millfield boarding school in Somerset from 1967 to 1969.", "He later moved to England, attending the American School in London and Millfield boarding school in Somerset from 1967 to 1969. He went to college in California, enrolling at Alliant International University and the University of California, Berkeley. His eldest brother, Miles Copeland III, founded I.R.S. Records and became the manager of the Police.", "Records and became the manager of the Police. He has also overseen Copeland's interests in other music projects. His other brother, the late Ian Copeland, was a pioneering booking agent who represented the Police and many others.", "His other brother, the late Ian Copeland, was a pioneering booking agent who represented the Police and many others. Career Curved Air (1975–1976) Returning to England, Copeland worked as road manager for the progressive rock band Curved Air's 1974 reunion tour, and then as drummer for the band during 1975 and 1976.", "Career Curved Air (1975–1976) Returning to England, Copeland worked as road manager for the progressive rock band Curved Air's 1974 reunion tour, and then as drummer for the band during 1975 and 1976. The band kicked off with a European tour, which started poorly.", "The band kicked off with a European tour, which started poorly. Band leader Darryl Way, a notorious perfectionist, grew impatient with the struggling of his bandmates, especially novice drummer Copeland.", "Band leader Darryl Way, a notorious perfectionist, grew impatient with the struggling of his bandmates, especially novice drummer Copeland. Then, for reasons no one could pinpoint, the musicians suddenly \"clicked\" with each other and the band caught fire, quickly becoming a popular and acclaimed live act.", "Then, for reasons no one could pinpoint, the musicians suddenly \"clicked\" with each other and the band caught fire, quickly becoming a popular and acclaimed live act. The Police (1977–1986) In early 1977, Copeland founded the Police with lead singer-bass guitarist Sting and guitarist Henry Padovani (who was soon replaced by Andy Summers), and they became one of the top bands of the late 1970s and early 1980s.", "The Police (1977–1986) In early 1977, Copeland founded the Police with lead singer-bass guitarist Sting and guitarist Henry Padovani (who was soon replaced by Andy Summers), and they became one of the top bands of the late 1970s and early 1980s. Copeland was the youngest member of the band.", "Copeland was the youngest member of the band. The Police's early track list (before their album debut) was largely Copeland compositions, including the band's first single \"Fall Out\" (Illegal Records, 1977) and the B-side \"Nothing Achieving\".", "The Police's early track list (before their album debut) was largely Copeland compositions, including the band's first single \"Fall Out\" (Illegal Records, 1977) and the B-side \"Nothing Achieving\". Though Copeland's songwriting contribution was reduced to a couple of songs per album as Sting started writing more material, he continued to co-arrange all the Police's songs together with his two bandmates.", "Though Copeland's songwriting contribution was reduced to a couple of songs per album as Sting started writing more material, he continued to co-arrange all the Police's songs together with his two bandmates. Amongst Copeland's most notable songs are \"On Any Other Day\" (where he also sang lead vocals), \"Does Everyone Stare\" (later to be used as the title of his documentary on the band Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out), \"Contact\", \"Bombs Away\", \"Darkness\" and \"Miss Gradenko\".", "Amongst Copeland's most notable songs are \"On Any Other Day\" (where he also sang lead vocals), \"Does Everyone Stare\" (later to be used as the title of his documentary on the band Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out), \"Contact\", \"Bombs Away\", \"Darkness\" and \"Miss Gradenko\". Copeland also co-wrote a number of songs with Sting, including \"Peanuts\", \"Landlord\", \"It's Alright for You\" and \"Re-Humanize Yourself\".", "Copeland also co-wrote a number of songs with Sting, including \"Peanuts\", \"Landlord\", \"It's Alright for You\" and \"Re-Humanize Yourself\". Copeland also recorded under the pseudonym Klark Kent, releasing several UK singles in 1978 with one (\"Don't Care\") entering the UK Singles Chart that year, along with an eponymous 10-inch album on green vinyl released in 1980.", "Copeland also recorded under the pseudonym Klark Kent, releasing several UK singles in 1978 with one (\"Don't Care\") entering the UK Singles Chart that year, along with an eponymous 10-inch album on green vinyl released in 1980. Recording at Nigel Gray's Surrey Sound Studio, Copeland played all the instruments and sang the lead vocals himself.", "Recording at Nigel Gray's Surrey Sound Studio, Copeland played all the instruments and sang the lead vocals himself. Kent's \"Don't Care\", which peaked at No.", "Kent's \"Don't Care\", which peaked at No. 48 UK in August 1978, actually predates the first chart single by the Police by several months (\"Can't Stand Losing You\", issued in October 1978) as \"Don't Care\" was released in early June 1978.", "48 UK in August 1978, actually predates the first chart single by the Police by several months (\"Can't Stand Losing You\", issued in October 1978) as \"Don't Care\" was released in early June 1978. In 1982, Copeland was involved in the production of a WOMAD benefit album called Music and Rhythm.", "In 1982, Copeland was involved in the production of a WOMAD benefit album called Music and Rhythm. Copeland's score for Rumble Fish secured him a Golden Globe nomination in 1983.", "Copeland's score for Rumble Fish secured him a Golden Globe nomination in 1983. The film, directed and produced by Francis Ford Coppola from the S. E. Hinton novel, also had a song released to radio on A&M Records \"Don't Box Me In\" (UK Singles Chart n. 91)—a collaboration between Copeland and singer-songwriter Stan Ridgway, leader of the band Wall of Voodoo—that received significant airplay upon release of the film that year.", "The film, directed and produced by Francis Ford Coppola from the S. E. Hinton novel, also had a song released to radio on A&M Records \"Don't Box Me In\" (UK Singles Chart n. 91)—a collaboration between Copeland and singer-songwriter Stan Ridgway, leader of the band Wall of Voodoo—that received significant airplay upon release of the film that year. The Rhythmatist record of 1985 was the result of a pilgrimage to Africa and its people, and it features local drums and percussion, with more drums, percussion, other musical instruments and occasional lead vocals added by Copeland.", "The Rhythmatist record of 1985 was the result of a pilgrimage to Africa and its people, and it features local drums and percussion, with more drums, percussion, other musical instruments and occasional lead vocals added by Copeland. The album was the official soundtrack to the movie of the same name, which was co-written by Stewart.", "The album was the official soundtrack to the movie of the same name, which was co-written by Stewart. Copeland is seen in the film playing the drums in a cage with lions surrounding him. The band attempted a reunion in 1986, but the project fell apart.", "The band attempted a reunion in 1986, but the project fell apart. Solo projects and movie soundtracks (1987–1998) After the Police disbanded, Copeland established a career composing soundtracks for movies (Airborne, Talk Radio, Wall Street, Riff Raff, Raining Stones, Surviving the Game, See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Highlander II: The Quickening, She's Having a Baby, The First Power, Fresh, Taking Care of Business, West Beirut, I am David, Riding the Bus with My Sister, Good Burger), television (The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, Star Wars: Droids, the pilot for Babylon 5 (1993), Nickelodeon's The Amanda Show, The Life and Times of Juniper Lee), operas (Holy Blood and Crescent Moon, commissioned by Cleveland Opera) and ballets (Prey' Ballet Oklahoma, Casque of Amontillado, Noah's Ark/Solcheeka, commissioned by the Seattle Symphony Orchestra, King Lear, commissioned by the San Francisco Ballet Company, Emilio).", "Solo projects and movie soundtracks (1987–1998) After the Police disbanded, Copeland established a career composing soundtracks for movies (Airborne, Talk Radio, Wall Street, Riff Raff, Raining Stones, Surviving the Game, See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Highlander II: The Quickening, She's Having a Baby, The First Power, Fresh, Taking Care of Business, West Beirut, I am David, Riding the Bus with My Sister, Good Burger), television (The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, Star Wars: Droids, the pilot for Babylon 5 (1993), Nickelodeon's The Amanda Show, The Life and Times of Juniper Lee), operas (Holy Blood and Crescent Moon, commissioned by Cleveland Opera) and ballets (Prey' Ballet Oklahoma, Casque of Amontillado, Noah's Ark/Solcheeka, commissioned by the Seattle Symphony Orchestra, King Lear, commissioned by the San Francisco Ballet Company, Emilio). In 1996, Copeland provided the score for The Leopard Son, Discovery Channel's its first commercially released full-length feature film, made by wildlife filmmaker Hugo van Lawick.", "In 1996, Copeland provided the score for The Leopard Son, Discovery Channel's its first commercially released full-length feature film, made by wildlife filmmaker Hugo van Lawick. Copeland also occasionally played drums for other artists.", "Copeland also occasionally played drums for other artists. Peter Gabriel employed Copeland to perform on his song \"Red Rain\" from his 1986 album So because of his \"hi-hat mastery\". He has also performed with Mike Rutherford and Tom Waits.", "He has also performed with Mike Rutherford and Tom Waits. That year he also teamed with Adam Ant to record the title track and video for the Anthony Michael Hall movie Out of Bounds. In 1989, Copeland formed Animal Logic with jazz bassist Stanley Clarke and singer-songwriter Deborah Holland.", "In 1989, Copeland formed Animal Logic with jazz bassist Stanley Clarke and singer-songwriter Deborah Holland. The trio had success with their first album and world tour but the follow-up recording sold poorly, and the band did not continue.", "The trio had success with their first album and world tour but the follow-up recording sold poorly, and the band did not continue. In 1993 he composed the music for Channel 4's Horse Opera and director Bob Baldwin, and in 1999, he provided the voice of an additional American soldier in the animated musical comedy war film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999).", "In 1993 he composed the music for Channel 4's Horse Opera and director Bob Baldwin, and in 1999, he provided the voice of an additional American soldier in the animated musical comedy war film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999). Spyro the Dragon soundtracks (1998–2002, 2018) He was commissioned by Insomniac Games in 1998 to make the musical score for the hit PlayStation game Spyro the Dragon.", "Spyro the Dragon soundtracks (1998–2002, 2018) He was commissioned by Insomniac Games in 1998 to make the musical score for the hit PlayStation game Spyro the Dragon. Copeland would play through the levels first to get a feel for each one before composing the soundtrack.", "Copeland would play through the levels first to get a feel for each one before composing the soundtrack. He also stayed with the project to create the musical scores for the remaining Insomniac sequels Spyro 2: Ripto's Rage! and Spyro: Year of the Dragon.", "and Spyro: Year of the Dragon. The franchise shifted over to Universal for the fourth title, Spyro: Enter the Dragonfly, which would be Copeland's last outing with the series. While the soundtracks never saw commercial release, the limited edition of the fourth game came packaged with a bonus CD, containing unused tracks.", "While the soundtracks never saw commercial release, the limited edition of the fourth game came packaged with a bonus CD, containing unused tracks. The soundtracks were very well received, and one track would later appear on the 2007 compilation album The Stewart Copeland Anthology. Copeland composed a new title theme for Spyro Reignited Trilogy.", "Copeland composed a new title theme for Spyro Reignited Trilogy. This period also saw Copeland compose the soundtrack for Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare, his only video game soundtrack outside of the Spyro franchise to date.", "This period also saw Copeland compose the soundtrack for Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare, his only video game soundtrack outside of the Spyro franchise to date. In 2000, he combined with Les Claypool of Primus (with whom he produced a track on the Primus album Antipop) and Trey Anastasio of Phish to create the band Oysterhead.", "In 2000, he combined with Les Claypool of Primus (with whom he produced a track on the Primus album Antipop) and Trey Anastasio of Phish to create the band Oysterhead. That same year, he was approached by director Adam Collis to assemble the score for the film Sunset Strip.", "That same year, he was approached by director Adam Collis to assemble the score for the film Sunset Strip. Collaborations (2002–2006) In 2002, Copeland was hired by Ray Manzarek and Robby Krieger of the Doors to play with them for a new album and tour, but after an injury sidelined Copeland, the arrangement ended in reciprocal lawsuits.", "Collaborations (2002–2006) In 2002, Copeland was hired by Ray Manzarek and Robby Krieger of the Doors to play with them for a new album and tour, but after an injury sidelined Copeland, the arrangement ended in reciprocal lawsuits. In 2005, Copeland released \"Orchestralli\", a live recording of chamber ensemble music which he had composed during a short tour of Italy in 2002.", "In 2005, Copeland released \"Orchestralli\", a live recording of chamber ensemble music which he had composed during a short tour of Italy in 2002. Also in 2005, Copeland started Gizmo, a new project with avant-garde guitarist David Fiuczynski, multi-instrumentalist Vittorio Cosma, singer Raiz and bassist Max Gazzè.", "Also in 2005, Copeland started Gizmo, a new project with avant-garde guitarist David Fiuczynski, multi-instrumentalist Vittorio Cosma, singer Raiz and bassist Max Gazzè. The band made their U.S debut on September 16, 2006, at the Modern Drummer Drum Festival.", "The band made their U.S debut on September 16, 2006, at the Modern Drummer Drum Festival. In January 2006, Copeland premiered his film about the Police called Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out at the Sundance Film Festival.", "In January 2006, Copeland premiered his film about the Police called Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out at the Sundance Film Festival. In February and March, he appeared as one of the judges on the BBC television show Just the Two of Us (a role he later reprised for a second series in January 2007).", "In February and March, he appeared as one of the judges on the BBC television show Just the Two of Us (a role he later reprised for a second series in January 2007). The Police reunion (2007–2008) At the 2007 Grammy Awards, Copeland, Andy Summers and Sting performed the song \"Roxanne\" together again as the Police.", "The Police reunion (2007–2008) At the 2007 Grammy Awards, Copeland, Andy Summers and Sting performed the song \"Roxanne\" together again as the Police. This marked the band's first public performance since 1986 (they had previously reunited only for an improvised set at Sting's wedding party in 1992 and for their induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2003).", "This marked the band's first public performance since 1986 (they had previously reunited only for an improvised set at Sting's wedding party in 1992 and for their induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2003). One day later, the band announced that in celebration of the Police's 30th anniversary, they would be embarking on what turned out to be a one-off reunion tour on May 28, 2007.", "One day later, the band announced that in celebration of the Police's 30th anniversary, they would be embarking on what turned out to be a one-off reunion tour on May 28, 2007. During the tour, Copeland also released his compilation album The Stewart Copeland Anthology, which was composed of his independent work.", "During the tour, Copeland also released his compilation album The Stewart Copeland Anthology, which was composed of his independent work. In 2007, the French government appointed Copeland (along with Police bandmates Summers and Sting) a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.", "In 2007, the French government appointed Copeland (along with Police bandmates Summers and Sting) a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. The group performed 151 dates across five continents, concluding with a final show in August 2008 at Madison Square Garden, New York.", "The group performed 151 dates across five continents, concluding with a final show in August 2008 at Madison Square Garden, New York. Projects (2008–present) In 2008, RIM commissioned Copeland to write a \"soundtrack\" for the BlackBerry Bold smart phone.", "Projects (2008–present) In 2008, RIM commissioned Copeland to write a \"soundtrack\" for the BlackBerry Bold smart phone. He created a highly percussive theme of one minute's length from which he evolved six ringtones and a softer 'alarm tone' that are preloaded on the device.", "He created a highly percussive theme of one minute's length from which he evolved six ringtones and a softer 'alarm tone' that are preloaded on the device. In March 2008, he premiered his orchestral composition \"Celeste\" at \"An Evening with Stewart Copeland\", part of the Savannah Music Festival.", "In March 2008, he premiered his orchestral composition \"Celeste\" at \"An Evening with Stewart Copeland\", part of the Savannah Music Festival. The performance featured classical violinist Daniel Hope. His appearance at Savannah included a screening of Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out and a question and answer session.", "His appearance at Savannah included a screening of Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out and a question and answer session. Also in 2008, he was commissioned by the Dallas Symphony Orchestra to create a percussion piece involving primarily Indonesian instruments.", "Also in 2008, he was commissioned by the Dallas Symphony Orchestra to create a percussion piece involving primarily Indonesian instruments. \"Gamelan D'Drum\" was first performed in Dallas on February 5, 2012, and had its European Premiere at the Royal Academy of Music in London in July 2012.", "\"Gamelan D'Drum\" was first performed in Dallas on February 5, 2012, and had its European Premiere at the Royal Academy of Music in London in July 2012. On August 21, 2009, at SummerFest 2009, Copeland unveiled the composition \"Retail Therapy\", which was commissioned by the Music Society.", "On August 21, 2009, at SummerFest 2009, Copeland unveiled the composition \"Retail Therapy\", which was commissioned by the Music Society. He performed three more original works: \"Kaya\", \"Celeste\", and \"Gene Pool\", the last accompanied by San Diego-based percussion ensemble red fish blue fish.", "He performed three more original works: \"Kaya\", \"Celeste\", and \"Gene Pool\", the last accompanied by San Diego-based percussion ensemble red fish blue fish. He attended a composer's roundtable and a question and answer discussion in conjunction with the festival.", "He attended a composer's roundtable and a question and answer discussion in conjunction with the festival. Copeland wrote the score for a theatrical presentation of Ben-Hur, which premiered on September 17, 2009, at the O2 Arena in London. He provided English-language narration of the production, which is performed in Latin and Aramaic.", "He provided English-language narration of the production, which is performed in Latin and Aramaic. His memoir Strange Things Happen: A Life with The Police, Polo, and Pygmies was released by Harper Collins in September 2009. The book chronicles events in his life from childhood through his work with the Police and to the present.", "The book chronicles events in his life from childhood through his work with the Police and to the present. In October 2009, he was a guest on Private Passions, the biographical music discussion program on BBC Radio 3. On May 24, 2011, he started a YouTube channel devoted to his videos and project updates.", "On May 24, 2011, he started a YouTube channel devoted to his videos and project updates. On this channel, he uploads performances with various musicians, including Primus, Andy Summers, Jeff Lynne, Snoop Dogg, and others in his home studio, which he refers to as the Sacred Grove.", "On this channel, he uploads performances with various musicians, including Primus, Andy Summers, Jeff Lynne, Snoop Dogg, and others in his home studio, which he refers to as the Sacred Grove. On August 24, 2011, he was a featured soloist on the Late Show with David Letterman, as part of their second \"Drum Solo Week\".", "On August 24, 2011, he was a featured soloist on the Late Show with David Letterman, as part of their second \"Drum Solo Week\". On January 10, 2012, he appeared on an episode of the A&E reality series Storage Wars to appraise a drum set for Barry Weiss, buying a Turkish cymbal from the set for $40.", "On January 10, 2012, he appeared on an episode of the A&E reality series Storage Wars to appraise a drum set for Barry Weiss, buying a Turkish cymbal from the set for $40. In July he reunited with former Animal Logic bandmate Stanley Clarke for a European tour.", "In July he reunited with former Animal Logic bandmate Stanley Clarke for a European tour. In May 2013, he and the Long Beach Opera premiered The Tale Tell Heart, an opera based on the short story by Edgar Allan Poe. On November 26, 2013, he appeared in the first episode of The Tim Ferriss Experiment.", "On November 26, 2013, he appeared in the first episode of The Tim Ferriss Experiment. In 2017, he formed the supergroup Gizmodrome with Adrian Belew, Vittorio Cosma, and Mark King and released an album of the same name.", "In 2017, he formed the supergroup Gizmodrome with Adrian Belew, Vittorio Cosma, and Mark King and released an album of the same name. On September 5, 2021, the opera Electric Saint about the life of Nikola Tesla by Copeland with libretto by Jonathan Moore premiered at the National Theater of Weimar.", "On September 5, 2021, the opera Electric Saint about the life of Nikola Tesla by Copeland with libretto by Jonathan Moore premiered at the National Theater of Weimar. Personal life Copeland grew up in Beirut. In 1974, he became romantically involved with Curved Air vocalist Sonja Kristina; they were married from 1982 to 1991.", "In 1974, he became romantically involved with Curved Air vocalist Sonja Kristina; they were married from 1982 to 1991. He adopted her son Sven from a previous relationship, and they had two sons of their own named Jordan and Scott.", "He adopted her son Sven from a previous relationship, and they had two sons of their own named Jordan and Scott. In 1981, he fathered a son named Patrick with Marina Guinness, the daughter of Irish author Desmond Guinness.", "In 1981, he fathered a son named Patrick with Marina Guinness, the daughter of Irish author Desmond Guinness. He currently lives in Los Angeles with his second wife, Fiona Dent, with whom he has three children named Eve, Grace, and Celeste.", "He currently lives in Los Angeles with his second wife, Fiona Dent, with whom he has three children named Eve, Grace, and Celeste. Copeland's hobbies include rollerskating, cycling along the beach in Santa Monica, California, filmmaking, and playing polo.", "Copeland's hobbies include rollerskating, cycling along the beach in Santa Monica, California, filmmaking, and playing polo. He is also active on his YouTube channel, where he uploads videos of himself and other musicians during jam sessions in his studio, the Sacred Grove.", "He is also active on his YouTube channel, where he uploads videos of himself and other musicians during jam sessions in his studio, the Sacred Grove. Drumming style Copeland grew up listening to a combination of Lebanese music, rock and roll, jazz, and reggae, but he selected from these styles what he needed rather than imitating them.", "Drumming style Copeland grew up listening to a combination of Lebanese music, rock and roll, jazz, and reggae, but he selected from these styles what he needed rather than imitating them. In the 1980s, when many musicians were looking for bigger sound from bigger drums, he added Octobans.", "In the 1980s, when many musicians were looking for bigger sound from bigger drums, he added Octobans. Invented by Tama Drums in 1978, Octobans consisted of eight six-inch drums in the shape of narrow tubes. He used another innovation, a splash cymbal based on a toy that he owned and that he helped Paiste design.", "He used another innovation, a splash cymbal based on a toy that he owned and that he helped Paiste design. He relied heavily on his 13\" hi-hats. Despite being left-handed, Copeland plays a right-handed drum kit, placing the hi-hats on his left and ride cymbal and floor toms on his right.", "Despite being left-handed, Copeland plays a right-handed drum kit, placing the hi-hats on his left and ride cymbal and floor toms on his right. He uses a wide dynamic range and demonstrates a proficiency of jazz-style articulation in his snare drum playing, interspersing strong back-beats with soft rim comping.", "He uses a wide dynamic range and demonstrates a proficiency of jazz-style articulation in his snare drum playing, interspersing strong back-beats with soft rim comping. During his years with the Police, he became known for engaging only the hi-hat with the bass drum to keep the beat.", "During his years with the Police, he became known for engaging only the hi-hat with the bass drum to keep the beat. In an interview with Modern Drummer, Copeland has cited Mitch Mitchell of the Jimi Hendrix Experience as a prime musical influence.", "In an interview with Modern Drummer, Copeland has cited Mitch Mitchell of the Jimi Hendrix Experience as a prime musical influence. He states that as a child, whenever he had a song or melody pop in his head, he would walk around wondering how Mitch Mitchell would drum to that particular tune.", "He states that as a child, whenever he had a song or melody pop in his head, he would walk around wondering how Mitch Mitchell would drum to that particular tune. He also named Sandy Nelson and Ginger Baker as other fundamental influences in the youth years.", "He also named Sandy Nelson and Ginger Baker as other fundamental influences in the youth years. He has stated that due to his 'enforced listening' of Buddy Rich, he considers himself 'allergic to jazz.' He is noted for his strong emphasis on the groove as a complement to the song, rather than as its core component.", "He is noted for his strong emphasis on the groove as a complement to the song, rather than as its core component. He once drove this point home at a drum clinic: Copeland announced that he would show the audience something \"that very few modern drummers can do\" and proceeded to play a simple rock beat for two minutes.", "He once drove this point home at a drum clinic: Copeland announced that he would show the audience something \"that very few modern drummers can do\" and proceeded to play a simple rock beat for two minutes. Nonetheless, his playing often incorporates spectacular fills and subtle inflections which greatly augment the groove.", "Nonetheless, his playing often incorporates spectacular fills and subtle inflections which greatly augment the groove. Compared to most of his 1980s contemporaries, his snare sound was bright and cutting. He is also one of the few rock drummers to use traditional grip rather than matched grip. He is also noted for syncopation in his drumming.", "He is also noted for syncopation in his drumming. Equipment Copeland's equipment includes Tama drums, Paiste cymbals, Remo drum heads, and Vater signature drum sticks.", "Equipment Copeland's equipment includes Tama drums, Paiste cymbals, Remo drum heads, and Vater signature drum sticks. Original live kit set-up (1984) Tama Imperialstar Mahogany Drums (9-ply) and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Midnight Blue 10x8\" Rack Tom 12x8\" Rack Tom 13x9\" Rack Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 14x5\" Pearl Chrome over Brass Snare 22x14\" Bass Drum Tama Octobans Low Pitch (x4) Cowbell Wood Blocks Cymbals – Paiste 13\" Formula 602 Medium Hi-Hats 16\" 2002 Crash 8\" 2002 Bell 7.5 Ufip Ictus Bell 8\" 2002 Splash (x2) 11\" 2002 Splash 14\" (or 16\") Rude Crash/Ride 16\" (or 18\") Rude Crash/Ride 18\" 2002 Medium 24\" Rude Ride/Crash 20\" 2002 China Simmons (x2) Pads (to his left) Assorted Percussion Stewart also used Calato Regal Tip Rock Wood Tipped Drumsticks The Police Reunion (2007–2008) tour kit Tama Starclassic Maple Drums and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Custom Police Blue Sparkle Maple Wood 10x8\" Tom 12x8\" Tom (To the left of his snare drum) 13x9\" Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 18x16\" Floor Tom 20x14\" Tama Gong Drum 22x18\" Bass Drum 14x5\" Tama SC145 Stewart Copeland Signature Snare Tama Custom Police Blue Sparkle Octobans (x4) (custom made for Copeland) Cymbals – Paiste 12\" Prototype Micro Hi-Hats 16\" Signature Full Crash 17\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Full Crash 18\" 2002 Flat Ride (prototype) 22\" Signature Blue Bell Ride 10\" Signature Splash 8\" Signature Bell 8\" Signature Prototype Splash Assorted percussion Stewart also uses his own Vater Stewart Copeland Standard Sticks.", "Original live kit set-up (1984) Tama Imperialstar Mahogany Drums (9-ply) and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Midnight Blue 10x8\" Rack Tom 12x8\" Rack Tom 13x9\" Rack Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 14x5\" Pearl Chrome over Brass Snare 22x14\" Bass Drum Tama Octobans Low Pitch (x4) Cowbell Wood Blocks Cymbals – Paiste 13\" Formula 602 Medium Hi-Hats 16\" 2002 Crash 8\" 2002 Bell 7.5 Ufip Ictus Bell 8\" 2002 Splash (x2) 11\" 2002 Splash 14\" (or 16\") Rude Crash/Ride 16\" (or 18\") Rude Crash/Ride 18\" 2002 Medium 24\" Rude Ride/Crash 20\" 2002 China Simmons (x2) Pads (to his left) Assorted Percussion Stewart also used Calato Regal Tip Rock Wood Tipped Drumsticks The Police Reunion (2007–2008) tour kit Tama Starclassic Maple Drums and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Custom Police Blue Sparkle Maple Wood 10x8\" Tom 12x8\" Tom (To the left of his snare drum) 13x9\" Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 18x16\" Floor Tom 20x14\" Tama Gong Drum 22x18\" Bass Drum 14x5\" Tama SC145 Stewart Copeland Signature Snare Tama Custom Police Blue Sparkle Octobans (x4) (custom made for Copeland) Cymbals – Paiste 12\" Prototype Micro Hi-Hats 16\" Signature Full Crash 17\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Full Crash 18\" 2002 Flat Ride (prototype) 22\" Signature Blue Bell Ride 10\" Signature Splash 8\" Signature Bell 8\" Signature Prototype Splash Assorted percussion Stewart also uses his own Vater Stewart Copeland Standard Sticks. Discography Studio albums Film scores TV series Video games See also List of drummers Membranophone (list of drums) References External links Copeland's official site 1952 births Living people A&M Records artists American expatriates in Egypt American expatriates in Lebanon American expatriates in the United Kingdom American film score composers American male film score composers American people of Scottish descent American rock drummers The Police members Curved Air members People educated at Millfield Musicians from Alexandria, Virginia Musicians from Beirut Video game composers United States International University alumni Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres 20th-century American drummers American male drummers Copeland family Oysterhead members Gizmodrome members Strontium 90 (band) members" ]

[ "Stewart Copeland", "Solo projects and movie soundtracks (1987-1998)", "Did Copeland release any solo albums?", "I don't know.", "What movie soundtracks did Copeland perform on?", "Copeland established a career composing soundtracks for movies (", "What movie soundtracks did Copeland compose?", "Airborne, Talk Radio, Wall Street, Riff Raff, Raining Stones, Surviving the Game, See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Highlander II:", "Were there other movies?", "The Leopard Son, She's Having a Baby, The First Power, Fresh, Taking Care of Business, West Beirut, I am David, Good Burger),", "Did Copeland compose anything else?", "television (The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, Star Wars: Droids, the pilot for Babylon 5 (1993), Nickelodeon's The Amanda Show, The Life and Times of Juniper Lee", "Did he compose for anything besides movies and TV?", "operas (Holy Blood and Crescent Moon, commissioned by Cleveland Opera) and ballets (", "What ballets did he compose?", "Prey' Ballet Oklahoma, Casque of Amontillado, Noah's Ark/Solcheeka, commissioned by the Seattle Symphony Orchestra, King Lear,", "Did he perform with any bands besides The Police?", "Peter Gabriel employed Copeland to perform on his songs \"Red Rain\" and \"Big Time\"", "When did he work with Peter Gabriel?", "1986" ]

[ "Ariel Olivetti (born November 15, 1967) is an Argentine comic book penciller best known for his work on American comic book titles such as Daredevil, X-Man, Space Ghost and Punisher War Journal.\n\nCareer\nOlivetti studied Graphic Design in college and first had his work published in the Argentine magazine Fierro.\n\nHis first work in USA was 1995's The Last Avengers Story, which was written by Peter David and published by Marvel Comics. He went on to have a brief stint as regular penciller on Marvel's Daredevil between 1997 and 1998, where he worked with writer Joe Kelly. His next major work was in 1998 when he worked with writer Steven Grant on the Warren Ellis devised \"Counter X\" revamp of Marvel's X-Man title. In 2005 he again collaborated with Joe Kelly on DC Comics Space Ghost limited series which revealed the character's origins for the first time.\n\nOther titles he has worked on include Mystique and Sabretooth (1996), Alpha Flight (1997) and What If? (1997) at Marvel and JLA: Paradise Lost (1998), Haven: The Broken City (2002), Green Lantern (2003) and Batman: Legends of the Dark Knight (2006) at DC. In 1999, he collaborated with writer Mark Waid on The Kingdom (illustrating issue #1, with Mike Zeck illustrating issue #2), a sequel to Kingdom Come.\n\nIn 2006 he signed an exclusive contract with Marvel Comics and launched the second volume of Punisher War Journal with writer Matt Fraction. Olivetti did art on the first ten numbers. Other work for Marvel includes the Cable (vol. 2) ongoing series that debuted in March 2008, and more recently, Incredible Hulk, and Namor (vol. 3).\n\nThroughout his career Olivetti has worked in different mediums, including black and white, digital color, acrylics and oils. Olivetti himself declared having been influenced by artists like Richard Corben, Simon Bisley and his fellow countryman Mauro Cascioli \n\nIn 2012 he collaborated with the comic book Hero Seeds, drawing two covers of the comics and several drawings in the same comics.\n\nBibliography\n\nDC\n\nBatman: Legends of the Dark Knight #207-211 (along with Mauro Cascioli, 2006)\nDCU: Brave New World #1 (among other artists) (2006)\nElseworlds 80-Page Giant #1 (among other artists) (1999)\nFlash, vol. 2, 80-Page Giant #1 (among other artists) (1998)\nFuture Quest Presents (Space Ghost) #1-3 (2017)\nG.I. Combat, vol. 2, #1 (2012)\nHaven The Broken City, miniseries, #1-9 (2002)\nJLA (Martian Manhunter) Annual #1 (1997)\nJLA:\nParadise Lost, miniseries, #1-3 (1998)\nPrimeval (1999)\nJLA/Haven:Arrival (2002)Anathema (2002)JLA Showcase 80-Page Giant #1 (among other artists) (2000)The Kingdom, 2-part miniseries, #1 (1999)Lobo #63-64 (1999)Martian Manhunter Annual #1 (1998)Space Ghost, miniseries, #1-6 (2005)Superman, vol. 2, #179 (2002)Superman Returns Prequel, 4-part miniseries, #1 (2006)Superman Secret Files and Origins 2005 (2006)\n\nDC / Dark HorseSuperman and Batman vs. Aliens and Predators, miniseries, #1-2 (2007)\n\nMarvelAlpha Flight, vol. 2, #11 (1997)Cable, vol. 2, #1-15 (2008–09)Daredevil (full art): #369, 371-372, 374; (among other artists): #375 (1997–98)\n Death of the Inhumans, miniseries, #1 (2018)Hercules: Fall of an Avenger, miniseries, #1-2 (2010)Incredible Hulk #601-605 (2009–10)Iron Man 2.0 #4-5, 8 (2011)Last Avengers Story, miniseries, #1-2 (1995)Mystique and Sabretooth, miniseries, #1-4 (1996–97)Namor, vol. 3, #1-3, 5 (2010-11)Punisher War Journal, vol. 2, #1-3, 5-10 (2007)Thor: Heaven & Earth, miniseries, #1 (2011)Ultimate Civil War: Spider-Man, one-shot (among other artists) (2007)What If? #88 (1996)X-Men: Declassified #1 (among other artists) (2000)X-Men Unlimited #12 (along with Steve Epting) (1996)X-Man #38 (with ChrisCross); #63, 66-73 (2000–01)X-Force #107 (2000)X-Factor, vol. 2, #7 (2006)Venom - Space Knight #1-4 (2015-16)\n\nOther publishersBrutal Nature: Concrete Fury, miniseries, #1-4 (IDW, 2017)Conan and the People of the Black Circle, miniseries, #1-4 (Dark Horse, 2013-14) El Cazador de Aventuras #1-65 (gone along with Jorge Lucas, Mauro Cascioli and Claudio Ramírez) (Ediciones de la Urraca - Argentina, 1992–99)Fierro #?-? (Ediciones de la Urraca) ICH: Naturaleza Salvaje'' (Yermo Ediciones, 2016)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nOlivetti's Yahoo fan club \n\nPeople from Buenos Aires\n1967 births\nLiving people\nArgentine comics artists", "José Edilbenes Bezerra (born November 20, 1972), better known by his professional name Ed Benes, is a Brazilian comic book artist, known for his work for DC Comics, on such titles as Birds of Prey, Supergirl, Superman, and Justice League of America.\n\nEarly life\nJosé Edilbenes Bezerra was born November 20, 1972, in Alto Santo, a small town in the Brazilian state of Ceará, in the northeast region of the country. He has lived in Limoeiro do Norte, a medium town also in Ceará state, since he was 14 years old. He began drawing on his own in 1989, referencing the artwork from his brother's comic books. He also took a correspondence art course, though he did not finish it.\n\nCareer\nBenes' got his first professional work in 1993, after he mailed out sample art, and was discovered by Neal Adams, who gave him the job of illustrating Samuree for Continuity Comics in 1993. In the 1990s Benes began to work for Marvel where he did art for multiple comic book titles, including a Captain Marvel six-part miniseries.\n\nHe later moved to DC Comics, where continued penciling more work for titles such as Gen¹³, Birds of Prey, Supergirl (vol. 3), and Superman (vol. 2). In 2006 Benes was assigned to provide art to for writer Brad Meltzer's run on Justice League of America series, which he drew until 2009. He subsequently contributed to Batman and Birds of Prey (vol. 2) titles, and Steel.\n\nIn 2018, Benes released the first comic he also wrote along with penciling, Nina & Ariel. Financed through crowdfunding, the title takes an adult comics approach inspired by Fire and Ice, where two female warriors try to survive in a post-apocalyptic world.\n\nStudio and teaching\nEd Benes began the Ed Benes Studio for aspiring comic book artists, which currently offers several courses on illustration and techniques in sequential storytelling, and hosts lectures and workshops.\n\nBibliography\n\nDC\nAction Comics #836 (among other artists), Annual #13 (2006–10)\nArtemis: Requiem, miniseries, #1-6 (1996)\nBatgirl, vol. 4 #13 (2012)\nBatman #687 (2009)\nBatman: The Dark Knight, vol. 2, #8 (2012)\nBirds of Prey #56-65, 67, 70, 72, 75, 79-80 (2003–05)\nBirds of Prey, vol. 2, #1-4 (2010)\nBlackest Night: Titans, miniseries, #1-3 (2009)\nCodename: Knockout #15-18 (2002)\nCountdown to Infinite Crisis #1 (among other artists) (2005)\nDC Universe #0 (among other artists) (2008)\nDeathstroke, the Terminator Annual #3 (1994)\nDetective Comics, vol. 2, #10 (2012)\nFlash, vol. 2, Annual #7 (1994)\nGen 13 #45-50, 52, 54–59, 61–63, 67, 71-74 (1999-2002)\nGreen Lantern, vol. 4, #49 (2010)\nGreen Lanterns #8 (2016)\nHal Jordan and the Green Lantern Corps #10 (2016)\nGunfire #0, 6–7, 10-13 (1994–95)\nJustice League of America, vol. 2, #0-7, 9-10, 12, 14–15, 17–19, 22–23, 25-27 (2006–09)\nJustice League Task Force #24 (1995)\nRed Lanterns #1-7 (2011–12)\nSteel #1 (one-shot) (2011)\nSupergirl, vol. 3, #75-80 (2002–03)\nSupergirl, vol. 4, #6 (2006)\nSuperman #649 (among other artists) (2006)\nSuperman, vol. 2, #217-219, 221–223, 225-226 (2005–06)\nSuperman, vol. 3, #27 #29-31 (2014)\nSuperman, vol. 4, #15 (among other artists, 2016)\nSuperman/Batman #50, 78 (2008–10)\nSuperman/Wonder Woman #28 (2016)\nTeen Titans, vol. 3, Annual #1 (among other artists) (2006), #68 (2009)\nThundercats: The Return, miniseries, #1-5 (2003)\nUntold Tales of Blackest Night #1 (among other artists) (2010)\nWonder Woman, vol. 2, (Artemis) Annual #6 (1997)\n\nMarvel\nCaptain America, vol. 2, #12 (along with Joe Bennett) (1997)\nCaptain Marvel, miniseries, #1-4, 6 (1995–96)\nGladiator/Supreme (along with Carlos Mota) (1997)\nIron Man, vol. 2, #12 (among other artists) (1997)\nSilver Surfer, vol. 2, #124 (1997)\nUncanny X-Men #351 (1998)\nWhat If?, vol. 2, (Hulk) #80 (along with Kerry Gammill) (1995)\n\nOther publishers\nGlory #11-12 (Image)\nWildC.A.T.S. #44-50 (1998) (Image)\nSamuree, vol. 2, #4 (Continuity)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1972 births\nLiving people\nBrazilian comics artists" ]

[ "Stewart Armstrong Copeland (born July 16, 1952) is an American musician and composer. He rose to prominence as the drummer of the British rock band The Police. He has also produced many film and video game soundtracks and written various pieces of music for ballet, opera, and orchestra.", "He has also produced many film and video game soundtracks and written various pieces of music for ballet, opera, and orchestra. His composing work includes the films Wall Street (1987), Good Burger (1997), and We Are Your Friends (2015); the television series The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, and The Amanda Show; and the video games Alone in the Dark 4 and the Spyro series.", "His composing work includes the films Wall Street (1987), Good Burger (1997), and We Are Your Friends (2015); the television series The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, and The Amanda Show; and the video games Alone in the Dark 4 and the Spyro series. According to MusicRadar, Copeland's \"distinctive drum sound and uniqueness of style has made him one of the most popular drummers to ever get behind a drumset\".", "According to MusicRadar, Copeland's \"distinctive drum sound and uniqueness of style has made him one of the most popular drummers to ever get behind a drumset\". He was ranked the 10th best drummer of all time by Rolling Stone in 2016.", "He was ranked the 10th best drummer of all time by Rolling Stone in 2016. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Police in 2003, the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 2005, and the Classic Drummer Hall of Fame in 2013.", "He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Police in 2003, the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 2005, and the Classic Drummer Hall of Fame in 2013. Early life Stewart Armstrong Copeland was born in Alexandria, Virginia, on July 16, 1952, the youngest of four children of Scottish archaeologist Lorraine Adie and Alabama-born CIA officer Miles Copeland Jr.", "Early life Stewart Armstrong Copeland was born in Alexandria, Virginia, on July 16, 1952, the youngest of four children of Scottish archaeologist Lorraine Adie and Alabama-born CIA officer Miles Copeland Jr. According to his 1989 biography and files released by the CIA in 2008, his father was a founding member of the OSS and the CIA.", "According to his 1989 biography and files released by the CIA in 2008, his father was a founding member of the OSS and the CIA. The family moved to Cairo a few months after Copeland's birth. When he was five years old, the family moved to Beirut, where he attended the American Community School.", "When he was five years old, the family moved to Beirut, where he attended the American Community School. He started taking drum lessons at age 12 and was playing drums for school dances within a year. He later moved to England, attending the American School in London and Millfield boarding school in Somerset from 1967 to 1969.", "He later moved to England, attending the American School in London and Millfield boarding school in Somerset from 1967 to 1969. He went to college in California, enrolling at Alliant International University and the University of California, Berkeley. His eldest brother, Miles Copeland III, founded I.R.S. Records and became the manager of the Police.", "Records and became the manager of the Police. He has also overseen Copeland's interests in other music projects. His other brother, the late Ian Copeland, was a pioneering booking agent who represented the Police and many others.", "His other brother, the late Ian Copeland, was a pioneering booking agent who represented the Police and many others. Career Curved Air (1975–1976) Returning to England, Copeland worked as road manager for the progressive rock band Curved Air's 1974 reunion tour, and then as drummer for the band during 1975 and 1976.", "Career Curved Air (1975–1976) Returning to England, Copeland worked as road manager for the progressive rock band Curved Air's 1974 reunion tour, and then as drummer for the band during 1975 and 1976. The band kicked off with a European tour, which started poorly.", "The band kicked off with a European tour, which started poorly. Band leader Darryl Way, a notorious perfectionist, grew impatient with the struggling of his bandmates, especially novice drummer Copeland.", "Band leader Darryl Way, a notorious perfectionist, grew impatient with the struggling of his bandmates, especially novice drummer Copeland. Then, for reasons no one could pinpoint, the musicians suddenly \"clicked\" with each other and the band caught fire, quickly becoming a popular and acclaimed live act.", "Then, for reasons no one could pinpoint, the musicians suddenly \"clicked\" with each other and the band caught fire, quickly becoming a popular and acclaimed live act. The Police (1977–1986) In early 1977, Copeland founded the Police with lead singer-bass guitarist Sting and guitarist Henry Padovani (who was soon replaced by Andy Summers), and they became one of the top bands of the late 1970s and early 1980s.", "The Police (1977–1986) In early 1977, Copeland founded the Police with lead singer-bass guitarist Sting and guitarist Henry Padovani (who was soon replaced by Andy Summers), and they became one of the top bands of the late 1970s and early 1980s. Copeland was the youngest member of the band.", "Copeland was the youngest member of the band. The Police's early track list (before their album debut) was largely Copeland compositions, including the band's first single \"Fall Out\" (Illegal Records, 1977) and the B-side \"Nothing Achieving\".", "The Police's early track list (before their album debut) was largely Copeland compositions, including the band's first single \"Fall Out\" (Illegal Records, 1977) and the B-side \"Nothing Achieving\". Though Copeland's songwriting contribution was reduced to a couple of songs per album as Sting started writing more material, he continued to co-arrange all the Police's songs together with his two bandmates.", "Though Copeland's songwriting contribution was reduced to a couple of songs per album as Sting started writing more material, he continued to co-arrange all the Police's songs together with his two bandmates. Amongst Copeland's most notable songs are \"On Any Other Day\" (where he also sang lead vocals), \"Does Everyone Stare\" (later to be used as the title of his documentary on the band Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out), \"Contact\", \"Bombs Away\", \"Darkness\" and \"Miss Gradenko\".", "Amongst Copeland's most notable songs are \"On Any Other Day\" (where he also sang lead vocals), \"Does Everyone Stare\" (later to be used as the title of his documentary on the band Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out), \"Contact\", \"Bombs Away\", \"Darkness\" and \"Miss Gradenko\". Copeland also co-wrote a number of songs with Sting, including \"Peanuts\", \"Landlord\", \"It's Alright for You\" and \"Re-Humanize Yourself\".", "Copeland also co-wrote a number of songs with Sting, including \"Peanuts\", \"Landlord\", \"It's Alright for You\" and \"Re-Humanize Yourself\". Copeland also recorded under the pseudonym Klark Kent, releasing several UK singles in 1978 with one (\"Don't Care\") entering the UK Singles Chart that year, along with an eponymous 10-inch album on green vinyl released in 1980.", "Copeland also recorded under the pseudonym Klark Kent, releasing several UK singles in 1978 with one (\"Don't Care\") entering the UK Singles Chart that year, along with an eponymous 10-inch album on green vinyl released in 1980. Recording at Nigel Gray's Surrey Sound Studio, Copeland played all the instruments and sang the lead vocals himself.", "Recording at Nigel Gray's Surrey Sound Studio, Copeland played all the instruments and sang the lead vocals himself. Kent's \"Don't Care\", which peaked at No.", "Kent's \"Don't Care\", which peaked at No. 48 UK in August 1978, actually predates the first chart single by the Police by several months (\"Can't Stand Losing You\", issued in October 1978) as \"Don't Care\" was released in early June 1978.", "48 UK in August 1978, actually predates the first chart single by the Police by several months (\"Can't Stand Losing You\", issued in October 1978) as \"Don't Care\" was released in early June 1978. In 1982, Copeland was involved in the production of a WOMAD benefit album called Music and Rhythm.", "In 1982, Copeland was involved in the production of a WOMAD benefit album called Music and Rhythm. Copeland's score for Rumble Fish secured him a Golden Globe nomination in 1983.", "Copeland's score for Rumble Fish secured him a Golden Globe nomination in 1983. The film, directed and produced by Francis Ford Coppola from the S. E. Hinton novel, also had a song released to radio on A&M Records \"Don't Box Me In\" (UK Singles Chart n. 91)—a collaboration between Copeland and singer-songwriter Stan Ridgway, leader of the band Wall of Voodoo—that received significant airplay upon release of the film that year.", "The film, directed and produced by Francis Ford Coppola from the S. E. Hinton novel, also had a song released to radio on A&M Records \"Don't Box Me In\" (UK Singles Chart n. 91)—a collaboration between Copeland and singer-songwriter Stan Ridgway, leader of the band Wall of Voodoo—that received significant airplay upon release of the film that year. The Rhythmatist record of 1985 was the result of a pilgrimage to Africa and its people, and it features local drums and percussion, with more drums, percussion, other musical instruments and occasional lead vocals added by Copeland.", "The Rhythmatist record of 1985 was the result of a pilgrimage to Africa and its people, and it features local drums and percussion, with more drums, percussion, other musical instruments and occasional lead vocals added by Copeland. The album was the official soundtrack to the movie of the same name, which was co-written by Stewart.", "The album was the official soundtrack to the movie of the same name, which was co-written by Stewart. Copeland is seen in the film playing the drums in a cage with lions surrounding him. The band attempted a reunion in 1986, but the project fell apart.", "The band attempted a reunion in 1986, but the project fell apart. Solo projects and movie soundtracks (1987–1998) After the Police disbanded, Copeland established a career composing soundtracks for movies (Airborne, Talk Radio, Wall Street, Riff Raff, Raining Stones, Surviving the Game, See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Highlander II: The Quickening, She's Having a Baby, The First Power, Fresh, Taking Care of Business, West Beirut, I am David, Riding the Bus with My Sister, Good Burger), television (The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, Star Wars: Droids, the pilot for Babylon 5 (1993), Nickelodeon's The Amanda Show, The Life and Times of Juniper Lee), operas (Holy Blood and Crescent Moon, commissioned by Cleveland Opera) and ballets (Prey' Ballet Oklahoma, Casque of Amontillado, Noah's Ark/Solcheeka, commissioned by the Seattle Symphony Orchestra, King Lear, commissioned by the San Francisco Ballet Company, Emilio).", "Solo projects and movie soundtracks (1987–1998) After the Police disbanded, Copeland established a career composing soundtracks for movies (Airborne, Talk Radio, Wall Street, Riff Raff, Raining Stones, Surviving the Game, See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Highlander II: The Quickening, She's Having a Baby, The First Power, Fresh, Taking Care of Business, West Beirut, I am David, Riding the Bus with My Sister, Good Burger), television (The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, Star Wars: Droids, the pilot for Babylon 5 (1993), Nickelodeon's The Amanda Show, The Life and Times of Juniper Lee), operas (Holy Blood and Crescent Moon, commissioned by Cleveland Opera) and ballets (Prey' Ballet Oklahoma, Casque of Amontillado, Noah's Ark/Solcheeka, commissioned by the Seattle Symphony Orchestra, King Lear, commissioned by the San Francisco Ballet Company, Emilio). In 1996, Copeland provided the score for The Leopard Son, Discovery Channel's its first commercially released full-length feature film, made by wildlife filmmaker Hugo van Lawick.", "In 1996, Copeland provided the score for The Leopard Son, Discovery Channel's its first commercially released full-length feature film, made by wildlife filmmaker Hugo van Lawick. Copeland also occasionally played drums for other artists.", "Copeland also occasionally played drums for other artists. Peter Gabriel employed Copeland to perform on his song \"Red Rain\" from his 1986 album So because of his \"hi-hat mastery\". He has also performed with Mike Rutherford and Tom Waits.", "He has also performed with Mike Rutherford and Tom Waits. That year he also teamed with Adam Ant to record the title track and video for the Anthony Michael Hall movie Out of Bounds. In 1989, Copeland formed Animal Logic with jazz bassist Stanley Clarke and singer-songwriter Deborah Holland.", "In 1989, Copeland formed Animal Logic with jazz bassist Stanley Clarke and singer-songwriter Deborah Holland. The trio had success with their first album and world tour but the follow-up recording sold poorly, and the band did not continue.", "The trio had success with their first album and world tour but the follow-up recording sold poorly, and the band did not continue. In 1993 he composed the music for Channel 4's Horse Opera and director Bob Baldwin, and in 1999, he provided the voice of an additional American soldier in the animated musical comedy war film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999).", "In 1993 he composed the music for Channel 4's Horse Opera and director Bob Baldwin, and in 1999, he provided the voice of an additional American soldier in the animated musical comedy war film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999). Spyro the Dragon soundtracks (1998–2002, 2018) He was commissioned by Insomniac Games in 1998 to make the musical score for the hit PlayStation game Spyro the Dragon.", "Spyro the Dragon soundtracks (1998–2002, 2018) He was commissioned by Insomniac Games in 1998 to make the musical score for the hit PlayStation game Spyro the Dragon. Copeland would play through the levels first to get a feel for each one before composing the soundtrack.", "Copeland would play through the levels first to get a feel for each one before composing the soundtrack. He also stayed with the project to create the musical scores for the remaining Insomniac sequels Spyro 2: Ripto's Rage! and Spyro: Year of the Dragon.", "and Spyro: Year of the Dragon. The franchise shifted over to Universal for the fourth title, Spyro: Enter the Dragonfly, which would be Copeland's last outing with the series. While the soundtracks never saw commercial release, the limited edition of the fourth game came packaged with a bonus CD, containing unused tracks.", "While the soundtracks never saw commercial release, the limited edition of the fourth game came packaged with a bonus CD, containing unused tracks. The soundtracks were very well received, and one track would later appear on the 2007 compilation album The Stewart Copeland Anthology. Copeland composed a new title theme for Spyro Reignited Trilogy.", "Copeland composed a new title theme for Spyro Reignited Trilogy. This period also saw Copeland compose the soundtrack for Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare, his only video game soundtrack outside of the Spyro franchise to date.", "This period also saw Copeland compose the soundtrack for Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare, his only video game soundtrack outside of the Spyro franchise to date. In 2000, he combined with Les Claypool of Primus (with whom he produced a track on the Primus album Antipop) and Trey Anastasio of Phish to create the band Oysterhead.", "In 2000, he combined with Les Claypool of Primus (with whom he produced a track on the Primus album Antipop) and Trey Anastasio of Phish to create the band Oysterhead. That same year, he was approached by director Adam Collis to assemble the score for the film Sunset Strip.", "That same year, he was approached by director Adam Collis to assemble the score for the film Sunset Strip. Collaborations (2002–2006) In 2002, Copeland was hired by Ray Manzarek and Robby Krieger of the Doors to play with them for a new album and tour, but after an injury sidelined Copeland, the arrangement ended in reciprocal lawsuits.", "Collaborations (2002–2006) In 2002, Copeland was hired by Ray Manzarek and Robby Krieger of the Doors to play with them for a new album and tour, but after an injury sidelined Copeland, the arrangement ended in reciprocal lawsuits. In 2005, Copeland released \"Orchestralli\", a live recording of chamber ensemble music which he had composed during a short tour of Italy in 2002.", "In 2005, Copeland released \"Orchestralli\", a live recording of chamber ensemble music which he had composed during a short tour of Italy in 2002. Also in 2005, Copeland started Gizmo, a new project with avant-garde guitarist David Fiuczynski, multi-instrumentalist Vittorio Cosma, singer Raiz and bassist Max Gazzè.", "Also in 2005, Copeland started Gizmo, a new project with avant-garde guitarist David Fiuczynski, multi-instrumentalist Vittorio Cosma, singer Raiz and bassist Max Gazzè. The band made their U.S debut on September 16, 2006, at the Modern Drummer Drum Festival.", "The band made their U.S debut on September 16, 2006, at the Modern Drummer Drum Festival. In January 2006, Copeland premiered his film about the Police called Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out at the Sundance Film Festival.", "In January 2006, Copeland premiered his film about the Police called Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out at the Sundance Film Festival. In February and March, he appeared as one of the judges on the BBC television show Just the Two of Us (a role he later reprised for a second series in January 2007).", "In February and March, he appeared as one of the judges on the BBC television show Just the Two of Us (a role he later reprised for a second series in January 2007). The Police reunion (2007–2008) At the 2007 Grammy Awards, Copeland, Andy Summers and Sting performed the song \"Roxanne\" together again as the Police.", "The Police reunion (2007–2008) At the 2007 Grammy Awards, Copeland, Andy Summers and Sting performed the song \"Roxanne\" together again as the Police. This marked the band's first public performance since 1986 (they had previously reunited only for an improvised set at Sting's wedding party in 1992 and for their induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2003).", "This marked the band's first public performance since 1986 (they had previously reunited only for an improvised set at Sting's wedding party in 1992 and for their induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2003). One day later, the band announced that in celebration of the Police's 30th anniversary, they would be embarking on what turned out to be a one-off reunion tour on May 28, 2007.", "One day later, the band announced that in celebration of the Police's 30th anniversary, they would be embarking on what turned out to be a one-off reunion tour on May 28, 2007. During the tour, Copeland also released his compilation album The Stewart Copeland Anthology, which was composed of his independent work.", "During the tour, Copeland also released his compilation album The Stewart Copeland Anthology, which was composed of his independent work. In 2007, the French government appointed Copeland (along with Police bandmates Summers and Sting) a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.", "In 2007, the French government appointed Copeland (along with Police bandmates Summers and Sting) a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. The group performed 151 dates across five continents, concluding with a final show in August 2008 at Madison Square Garden, New York.", "The group performed 151 dates across five continents, concluding with a final show in August 2008 at Madison Square Garden, New York. Projects (2008–present) In 2008, RIM commissioned Copeland to write a \"soundtrack\" for the BlackBerry Bold smart phone.", "Projects (2008–present) In 2008, RIM commissioned Copeland to write a \"soundtrack\" for the BlackBerry Bold smart phone. He created a highly percussive theme of one minute's length from which he evolved six ringtones and a softer 'alarm tone' that are preloaded on the device.", "He created a highly percussive theme of one minute's length from which he evolved six ringtones and a softer 'alarm tone' that are preloaded on the device. In March 2008, he premiered his orchestral composition \"Celeste\" at \"An Evening with Stewart Copeland\", part of the Savannah Music Festival.", "In March 2008, he premiered his orchestral composition \"Celeste\" at \"An Evening with Stewart Copeland\", part of the Savannah Music Festival. The performance featured classical violinist Daniel Hope. His appearance at Savannah included a screening of Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out and a question and answer session.", "His appearance at Savannah included a screening of Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out and a question and answer session. Also in 2008, he was commissioned by the Dallas Symphony Orchestra to create a percussion piece involving primarily Indonesian instruments.", "Also in 2008, he was commissioned by the Dallas Symphony Orchestra to create a percussion piece involving primarily Indonesian instruments. \"Gamelan D'Drum\" was first performed in Dallas on February 5, 2012, and had its European Premiere at the Royal Academy of Music in London in July 2012.", "\"Gamelan D'Drum\" was first performed in Dallas on February 5, 2012, and had its European Premiere at the Royal Academy of Music in London in July 2012. On August 21, 2009, at SummerFest 2009, Copeland unveiled the composition \"Retail Therapy\", which was commissioned by the Music Society.", "On August 21, 2009, at SummerFest 2009, Copeland unveiled the composition \"Retail Therapy\", which was commissioned by the Music Society. He performed three more original works: \"Kaya\", \"Celeste\", and \"Gene Pool\", the last accompanied by San Diego-based percussion ensemble red fish blue fish.", "He performed three more original works: \"Kaya\", \"Celeste\", and \"Gene Pool\", the last accompanied by San Diego-based percussion ensemble red fish blue fish. He attended a composer's roundtable and a question and answer discussion in conjunction with the festival.", "He attended a composer's roundtable and a question and answer discussion in conjunction with the festival. Copeland wrote the score for a theatrical presentation of Ben-Hur, which premiered on September 17, 2009, at the O2 Arena in London. He provided English-language narration of the production, which is performed in Latin and Aramaic.", "He provided English-language narration of the production, which is performed in Latin and Aramaic. His memoir Strange Things Happen: A Life with The Police, Polo, and Pygmies was released by Harper Collins in September 2009. The book chronicles events in his life from childhood through his work with the Police and to the present.", "The book chronicles events in his life from childhood through his work with the Police and to the present. In October 2009, he was a guest on Private Passions, the biographical music discussion program on BBC Radio 3. On May 24, 2011, he started a YouTube channel devoted to his videos and project updates.", "On May 24, 2011, he started a YouTube channel devoted to his videos and project updates. On this channel, he uploads performances with various musicians, including Primus, Andy Summers, Jeff Lynne, Snoop Dogg, and others in his home studio, which he refers to as the Sacred Grove.", "On this channel, he uploads performances with various musicians, including Primus, Andy Summers, Jeff Lynne, Snoop Dogg, and others in his home studio, which he refers to as the Sacred Grove. On August 24, 2011, he was a featured soloist on the Late Show with David Letterman, as part of their second \"Drum Solo Week\".", "On August 24, 2011, he was a featured soloist on the Late Show with David Letterman, as part of their second \"Drum Solo Week\". On January 10, 2012, he appeared on an episode of the A&E reality series Storage Wars to appraise a drum set for Barry Weiss, buying a Turkish cymbal from the set for $40.", "On January 10, 2012, he appeared on an episode of the A&E reality series Storage Wars to appraise a drum set for Barry Weiss, buying a Turkish cymbal from the set for $40. In July he reunited with former Animal Logic bandmate Stanley Clarke for a European tour.", "In July he reunited with former Animal Logic bandmate Stanley Clarke for a European tour. In May 2013, he and the Long Beach Opera premiered The Tale Tell Heart, an opera based on the short story by Edgar Allan Poe. On November 26, 2013, he appeared in the first episode of The Tim Ferriss Experiment.", "On November 26, 2013, he appeared in the first episode of The Tim Ferriss Experiment. In 2017, he formed the supergroup Gizmodrome with Adrian Belew, Vittorio Cosma, and Mark King and released an album of the same name.", "In 2017, he formed the supergroup Gizmodrome with Adrian Belew, Vittorio Cosma, and Mark King and released an album of the same name. On September 5, 2021, the opera Electric Saint about the life of Nikola Tesla by Copeland with libretto by Jonathan Moore premiered at the National Theater of Weimar.", "On September 5, 2021, the opera Electric Saint about the life of Nikola Tesla by Copeland with libretto by Jonathan Moore premiered at the National Theater of Weimar. Personal life Copeland grew up in Beirut. In 1974, he became romantically involved with Curved Air vocalist Sonja Kristina; they were married from 1982 to 1991.", "In 1974, he became romantically involved with Curved Air vocalist Sonja Kristina; they were married from 1982 to 1991. He adopted her son Sven from a previous relationship, and they had two sons of their own named Jordan and Scott.", "He adopted her son Sven from a previous relationship, and they had two sons of their own named Jordan and Scott. In 1981, he fathered a son named Patrick with Marina Guinness, the daughter of Irish author Desmond Guinness.", "In 1981, he fathered a son named Patrick with Marina Guinness, the daughter of Irish author Desmond Guinness. He currently lives in Los Angeles with his second wife, Fiona Dent, with whom he has three children named Eve, Grace, and Celeste.", "He currently lives in Los Angeles with his second wife, Fiona Dent, with whom he has three children named Eve, Grace, and Celeste. Copeland's hobbies include rollerskating, cycling along the beach in Santa Monica, California, filmmaking, and playing polo.", "Copeland's hobbies include rollerskating, cycling along the beach in Santa Monica, California, filmmaking, and playing polo. He is also active on his YouTube channel, where he uploads videos of himself and other musicians during jam sessions in his studio, the Sacred Grove.", "He is also active on his YouTube channel, where he uploads videos of himself and other musicians during jam sessions in his studio, the Sacred Grove. Drumming style Copeland grew up listening to a combination of Lebanese music, rock and roll, jazz, and reggae, but he selected from these styles what he needed rather than imitating them.", "Drumming style Copeland grew up listening to a combination of Lebanese music, rock and roll, jazz, and reggae, but he selected from these styles what he needed rather than imitating them. In the 1980s, when many musicians were looking for bigger sound from bigger drums, he added Octobans.", "In the 1980s, when many musicians were looking for bigger sound from bigger drums, he added Octobans. Invented by Tama Drums in 1978, Octobans consisted of eight six-inch drums in the shape of narrow tubes. He used another innovation, a splash cymbal based on a toy that he owned and that he helped Paiste design.", "He used another innovation, a splash cymbal based on a toy that he owned and that he helped Paiste design. He relied heavily on his 13\" hi-hats. Despite being left-handed, Copeland plays a right-handed drum kit, placing the hi-hats on his left and ride cymbal and floor toms on his right.", "Despite being left-handed, Copeland plays a right-handed drum kit, placing the hi-hats on his left and ride cymbal and floor toms on his right. He uses a wide dynamic range and demonstrates a proficiency of jazz-style articulation in his snare drum playing, interspersing strong back-beats with soft rim comping.", "He uses a wide dynamic range and demonstrates a proficiency of jazz-style articulation in his snare drum playing, interspersing strong back-beats with soft rim comping. During his years with the Police, he became known for engaging only the hi-hat with the bass drum to keep the beat.", "During his years with the Police, he became known for engaging only the hi-hat with the bass drum to keep the beat. In an interview with Modern Drummer, Copeland has cited Mitch Mitchell of the Jimi Hendrix Experience as a prime musical influence.", "In an interview with Modern Drummer, Copeland has cited Mitch Mitchell of the Jimi Hendrix Experience as a prime musical influence. He states that as a child, whenever he had a song or melody pop in his head, he would walk around wondering how Mitch Mitchell would drum to that particular tune.", "He states that as a child, whenever he had a song or melody pop in his head, he would walk around wondering how Mitch Mitchell would drum to that particular tune. He also named Sandy Nelson and Ginger Baker as other fundamental influences in the youth years.", "He also named Sandy Nelson and Ginger Baker as other fundamental influences in the youth years. He has stated that due to his 'enforced listening' of Buddy Rich, he considers himself 'allergic to jazz.' He is noted for his strong emphasis on the groove as a complement to the song, rather than as its core component.", "He is noted for his strong emphasis on the groove as a complement to the song, rather than as its core component. He once drove this point home at a drum clinic: Copeland announced that he would show the audience something \"that very few modern drummers can do\" and proceeded to play a simple rock beat for two minutes.", "He once drove this point home at a drum clinic: Copeland announced that he would show the audience something \"that very few modern drummers can do\" and proceeded to play a simple rock beat for two minutes. Nonetheless, his playing often incorporates spectacular fills and subtle inflections which greatly augment the groove.", "Nonetheless, his playing often incorporates spectacular fills and subtle inflections which greatly augment the groove. Compared to most of his 1980s contemporaries, his snare sound was bright and cutting. He is also one of the few rock drummers to use traditional grip rather than matched grip. He is also noted for syncopation in his drumming.", "He is also noted for syncopation in his drumming. Equipment Copeland's equipment includes Tama drums, Paiste cymbals, Remo drum heads, and Vater signature drum sticks.", "Equipment Copeland's equipment includes Tama drums, Paiste cymbals, Remo drum heads, and Vater signature drum sticks. Original live kit set-up (1984) Tama Imperialstar Mahogany Drums (9-ply) and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Midnight Blue 10x8\" Rack Tom 12x8\" Rack Tom 13x9\" Rack Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 14x5\" Pearl Chrome over Brass Snare 22x14\" Bass Drum Tama Octobans Low Pitch (x4) Cowbell Wood Blocks Cymbals – Paiste 13\" Formula 602 Medium Hi-Hats 16\" 2002 Crash 8\" 2002 Bell 7.5 Ufip Ictus Bell 8\" 2002 Splash (x2) 11\" 2002 Splash 14\" (or 16\") Rude Crash/Ride 16\" (or 18\") Rude Crash/Ride 18\" 2002 Medium 24\" Rude Ride/Crash 20\" 2002 China Simmons (x2) Pads (to his left) Assorted Percussion Stewart also used Calato Regal Tip Rock Wood Tipped Drumsticks The Police Reunion (2007–2008) tour kit Tama Starclassic Maple Drums and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Custom Police Blue Sparkle Maple Wood 10x8\" Tom 12x8\" Tom (To the left of his snare drum) 13x9\" Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 18x16\" Floor Tom 20x14\" Tama Gong Drum 22x18\" Bass Drum 14x5\" Tama SC145 Stewart Copeland Signature Snare Tama Custom Police Blue Sparkle Octobans (x4) (custom made for Copeland) Cymbals – Paiste 12\" Prototype Micro Hi-Hats 16\" Signature Full Crash 17\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Full Crash 18\" 2002 Flat Ride (prototype) 22\" Signature Blue Bell Ride 10\" Signature Splash 8\" Signature Bell 8\" Signature Prototype Splash Assorted percussion Stewart also uses his own Vater Stewart Copeland Standard Sticks.", "Original live kit set-up (1984) Tama Imperialstar Mahogany Drums (9-ply) and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Midnight Blue 10x8\" Rack Tom 12x8\" Rack Tom 13x9\" Rack Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 14x5\" Pearl Chrome over Brass Snare 22x14\" Bass Drum Tama Octobans Low Pitch (x4) Cowbell Wood Blocks Cymbals – Paiste 13\" Formula 602 Medium Hi-Hats 16\" 2002 Crash 8\" 2002 Bell 7.5 Ufip Ictus Bell 8\" 2002 Splash (x2) 11\" 2002 Splash 14\" (or 16\") Rude Crash/Ride 16\" (or 18\") Rude Crash/Ride 18\" 2002 Medium 24\" Rude Ride/Crash 20\" 2002 China Simmons (x2) Pads (to his left) Assorted Percussion Stewart also used Calato Regal Tip Rock Wood Tipped Drumsticks The Police Reunion (2007–2008) tour kit Tama Starclassic Maple Drums and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Custom Police Blue Sparkle Maple Wood 10x8\" Tom 12x8\" Tom (To the left of his snare drum) 13x9\" Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 18x16\" Floor Tom 20x14\" Tama Gong Drum 22x18\" Bass Drum 14x5\" Tama SC145 Stewart Copeland Signature Snare Tama Custom Police Blue Sparkle Octobans (x4) (custom made for Copeland) Cymbals – Paiste 12\" Prototype Micro Hi-Hats 16\" Signature Full Crash 17\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Full Crash 18\" 2002 Flat Ride (prototype) 22\" Signature Blue Bell Ride 10\" Signature Splash 8\" Signature Bell 8\" Signature Prototype Splash Assorted percussion Stewart also uses his own Vater Stewart Copeland Standard Sticks. Discography Studio albums Film scores TV series Video games See also List of drummers Membranophone (list of drums) References External links Copeland's official site 1952 births Living people A&M Records artists American expatriates in Egypt American expatriates in Lebanon American expatriates in the United Kingdom American film score composers American male film score composers American people of Scottish descent American rock drummers The Police members Curved Air members People educated at Millfield Musicians from Alexandria, Virginia Musicians from Beirut Video game composers United States International University alumni Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres 20th-century American drummers American male drummers Copeland family Oysterhead members Gizmodrome members Strontium 90 (band) members" ]

[ "Algonquin Round Table", "Activities" ]

[ "Do You Know What I'm Going To Do Next Saturday? is a 1963 children's book published by Beginner Books and written by Helen Palmer Geisel, the first wife of Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss). Unlike most of the Beginner Books, Do You Know What I'm Going To Do Next Saturday? did not follow the format of text with inline drawings, being illustrated with black-and-white photographs by Lynn Fayman, featuring a boy named Rawli Davis. It is sometimes misattributed to Dr. Seuss himself. The book's cover features a photograph of a young boy sitting at a breakfast table with a huge pile of pancakes.\n\nActivities mentioned in the book include bowling, water skiing, marching, boxing, and shooting guns with the United States Marines, and eating more spaghetti \"than anyone else has eaten before.\n\nHelen Palmer's photograph-based children's books did not prove to be as popular as the more traditional text-and-illustrations format; however, Do You Know What I'm Going To Do Next Saturday received positive reviews and was listed by The New York Times as one of the best children's books of 1963. The book is currently out of print.\n\nReferences\n\n1963 children's books\nAmerican picture books", "Table Plus is a club for men aged between 40 and 60 that provides a selection of social and community service related opportunities for its members. It was created in Canterbury, and is a member of the Association of Ex-Round Tablers' Clubs.\n\nLogo\n\nThe Table Plus logo was designed as an adaptation of the Canterbury Cross.\n\nHistory\n\nThe founder chairman, Martin Neame, had recently retired from Canterbury & District Round Table and felt a need existed for a club with a similar ethos and raison d'être to that existing in Canterbury & District Round Table, but with a younger look and feel than Canterbury 41 Club. Together with several colleagues (also recently \"retired\") he set up the organisation's first club (Canterbury Table Plus No 1). The formation of the club was also based on a desire to stem the loss of members from the Round Table family of Clubs.\n\nThe name \"Table Plus\" was selected to be sufficiently similar to \"Round Table\" but yet distinctive. Since its members are drawn from Ex-Tablers, it has a very similar feel. In general, it is supportive to its feeder table and will assist in many ways when called upon to do so.\n\nThe club received its Charter from The Association of Ex-Round Tablers' Clubs in 2008 and is proud to be counted as part of that organisation.\n\nWithin a couple of years the fledgling club has visited several international Round Table gatherings and sown the seeds of interest in countries such as the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Austria.\n\nActivities\n\nThe focal point of Table Plus is its regular meetings. It is these meetings and discussions that allow the lasting bonds of friendship that were formed during time in Round Table to continue to grow. Activities are frequently outdoors and challenging, often finishing with an evening meal or BBQ. Speakers for indoor events are often invited to enable those in the audience broadening their minds and cultural awareness.\n\nTable Plus does not exist in order to raise money for charity. It is often involved, however, with local projects and charitable organisations in order to discharge some civic duty.\n\nExternal links\n\nInternational 41 Club Websites\nThe National Association of Ex-Round Tablers' Clubs UK\nNational Association of Ex Tablers Clubs Denmark\n\nIndividual Table Plus Websites\nCanterbury Table Plus No. 1 UK\n\nReferences\n\n \n \n\nClubs and societies in England" ]

[ "The Algonquin Round Table was a group of New York City writers, critics, actors, and wits. Gathering initially as part of a practical joke, members of \"The Vicious Circle\", as they dubbed themselves, met for lunch each day at the Algonquin Hotel from 1919 until roughly 1929.", "Gathering initially as part of a practical joke, members of \"The Vicious Circle\", as they dubbed themselves, met for lunch each day at the Algonquin Hotel from 1919 until roughly 1929. At these luncheons they engaged in wisecracks, wordplay, and witticisms that, through the newspaper columns of Round Table members, were disseminated across the country.", "At these luncheons they engaged in wisecracks, wordplay, and witticisms that, through the newspaper columns of Round Table members, were disseminated across the country. Daily association with each other, both at the luncheons and outside of them, inspired members of the Circle to collaborate creatively.", "Daily association with each other, both at the luncheons and outside of them, inspired members of the Circle to collaborate creatively. The entire group worked together successfully only once, however, to create a revue called No Sirree! which helped launch a Hollywood career for Round Tabler Robert Benchley.", "which helped launch a Hollywood career for Round Tabler Robert Benchley. In its ten years of association, the Round Table and a number of its members acquired national reputations, both for their contributions to literature and for their sparkling wit.", "In its ten years of association, the Round Table and a number of its members acquired national reputations, both for their contributions to literature and for their sparkling wit. Although some of their contemporaries, and later in life even some of its members, disparaged the group, its reputation has endured long after its dissolution.", "Although some of their contemporaries, and later in life even some of its members, disparaged the group, its reputation has endured long after its dissolution. Origin The group that would become the Round Table began meeting in June 1919 as the result of a practical joke carried out by theatrical press agent John Peter Toohey.", "Origin The group that would become the Round Table began meeting in June 1919 as the result of a practical joke carried out by theatrical press agent John Peter Toohey. Toohey, annoyed at The New York Times drama critic Alexander Woollcott for refusing to plug one of Toohey's clients (Eugene O'Neill) in his column, organized a luncheon supposedly to welcome Woollcott back from World War I, where he had been a correspondent for Stars and Stripes.", "Toohey, annoyed at The New York Times drama critic Alexander Woollcott for refusing to plug one of Toohey's clients (Eugene O'Neill) in his column, organized a luncheon supposedly to welcome Woollcott back from World War I, where he had been a correspondent for Stars and Stripes. Instead, Toohey used the occasion to poke fun at Woollcott on a number of fronts.", "Instead, Toohey used the occasion to poke fun at Woollcott on a number of fronts. Woollcott's enjoyment of the joke and the success of the event prompted Toohey to suggest that the group in attendance meet at the Algonquin each day for lunch.", "Woollcott's enjoyment of the joke and the success of the event prompted Toohey to suggest that the group in attendance meet at the Algonquin each day for lunch. The group first gathered in the Algonquin's Pergola Room (later called the Oak Room) at a long rectangular table.", "The group first gathered in the Algonquin's Pergola Room (later called the Oak Room) at a long rectangular table. As they increased in number, Algonquin manager Frank Case moved them to the Rose Room and a round table. Initially the group called itself \"The Board\" and the luncheons \"Board meetings\".", "Initially the group called itself \"The Board\" and the luncheons \"Board meetings\". After being assigned a waiter named Luigi, the group re-christened itself \"Luigi Board\".", "After being assigned a waiter named Luigi, the group re-christened itself \"Luigi Board\". Finally, they became \"The Vicious Circle\" although \"The Round Table\" gained wide currency after a caricature by cartoonist Edmund Duffy of the Brooklyn Eagle portrayed the group sitting at a round table and wearing armor.", "Finally, they became \"The Vicious Circle\" although \"The Round Table\" gained wide currency after a caricature by cartoonist Edmund Duffy of the Brooklyn Eagle portrayed the group sitting at a round table and wearing armor. Membership Charter members of the Round Table included: Franklin Pierce Adams, columnist Robert Benchley, humorist and actor Heywood Broun, columnist and sportswriter (married to Ruth Hale) Marc Connelly, playwright Ruth Hale, freelance writer who worked for women's rights George S. Kaufman, playwright and director Dorothy Parker, critic, poet, short-story writer, and screenwriter Brock Pemberton, Broadway producer Murdock Pemberton, Broadway publicist, writer Harold Ross, The New Yorker editor Robert E. Sherwood, author and playwright John Peter Toohey, Broadway publicist Alexander Woollcott, critic and journalist Membership was not official or fixed for so many others who moved in and out of the Circle.", "Membership Charter members of the Round Table included: Franklin Pierce Adams, columnist Robert Benchley, humorist and actor Heywood Broun, columnist and sportswriter (married to Ruth Hale) Marc Connelly, playwright Ruth Hale, freelance writer who worked for women's rights George S. Kaufman, playwright and director Dorothy Parker, critic, poet, short-story writer, and screenwriter Brock Pemberton, Broadway producer Murdock Pemberton, Broadway publicist, writer Harold Ross, The New Yorker editor Robert E. Sherwood, author and playwright John Peter Toohey, Broadway publicist Alexander Woollcott, critic and journalist Membership was not official or fixed for so many others who moved in and out of the Circle. Some of these included: Tallulah Bankhead, actress Norman Bel Geddes, stage and industrial designer Noël Coward, playwright Blyth Daly, actress Edna Ferber, author and playwright Eva Le Gallienne, actress Margalo Gillmore, actress Jane Grant, journalist and feminist (married to Harold Ross) Beatrice Kaufman, editor and playwright (married to George S. Kaufman) Margaret Leech, writer and historian Herman J. Mankiewicz, screenwriter Harpo Marx, comedian and film star Neysa McMein, magazine illustrator Alice Duer Miller, writer Donald Ogden Stewart, playwright and screenwriter Frank Sullivan, journalist and humorist Deems Taylor, composer Estelle Winwood, actress and comedian Peggy Wood, actress Activities In addition to the daily luncheons, members of the Round Table worked and associated with each other almost constantly.", "Some of these included: Tallulah Bankhead, actress Norman Bel Geddes, stage and industrial designer Noël Coward, playwright Blyth Daly, actress Edna Ferber, author and playwright Eva Le Gallienne, actress Margalo Gillmore, actress Jane Grant, journalist and feminist (married to Harold Ross) Beatrice Kaufman, editor and playwright (married to George S. Kaufman) Margaret Leech, writer and historian Herman J. Mankiewicz, screenwriter Harpo Marx, comedian and film star Neysa McMein, magazine illustrator Alice Duer Miller, writer Donald Ogden Stewart, playwright and screenwriter Frank Sullivan, journalist and humorist Deems Taylor, composer Estelle Winwood, actress and comedian Peggy Wood, actress Activities In addition to the daily luncheons, members of the Round Table worked and associated with each other almost constantly. The group was devoted to games, including cribbage and poker.", "The group was devoted to games, including cribbage and poker. The group had its own poker club, the Thanatopsis Literary and Inside Straight Club, which met at the hotel on Saturday nights.", "The group had its own poker club, the Thanatopsis Literary and Inside Straight Club, which met at the hotel on Saturday nights. Regulars at the game included Kaufman, Adams, Broun, Ross and Woollcott, with non-Round Tablers Herbert Bayard Swope, silk merchant Paul Hyde Bonner, baking heir Raoul Fleischmann, actor Harpo Marx, and writer Ring Lardner sometimes sitting in.", "Regulars at the game included Kaufman, Adams, Broun, Ross and Woollcott, with non-Round Tablers Herbert Bayard Swope, silk merchant Paul Hyde Bonner, baking heir Raoul Fleischmann, actor Harpo Marx, and writer Ring Lardner sometimes sitting in. The group also played charades (which they called simply \"The Game\") and the \"I can give you a sentence\" game, which spawned Dorothy Parker's memorable sentence using the word horticulture: \"You can lead a horticulture but you can't make her think.\"", "The group also played charades (which they called simply \"The Game\") and the \"I can give you a sentence\" game, which spawned Dorothy Parker's memorable sentence using the word horticulture: \"You can lead a horticulture but you can't make her think.\" Members often visited Neshobe Island, a private island co-owned by several \"Algonks\"—but governed by Woollcott as a \"benevolent tyrant\", as his biographer Samuel Hopkins Adams charitably put it—located on several acres in the middle of Lake Bomoseen in Vermont.", "Members often visited Neshobe Island, a private island co-owned by several \"Algonks\"—but governed by Woollcott as a \"benevolent tyrant\", as his biographer Samuel Hopkins Adams charitably put it—located on several acres in the middle of Lake Bomoseen in Vermont. There they would engage in their usual array of games including Wink murder, which they called simply \"Murder\", plus croquet.", "There they would engage in their usual array of games including Wink murder, which they called simply \"Murder\", plus croquet. A number of Round Tablers were inveterate practical jokers, constantly pulling pranks on one another. As time went on the jokes became ever more elaborate.", "As time went on the jokes became ever more elaborate. Harold Ross and Jane Grant once spent weeks playing a particularly memorable joke on Woollcott involving a prized portrait of himself.", "Harold Ross and Jane Grant once spent weeks playing a particularly memorable joke on Woollcott involving a prized portrait of himself. They had several copies made, each slightly more askew than the last, and would periodically secretly swap them out and then later comment to Woollcott \"What on earth is wrong with your portrait?\"", "They had several copies made, each slightly more askew than the last, and would periodically secretly swap them out and then later comment to Woollcott \"What on earth is wrong with your portrait?\" until Woollcott was beside himself. Eventually they returned the original portrait. No Sirree!", "No Sirree! No Sirree! Given the literary and theatrical activities of the Round Table members, it was perhaps inevitable that they would write and stage their own revue. No Sirree!, staged for one night only in April 1922, was a take-off of a then-popular European touring revue called La Chauve-Souris, directed by Nikita Balieff.", "No Sirree!, staged for one night only in April 1922, was a take-off of a then-popular European touring revue called La Chauve-Souris, directed by Nikita Balieff. No Sirree! had its genesis at the studio of Neysa McMein, which served as something of a salon for Round Tablers away from the Algonquin.", "had its genesis at the studio of Neysa McMein, which served as something of a salon for Round Tablers away from the Algonquin. Acts included: \"Opening Chorus\" featuring Woollcott, Toohey, Kaufman, Connelly, Adams and Benchley with violinist Jascha Heifetz providing offstage, off-key accompaniment; \"He Who Gets Flapped\", a musical number featuring the song \"The Everlastin' Ingenue Blues\" written by Dorothy Parker and performed by Robert Sherwood accompanied by \"chorus girls\" including Tallulah Bankhead, Helen Hayes, Ruth Gillmore, Lenore Ulric and Mary Brandon; \"Zowie, or the Curse of an Akins Heart\"; \"The Greasy Hag, an O'Neill Play in One Act\" with Kaufman, Connelly and Woollcott; and \"Mr. Whim Passes By—An A.", "Acts included: \"Opening Chorus\" featuring Woollcott, Toohey, Kaufman, Connelly, Adams and Benchley with violinist Jascha Heifetz providing offstage, off-key accompaniment; \"He Who Gets Flapped\", a musical number featuring the song \"The Everlastin' Ingenue Blues\" written by Dorothy Parker and performed by Robert Sherwood accompanied by \"chorus girls\" including Tallulah Bankhead, Helen Hayes, Ruth Gillmore, Lenore Ulric and Mary Brandon; \"Zowie, or the Curse of an Akins Heart\"; \"The Greasy Hag, an O'Neill Play in One Act\" with Kaufman, Connelly and Woollcott; and \"Mr. Whim Passes By—An A. A. Milne Play.\"", "A. Milne Play.\" A. Milne Play.\" The only item of note to emerge from No Sirree! was Robert Benchley's contribution, The Treasurer's Report.", "was Robert Benchley's contribution, The Treasurer's Report. Benchley's disjointed parody so delighted those in attendance that Irving Berlin hired Benchley in 1923 to deliver the Report as part of Berlin's Music Box Revue for $500 a week.", "Benchley's disjointed parody so delighted those in attendance that Irving Berlin hired Benchley in 1923 to deliver the Report as part of Berlin's Music Box Revue for $500 a week. In 1928, Report was later made into a short sound film in the Fox Movietone sound-on-film system by Fox Film Corporation.", "In 1928, Report was later made into a short sound film in the Fox Movietone sound-on-film system by Fox Film Corporation. The film marked the beginning of a second career for Benchley in Hollywood. With the success of No Sirree!", "With the success of No Sirree! the Round Tablers hoped to duplicate it with an \"official\" Vicious Circle production open to the public with material performed by professional actors. Kaufman and Connelly funded the revue, named The Forty-niners. The revue opened in November 1922 and was a failure, running for just 15 performances.", "The revue opened in November 1922 and was a failure, running for just 15 performances. Decline As members of the Round Table moved into ventures outside New York City, inevitably the group drifted apart. By the early 1930s the Vicious Circle was broken.", "By the early 1930s the Vicious Circle was broken. Edna Ferber said she realized it when she arrived at the Rose Room for lunch one day in 1932 and found the group's table occupied by a family from Kansas. Frank Case was asked what happened to the group.", "Frank Case was asked what happened to the group. He shrugged and replied, \"What became of the reservoir at Fifth Avenue and Forty-Second Street? These things do not last forever.\" Some members of the group remained friends after its dissolution.", "Some members of the group remained friends after its dissolution. Parker and Benchley in particular remained close up until his death in 1945, although her political leanings did strain their relationship.", "Parker and Benchley in particular remained close up until his death in 1945, although her political leanings did strain their relationship. Others, as the group itself would come to understand when it gathered following Woollcott's death in 1943, simply realized that they had nothing to say to one another.", "Others, as the group itself would come to understand when it gathered following Woollcott's death in 1943, simply realized that they had nothing to say to one another. Public response and legacy Because a number of the members of the Round Table had regular newspaper columns, the activities and quips of various Round Table members were reported in the national press.", "Public response and legacy Because a number of the members of the Round Table had regular newspaper columns, the activities and quips of various Round Table members were reported in the national press. This brought Round Tablers widely into the public consciousness as renowned wits. Not all of their contemporaries were fans of the group.", "Not all of their contemporaries were fans of the group. Their critics accused them of logrolling, or exchanging favorable plugs of one another's works, and of rehearsing their witticisms in advance. James Thurber (who lived in the hotel) was a detractor of the group, accusing them of being too consumed by their elaborate practical jokes.", "James Thurber (who lived in the hotel) was a detractor of the group, accusing them of being too consumed by their elaborate practical jokes. H. L. Mencken, who was much admired by many in the Circle, was also a critic, commenting to fellow writer Anita Loos that \"their ideals were those of a vaudeville actor, one who is extremely 'in the know' and inordinately trashy\".", "H. L. Mencken, who was much admired by many in the Circle, was also a critic, commenting to fellow writer Anita Loos that \"their ideals were those of a vaudeville actor, one who is extremely 'in the know' and inordinately trashy\". The group showed up in the 1923 best-seller Black Oxen by Gertrude Atherton.", "The group showed up in the 1923 best-seller Black Oxen by Gertrude Atherton. She sarcastically described a group she called \"the Sophisticates\": Groucho Marx, brother of Round Table associate Harpo, was never comfortable amidst the viciousness of the Vicious Circle.", "She sarcastically described a group she called \"the Sophisticates\": Groucho Marx, brother of Round Table associate Harpo, was never comfortable amidst the viciousness of the Vicious Circle. Therein he remarked \"The price of admission is a serpent's tongue and a half-concealed stiletto.\"", "Therein he remarked \"The price of admission is a serpent's tongue and a half-concealed stiletto.\" Even some members of the Round Table disparaged it later in life. Dorothy Parker in particular criticized the group.", "Dorothy Parker in particular criticized the group. Despite Parker's bleak assessment and while it is true that some members of the Round Table are perhaps now \"famous for being famous\" instead of for their literary output, Round Table members and associates contributed to the literary landscape, including Pulitzer Prize-winning work by Circle members Kaufman, Connelly and Sherwood (who won four) and by associate Ferber and the legacy of Ross's New Yorker.", "Despite Parker's bleak assessment and while it is true that some members of the Round Table are perhaps now \"famous for being famous\" instead of for their literary output, Round Table members and associates contributed to the literary landscape, including Pulitzer Prize-winning work by Circle members Kaufman, Connelly and Sherwood (who won four) and by associate Ferber and the legacy of Ross's New Yorker. Others made lasting contributions to the realms of stage and screen — Tallulah Bankhead and Eva Le Gallienne became Broadway greats and the films of Harpo and Benchley remain popular; and Parker has remained renowned for her short stories and literary reviews.", "Others made lasting contributions to the realms of stage and screen — Tallulah Bankhead and Eva Le Gallienne became Broadway greats and the films of Harpo and Benchley remain popular; and Parker has remained renowned for her short stories and literary reviews. The Algonquin Round Table, as well as the number of other literary and theatrical greats who lodged there, helped earn the Algonquin Hotel its status as a New York City Historic Landmark.", "The Algonquin Round Table, as well as the number of other literary and theatrical greats who lodged there, helped earn the Algonquin Hotel its status as a New York City Historic Landmark. The hotel was so designated in 1987.", "The hotel was so designated in 1987. In 1996 the hotel was designated a national literary landmark by the Friends of Libraries USA based on the contributions of \"The Round Table Wits\". The organization's bronze plaque is attached to the front of the hotel.", "The organization's bronze plaque is attached to the front of the hotel. Although the Rose Room was removed from the Algonquin in a 1998 remodel, the hotel paid tribute to the group by commissioning and hanging the painting A Vicious Circle by Natalie Ascencios, depicting the Round Table and also created a replica of the original table.", "Although the Rose Room was removed from the Algonquin in a 1998 remodel, the hotel paid tribute to the group by commissioning and hanging the painting A Vicious Circle by Natalie Ascencios, depicting the Round Table and also created a replica of the original table. The hotel occasionally stages an original musical production, The Talk of the Town, in the Oak Room.", "The hotel occasionally stages an original musical production, The Talk of the Town, in the Oak Room. Its latest production started September 11, 2007 and ran through the end of the year. A film about the members, The Ten-Year Lunch (1987), won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.", "A film about the members, The Ten-Year Lunch (1987), won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. The dramatic film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994) recounts the Round Table from the perspective of Dorothy Parker.", "The dramatic film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994) recounts the Round Table from the perspective of Dorothy Parker. In popular culture Portions of the 1981 film Rich and Famous were set in the Algonquin and one of the film's characters, Liz Hamilton (played by Jacqueline Bisset), refers to the Round Table during the film.", "In popular culture Portions of the 1981 film Rich and Famous were set in the Algonquin and one of the film's characters, Liz Hamilton (played by Jacqueline Bisset), refers to the Round Table during the film. The Algonquin Round Table was featured in \"The Young Indiana Jones and the Scandal of 1920\", a 1993 episode of the TV series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which the title character meets the group and attends at least two lunches.", "The Algonquin Round Table was featured in \"The Young Indiana Jones and the Scandal of 1920\", a 1993 episode of the TV series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which the title character meets the group and attends at least two lunches. Wonderful Nonsense - The Algonquin Round Table is a documentary produced for the DVD release of that film in 2008.", "Wonderful Nonsense - The Algonquin Round Table is a documentary produced for the DVD release of that film in 2008. In season 2, episode 4 of Seinfeld entitled “The Phone Message” (1991), Jerry tells Donna, the woman he is seeing at the time: \"Boy, I bet you got a regular Algonquin round table there\", after Donna says she discussed a Dockers commercial with friends.", "In season 2, episode 4 of Seinfeld entitled “The Phone Message” (1991), Jerry tells Donna, the woman he is seeing at the time: \"Boy, I bet you got a regular Algonquin round table there\", after Donna says she discussed a Dockers commercial with friends. The 1994 film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle concerns Dorothy Parker and her relationship with Robert Benchley and the larger group.", "The 1994 film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle concerns Dorothy Parker and her relationship with Robert Benchley and the larger group. In 2009, Robert Benchley's grandson, Nat Benchley, and co-editor Kevin C. Fitzpatrick published The Lost Algonquin Round Table, a collection of the early writings of the group.", "In 2009, Robert Benchley's grandson, Nat Benchley, and co-editor Kevin C. Fitzpatrick published The Lost Algonquin Round Table, a collection of the early writings of the group. Benchley's grandson Peter Benchley wrote the famous shark novel Jaws upon which the Steven Spielberg film is based.", "Benchley's grandson Peter Benchley wrote the famous shark novel Jaws upon which the Steven Spielberg film is based. See also References External links Algonquin Round Table historical site History notes and news since 1999 Algonquin Round Table at PBS's American Masters American literary movements American humorists Culture of Manhattan Literary circles 20th-century American literature" ]

[ "Algonquin Round Table", "Activities", "What activities did the Round Table do", "The group was devoted to games, including cribbage and poker." ]

[ "4000 A.D. is a 1972 science fiction space-war board game published by House of Games.\n\nReception\nNeil Shapiro reviewed 4000 A.D. in The Space Gamer No. 4. Shapiro commented that \"Someone, somewhere, went to a powerful lot of artistic trouble to design and produce 4,000 A.D.'''s physical parts. I only wish they had paid half as much attention to the game's more ephemeral guts--the rationale behind it, the science, and the rules of play.\"\n\nReviews\nReview in Games'' #81\n\nReferences\n\nBoard games introduced in 1972", "Enry Juan Barale (born 16 November 1941) is an Argentine former footballer.\n\nCareer\nHe started his professional career playing for Banfield on May 19, 1963. Boca Juniors bought his rights in 1964, but he did not have a lot of opportunities to play there. In 1965, Osvaldo Zubeldía, the new coach of Estudiantes de La Plata, convinced him to join the team. He flourished in Estudiantes, where he was a fundamental piece of the team that won the 1967 Metropolitano Championship. Unfortunately, he got seriously injured (ACL) during the 4–3 victory in the semifinal game against Platense. That injury plagued him through the rest of his career. He was able to play again in 1968, playing in only 12 games; but he retired soon after that, playing for Deportivo Morón of the Argentine second division.\n\nReferences\n\n1941 births\nLiving people\nAssociation football defenders\nArgentine footballers\nBoca Juniors footballers\nPan American Games medalists in football\nPan American Games silver medalists for Argentina\nFootballers at the 1963 Pan American Games\nMedalists at the 1963 Pan American Games" ]

[ "The Algonquin Round Table was a group of New York City writers, critics, actors, and wits. Gathering initially as part of a practical joke, members of \"The Vicious Circle\", as they dubbed themselves, met for lunch each day at the Algonquin Hotel from 1919 until roughly 1929.", "Gathering initially as part of a practical joke, members of \"The Vicious Circle\", as they dubbed themselves, met for lunch each day at the Algonquin Hotel from 1919 until roughly 1929. At these luncheons they engaged in wisecracks, wordplay, and witticisms that, through the newspaper columns of Round Table members, were disseminated across the country.", "At these luncheons they engaged in wisecracks, wordplay, and witticisms that, through the newspaper columns of Round Table members, were disseminated across the country. Daily association with each other, both at the luncheons and outside of them, inspired members of the Circle to collaborate creatively.", "Daily association with each other, both at the luncheons and outside of them, inspired members of the Circle to collaborate creatively. The entire group worked together successfully only once, however, to create a revue called No Sirree! which helped launch a Hollywood career for Round Tabler Robert Benchley.", "which helped launch a Hollywood career for Round Tabler Robert Benchley. In its ten years of association, the Round Table and a number of its members acquired national reputations, both for their contributions to literature and for their sparkling wit.", "In its ten years of association, the Round Table and a number of its members acquired national reputations, both for their contributions to literature and for their sparkling wit. Although some of their contemporaries, and later in life even some of its members, disparaged the group, its reputation has endured long after its dissolution.", "Although some of their contemporaries, and later in life even some of its members, disparaged the group, its reputation has endured long after its dissolution. Origin The group that would become the Round Table began meeting in June 1919 as the result of a practical joke carried out by theatrical press agent John Peter Toohey.", "Origin The group that would become the Round Table began meeting in June 1919 as the result of a practical joke carried out by theatrical press agent John Peter Toohey. Toohey, annoyed at The New York Times drama critic Alexander Woollcott for refusing to plug one of Toohey's clients (Eugene O'Neill) in his column, organized a luncheon supposedly to welcome Woollcott back from World War I, where he had been a correspondent for Stars and Stripes.", "Toohey, annoyed at The New York Times drama critic Alexander Woollcott for refusing to plug one of Toohey's clients (Eugene O'Neill) in his column, organized a luncheon supposedly to welcome Woollcott back from World War I, where he had been a correspondent for Stars and Stripes. Instead, Toohey used the occasion to poke fun at Woollcott on a number of fronts.", "Instead, Toohey used the occasion to poke fun at Woollcott on a number of fronts. Woollcott's enjoyment of the joke and the success of the event prompted Toohey to suggest that the group in attendance meet at the Algonquin each day for lunch.", "Woollcott's enjoyment of the joke and the success of the event prompted Toohey to suggest that the group in attendance meet at the Algonquin each day for lunch. The group first gathered in the Algonquin's Pergola Room (later called the Oak Room) at a long rectangular table.", "The group first gathered in the Algonquin's Pergola Room (later called the Oak Room) at a long rectangular table. As they increased in number, Algonquin manager Frank Case moved them to the Rose Room and a round table. Initially the group called itself \"The Board\" and the luncheons \"Board meetings\".", "Initially the group called itself \"The Board\" and the luncheons \"Board meetings\". After being assigned a waiter named Luigi, the group re-christened itself \"Luigi Board\".", "After being assigned a waiter named Luigi, the group re-christened itself \"Luigi Board\". Finally, they became \"The Vicious Circle\" although \"The Round Table\" gained wide currency after a caricature by cartoonist Edmund Duffy of the Brooklyn Eagle portrayed the group sitting at a round table and wearing armor.", "Finally, they became \"The Vicious Circle\" although \"The Round Table\" gained wide currency after a caricature by cartoonist Edmund Duffy of the Brooklyn Eagle portrayed the group sitting at a round table and wearing armor. Membership Charter members of the Round Table included: Franklin Pierce Adams, columnist Robert Benchley, humorist and actor Heywood Broun, columnist and sportswriter (married to Ruth Hale) Marc Connelly, playwright Ruth Hale, freelance writer who worked for women's rights George S. Kaufman, playwright and director Dorothy Parker, critic, poet, short-story writer, and screenwriter Brock Pemberton, Broadway producer Murdock Pemberton, Broadway publicist, writer Harold Ross, The New Yorker editor Robert E. Sherwood, author and playwright John Peter Toohey, Broadway publicist Alexander Woollcott, critic and journalist Membership was not official or fixed for so many others who moved in and out of the Circle.", "Membership Charter members of the Round Table included: Franklin Pierce Adams, columnist Robert Benchley, humorist and actor Heywood Broun, columnist and sportswriter (married to Ruth Hale) Marc Connelly, playwright Ruth Hale, freelance writer who worked for women's rights George S. Kaufman, playwright and director Dorothy Parker, critic, poet, short-story writer, and screenwriter Brock Pemberton, Broadway producer Murdock Pemberton, Broadway publicist, writer Harold Ross, The New Yorker editor Robert E. Sherwood, author and playwright John Peter Toohey, Broadway publicist Alexander Woollcott, critic and journalist Membership was not official or fixed for so many others who moved in and out of the Circle. Some of these included: Tallulah Bankhead, actress Norman Bel Geddes, stage and industrial designer Noël Coward, playwright Blyth Daly, actress Edna Ferber, author and playwright Eva Le Gallienne, actress Margalo Gillmore, actress Jane Grant, journalist and feminist (married to Harold Ross) Beatrice Kaufman, editor and playwright (married to George S. Kaufman) Margaret Leech, writer and historian Herman J. Mankiewicz, screenwriter Harpo Marx, comedian and film star Neysa McMein, magazine illustrator Alice Duer Miller, writer Donald Ogden Stewart, playwright and screenwriter Frank Sullivan, journalist and humorist Deems Taylor, composer Estelle Winwood, actress and comedian Peggy Wood, actress Activities In addition to the daily luncheons, members of the Round Table worked and associated with each other almost constantly.", "Some of these included: Tallulah Bankhead, actress Norman Bel Geddes, stage and industrial designer Noël Coward, playwright Blyth Daly, actress Edna Ferber, author and playwright Eva Le Gallienne, actress Margalo Gillmore, actress Jane Grant, journalist and feminist (married to Harold Ross) Beatrice Kaufman, editor and playwright (married to George S. Kaufman) Margaret Leech, writer and historian Herman J. Mankiewicz, screenwriter Harpo Marx, comedian and film star Neysa McMein, magazine illustrator Alice Duer Miller, writer Donald Ogden Stewart, playwright and screenwriter Frank Sullivan, journalist and humorist Deems Taylor, composer Estelle Winwood, actress and comedian Peggy Wood, actress Activities In addition to the daily luncheons, members of the Round Table worked and associated with each other almost constantly. The group was devoted to games, including cribbage and poker.", "The group was devoted to games, including cribbage and poker. The group had its own poker club, the Thanatopsis Literary and Inside Straight Club, which met at the hotel on Saturday nights.", "The group had its own poker club, the Thanatopsis Literary and Inside Straight Club, which met at the hotel on Saturday nights. Regulars at the game included Kaufman, Adams, Broun, Ross and Woollcott, with non-Round Tablers Herbert Bayard Swope, silk merchant Paul Hyde Bonner, baking heir Raoul Fleischmann, actor Harpo Marx, and writer Ring Lardner sometimes sitting in.", "Regulars at the game included Kaufman, Adams, Broun, Ross and Woollcott, with non-Round Tablers Herbert Bayard Swope, silk merchant Paul Hyde Bonner, baking heir Raoul Fleischmann, actor Harpo Marx, and writer Ring Lardner sometimes sitting in. The group also played charades (which they called simply \"The Game\") and the \"I can give you a sentence\" game, which spawned Dorothy Parker's memorable sentence using the word horticulture: \"You can lead a horticulture but you can't make her think.\"", "The group also played charades (which they called simply \"The Game\") and the \"I can give you a sentence\" game, which spawned Dorothy Parker's memorable sentence using the word horticulture: \"You can lead a horticulture but you can't make her think.\" Members often visited Neshobe Island, a private island co-owned by several \"Algonks\"—but governed by Woollcott as a \"benevolent tyrant\", as his biographer Samuel Hopkins Adams charitably put it—located on several acres in the middle of Lake Bomoseen in Vermont.", "Members often visited Neshobe Island, a private island co-owned by several \"Algonks\"—but governed by Woollcott as a \"benevolent tyrant\", as his biographer Samuel Hopkins Adams charitably put it—located on several acres in the middle of Lake Bomoseen in Vermont. There they would engage in their usual array of games including Wink murder, which they called simply \"Murder\", plus croquet.", "There they would engage in their usual array of games including Wink murder, which they called simply \"Murder\", plus croquet. A number of Round Tablers were inveterate practical jokers, constantly pulling pranks on one another. As time went on the jokes became ever more elaborate.", "As time went on the jokes became ever more elaborate. Harold Ross and Jane Grant once spent weeks playing a particularly memorable joke on Woollcott involving a prized portrait of himself.", "Harold Ross and Jane Grant once spent weeks playing a particularly memorable joke on Woollcott involving a prized portrait of himself. They had several copies made, each slightly more askew than the last, and would periodically secretly swap them out and then later comment to Woollcott \"What on earth is wrong with your portrait?\"", "They had several copies made, each slightly more askew than the last, and would periodically secretly swap them out and then later comment to Woollcott \"What on earth is wrong with your portrait?\" until Woollcott was beside himself. Eventually they returned the original portrait. No Sirree!", "No Sirree! No Sirree! Given the literary and theatrical activities of the Round Table members, it was perhaps inevitable that they would write and stage their own revue. No Sirree!, staged for one night only in April 1922, was a take-off of a then-popular European touring revue called La Chauve-Souris, directed by Nikita Balieff.", "No Sirree!, staged for one night only in April 1922, was a take-off of a then-popular European touring revue called La Chauve-Souris, directed by Nikita Balieff. No Sirree! had its genesis at the studio of Neysa McMein, which served as something of a salon for Round Tablers away from the Algonquin.", "had its genesis at the studio of Neysa McMein, which served as something of a salon for Round Tablers away from the Algonquin. Acts included: \"Opening Chorus\" featuring Woollcott, Toohey, Kaufman, Connelly, Adams and Benchley with violinist Jascha Heifetz providing offstage, off-key accompaniment; \"He Who Gets Flapped\", a musical number featuring the song \"The Everlastin' Ingenue Blues\" written by Dorothy Parker and performed by Robert Sherwood accompanied by \"chorus girls\" including Tallulah Bankhead, Helen Hayes, Ruth Gillmore, Lenore Ulric and Mary Brandon; \"Zowie, or the Curse of an Akins Heart\"; \"The Greasy Hag, an O'Neill Play in One Act\" with Kaufman, Connelly and Woollcott; and \"Mr. Whim Passes By—An A.", "Acts included: \"Opening Chorus\" featuring Woollcott, Toohey, Kaufman, Connelly, Adams and Benchley with violinist Jascha Heifetz providing offstage, off-key accompaniment; \"He Who Gets Flapped\", a musical number featuring the song \"The Everlastin' Ingenue Blues\" written by Dorothy Parker and performed by Robert Sherwood accompanied by \"chorus girls\" including Tallulah Bankhead, Helen Hayes, Ruth Gillmore, Lenore Ulric and Mary Brandon; \"Zowie, or the Curse of an Akins Heart\"; \"The Greasy Hag, an O'Neill Play in One Act\" with Kaufman, Connelly and Woollcott; and \"Mr. Whim Passes By—An A. A. Milne Play.\"", "A. Milne Play.\" A. Milne Play.\" The only item of note to emerge from No Sirree! was Robert Benchley's contribution, The Treasurer's Report.", "was Robert Benchley's contribution, The Treasurer's Report. Benchley's disjointed parody so delighted those in attendance that Irving Berlin hired Benchley in 1923 to deliver the Report as part of Berlin's Music Box Revue for $500 a week.", "Benchley's disjointed parody so delighted those in attendance that Irving Berlin hired Benchley in 1923 to deliver the Report as part of Berlin's Music Box Revue for $500 a week. In 1928, Report was later made into a short sound film in the Fox Movietone sound-on-film system by Fox Film Corporation.", "In 1928, Report was later made into a short sound film in the Fox Movietone sound-on-film system by Fox Film Corporation. The film marked the beginning of a second career for Benchley in Hollywood. With the success of No Sirree!", "With the success of No Sirree! the Round Tablers hoped to duplicate it with an \"official\" Vicious Circle production open to the public with material performed by professional actors. Kaufman and Connelly funded the revue, named The Forty-niners. The revue opened in November 1922 and was a failure, running for just 15 performances.", "The revue opened in November 1922 and was a failure, running for just 15 performances. Decline As members of the Round Table moved into ventures outside New York City, inevitably the group drifted apart. By the early 1930s the Vicious Circle was broken.", "By the early 1930s the Vicious Circle was broken. Edna Ferber said she realized it when she arrived at the Rose Room for lunch one day in 1932 and found the group's table occupied by a family from Kansas. Frank Case was asked what happened to the group.", "Frank Case was asked what happened to the group. He shrugged and replied, \"What became of the reservoir at Fifth Avenue and Forty-Second Street? These things do not last forever.\" Some members of the group remained friends after its dissolution.", "Some members of the group remained friends after its dissolution. Parker and Benchley in particular remained close up until his death in 1945, although her political leanings did strain their relationship.", "Parker and Benchley in particular remained close up until his death in 1945, although her political leanings did strain their relationship. Others, as the group itself would come to understand when it gathered following Woollcott's death in 1943, simply realized that they had nothing to say to one another.", "Others, as the group itself would come to understand when it gathered following Woollcott's death in 1943, simply realized that they had nothing to say to one another. Public response and legacy Because a number of the members of the Round Table had regular newspaper columns, the activities and quips of various Round Table members were reported in the national press.", "Public response and legacy Because a number of the members of the Round Table had regular newspaper columns, the activities and quips of various Round Table members were reported in the national press. This brought Round Tablers widely into the public consciousness as renowned wits. Not all of their contemporaries were fans of the group.", "Not all of their contemporaries were fans of the group. Their critics accused them of logrolling, or exchanging favorable plugs of one another's works, and of rehearsing their witticisms in advance. James Thurber (who lived in the hotel) was a detractor of the group, accusing them of being too consumed by their elaborate practical jokes.", "James Thurber (who lived in the hotel) was a detractor of the group, accusing them of being too consumed by their elaborate practical jokes. H. L. Mencken, who was much admired by many in the Circle, was also a critic, commenting to fellow writer Anita Loos that \"their ideals were those of a vaudeville actor, one who is extremely 'in the know' and inordinately trashy\".", "H. L. Mencken, who was much admired by many in the Circle, was also a critic, commenting to fellow writer Anita Loos that \"their ideals were those of a vaudeville actor, one who is extremely 'in the know' and inordinately trashy\". The group showed up in the 1923 best-seller Black Oxen by Gertrude Atherton.", "The group showed up in the 1923 best-seller Black Oxen by Gertrude Atherton. She sarcastically described a group she called \"the Sophisticates\": Groucho Marx, brother of Round Table associate Harpo, was never comfortable amidst the viciousness of the Vicious Circle.", "She sarcastically described a group she called \"the Sophisticates\": Groucho Marx, brother of Round Table associate Harpo, was never comfortable amidst the viciousness of the Vicious Circle. Therein he remarked \"The price of admission is a serpent's tongue and a half-concealed stiletto.\"", "Therein he remarked \"The price of admission is a serpent's tongue and a half-concealed stiletto.\" Even some members of the Round Table disparaged it later in life. Dorothy Parker in particular criticized the group.", "Dorothy Parker in particular criticized the group. Despite Parker's bleak assessment and while it is true that some members of the Round Table are perhaps now \"famous for being famous\" instead of for their literary output, Round Table members and associates contributed to the literary landscape, including Pulitzer Prize-winning work by Circle members Kaufman, Connelly and Sherwood (who won four) and by associate Ferber and the legacy of Ross's New Yorker.", "Despite Parker's bleak assessment and while it is true that some members of the Round Table are perhaps now \"famous for being famous\" instead of for their literary output, Round Table members and associates contributed to the literary landscape, including Pulitzer Prize-winning work by Circle members Kaufman, Connelly and Sherwood (who won four) and by associate Ferber and the legacy of Ross's New Yorker. Others made lasting contributions to the realms of stage and screen — Tallulah Bankhead and Eva Le Gallienne became Broadway greats and the films of Harpo and Benchley remain popular; and Parker has remained renowned for her short stories and literary reviews.", "Others made lasting contributions to the realms of stage and screen — Tallulah Bankhead and Eva Le Gallienne became Broadway greats and the films of Harpo and Benchley remain popular; and Parker has remained renowned for her short stories and literary reviews. The Algonquin Round Table, as well as the number of other literary and theatrical greats who lodged there, helped earn the Algonquin Hotel its status as a New York City Historic Landmark.", "The Algonquin Round Table, as well as the number of other literary and theatrical greats who lodged there, helped earn the Algonquin Hotel its status as a New York City Historic Landmark. The hotel was so designated in 1987.", "The hotel was so designated in 1987. In 1996 the hotel was designated a national literary landmark by the Friends of Libraries USA based on the contributions of \"The Round Table Wits\". The organization's bronze plaque is attached to the front of the hotel.", "The organization's bronze plaque is attached to the front of the hotel. Although the Rose Room was removed from the Algonquin in a 1998 remodel, the hotel paid tribute to the group by commissioning and hanging the painting A Vicious Circle by Natalie Ascencios, depicting the Round Table and also created a replica of the original table.", "Although the Rose Room was removed from the Algonquin in a 1998 remodel, the hotel paid tribute to the group by commissioning and hanging the painting A Vicious Circle by Natalie Ascencios, depicting the Round Table and also created a replica of the original table. The hotel occasionally stages an original musical production, The Talk of the Town, in the Oak Room.", "The hotel occasionally stages an original musical production, The Talk of the Town, in the Oak Room. Its latest production started September 11, 2007 and ran through the end of the year. A film about the members, The Ten-Year Lunch (1987), won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.", "A film about the members, The Ten-Year Lunch (1987), won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. The dramatic film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994) recounts the Round Table from the perspective of Dorothy Parker.", "The dramatic film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994) recounts the Round Table from the perspective of Dorothy Parker. In popular culture Portions of the 1981 film Rich and Famous were set in the Algonquin and one of the film's characters, Liz Hamilton (played by Jacqueline Bisset), refers to the Round Table during the film.", "In popular culture Portions of the 1981 film Rich and Famous were set in the Algonquin and one of the film's characters, Liz Hamilton (played by Jacqueline Bisset), refers to the Round Table during the film. The Algonquin Round Table was featured in \"The Young Indiana Jones and the Scandal of 1920\", a 1993 episode of the TV series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which the title character meets the group and attends at least two lunches.", "The Algonquin Round Table was featured in \"The Young Indiana Jones and the Scandal of 1920\", a 1993 episode of the TV series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which the title character meets the group and attends at least two lunches. Wonderful Nonsense - The Algonquin Round Table is a documentary produced for the DVD release of that film in 2008.", "Wonderful Nonsense - The Algonquin Round Table is a documentary produced for the DVD release of that film in 2008. In season 2, episode 4 of Seinfeld entitled “The Phone Message” (1991), Jerry tells Donna, the woman he is seeing at the time: \"Boy, I bet you got a regular Algonquin round table there\", after Donna says she discussed a Dockers commercial with friends.", "In season 2, episode 4 of Seinfeld entitled “The Phone Message” (1991), Jerry tells Donna, the woman he is seeing at the time: \"Boy, I bet you got a regular Algonquin round table there\", after Donna says she discussed a Dockers commercial with friends. The 1994 film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle concerns Dorothy Parker and her relationship with Robert Benchley and the larger group.", "The 1994 film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle concerns Dorothy Parker and her relationship with Robert Benchley and the larger group. In 2009, Robert Benchley's grandson, Nat Benchley, and co-editor Kevin C. Fitzpatrick published The Lost Algonquin Round Table, a collection of the early writings of the group.", "In 2009, Robert Benchley's grandson, Nat Benchley, and co-editor Kevin C. Fitzpatrick published The Lost Algonquin Round Table, a collection of the early writings of the group. Benchley's grandson Peter Benchley wrote the famous shark novel Jaws upon which the Steven Spielberg film is based.", "Benchley's grandson Peter Benchley wrote the famous shark novel Jaws upon which the Steven Spielberg film is based. See also References External links Algonquin Round Table historical site History notes and news since 1999 Algonquin Round Table at PBS's American Masters American literary movements American humorists Culture of Manhattan Literary circles 20th-century American literature" ]

[ "Algonquin Round Table", "Activities", "What activities did the Round Table do", "The group was devoted to games, including cribbage and poker.", "Did they play a lot of games?", "The group had its own poker club, the Thanatopsis Literary and Inside Straight Club," ]

[ "What Else Do You Do? (A Compilation of Quiet Music) is a various artists compilation album, released in 1990 by Shimmy Disc.\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel \nAdapted from the What Else Do You Do? (A Compilation of Quiet Music) liner notes.\n Kramer – production, engineering\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\n1990 compilation albums\nAlbums produced by Kramer (musician)\nShimmy Disc compilation albums", "Do You Know What I'm Going To Do Next Saturday? is a 1963 children's book published by Beginner Books and written by Helen Palmer Geisel, the first wife of Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss). Unlike most of the Beginner Books, Do You Know What I'm Going To Do Next Saturday? did not follow the format of text with inline drawings, being illustrated with black-and-white photographs by Lynn Fayman, featuring a boy named Rawli Davis. It is sometimes misattributed to Dr. Seuss himself. The book's cover features a photograph of a young boy sitting at a breakfast table with a huge pile of pancakes.\n\nActivities mentioned in the book include bowling, water skiing, marching, boxing, and shooting guns with the United States Marines, and eating more spaghetti \"than anyone else has eaten before.\n\nHelen Palmer's photograph-based children's books did not prove to be as popular as the more traditional text-and-illustrations format; however, Do You Know What I'm Going To Do Next Saturday received positive reviews and was listed by The New York Times as one of the best children's books of 1963. The book is currently out of print.\n\nReferences\n\n1963 children's books\nAmerican picture books" ]

[ "The Algonquin Round Table was a group of New York City writers, critics, actors, and wits. Gathering initially as part of a practical joke, members of \"The Vicious Circle\", as they dubbed themselves, met for lunch each day at the Algonquin Hotel from 1919 until roughly 1929.", "Gathering initially as part of a practical joke, members of \"The Vicious Circle\", as they dubbed themselves, met for lunch each day at the Algonquin Hotel from 1919 until roughly 1929. At these luncheons they engaged in wisecracks, wordplay, and witticisms that, through the newspaper columns of Round Table members, were disseminated across the country.", "At these luncheons they engaged in wisecracks, wordplay, and witticisms that, through the newspaper columns of Round Table members, were disseminated across the country. Daily association with each other, both at the luncheons and outside of them, inspired members of the Circle to collaborate creatively.", "Daily association with each other, both at the luncheons and outside of them, inspired members of the Circle to collaborate creatively. The entire group worked together successfully only once, however, to create a revue called No Sirree! which helped launch a Hollywood career for Round Tabler Robert Benchley.", "which helped launch a Hollywood career for Round Tabler Robert Benchley. In its ten years of association, the Round Table and a number of its members acquired national reputations, both for their contributions to literature and for their sparkling wit.", "In its ten years of association, the Round Table and a number of its members acquired national reputations, both for their contributions to literature and for their sparkling wit. Although some of their contemporaries, and later in life even some of its members, disparaged the group, its reputation has endured long after its dissolution.", "Although some of their contemporaries, and later in life even some of its members, disparaged the group, its reputation has endured long after its dissolution. Origin The group that would become the Round Table began meeting in June 1919 as the result of a practical joke carried out by theatrical press agent John Peter Toohey.", "Origin The group that would become the Round Table began meeting in June 1919 as the result of a practical joke carried out by theatrical press agent John Peter Toohey. Toohey, annoyed at The New York Times drama critic Alexander Woollcott for refusing to plug one of Toohey's clients (Eugene O'Neill) in his column, organized a luncheon supposedly to welcome Woollcott back from World War I, where he had been a correspondent for Stars and Stripes.", "Toohey, annoyed at The New York Times drama critic Alexander Woollcott for refusing to plug one of Toohey's clients (Eugene O'Neill) in his column, organized a luncheon supposedly to welcome Woollcott back from World War I, where he had been a correspondent for Stars and Stripes. Instead, Toohey used the occasion to poke fun at Woollcott on a number of fronts.", "Instead, Toohey used the occasion to poke fun at Woollcott on a number of fronts. Woollcott's enjoyment of the joke and the success of the event prompted Toohey to suggest that the group in attendance meet at the Algonquin each day for lunch.", "Woollcott's enjoyment of the joke and the success of the event prompted Toohey to suggest that the group in attendance meet at the Algonquin each day for lunch. The group first gathered in the Algonquin's Pergola Room (later called the Oak Room) at a long rectangular table.", "The group first gathered in the Algonquin's Pergola Room (later called the Oak Room) at a long rectangular table. As they increased in number, Algonquin manager Frank Case moved them to the Rose Room and a round table. Initially the group called itself \"The Board\" and the luncheons \"Board meetings\".", "Initially the group called itself \"The Board\" and the luncheons \"Board meetings\". After being assigned a waiter named Luigi, the group re-christened itself \"Luigi Board\".", "After being assigned a waiter named Luigi, the group re-christened itself \"Luigi Board\". Finally, they became \"The Vicious Circle\" although \"The Round Table\" gained wide currency after a caricature by cartoonist Edmund Duffy of the Brooklyn Eagle portrayed the group sitting at a round table and wearing armor.", "Finally, they became \"The Vicious Circle\" although \"The Round Table\" gained wide currency after a caricature by cartoonist Edmund Duffy of the Brooklyn Eagle portrayed the group sitting at a round table and wearing armor. Membership Charter members of the Round Table included: Franklin Pierce Adams, columnist Robert Benchley, humorist and actor Heywood Broun, columnist and sportswriter (married to Ruth Hale) Marc Connelly, playwright Ruth Hale, freelance writer who worked for women's rights George S. Kaufman, playwright and director Dorothy Parker, critic, poet, short-story writer, and screenwriter Brock Pemberton, Broadway producer Murdock Pemberton, Broadway publicist, writer Harold Ross, The New Yorker editor Robert E. Sherwood, author and playwright John Peter Toohey, Broadway publicist Alexander Woollcott, critic and journalist Membership was not official or fixed for so many others who moved in and out of the Circle.", "Membership Charter members of the Round Table included: Franklin Pierce Adams, columnist Robert Benchley, humorist and actor Heywood Broun, columnist and sportswriter (married to Ruth Hale) Marc Connelly, playwright Ruth Hale, freelance writer who worked for women's rights George S. Kaufman, playwright and director Dorothy Parker, critic, poet, short-story writer, and screenwriter Brock Pemberton, Broadway producer Murdock Pemberton, Broadway publicist, writer Harold Ross, The New Yorker editor Robert E. Sherwood, author and playwright John Peter Toohey, Broadway publicist Alexander Woollcott, critic and journalist Membership was not official or fixed for so many others who moved in and out of the Circle. Some of these included: Tallulah Bankhead, actress Norman Bel Geddes, stage and industrial designer Noël Coward, playwright Blyth Daly, actress Edna Ferber, author and playwright Eva Le Gallienne, actress Margalo Gillmore, actress Jane Grant, journalist and feminist (married to Harold Ross) Beatrice Kaufman, editor and playwright (married to George S. Kaufman) Margaret Leech, writer and historian Herman J. Mankiewicz, screenwriter Harpo Marx, comedian and film star Neysa McMein, magazine illustrator Alice Duer Miller, writer Donald Ogden Stewart, playwright and screenwriter Frank Sullivan, journalist and humorist Deems Taylor, composer Estelle Winwood, actress and comedian Peggy Wood, actress Activities In addition to the daily luncheons, members of the Round Table worked and associated with each other almost constantly.", "Some of these included: Tallulah Bankhead, actress Norman Bel Geddes, stage and industrial designer Noël Coward, playwright Blyth Daly, actress Edna Ferber, author and playwright Eva Le Gallienne, actress Margalo Gillmore, actress Jane Grant, journalist and feminist (married to Harold Ross) Beatrice Kaufman, editor and playwright (married to George S. Kaufman) Margaret Leech, writer and historian Herman J. Mankiewicz, screenwriter Harpo Marx, comedian and film star Neysa McMein, magazine illustrator Alice Duer Miller, writer Donald Ogden Stewart, playwright and screenwriter Frank Sullivan, journalist and humorist Deems Taylor, composer Estelle Winwood, actress and comedian Peggy Wood, actress Activities In addition to the daily luncheons, members of the Round Table worked and associated with each other almost constantly. The group was devoted to games, including cribbage and poker.", "The group was devoted to games, including cribbage and poker. The group had its own poker club, the Thanatopsis Literary and Inside Straight Club, which met at the hotel on Saturday nights.", "The group had its own poker club, the Thanatopsis Literary and Inside Straight Club, which met at the hotel on Saturday nights. Regulars at the game included Kaufman, Adams, Broun, Ross and Woollcott, with non-Round Tablers Herbert Bayard Swope, silk merchant Paul Hyde Bonner, baking heir Raoul Fleischmann, actor Harpo Marx, and writer Ring Lardner sometimes sitting in.", "Regulars at the game included Kaufman, Adams, Broun, Ross and Woollcott, with non-Round Tablers Herbert Bayard Swope, silk merchant Paul Hyde Bonner, baking heir Raoul Fleischmann, actor Harpo Marx, and writer Ring Lardner sometimes sitting in. The group also played charades (which they called simply \"The Game\") and the \"I can give you a sentence\" game, which spawned Dorothy Parker's memorable sentence using the word horticulture: \"You can lead a horticulture but you can't make her think.\"", "The group also played charades (which they called simply \"The Game\") and the \"I can give you a sentence\" game, which spawned Dorothy Parker's memorable sentence using the word horticulture: \"You can lead a horticulture but you can't make her think.\" Members often visited Neshobe Island, a private island co-owned by several \"Algonks\"—but governed by Woollcott as a \"benevolent tyrant\", as his biographer Samuel Hopkins Adams charitably put it—located on several acres in the middle of Lake Bomoseen in Vermont.", "Members often visited Neshobe Island, a private island co-owned by several \"Algonks\"—but governed by Woollcott as a \"benevolent tyrant\", as his biographer Samuel Hopkins Adams charitably put it—located on several acres in the middle of Lake Bomoseen in Vermont. There they would engage in their usual array of games including Wink murder, which they called simply \"Murder\", plus croquet.", "There they would engage in their usual array of games including Wink murder, which they called simply \"Murder\", plus croquet. A number of Round Tablers were inveterate practical jokers, constantly pulling pranks on one another. As time went on the jokes became ever more elaborate.", "As time went on the jokes became ever more elaborate. Harold Ross and Jane Grant once spent weeks playing a particularly memorable joke on Woollcott involving a prized portrait of himself.", "Harold Ross and Jane Grant once spent weeks playing a particularly memorable joke on Woollcott involving a prized portrait of himself. They had several copies made, each slightly more askew than the last, and would periodically secretly swap them out and then later comment to Woollcott \"What on earth is wrong with your portrait?\"", "They had several copies made, each slightly more askew than the last, and would periodically secretly swap them out and then later comment to Woollcott \"What on earth is wrong with your portrait?\" until Woollcott was beside himself. Eventually they returned the original portrait. No Sirree!", "No Sirree! No Sirree! Given the literary and theatrical activities of the Round Table members, it was perhaps inevitable that they would write and stage their own revue. No Sirree!, staged for one night only in April 1922, was a take-off of a then-popular European touring revue called La Chauve-Souris, directed by Nikita Balieff.", "No Sirree!, staged for one night only in April 1922, was a take-off of a then-popular European touring revue called La Chauve-Souris, directed by Nikita Balieff. No Sirree! had its genesis at the studio of Neysa McMein, which served as something of a salon for Round Tablers away from the Algonquin.", "had its genesis at the studio of Neysa McMein, which served as something of a salon for Round Tablers away from the Algonquin. Acts included: \"Opening Chorus\" featuring Woollcott, Toohey, Kaufman, Connelly, Adams and Benchley with violinist Jascha Heifetz providing offstage, off-key accompaniment; \"He Who Gets Flapped\", a musical number featuring the song \"The Everlastin' Ingenue Blues\" written by Dorothy Parker and performed by Robert Sherwood accompanied by \"chorus girls\" including Tallulah Bankhead, Helen Hayes, Ruth Gillmore, Lenore Ulric and Mary Brandon; \"Zowie, or the Curse of an Akins Heart\"; \"The Greasy Hag, an O'Neill Play in One Act\" with Kaufman, Connelly and Woollcott; and \"Mr. Whim Passes By—An A.", "Acts included: \"Opening Chorus\" featuring Woollcott, Toohey, Kaufman, Connelly, Adams and Benchley with violinist Jascha Heifetz providing offstage, off-key accompaniment; \"He Who Gets Flapped\", a musical number featuring the song \"The Everlastin' Ingenue Blues\" written by Dorothy Parker and performed by Robert Sherwood accompanied by \"chorus girls\" including Tallulah Bankhead, Helen Hayes, Ruth Gillmore, Lenore Ulric and Mary Brandon; \"Zowie, or the Curse of an Akins Heart\"; \"The Greasy Hag, an O'Neill Play in One Act\" with Kaufman, Connelly and Woollcott; and \"Mr. Whim Passes By—An A. A. Milne Play.\"", "A. Milne Play.\" A. Milne Play.\" The only item of note to emerge from No Sirree! was Robert Benchley's contribution, The Treasurer's Report.", "was Robert Benchley's contribution, The Treasurer's Report. Benchley's disjointed parody so delighted those in attendance that Irving Berlin hired Benchley in 1923 to deliver the Report as part of Berlin's Music Box Revue for $500 a week.", "Benchley's disjointed parody so delighted those in attendance that Irving Berlin hired Benchley in 1923 to deliver the Report as part of Berlin's Music Box Revue for $500 a week. In 1928, Report was later made into a short sound film in the Fox Movietone sound-on-film system by Fox Film Corporation.", "In 1928, Report was later made into a short sound film in the Fox Movietone sound-on-film system by Fox Film Corporation. The film marked the beginning of a second career for Benchley in Hollywood. With the success of No Sirree!", "With the success of No Sirree! the Round Tablers hoped to duplicate it with an \"official\" Vicious Circle production open to the public with material performed by professional actors. Kaufman and Connelly funded the revue, named The Forty-niners. The revue opened in November 1922 and was a failure, running for just 15 performances.", "The revue opened in November 1922 and was a failure, running for just 15 performances. Decline As members of the Round Table moved into ventures outside New York City, inevitably the group drifted apart. By the early 1930s the Vicious Circle was broken.", "By the early 1930s the Vicious Circle was broken. Edna Ferber said she realized it when she arrived at the Rose Room for lunch one day in 1932 and found the group's table occupied by a family from Kansas. Frank Case was asked what happened to the group.", "Frank Case was asked what happened to the group. He shrugged and replied, \"What became of the reservoir at Fifth Avenue and Forty-Second Street? These things do not last forever.\" Some members of the group remained friends after its dissolution.", "Some members of the group remained friends after its dissolution. Parker and Benchley in particular remained close up until his death in 1945, although her political leanings did strain their relationship.", "Parker and Benchley in particular remained close up until his death in 1945, although her political leanings did strain their relationship. Others, as the group itself would come to understand when it gathered following Woollcott's death in 1943, simply realized that they had nothing to say to one another.", "Others, as the group itself would come to understand when it gathered following Woollcott's death in 1943, simply realized that they had nothing to say to one another. Public response and legacy Because a number of the members of the Round Table had regular newspaper columns, the activities and quips of various Round Table members were reported in the national press.", "Public response and legacy Because a number of the members of the Round Table had regular newspaper columns, the activities and quips of various Round Table members were reported in the national press. This brought Round Tablers widely into the public consciousness as renowned wits. Not all of their contemporaries were fans of the group.", "Not all of their contemporaries were fans of the group. Their critics accused them of logrolling, or exchanging favorable plugs of one another's works, and of rehearsing their witticisms in advance. James Thurber (who lived in the hotel) was a detractor of the group, accusing them of being too consumed by their elaborate practical jokes.", "James Thurber (who lived in the hotel) was a detractor of the group, accusing them of being too consumed by their elaborate practical jokes. H. L. Mencken, who was much admired by many in the Circle, was also a critic, commenting to fellow writer Anita Loos that \"their ideals were those of a vaudeville actor, one who is extremely 'in the know' and inordinately trashy\".", "H. L. Mencken, who was much admired by many in the Circle, was also a critic, commenting to fellow writer Anita Loos that \"their ideals were those of a vaudeville actor, one who is extremely 'in the know' and inordinately trashy\". The group showed up in the 1923 best-seller Black Oxen by Gertrude Atherton.", "The group showed up in the 1923 best-seller Black Oxen by Gertrude Atherton. She sarcastically described a group she called \"the Sophisticates\": Groucho Marx, brother of Round Table associate Harpo, was never comfortable amidst the viciousness of the Vicious Circle.", "She sarcastically described a group she called \"the Sophisticates\": Groucho Marx, brother of Round Table associate Harpo, was never comfortable amidst the viciousness of the Vicious Circle. Therein he remarked \"The price of admission is a serpent's tongue and a half-concealed stiletto.\"", "Therein he remarked \"The price of admission is a serpent's tongue and a half-concealed stiletto.\" Even some members of the Round Table disparaged it later in life. Dorothy Parker in particular criticized the group.", "Dorothy Parker in particular criticized the group. Despite Parker's bleak assessment and while it is true that some members of the Round Table are perhaps now \"famous for being famous\" instead of for their literary output, Round Table members and associates contributed to the literary landscape, including Pulitzer Prize-winning work by Circle members Kaufman, Connelly and Sherwood (who won four) and by associate Ferber and the legacy of Ross's New Yorker.", "Despite Parker's bleak assessment and while it is true that some members of the Round Table are perhaps now \"famous for being famous\" instead of for their literary output, Round Table members and associates contributed to the literary landscape, including Pulitzer Prize-winning work by Circle members Kaufman, Connelly and Sherwood (who won four) and by associate Ferber and the legacy of Ross's New Yorker. Others made lasting contributions to the realms of stage and screen — Tallulah Bankhead and Eva Le Gallienne became Broadway greats and the films of Harpo and Benchley remain popular; and Parker has remained renowned for her short stories and literary reviews.", "Others made lasting contributions to the realms of stage and screen — Tallulah Bankhead and Eva Le Gallienne became Broadway greats and the films of Harpo and Benchley remain popular; and Parker has remained renowned for her short stories and literary reviews. The Algonquin Round Table, as well as the number of other literary and theatrical greats who lodged there, helped earn the Algonquin Hotel its status as a New York City Historic Landmark.", "The Algonquin Round Table, as well as the number of other literary and theatrical greats who lodged there, helped earn the Algonquin Hotel its status as a New York City Historic Landmark. The hotel was so designated in 1987.", "The hotel was so designated in 1987. In 1996 the hotel was designated a national literary landmark by the Friends of Libraries USA based on the contributions of \"The Round Table Wits\". The organization's bronze plaque is attached to the front of the hotel.", "The organization's bronze plaque is attached to the front of the hotel. Although the Rose Room was removed from the Algonquin in a 1998 remodel, the hotel paid tribute to the group by commissioning and hanging the painting A Vicious Circle by Natalie Ascencios, depicting the Round Table and also created a replica of the original table.", "Although the Rose Room was removed from the Algonquin in a 1998 remodel, the hotel paid tribute to the group by commissioning and hanging the painting A Vicious Circle by Natalie Ascencios, depicting the Round Table and also created a replica of the original table. The hotel occasionally stages an original musical production, The Talk of the Town, in the Oak Room.", "The hotel occasionally stages an original musical production, The Talk of the Town, in the Oak Room. Its latest production started September 11, 2007 and ran through the end of the year. A film about the members, The Ten-Year Lunch (1987), won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.", "A film about the members, The Ten-Year Lunch (1987), won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. The dramatic film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994) recounts the Round Table from the perspective of Dorothy Parker.", "The dramatic film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994) recounts the Round Table from the perspective of Dorothy Parker. In popular culture Portions of the 1981 film Rich and Famous were set in the Algonquin and one of the film's characters, Liz Hamilton (played by Jacqueline Bisset), refers to the Round Table during the film.", "In popular culture Portions of the 1981 film Rich and Famous were set in the Algonquin and one of the film's characters, Liz Hamilton (played by Jacqueline Bisset), refers to the Round Table during the film. The Algonquin Round Table was featured in \"The Young Indiana Jones and the Scandal of 1920\", a 1993 episode of the TV series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which the title character meets the group and attends at least two lunches.", "The Algonquin Round Table was featured in \"The Young Indiana Jones and the Scandal of 1920\", a 1993 episode of the TV series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which the title character meets the group and attends at least two lunches. Wonderful Nonsense - The Algonquin Round Table is a documentary produced for the DVD release of that film in 2008.", "Wonderful Nonsense - The Algonquin Round Table is a documentary produced for the DVD release of that film in 2008. In season 2, episode 4 of Seinfeld entitled “The Phone Message” (1991), Jerry tells Donna, the woman he is seeing at the time: \"Boy, I bet you got a regular Algonquin round table there\", after Donna says she discussed a Dockers commercial with friends.", "In season 2, episode 4 of Seinfeld entitled “The Phone Message” (1991), Jerry tells Donna, the woman he is seeing at the time: \"Boy, I bet you got a regular Algonquin round table there\", after Donna says she discussed a Dockers commercial with friends. The 1994 film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle concerns Dorothy Parker and her relationship with Robert Benchley and the larger group.", "The 1994 film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle concerns Dorothy Parker and her relationship with Robert Benchley and the larger group. In 2009, Robert Benchley's grandson, Nat Benchley, and co-editor Kevin C. Fitzpatrick published The Lost Algonquin Round Table, a collection of the early writings of the group.", "In 2009, Robert Benchley's grandson, Nat Benchley, and co-editor Kevin C. Fitzpatrick published The Lost Algonquin Round Table, a collection of the early writings of the group. Benchley's grandson Peter Benchley wrote the famous shark novel Jaws upon which the Steven Spielberg film is based.", "Benchley's grandson Peter Benchley wrote the famous shark novel Jaws upon which the Steven Spielberg film is based. See also References External links Algonquin Round Table historical site History notes and news since 1999 Algonquin Round Table at PBS's American Masters American literary movements American humorists Culture of Manhattan Literary circles 20th-century American literature" ]

[ "Algonquin Round Table", "Activities", "What activities did the Round Table do", "The group was devoted to games, including cribbage and poker.", "Did they play a lot of games?", "The group had its own poker club, the Thanatopsis Literary and Inside Straight Club,", "What else did they do?", "In addition to the daily luncheons, members of the Round Table worked and associated with each other almost constantly.", "Did they work in writing", "I don't know." ]

[ "\n\nTrack listing\n Opening Overture\n \"I Get a Kick Out of You\" (Cole Porter)\n \"You Are the Sunshine of My Life\" (Stevie Wonder)\n \"You Will Be My Music\" (Joe Raposo)\n \"Don't Worry 'bout Me\" (Ted Koehler, Rube Bloom)\n \"If\" (David Gates)\n \"Bad, Bad Leroy Brown\" (Jim Croce)\n \"Ol' Man River\" (Jerome Kern, Oscar Hammerstein II)\n Famous Monologue\n Saloon Trilogy: \"Last Night When We Were Young\"/\"Violets for Your Furs\"/\"Here's That Rainy Day\" (Harold Arlen, E.Y. Harburg)/(Matt Dennis, Tom Adair)/(Jimmy Van Heusen, Johnny Burke)\n \"I've Got You Under My Skin\" (Porter)\n \"My Kind of Town\" (Sammy Cahn, Van Heusen)\n \"Let Me Try Again\" (Paul Anka, Cahn, Michel Jourdan)\n \"The Lady Is a Tramp\" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart)\n \"My Way\" (Anka, Claude Francois, Jacques Revaux, Gilles Thibaut)\n\nFrank Sinatra's Monologue About the Australian Press\nI do believe this is my interval, as we say... We've been having a marvelous time being chased around the country for three days. You know, I think it's worth mentioning because it's so idiotic, it's so ridiculous what's been happening. We came all the way to Australia because I chose to come here. I haven't been here for a long time and I wanted to come back for a few days. Wait now, wait. I'm not buttering anybody at all. I don't have to. I really don't have to. I like coming here. I like the people. I love your attitude. I like the booze and the beer and everything else that comes into the scene. I also like the way the country's growing and it's a swinging place.\n\nSo we come here and what happens? We gotta run all day long because of the parasites who chase us with automobiles. That's dangerous, too, on the road, you know. Might cause an accident. They won't quit. They wonder why I won't talk to them. I wouldn't drink their water, let alone talk to them. And if any of you folks in the press are in the audience, please quote me properly. Don't mix it up, do it exactly as I'm saying it, please. Write it down very clearly. One idiot called me up and he wanted to know what I had for breakfast. What the hell does he care what I had for breakfast? I was about to tell him what I did after breakfast. Oh, boy, they're murder! We have a name in the States for their counterparts: They're called parasites. Because they take and take and take and never give, absolutely, never give. I don't care what you think about any press in the world, I say they're bums and they'll always be bums, everyone of them. There are just a few exceptions to the rule. Some good editorial writers who don't go out in the street and chase people around. Critics don't bother me, because if I do badly, I know I'm bad before they even write it, and if I'm good, I know I'm good before they write it. It's true. I know best about myself. So, a critic is a critic. He doesn't anger me. It's the scandal man who bugs you, drives you crazy. It's the two-bit-type work that they do. They're pimps. They're just crazy, you know. And the broads who work in the press are the hookers of the press. Need I explain that to you? I might offer them a buck and a half... I'm not sure. I once gave a chick in Washington $2 and I overpaid her, I found out. She didn't even bathe. Imagine what that was like, ha, ha.\n\nNow, it's a good thing I'm not angry. Really. It's a good thing I'm not angry. I couldn't care less. The press of the world never made a person a star who was untalented, nor did they ever hurt any artist who was talented. So we, who have God-given talent, say, \"To hell with them.\" It doesn't make any difference, you know. And I want to say one more thing. From what I see what's happened since I was last here... what, 16 years ago? Twelve years ago. From what I've seen to happen with the type of news that they print in this town shocked me. And do you know what is devastating? It's old-fashioned. It was done in America and England twenty years ago. And they're catching up with it now, with the scandal sheet. They're rags, that's what they are. You use them to train your dog and your parrot. What else do I have to say? Oh, I guess that's it. That'll keep them talking to themselves for a while. I think most of them are a bunch of fags anyway. Never did a hard day's work in their life. I love when they say, \"What do you mean, you won't stand still when I take your picture?\" All of a sudden, they're God. We gotta do what they want us to do. It's incredible. A pox on them... Now, let's get down to some serious business here...\n\nSee also\nConcerts of Frank Sinatra\n\nFrank Sinatra", "Wait Till Next Year is a 1988 memoir by sportswriter Mike Lupica and screenwriter William Goldman.\n\nThe book is similar to Goldman's earlier effort The Season: A Candid Look at Broadway in that it looks at a year of New York sports teams with Goldman getting press passes to see a huge number of games. The main focus is looking at The Mets following up their championship season while taking in the local Basketball and American Football teams too in a wildly frenetic overview of the coaches, stars, owners, trades and controversies that the season provided.\n\nLupica and Goldman had been friends for thirty years when Lupica suggested to Goldman they collaborate on a book together, from his point of view and Goldman's point of view. Goldman:\nI wanted to be a sports columnist when I was a kid and then I learned more about what they did for a living and I decided I didn't want to do it. You have to go see all that shit. It's fun to go to a ball game occasionally. What was great, the year I did the book with Lupica, was I had press passes so I could go sit with all those people whose columns I read and watch a baseball game or a football game or a basketball game.\nGoldman said they would do alternate chapters. \"I would eventually show him what I had and he would show me what he had but for the most part, we kept away from each other. We'd talk all the time.\"\n\nGoldman said the book \"was a total flop - it didn't work commercially - but it was a wonderful time for me.\"\n\nReferences\n\nEgan, Sean, William Goldman: The Reluctant Storyteller, Bear Manor Media 2014\n\nAmerican memoirs\n1988 non-fiction books\nBooks by William Goldman" ]

[ "The Algonquin Round Table was a group of New York City writers, critics, actors, and wits. Gathering initially as part of a practical joke, members of \"The Vicious Circle\", as they dubbed themselves, met for lunch each day at the Algonquin Hotel from 1919 until roughly 1929.", "Gathering initially as part of a practical joke, members of \"The Vicious Circle\", as they dubbed themselves, met for lunch each day at the Algonquin Hotel from 1919 until roughly 1929. At these luncheons they engaged in wisecracks, wordplay, and witticisms that, through the newspaper columns of Round Table members, were disseminated across the country.", "At these luncheons they engaged in wisecracks, wordplay, and witticisms that, through the newspaper columns of Round Table members, were disseminated across the country. Daily association with each other, both at the luncheons and outside of them, inspired members of the Circle to collaborate creatively.", "Daily association with each other, both at the luncheons and outside of them, inspired members of the Circle to collaborate creatively. The entire group worked together successfully only once, however, to create a revue called No Sirree! which helped launch a Hollywood career for Round Tabler Robert Benchley.", "which helped launch a Hollywood career for Round Tabler Robert Benchley. In its ten years of association, the Round Table and a number of its members acquired national reputations, both for their contributions to literature and for their sparkling wit.", "In its ten years of association, the Round Table and a number of its members acquired national reputations, both for their contributions to literature and for their sparkling wit. Although some of their contemporaries, and later in life even some of its members, disparaged the group, its reputation has endured long after its dissolution.", "Although some of their contemporaries, and later in life even some of its members, disparaged the group, its reputation has endured long after its dissolution. Origin The group that would become the Round Table began meeting in June 1919 as the result of a practical joke carried out by theatrical press agent John Peter Toohey.", "Origin The group that would become the Round Table began meeting in June 1919 as the result of a practical joke carried out by theatrical press agent John Peter Toohey. Toohey, annoyed at The New York Times drama critic Alexander Woollcott for refusing to plug one of Toohey's clients (Eugene O'Neill) in his column, organized a luncheon supposedly to welcome Woollcott back from World War I, where he had been a correspondent for Stars and Stripes.", "Toohey, annoyed at The New York Times drama critic Alexander Woollcott for refusing to plug one of Toohey's clients (Eugene O'Neill) in his column, organized a luncheon supposedly to welcome Woollcott back from World War I, where he had been a correspondent for Stars and Stripes. Instead, Toohey used the occasion to poke fun at Woollcott on a number of fronts.", "Instead, Toohey used the occasion to poke fun at Woollcott on a number of fronts. Woollcott's enjoyment of the joke and the success of the event prompted Toohey to suggest that the group in attendance meet at the Algonquin each day for lunch.", "Woollcott's enjoyment of the joke and the success of the event prompted Toohey to suggest that the group in attendance meet at the Algonquin each day for lunch. The group first gathered in the Algonquin's Pergola Room (later called the Oak Room) at a long rectangular table.", "The group first gathered in the Algonquin's Pergola Room (later called the Oak Room) at a long rectangular table. As they increased in number, Algonquin manager Frank Case moved them to the Rose Room and a round table. Initially the group called itself \"The Board\" and the luncheons \"Board meetings\".", "Initially the group called itself \"The Board\" and the luncheons \"Board meetings\". After being assigned a waiter named Luigi, the group re-christened itself \"Luigi Board\".", "After being assigned a waiter named Luigi, the group re-christened itself \"Luigi Board\". Finally, they became \"The Vicious Circle\" although \"The Round Table\" gained wide currency after a caricature by cartoonist Edmund Duffy of the Brooklyn Eagle portrayed the group sitting at a round table and wearing armor.", "Finally, they became \"The Vicious Circle\" although \"The Round Table\" gained wide currency after a caricature by cartoonist Edmund Duffy of the Brooklyn Eagle portrayed the group sitting at a round table and wearing armor. Membership Charter members of the Round Table included: Franklin Pierce Adams, columnist Robert Benchley, humorist and actor Heywood Broun, columnist and sportswriter (married to Ruth Hale) Marc Connelly, playwright Ruth Hale, freelance writer who worked for women's rights George S. Kaufman, playwright and director Dorothy Parker, critic, poet, short-story writer, and screenwriter Brock Pemberton, Broadway producer Murdock Pemberton, Broadway publicist, writer Harold Ross, The New Yorker editor Robert E. Sherwood, author and playwright John Peter Toohey, Broadway publicist Alexander Woollcott, critic and journalist Membership was not official or fixed for so many others who moved in and out of the Circle.", "Membership Charter members of the Round Table included: Franklin Pierce Adams, columnist Robert Benchley, humorist and actor Heywood Broun, columnist and sportswriter (married to Ruth Hale) Marc Connelly, playwright Ruth Hale, freelance writer who worked for women's rights George S. Kaufman, playwright and director Dorothy Parker, critic, poet, short-story writer, and screenwriter Brock Pemberton, Broadway producer Murdock Pemberton, Broadway publicist, writer Harold Ross, The New Yorker editor Robert E. Sherwood, author and playwright John Peter Toohey, Broadway publicist Alexander Woollcott, critic and journalist Membership was not official or fixed for so many others who moved in and out of the Circle. Some of these included: Tallulah Bankhead, actress Norman Bel Geddes, stage and industrial designer Noël Coward, playwright Blyth Daly, actress Edna Ferber, author and playwright Eva Le Gallienne, actress Margalo Gillmore, actress Jane Grant, journalist and feminist (married to Harold Ross) Beatrice Kaufman, editor and playwright (married to George S. Kaufman) Margaret Leech, writer and historian Herman J. Mankiewicz, screenwriter Harpo Marx, comedian and film star Neysa McMein, magazine illustrator Alice Duer Miller, writer Donald Ogden Stewart, playwright and screenwriter Frank Sullivan, journalist and humorist Deems Taylor, composer Estelle Winwood, actress and comedian Peggy Wood, actress Activities In addition to the daily luncheons, members of the Round Table worked and associated with each other almost constantly.", "Some of these included: Tallulah Bankhead, actress Norman Bel Geddes, stage and industrial designer Noël Coward, playwright Blyth Daly, actress Edna Ferber, author and playwright Eva Le Gallienne, actress Margalo Gillmore, actress Jane Grant, journalist and feminist (married to Harold Ross) Beatrice Kaufman, editor and playwright (married to George S. Kaufman) Margaret Leech, writer and historian Herman J. Mankiewicz, screenwriter Harpo Marx, comedian and film star Neysa McMein, magazine illustrator Alice Duer Miller, writer Donald Ogden Stewart, playwright and screenwriter Frank Sullivan, journalist and humorist Deems Taylor, composer Estelle Winwood, actress and comedian Peggy Wood, actress Activities In addition to the daily luncheons, members of the Round Table worked and associated with each other almost constantly. The group was devoted to games, including cribbage and poker.", "The group was devoted to games, including cribbage and poker. The group had its own poker club, the Thanatopsis Literary and Inside Straight Club, which met at the hotel on Saturday nights.", "The group had its own poker club, the Thanatopsis Literary and Inside Straight Club, which met at the hotel on Saturday nights. Regulars at the game included Kaufman, Adams, Broun, Ross and Woollcott, with non-Round Tablers Herbert Bayard Swope, silk merchant Paul Hyde Bonner, baking heir Raoul Fleischmann, actor Harpo Marx, and writer Ring Lardner sometimes sitting in.", "Regulars at the game included Kaufman, Adams, Broun, Ross and Woollcott, with non-Round Tablers Herbert Bayard Swope, silk merchant Paul Hyde Bonner, baking heir Raoul Fleischmann, actor Harpo Marx, and writer Ring Lardner sometimes sitting in. The group also played charades (which they called simply \"The Game\") and the \"I can give you a sentence\" game, which spawned Dorothy Parker's memorable sentence using the word horticulture: \"You can lead a horticulture but you can't make her think.\"", "The group also played charades (which they called simply \"The Game\") and the \"I can give you a sentence\" game, which spawned Dorothy Parker's memorable sentence using the word horticulture: \"You can lead a horticulture but you can't make her think.\" Members often visited Neshobe Island, a private island co-owned by several \"Algonks\"—but governed by Woollcott as a \"benevolent tyrant\", as his biographer Samuel Hopkins Adams charitably put it—located on several acres in the middle of Lake Bomoseen in Vermont.", "Members often visited Neshobe Island, a private island co-owned by several \"Algonks\"—but governed by Woollcott as a \"benevolent tyrant\", as his biographer Samuel Hopkins Adams charitably put it—located on several acres in the middle of Lake Bomoseen in Vermont. There they would engage in their usual array of games including Wink murder, which they called simply \"Murder\", plus croquet.", "There they would engage in their usual array of games including Wink murder, which they called simply \"Murder\", plus croquet. A number of Round Tablers were inveterate practical jokers, constantly pulling pranks on one another. As time went on the jokes became ever more elaborate.", "As time went on the jokes became ever more elaborate. Harold Ross and Jane Grant once spent weeks playing a particularly memorable joke on Woollcott involving a prized portrait of himself.", "Harold Ross and Jane Grant once spent weeks playing a particularly memorable joke on Woollcott involving a prized portrait of himself. They had several copies made, each slightly more askew than the last, and would periodically secretly swap them out and then later comment to Woollcott \"What on earth is wrong with your portrait?\"", "They had several copies made, each slightly more askew than the last, and would periodically secretly swap them out and then later comment to Woollcott \"What on earth is wrong with your portrait?\" until Woollcott was beside himself. Eventually they returned the original portrait. No Sirree!", "No Sirree! No Sirree! Given the literary and theatrical activities of the Round Table members, it was perhaps inevitable that they would write and stage their own revue. No Sirree!, staged for one night only in April 1922, was a take-off of a then-popular European touring revue called La Chauve-Souris, directed by Nikita Balieff.", "No Sirree!, staged for one night only in April 1922, was a take-off of a then-popular European touring revue called La Chauve-Souris, directed by Nikita Balieff. No Sirree! had its genesis at the studio of Neysa McMein, which served as something of a salon for Round Tablers away from the Algonquin.", "had its genesis at the studio of Neysa McMein, which served as something of a salon for Round Tablers away from the Algonquin. Acts included: \"Opening Chorus\" featuring Woollcott, Toohey, Kaufman, Connelly, Adams and Benchley with violinist Jascha Heifetz providing offstage, off-key accompaniment; \"He Who Gets Flapped\", a musical number featuring the song \"The Everlastin' Ingenue Blues\" written by Dorothy Parker and performed by Robert Sherwood accompanied by \"chorus girls\" including Tallulah Bankhead, Helen Hayes, Ruth Gillmore, Lenore Ulric and Mary Brandon; \"Zowie, or the Curse of an Akins Heart\"; \"The Greasy Hag, an O'Neill Play in One Act\" with Kaufman, Connelly and Woollcott; and \"Mr. Whim Passes By—An A.", "Acts included: \"Opening Chorus\" featuring Woollcott, Toohey, Kaufman, Connelly, Adams and Benchley with violinist Jascha Heifetz providing offstage, off-key accompaniment; \"He Who Gets Flapped\", a musical number featuring the song \"The Everlastin' Ingenue Blues\" written by Dorothy Parker and performed by Robert Sherwood accompanied by \"chorus girls\" including Tallulah Bankhead, Helen Hayes, Ruth Gillmore, Lenore Ulric and Mary Brandon; \"Zowie, or the Curse of an Akins Heart\"; \"The Greasy Hag, an O'Neill Play in One Act\" with Kaufman, Connelly and Woollcott; and \"Mr. Whim Passes By—An A. A. Milne Play.\"", "A. Milne Play.\" A. Milne Play.\" The only item of note to emerge from No Sirree! was Robert Benchley's contribution, The Treasurer's Report.", "was Robert Benchley's contribution, The Treasurer's Report. Benchley's disjointed parody so delighted those in attendance that Irving Berlin hired Benchley in 1923 to deliver the Report as part of Berlin's Music Box Revue for $500 a week.", "Benchley's disjointed parody so delighted those in attendance that Irving Berlin hired Benchley in 1923 to deliver the Report as part of Berlin's Music Box Revue for $500 a week. In 1928, Report was later made into a short sound film in the Fox Movietone sound-on-film system by Fox Film Corporation.", "In 1928, Report was later made into a short sound film in the Fox Movietone sound-on-film system by Fox Film Corporation. The film marked the beginning of a second career for Benchley in Hollywood. With the success of No Sirree!", "With the success of No Sirree! the Round Tablers hoped to duplicate it with an \"official\" Vicious Circle production open to the public with material performed by professional actors. Kaufman and Connelly funded the revue, named The Forty-niners. The revue opened in November 1922 and was a failure, running for just 15 performances.", "The revue opened in November 1922 and was a failure, running for just 15 performances. Decline As members of the Round Table moved into ventures outside New York City, inevitably the group drifted apart. By the early 1930s the Vicious Circle was broken.", "By the early 1930s the Vicious Circle was broken. Edna Ferber said she realized it when she arrived at the Rose Room for lunch one day in 1932 and found the group's table occupied by a family from Kansas. Frank Case was asked what happened to the group.", "Frank Case was asked what happened to the group. He shrugged and replied, \"What became of the reservoir at Fifth Avenue and Forty-Second Street? These things do not last forever.\" Some members of the group remained friends after its dissolution.", "Some members of the group remained friends after its dissolution. Parker and Benchley in particular remained close up until his death in 1945, although her political leanings did strain their relationship.", "Parker and Benchley in particular remained close up until his death in 1945, although her political leanings did strain their relationship. Others, as the group itself would come to understand when it gathered following Woollcott's death in 1943, simply realized that they had nothing to say to one another.", "Others, as the group itself would come to understand when it gathered following Woollcott's death in 1943, simply realized that they had nothing to say to one another. Public response and legacy Because a number of the members of the Round Table had regular newspaper columns, the activities and quips of various Round Table members were reported in the national press.", "Public response and legacy Because a number of the members of the Round Table had regular newspaper columns, the activities and quips of various Round Table members were reported in the national press. This brought Round Tablers widely into the public consciousness as renowned wits. Not all of their contemporaries were fans of the group.", "Not all of their contemporaries were fans of the group. Their critics accused them of logrolling, or exchanging favorable plugs of one another's works, and of rehearsing their witticisms in advance. James Thurber (who lived in the hotel) was a detractor of the group, accusing them of being too consumed by their elaborate practical jokes.", "James Thurber (who lived in the hotel) was a detractor of the group, accusing them of being too consumed by their elaborate practical jokes. H. L. Mencken, who was much admired by many in the Circle, was also a critic, commenting to fellow writer Anita Loos that \"their ideals were those of a vaudeville actor, one who is extremely 'in the know' and inordinately trashy\".", "H. L. Mencken, who was much admired by many in the Circle, was also a critic, commenting to fellow writer Anita Loos that \"their ideals were those of a vaudeville actor, one who is extremely 'in the know' and inordinately trashy\". The group showed up in the 1923 best-seller Black Oxen by Gertrude Atherton.", "The group showed up in the 1923 best-seller Black Oxen by Gertrude Atherton. She sarcastically described a group she called \"the Sophisticates\": Groucho Marx, brother of Round Table associate Harpo, was never comfortable amidst the viciousness of the Vicious Circle.", "She sarcastically described a group she called \"the Sophisticates\": Groucho Marx, brother of Round Table associate Harpo, was never comfortable amidst the viciousness of the Vicious Circle. Therein he remarked \"The price of admission is a serpent's tongue and a half-concealed stiletto.\"", "Therein he remarked \"The price of admission is a serpent's tongue and a half-concealed stiletto.\" Even some members of the Round Table disparaged it later in life. Dorothy Parker in particular criticized the group.", "Dorothy Parker in particular criticized the group. Despite Parker's bleak assessment and while it is true that some members of the Round Table are perhaps now \"famous for being famous\" instead of for their literary output, Round Table members and associates contributed to the literary landscape, including Pulitzer Prize-winning work by Circle members Kaufman, Connelly and Sherwood (who won four) and by associate Ferber and the legacy of Ross's New Yorker.", "Despite Parker's bleak assessment and while it is true that some members of the Round Table are perhaps now \"famous for being famous\" instead of for their literary output, Round Table members and associates contributed to the literary landscape, including Pulitzer Prize-winning work by Circle members Kaufman, Connelly and Sherwood (who won four) and by associate Ferber and the legacy of Ross's New Yorker. Others made lasting contributions to the realms of stage and screen — Tallulah Bankhead and Eva Le Gallienne became Broadway greats and the films of Harpo and Benchley remain popular; and Parker has remained renowned for her short stories and literary reviews.", "Others made lasting contributions to the realms of stage and screen — Tallulah Bankhead and Eva Le Gallienne became Broadway greats and the films of Harpo and Benchley remain popular; and Parker has remained renowned for her short stories and literary reviews. The Algonquin Round Table, as well as the number of other literary and theatrical greats who lodged there, helped earn the Algonquin Hotel its status as a New York City Historic Landmark.", "The Algonquin Round Table, as well as the number of other literary and theatrical greats who lodged there, helped earn the Algonquin Hotel its status as a New York City Historic Landmark. The hotel was so designated in 1987.", "The hotel was so designated in 1987. In 1996 the hotel was designated a national literary landmark by the Friends of Libraries USA based on the contributions of \"The Round Table Wits\". The organization's bronze plaque is attached to the front of the hotel.", "The organization's bronze plaque is attached to the front of the hotel. Although the Rose Room was removed from the Algonquin in a 1998 remodel, the hotel paid tribute to the group by commissioning and hanging the painting A Vicious Circle by Natalie Ascencios, depicting the Round Table and also created a replica of the original table.", "Although the Rose Room was removed from the Algonquin in a 1998 remodel, the hotel paid tribute to the group by commissioning and hanging the painting A Vicious Circle by Natalie Ascencios, depicting the Round Table and also created a replica of the original table. The hotel occasionally stages an original musical production, The Talk of the Town, in the Oak Room.", "The hotel occasionally stages an original musical production, The Talk of the Town, in the Oak Room. Its latest production started September 11, 2007 and ran through the end of the year. A film about the members, The Ten-Year Lunch (1987), won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.", "A film about the members, The Ten-Year Lunch (1987), won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. The dramatic film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994) recounts the Round Table from the perspective of Dorothy Parker.", "The dramatic film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994) recounts the Round Table from the perspective of Dorothy Parker. In popular culture Portions of the 1981 film Rich and Famous were set in the Algonquin and one of the film's characters, Liz Hamilton (played by Jacqueline Bisset), refers to the Round Table during the film.", "In popular culture Portions of the 1981 film Rich and Famous were set in the Algonquin and one of the film's characters, Liz Hamilton (played by Jacqueline Bisset), refers to the Round Table during the film. The Algonquin Round Table was featured in \"The Young Indiana Jones and the Scandal of 1920\", a 1993 episode of the TV series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which the title character meets the group and attends at least two lunches.", "The Algonquin Round Table was featured in \"The Young Indiana Jones and the Scandal of 1920\", a 1993 episode of the TV series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which the title character meets the group and attends at least two lunches. Wonderful Nonsense - The Algonquin Round Table is a documentary produced for the DVD release of that film in 2008.", "Wonderful Nonsense - The Algonquin Round Table is a documentary produced for the DVD release of that film in 2008. In season 2, episode 4 of Seinfeld entitled “The Phone Message” (1991), Jerry tells Donna, the woman he is seeing at the time: \"Boy, I bet you got a regular Algonquin round table there\", after Donna says she discussed a Dockers commercial with friends.", "In season 2, episode 4 of Seinfeld entitled “The Phone Message” (1991), Jerry tells Donna, the woman he is seeing at the time: \"Boy, I bet you got a regular Algonquin round table there\", after Donna says she discussed a Dockers commercial with friends. The 1994 film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle concerns Dorothy Parker and her relationship with Robert Benchley and the larger group.", "The 1994 film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle concerns Dorothy Parker and her relationship with Robert Benchley and the larger group. In 2009, Robert Benchley's grandson, Nat Benchley, and co-editor Kevin C. Fitzpatrick published The Lost Algonquin Round Table, a collection of the early writings of the group.", "In 2009, Robert Benchley's grandson, Nat Benchley, and co-editor Kevin C. Fitzpatrick published The Lost Algonquin Round Table, a collection of the early writings of the group. Benchley's grandson Peter Benchley wrote the famous shark novel Jaws upon which the Steven Spielberg film is based.", "Benchley's grandson Peter Benchley wrote the famous shark novel Jaws upon which the Steven Spielberg film is based. See also References External links Algonquin Round Table historical site History notes and news since 1999 Algonquin Round Table at PBS's American Masters American literary movements American humorists Culture of Manhattan Literary circles 20th-century American literature" ]

[ "Algonquin Round Table", "Activities", "What activities did the Round Table do", "The group was devoted to games, including cribbage and poker.", "Did they play a lot of games?", "The group had its own poker club, the Thanatopsis Literary and Inside Straight Club,", "What else did they do?", "In addition to the daily luncheons, members of the Round Table worked and associated with each other almost constantly.", "Did they work in writing", "I don't know.", "What did they do for work", "silk merchant Paul Hyde Bonner, baking heir Raoul Fleischmann, actor Harpo Marx, and writer Ring Lardner" ]

[ "Do You Know What I'm Going To Do Next Saturday? is a 1963 children's book published by Beginner Books and written by Helen Palmer Geisel, the first wife of Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss). Unlike most of the Beginner Books, Do You Know What I'm Going To Do Next Saturday? did not follow the format of text with inline drawings, being illustrated with black-and-white photographs by Lynn Fayman, featuring a boy named Rawli Davis. It is sometimes misattributed to Dr. Seuss himself. The book's cover features a photograph of a young boy sitting at a breakfast table with a huge pile of pancakes.\n\nActivities mentioned in the book include bowling, water skiing, marching, boxing, and shooting guns with the United States Marines, and eating more spaghetti \"than anyone else has eaten before.\n\nHelen Palmer's photograph-based children's books did not prove to be as popular as the more traditional text-and-illustrations format; however, Do You Know What I'm Going To Do Next Saturday received positive reviews and was listed by The New York Times as one of the best children's books of 1963. The book is currently out of print.\n\nReferences\n\n1963 children's books\nAmerican picture books", "Oil and Vinegar is a screenplay that was written but never filmed. It is a screenplay that John Hughes wrote and that Howard Deutch planned to direct. It would have starred Molly Ringwald and Matthew Broderick.\n\nPlot\nA soon-to-be-married man and a hitchhiking girl end up talking about their lives during the length of the car ride.\n\nProduction\n\nCasting\nThe film was set to have Molly Ringwald and Matthew Broderick as the two main characters.\n\nDevelopment\nThe screenplay was written by Hughes, with Howard Deutch set to direct. Its style was said to be similar to The Breakfast Club (1985) but instead of taking place in detention, it would have taken place in a car with Ringwald's and Broderick's characters both discussing their lives to each other.\n\nFuture\nWhen asked about Oil and Vinegar Howard Deutch said,\n\nYes. That was John's favorite script and he was saving it for himself, and I convinced him to let me do it. It was the story of a traveling salesman that Matthew Broderick was going to play, and a rock-and-roll girl, a real rocker. Polar opposites. Molly [Ringwald] was going to play that. And I had to make a personal decision about whether to go forward or not. We had rehearsals in a couple weeks, and I was exhausted, and my girlfriend Lea Thompson, who became my wife, said, \"You're going to die. You can't do this. I'm not going to stick around and watch that.\" And I think it was also sprinkled with the fact that I wanted to do one movie that was my movie, not necessarily in service to John, even though I loved John. So between the two things, I didn't... It could still happen. I would do it. Not with Matthew and Molly anymore, but the script is still there. It doesn't need anything. It's one of his great scripts. He had so many great scripts. For instance, he would stay up all night, music blasting, and at like 5:30 or 6 a.m., he'd hand me what was supposed to be a rewrite on Some Kind of Wonderful. We needed five pages, and it was 50 pages. I said, \"What did you do?! What is this?\" and he said, \"Oh, I didn't do that. I did something else. Tell me what you think?\" And it was Ferris Bueller's Day Off. He wrote the first half of the movie in, like, eight hours, and then finished it a couple days later. That was John. I never knew a writer who could do that. No one else had that ability. Even the stuff I fished out of the garbage was gold.\n\nReferences\n\nUnproduced screenplays\nFilms with screenplays by John Hughes (filmmaker)" ]

[ "The Algonquin Round Table was a group of New York City writers, critics, actors, and wits. Gathering initially as part of a practical joke, members of \"The Vicious Circle\", as they dubbed themselves, met for lunch each day at the Algonquin Hotel from 1919 until roughly 1929.", "Gathering initially as part of a practical joke, members of \"The Vicious Circle\", as they dubbed themselves, met for lunch each day at the Algonquin Hotel from 1919 until roughly 1929. At these luncheons they engaged in wisecracks, wordplay, and witticisms that, through the newspaper columns of Round Table members, were disseminated across the country.", "At these luncheons they engaged in wisecracks, wordplay, and witticisms that, through the newspaper columns of Round Table members, were disseminated across the country. Daily association with each other, both at the luncheons and outside of them, inspired members of the Circle to collaborate creatively.", "Daily association with each other, both at the luncheons and outside of them, inspired members of the Circle to collaborate creatively. The entire group worked together successfully only once, however, to create a revue called No Sirree! which helped launch a Hollywood career for Round Tabler Robert Benchley.", "which helped launch a Hollywood career for Round Tabler Robert Benchley. In its ten years of association, the Round Table and a number of its members acquired national reputations, both for their contributions to literature and for their sparkling wit.", "In its ten years of association, the Round Table and a number of its members acquired national reputations, both for their contributions to literature and for their sparkling wit. Although some of their contemporaries, and later in life even some of its members, disparaged the group, its reputation has endured long after its dissolution.", "Although some of their contemporaries, and later in life even some of its members, disparaged the group, its reputation has endured long after its dissolution. Origin The group that would become the Round Table began meeting in June 1919 as the result of a practical joke carried out by theatrical press agent John Peter Toohey.", "Origin The group that would become the Round Table began meeting in June 1919 as the result of a practical joke carried out by theatrical press agent John Peter Toohey. Toohey, annoyed at The New York Times drama critic Alexander Woollcott for refusing to plug one of Toohey's clients (Eugene O'Neill) in his column, organized a luncheon supposedly to welcome Woollcott back from World War I, where he had been a correspondent for Stars and Stripes.", "Toohey, annoyed at The New York Times drama critic Alexander Woollcott for refusing to plug one of Toohey's clients (Eugene O'Neill) in his column, organized a luncheon supposedly to welcome Woollcott back from World War I, where he had been a correspondent for Stars and Stripes. Instead, Toohey used the occasion to poke fun at Woollcott on a number of fronts.", "Instead, Toohey used the occasion to poke fun at Woollcott on a number of fronts. Woollcott's enjoyment of the joke and the success of the event prompted Toohey to suggest that the group in attendance meet at the Algonquin each day for lunch.", "Woollcott's enjoyment of the joke and the success of the event prompted Toohey to suggest that the group in attendance meet at the Algonquin each day for lunch. The group first gathered in the Algonquin's Pergola Room (later called the Oak Room) at a long rectangular table.", "The group first gathered in the Algonquin's Pergola Room (later called the Oak Room) at a long rectangular table. As they increased in number, Algonquin manager Frank Case moved them to the Rose Room and a round table. Initially the group called itself \"The Board\" and the luncheons \"Board meetings\".", "Initially the group called itself \"The Board\" and the luncheons \"Board meetings\". After being assigned a waiter named Luigi, the group re-christened itself \"Luigi Board\".", "After being assigned a waiter named Luigi, the group re-christened itself \"Luigi Board\". Finally, they became \"The Vicious Circle\" although \"The Round Table\" gained wide currency after a caricature by cartoonist Edmund Duffy of the Brooklyn Eagle portrayed the group sitting at a round table and wearing armor.", "Finally, they became \"The Vicious Circle\" although \"The Round Table\" gained wide currency after a caricature by cartoonist Edmund Duffy of the Brooklyn Eagle portrayed the group sitting at a round table and wearing armor. Membership Charter members of the Round Table included: Franklin Pierce Adams, columnist Robert Benchley, humorist and actor Heywood Broun, columnist and sportswriter (married to Ruth Hale) Marc Connelly, playwright Ruth Hale, freelance writer who worked for women's rights George S. Kaufman, playwright and director Dorothy Parker, critic, poet, short-story writer, and screenwriter Brock Pemberton, Broadway producer Murdock Pemberton, Broadway publicist, writer Harold Ross, The New Yorker editor Robert E. Sherwood, author and playwright John Peter Toohey, Broadway publicist Alexander Woollcott, critic and journalist Membership was not official or fixed for so many others who moved in and out of the Circle.", "Membership Charter members of the Round Table included: Franklin Pierce Adams, columnist Robert Benchley, humorist and actor Heywood Broun, columnist and sportswriter (married to Ruth Hale) Marc Connelly, playwright Ruth Hale, freelance writer who worked for women's rights George S. Kaufman, playwright and director Dorothy Parker, critic, poet, short-story writer, and screenwriter Brock Pemberton, Broadway producer Murdock Pemberton, Broadway publicist, writer Harold Ross, The New Yorker editor Robert E. Sherwood, author and playwright John Peter Toohey, Broadway publicist Alexander Woollcott, critic and journalist Membership was not official or fixed for so many others who moved in and out of the Circle. Some of these included: Tallulah Bankhead, actress Norman Bel Geddes, stage and industrial designer Noël Coward, playwright Blyth Daly, actress Edna Ferber, author and playwright Eva Le Gallienne, actress Margalo Gillmore, actress Jane Grant, journalist and feminist (married to Harold Ross) Beatrice Kaufman, editor and playwright (married to George S. Kaufman) Margaret Leech, writer and historian Herman J. Mankiewicz, screenwriter Harpo Marx, comedian and film star Neysa McMein, magazine illustrator Alice Duer Miller, writer Donald Ogden Stewart, playwright and screenwriter Frank Sullivan, journalist and humorist Deems Taylor, composer Estelle Winwood, actress and comedian Peggy Wood, actress Activities In addition to the daily luncheons, members of the Round Table worked and associated with each other almost constantly.", "Some of these included: Tallulah Bankhead, actress Norman Bel Geddes, stage and industrial designer Noël Coward, playwright Blyth Daly, actress Edna Ferber, author and playwright Eva Le Gallienne, actress Margalo Gillmore, actress Jane Grant, journalist and feminist (married to Harold Ross) Beatrice Kaufman, editor and playwright (married to George S. Kaufman) Margaret Leech, writer and historian Herman J. Mankiewicz, screenwriter Harpo Marx, comedian and film star Neysa McMein, magazine illustrator Alice Duer Miller, writer Donald Ogden Stewart, playwright and screenwriter Frank Sullivan, journalist and humorist Deems Taylor, composer Estelle Winwood, actress and comedian Peggy Wood, actress Activities In addition to the daily luncheons, members of the Round Table worked and associated with each other almost constantly. The group was devoted to games, including cribbage and poker.", "The group was devoted to games, including cribbage and poker. The group had its own poker club, the Thanatopsis Literary and Inside Straight Club, which met at the hotel on Saturday nights.", "The group had its own poker club, the Thanatopsis Literary and Inside Straight Club, which met at the hotel on Saturday nights. Regulars at the game included Kaufman, Adams, Broun, Ross and Woollcott, with non-Round Tablers Herbert Bayard Swope, silk merchant Paul Hyde Bonner, baking heir Raoul Fleischmann, actor Harpo Marx, and writer Ring Lardner sometimes sitting in.", "Regulars at the game included Kaufman, Adams, Broun, Ross and Woollcott, with non-Round Tablers Herbert Bayard Swope, silk merchant Paul Hyde Bonner, baking heir Raoul Fleischmann, actor Harpo Marx, and writer Ring Lardner sometimes sitting in. The group also played charades (which they called simply \"The Game\") and the \"I can give you a sentence\" game, which spawned Dorothy Parker's memorable sentence using the word horticulture: \"You can lead a horticulture but you can't make her think.\"", "The group also played charades (which they called simply \"The Game\") and the \"I can give you a sentence\" game, which spawned Dorothy Parker's memorable sentence using the word horticulture: \"You can lead a horticulture but you can't make her think.\" Members often visited Neshobe Island, a private island co-owned by several \"Algonks\"—but governed by Woollcott as a \"benevolent tyrant\", as his biographer Samuel Hopkins Adams charitably put it—located on several acres in the middle of Lake Bomoseen in Vermont.", "Members often visited Neshobe Island, a private island co-owned by several \"Algonks\"—but governed by Woollcott as a \"benevolent tyrant\", as his biographer Samuel Hopkins Adams charitably put it—located on several acres in the middle of Lake Bomoseen in Vermont. There they would engage in their usual array of games including Wink murder, which they called simply \"Murder\", plus croquet.", "There they would engage in their usual array of games including Wink murder, which they called simply \"Murder\", plus croquet. A number of Round Tablers were inveterate practical jokers, constantly pulling pranks on one another. As time went on the jokes became ever more elaborate.", "As time went on the jokes became ever more elaborate. Harold Ross and Jane Grant once spent weeks playing a particularly memorable joke on Woollcott involving a prized portrait of himself.", "Harold Ross and Jane Grant once spent weeks playing a particularly memorable joke on Woollcott involving a prized portrait of himself. They had several copies made, each slightly more askew than the last, and would periodically secretly swap them out and then later comment to Woollcott \"What on earth is wrong with your portrait?\"", "They had several copies made, each slightly more askew than the last, and would periodically secretly swap them out and then later comment to Woollcott \"What on earth is wrong with your portrait?\" until Woollcott was beside himself. Eventually they returned the original portrait. No Sirree!", "No Sirree! No Sirree! Given the literary and theatrical activities of the Round Table members, it was perhaps inevitable that they would write and stage their own revue. No Sirree!, staged for one night only in April 1922, was a take-off of a then-popular European touring revue called La Chauve-Souris, directed by Nikita Balieff.", "No Sirree!, staged for one night only in April 1922, was a take-off of a then-popular European touring revue called La Chauve-Souris, directed by Nikita Balieff. No Sirree! had its genesis at the studio of Neysa McMein, which served as something of a salon for Round Tablers away from the Algonquin.", "had its genesis at the studio of Neysa McMein, which served as something of a salon for Round Tablers away from the Algonquin. Acts included: \"Opening Chorus\" featuring Woollcott, Toohey, Kaufman, Connelly, Adams and Benchley with violinist Jascha Heifetz providing offstage, off-key accompaniment; \"He Who Gets Flapped\", a musical number featuring the song \"The Everlastin' Ingenue Blues\" written by Dorothy Parker and performed by Robert Sherwood accompanied by \"chorus girls\" including Tallulah Bankhead, Helen Hayes, Ruth Gillmore, Lenore Ulric and Mary Brandon; \"Zowie, or the Curse of an Akins Heart\"; \"The Greasy Hag, an O'Neill Play in One Act\" with Kaufman, Connelly and Woollcott; and \"Mr. Whim Passes By—An A.", "Acts included: \"Opening Chorus\" featuring Woollcott, Toohey, Kaufman, Connelly, Adams and Benchley with violinist Jascha Heifetz providing offstage, off-key accompaniment; \"He Who Gets Flapped\", a musical number featuring the song \"The Everlastin' Ingenue Blues\" written by Dorothy Parker and performed by Robert Sherwood accompanied by \"chorus girls\" including Tallulah Bankhead, Helen Hayes, Ruth Gillmore, Lenore Ulric and Mary Brandon; \"Zowie, or the Curse of an Akins Heart\"; \"The Greasy Hag, an O'Neill Play in One Act\" with Kaufman, Connelly and Woollcott; and \"Mr. Whim Passes By—An A. A. Milne Play.\"", "A. Milne Play.\" A. Milne Play.\" The only item of note to emerge from No Sirree! was Robert Benchley's contribution, The Treasurer's Report.", "was Robert Benchley's contribution, The Treasurer's Report. Benchley's disjointed parody so delighted those in attendance that Irving Berlin hired Benchley in 1923 to deliver the Report as part of Berlin's Music Box Revue for $500 a week.", "Benchley's disjointed parody so delighted those in attendance that Irving Berlin hired Benchley in 1923 to deliver the Report as part of Berlin's Music Box Revue for $500 a week. In 1928, Report was later made into a short sound film in the Fox Movietone sound-on-film system by Fox Film Corporation.", "In 1928, Report was later made into a short sound film in the Fox Movietone sound-on-film system by Fox Film Corporation. The film marked the beginning of a second career for Benchley in Hollywood. With the success of No Sirree!", "With the success of No Sirree! the Round Tablers hoped to duplicate it with an \"official\" Vicious Circle production open to the public with material performed by professional actors. Kaufman and Connelly funded the revue, named The Forty-niners. The revue opened in November 1922 and was a failure, running for just 15 performances.", "The revue opened in November 1922 and was a failure, running for just 15 performances. Decline As members of the Round Table moved into ventures outside New York City, inevitably the group drifted apart. By the early 1930s the Vicious Circle was broken.", "By the early 1930s the Vicious Circle was broken. Edna Ferber said she realized it when she arrived at the Rose Room for lunch one day in 1932 and found the group's table occupied by a family from Kansas. Frank Case was asked what happened to the group.", "Frank Case was asked what happened to the group. He shrugged and replied, \"What became of the reservoir at Fifth Avenue and Forty-Second Street? These things do not last forever.\" Some members of the group remained friends after its dissolution.", "Some members of the group remained friends after its dissolution. Parker and Benchley in particular remained close up until his death in 1945, although her political leanings did strain their relationship.", "Parker and Benchley in particular remained close up until his death in 1945, although her political leanings did strain their relationship. Others, as the group itself would come to understand when it gathered following Woollcott's death in 1943, simply realized that they had nothing to say to one another.", "Others, as the group itself would come to understand when it gathered following Woollcott's death in 1943, simply realized that they had nothing to say to one another. Public response and legacy Because a number of the members of the Round Table had regular newspaper columns, the activities and quips of various Round Table members were reported in the national press.", "Public response and legacy Because a number of the members of the Round Table had regular newspaper columns, the activities and quips of various Round Table members were reported in the national press. This brought Round Tablers widely into the public consciousness as renowned wits. Not all of their contemporaries were fans of the group.", "Not all of their contemporaries were fans of the group. Their critics accused them of logrolling, or exchanging favorable plugs of one another's works, and of rehearsing their witticisms in advance. James Thurber (who lived in the hotel) was a detractor of the group, accusing them of being too consumed by their elaborate practical jokes.", "James Thurber (who lived in the hotel) was a detractor of the group, accusing them of being too consumed by their elaborate practical jokes. H. L. Mencken, who was much admired by many in the Circle, was also a critic, commenting to fellow writer Anita Loos that \"their ideals were those of a vaudeville actor, one who is extremely 'in the know' and inordinately trashy\".", "H. L. Mencken, who was much admired by many in the Circle, was also a critic, commenting to fellow writer Anita Loos that \"their ideals were those of a vaudeville actor, one who is extremely 'in the know' and inordinately trashy\". The group showed up in the 1923 best-seller Black Oxen by Gertrude Atherton.", "The group showed up in the 1923 best-seller Black Oxen by Gertrude Atherton. She sarcastically described a group she called \"the Sophisticates\": Groucho Marx, brother of Round Table associate Harpo, was never comfortable amidst the viciousness of the Vicious Circle.", "She sarcastically described a group she called \"the Sophisticates\": Groucho Marx, brother of Round Table associate Harpo, was never comfortable amidst the viciousness of the Vicious Circle. Therein he remarked \"The price of admission is a serpent's tongue and a half-concealed stiletto.\"", "Therein he remarked \"The price of admission is a serpent's tongue and a half-concealed stiletto.\" Even some members of the Round Table disparaged it later in life. Dorothy Parker in particular criticized the group.", "Dorothy Parker in particular criticized the group. Despite Parker's bleak assessment and while it is true that some members of the Round Table are perhaps now \"famous for being famous\" instead of for their literary output, Round Table members and associates contributed to the literary landscape, including Pulitzer Prize-winning work by Circle members Kaufman, Connelly and Sherwood (who won four) and by associate Ferber and the legacy of Ross's New Yorker.", "Despite Parker's bleak assessment and while it is true that some members of the Round Table are perhaps now \"famous for being famous\" instead of for their literary output, Round Table members and associates contributed to the literary landscape, including Pulitzer Prize-winning work by Circle members Kaufman, Connelly and Sherwood (who won four) and by associate Ferber and the legacy of Ross's New Yorker. Others made lasting contributions to the realms of stage and screen — Tallulah Bankhead and Eva Le Gallienne became Broadway greats and the films of Harpo and Benchley remain popular; and Parker has remained renowned for her short stories and literary reviews.", "Others made lasting contributions to the realms of stage and screen — Tallulah Bankhead and Eva Le Gallienne became Broadway greats and the films of Harpo and Benchley remain popular; and Parker has remained renowned for her short stories and literary reviews. The Algonquin Round Table, as well as the number of other literary and theatrical greats who lodged there, helped earn the Algonquin Hotel its status as a New York City Historic Landmark.", "The Algonquin Round Table, as well as the number of other literary and theatrical greats who lodged there, helped earn the Algonquin Hotel its status as a New York City Historic Landmark. The hotel was so designated in 1987.", "The hotel was so designated in 1987. In 1996 the hotel was designated a national literary landmark by the Friends of Libraries USA based on the contributions of \"The Round Table Wits\". The organization's bronze plaque is attached to the front of the hotel.", "The organization's bronze plaque is attached to the front of the hotel. Although the Rose Room was removed from the Algonquin in a 1998 remodel, the hotel paid tribute to the group by commissioning and hanging the painting A Vicious Circle by Natalie Ascencios, depicting the Round Table and also created a replica of the original table.", "Although the Rose Room was removed from the Algonquin in a 1998 remodel, the hotel paid tribute to the group by commissioning and hanging the painting A Vicious Circle by Natalie Ascencios, depicting the Round Table and also created a replica of the original table. The hotel occasionally stages an original musical production, The Talk of the Town, in the Oak Room.", "The hotel occasionally stages an original musical production, The Talk of the Town, in the Oak Room. Its latest production started September 11, 2007 and ran through the end of the year. A film about the members, The Ten-Year Lunch (1987), won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.", "A film about the members, The Ten-Year Lunch (1987), won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. The dramatic film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994) recounts the Round Table from the perspective of Dorothy Parker.", "The dramatic film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994) recounts the Round Table from the perspective of Dorothy Parker. In popular culture Portions of the 1981 film Rich and Famous were set in the Algonquin and one of the film's characters, Liz Hamilton (played by Jacqueline Bisset), refers to the Round Table during the film.", "In popular culture Portions of the 1981 film Rich and Famous were set in the Algonquin and one of the film's characters, Liz Hamilton (played by Jacqueline Bisset), refers to the Round Table during the film. The Algonquin Round Table was featured in \"The Young Indiana Jones and the Scandal of 1920\", a 1993 episode of the TV series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which the title character meets the group and attends at least two lunches.", "The Algonquin Round Table was featured in \"The Young Indiana Jones and the Scandal of 1920\", a 1993 episode of the TV series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which the title character meets the group and attends at least two lunches. Wonderful Nonsense - The Algonquin Round Table is a documentary produced for the DVD release of that film in 2008.", "Wonderful Nonsense - The Algonquin Round Table is a documentary produced for the DVD release of that film in 2008. In season 2, episode 4 of Seinfeld entitled “The Phone Message” (1991), Jerry tells Donna, the woman he is seeing at the time: \"Boy, I bet you got a regular Algonquin round table there\", after Donna says she discussed a Dockers commercial with friends.", "In season 2, episode 4 of Seinfeld entitled “The Phone Message” (1991), Jerry tells Donna, the woman he is seeing at the time: \"Boy, I bet you got a regular Algonquin round table there\", after Donna says she discussed a Dockers commercial with friends. The 1994 film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle concerns Dorothy Parker and her relationship with Robert Benchley and the larger group.", "The 1994 film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle concerns Dorothy Parker and her relationship with Robert Benchley and the larger group. In 2009, Robert Benchley's grandson, Nat Benchley, and co-editor Kevin C. Fitzpatrick published The Lost Algonquin Round Table, a collection of the early writings of the group.", "In 2009, Robert Benchley's grandson, Nat Benchley, and co-editor Kevin C. Fitzpatrick published The Lost Algonquin Round Table, a collection of the early writings of the group. Benchley's grandson Peter Benchley wrote the famous shark novel Jaws upon which the Steven Spielberg film is based.", "Benchley's grandson Peter Benchley wrote the famous shark novel Jaws upon which the Steven Spielberg film is based. See also References External links Algonquin Round Table historical site History notes and news since 1999 Algonquin Round Table at PBS's American Masters American literary movements American humorists Culture of Manhattan Literary circles 20th-century American literature" ]

[ "Algonquin Round Table", "Activities", "What activities did the Round Table do", "The group was devoted to games, including cribbage and poker.", "Did they play a lot of games?", "The group had its own poker club, the Thanatopsis Literary and Inside Straight Club,", "What else did they do?", "In addition to the daily luncheons, members of the Round Table worked and associated with each other almost constantly.", "Did they work in writing", "I don't know.", "What did they do for work", "silk merchant Paul Hyde Bonner, baking heir Raoul Fleischmann, actor Harpo Marx, and writer Ring Lardner", "What else did the club do", "A number of Round Tablers were inveterate practical jokers, constantly pulling pranks on one another." ]

[ "Prank Academy is an American series produced exclusively for YouTube Red, which starred Jesse Wellens & Jeana Smith. The series premiered on March 30, 2016. The season finale was released on July 20, 2016. The 18 episodes series is produced by NorthSouth Productions.\n\nThe hidden camera series followed Jesse Wellens & Jeana Smith as they teach Internet celebrities to pull off pranks on other people.\n\nEpisodes\n\nSeason 1\n\nReferences \n\n2016 web series debuts\n2016 web series endings\n2016 American television series debuts\n2016 American television series endings\nYouTube original programming", "Purim humor, Purim jokes, and Purim pranks are elements of joyful celebration of the holiday of Purim. Notable expressions of Purim humor of long tradition are Purim Torah and Purim spiel.\n\nPurim Torah and Purim spiel\n\nPurim Torah are humorous and satirical comments in the learned style of talmudic or halakhic comments in relation to Purim and read during Purim. A notable historical example is the 14th century Masekhet Purim (A Tractate on Purim) by Kalonymus ben Kalonymus, condemned by many scholars.\n\nA Purim spiel (\"Purim play\") is a dramatization of classical stories, most often of the Book of Esther, in which the story of Purim is recounted. This tradition dates at least to mid-16th century. Over time it acquired the comic character. Today, Purim spiels can be comedies about anything related to Jews and Judaism.\n\nBefore the Purim of 1993, a parody on parody appeared on soc.culture.jewish in a thread titled \"Talmud Fortran\" with commentary on computer programming in the style of Purim Torah. Some comments: \"As I recall you are not (in certain days) permitted to separate the good from the bad. How does this apply to debugging programs during these days?\" - \"So long as there is less than one part in 60 of bugs in the code, it is kosher...<>\"\n\nPurim jokes and pranks\nPurim pranks may be insulting and even harmful. There is a scholarship on what Halakha says on whether harm, insult (lashon hara), or injury – whether physical (towards property or a person) or verbal – are admissible in the course of Purim pranks or jokes. There are various interpretations, however Rav Yosef Zvi Rimon comes to a conclusion that insults and minor physical harm are admissible as long they are sincere expressions of joy of mitzva and the harmful acts were not of evil intention; this kind of humor must be used with caution. Purim jokes are for the joy of mitzva, not for just jesting. Purim spiels may include a good deal of insults and foul language directed both at biblical characters and modern real persons.\n\nNotable public Purim pranks\n\nOn February 24, 2021 (a day before Purim that year), The Jerusalem Post tweeted that Benjamin Netanyahu could not get hold of Joe Biden for a month because the latter gave him a wrong number which replied \"Hello, this is not the person you were trying to call. You’ve reached the rejection hotline. Unfortunately the person who gave you this rejection hotline number did not want you to have their real number.\"\n\nIn March 2019 Esther Voet, a columnist of a respected Dutch Jewish weekly NIW announced that she was moving to Israel, where \"getting called a dirty Jew simply means I have to take a bath\", complaining about the rise of anti-Semitism in the country. Later she announced that it was a Purim prank, but not earlier than her announcement made waves and she received notes of condolence and wishes of good luck from one camp and \"good riddance\" from the other. \n\nIn March 2017, one of the annual Purim pranks pulled by the officials of the town of Psagot went too far: the social media got ahold of a letter on official stationery that Jared Kushner and Ivanka Trump would be visiting the town for Shabbos and Kushner would be delivering a dvar Torah in the local synagogue. Hundreds of people from the nearby places phoned the residents of Psagot to ask for a stay during the event, while leftist groups started arranging buses with protesters.\n\nIn February 2010, the residents of Bnei Brak fell to the prank pulled by a construction company ZAKA, who announced that oil was about to be drilled there, with posters, equipment, and all, and hinted that the residents would be exempt from local property taxes.\n\nSee also\n, a musical by Itzik Manger in the style of Purim spiel\nAdloyada\nLatke–Hamantash Debate\nFeast of Fools\nJewish humor\n\nReferences\n\nJewish comedy and humor\nPurim" ]

[ "The Algonquin Round Table was a group of New York City writers, critics, actors, and wits. Gathering initially as part of a practical joke, members of \"The Vicious Circle\", as they dubbed themselves, met for lunch each day at the Algonquin Hotel from 1919 until roughly 1929.", "Gathering initially as part of a practical joke, members of \"The Vicious Circle\", as they dubbed themselves, met for lunch each day at the Algonquin Hotel from 1919 until roughly 1929. At these luncheons they engaged in wisecracks, wordplay, and witticisms that, through the newspaper columns of Round Table members, were disseminated across the country.", "At these luncheons they engaged in wisecracks, wordplay, and witticisms that, through the newspaper columns of Round Table members, were disseminated across the country. Daily association with each other, both at the luncheons and outside of them, inspired members of the Circle to collaborate creatively.", "Daily association with each other, both at the luncheons and outside of them, inspired members of the Circle to collaborate creatively. The entire group worked together successfully only once, however, to create a revue called No Sirree! which helped launch a Hollywood career for Round Tabler Robert Benchley.", "which helped launch a Hollywood career for Round Tabler Robert Benchley. In its ten years of association, the Round Table and a number of its members acquired national reputations, both for their contributions to literature and for their sparkling wit.", "In its ten years of association, the Round Table and a number of its members acquired national reputations, both for their contributions to literature and for their sparkling wit. Although some of their contemporaries, and later in life even some of its members, disparaged the group, its reputation has endured long after its dissolution.", "Although some of their contemporaries, and later in life even some of its members, disparaged the group, its reputation has endured long after its dissolution. Origin The group that would become the Round Table began meeting in June 1919 as the result of a practical joke carried out by theatrical press agent John Peter Toohey.", "Origin The group that would become the Round Table began meeting in June 1919 as the result of a practical joke carried out by theatrical press agent John Peter Toohey. Toohey, annoyed at The New York Times drama critic Alexander Woollcott for refusing to plug one of Toohey's clients (Eugene O'Neill) in his column, organized a luncheon supposedly to welcome Woollcott back from World War I, where he had been a correspondent for Stars and Stripes.", "Toohey, annoyed at The New York Times drama critic Alexander Woollcott for refusing to plug one of Toohey's clients (Eugene O'Neill) in his column, organized a luncheon supposedly to welcome Woollcott back from World War I, where he had been a correspondent for Stars and Stripes. Instead, Toohey used the occasion to poke fun at Woollcott on a number of fronts.", "Instead, Toohey used the occasion to poke fun at Woollcott on a number of fronts. Woollcott's enjoyment of the joke and the success of the event prompted Toohey to suggest that the group in attendance meet at the Algonquin each day for lunch.", "Woollcott's enjoyment of the joke and the success of the event prompted Toohey to suggest that the group in attendance meet at the Algonquin each day for lunch. The group first gathered in the Algonquin's Pergola Room (later called the Oak Room) at a long rectangular table.", "The group first gathered in the Algonquin's Pergola Room (later called the Oak Room) at a long rectangular table. As they increased in number, Algonquin manager Frank Case moved them to the Rose Room and a round table. Initially the group called itself \"The Board\" and the luncheons \"Board meetings\".", "Initially the group called itself \"The Board\" and the luncheons \"Board meetings\". After being assigned a waiter named Luigi, the group re-christened itself \"Luigi Board\".", "After being assigned a waiter named Luigi, the group re-christened itself \"Luigi Board\". Finally, they became \"The Vicious Circle\" although \"The Round Table\" gained wide currency after a caricature by cartoonist Edmund Duffy of the Brooklyn Eagle portrayed the group sitting at a round table and wearing armor.", "Finally, they became \"The Vicious Circle\" although \"The Round Table\" gained wide currency after a caricature by cartoonist Edmund Duffy of the Brooklyn Eagle portrayed the group sitting at a round table and wearing armor. Membership Charter members of the Round Table included: Franklin Pierce Adams, columnist Robert Benchley, humorist and actor Heywood Broun, columnist and sportswriter (married to Ruth Hale) Marc Connelly, playwright Ruth Hale, freelance writer who worked for women's rights George S. Kaufman, playwright and director Dorothy Parker, critic, poet, short-story writer, and screenwriter Brock Pemberton, Broadway producer Murdock Pemberton, Broadway publicist, writer Harold Ross, The New Yorker editor Robert E. Sherwood, author and playwright John Peter Toohey, Broadway publicist Alexander Woollcott, critic and journalist Membership was not official or fixed for so many others who moved in and out of the Circle.", "Membership Charter members of the Round Table included: Franklin Pierce Adams, columnist Robert Benchley, humorist and actor Heywood Broun, columnist and sportswriter (married to Ruth Hale) Marc Connelly, playwright Ruth Hale, freelance writer who worked for women's rights George S. Kaufman, playwright and director Dorothy Parker, critic, poet, short-story writer, and screenwriter Brock Pemberton, Broadway producer Murdock Pemberton, Broadway publicist, writer Harold Ross, The New Yorker editor Robert E. Sherwood, author and playwright John Peter Toohey, Broadway publicist Alexander Woollcott, critic and journalist Membership was not official or fixed for so many others who moved in and out of the Circle. Some of these included: Tallulah Bankhead, actress Norman Bel Geddes, stage and industrial designer Noël Coward, playwright Blyth Daly, actress Edna Ferber, author and playwright Eva Le Gallienne, actress Margalo Gillmore, actress Jane Grant, journalist and feminist (married to Harold Ross) Beatrice Kaufman, editor and playwright (married to George S. Kaufman) Margaret Leech, writer and historian Herman J. Mankiewicz, screenwriter Harpo Marx, comedian and film star Neysa McMein, magazine illustrator Alice Duer Miller, writer Donald Ogden Stewart, playwright and screenwriter Frank Sullivan, journalist and humorist Deems Taylor, composer Estelle Winwood, actress and comedian Peggy Wood, actress Activities In addition to the daily luncheons, members of the Round Table worked and associated with each other almost constantly.", "Some of these included: Tallulah Bankhead, actress Norman Bel Geddes, stage and industrial designer Noël Coward, playwright Blyth Daly, actress Edna Ferber, author and playwright Eva Le Gallienne, actress Margalo Gillmore, actress Jane Grant, journalist and feminist (married to Harold Ross) Beatrice Kaufman, editor and playwright (married to George S. Kaufman) Margaret Leech, writer and historian Herman J. Mankiewicz, screenwriter Harpo Marx, comedian and film star Neysa McMein, magazine illustrator Alice Duer Miller, writer Donald Ogden Stewart, playwright and screenwriter Frank Sullivan, journalist and humorist Deems Taylor, composer Estelle Winwood, actress and comedian Peggy Wood, actress Activities In addition to the daily luncheons, members of the Round Table worked and associated with each other almost constantly. The group was devoted to games, including cribbage and poker.", "The group was devoted to games, including cribbage and poker. The group had its own poker club, the Thanatopsis Literary and Inside Straight Club, which met at the hotel on Saturday nights.", "The group had its own poker club, the Thanatopsis Literary and Inside Straight Club, which met at the hotel on Saturday nights. Regulars at the game included Kaufman, Adams, Broun, Ross and Woollcott, with non-Round Tablers Herbert Bayard Swope, silk merchant Paul Hyde Bonner, baking heir Raoul Fleischmann, actor Harpo Marx, and writer Ring Lardner sometimes sitting in.", "Regulars at the game included Kaufman, Adams, Broun, Ross and Woollcott, with non-Round Tablers Herbert Bayard Swope, silk merchant Paul Hyde Bonner, baking heir Raoul Fleischmann, actor Harpo Marx, and writer Ring Lardner sometimes sitting in. The group also played charades (which they called simply \"The Game\") and the \"I can give you a sentence\" game, which spawned Dorothy Parker's memorable sentence using the word horticulture: \"You can lead a horticulture but you can't make her think.\"", "The group also played charades (which they called simply \"The Game\") and the \"I can give you a sentence\" game, which spawned Dorothy Parker's memorable sentence using the word horticulture: \"You can lead a horticulture but you can't make her think.\" Members often visited Neshobe Island, a private island co-owned by several \"Algonks\"—but governed by Woollcott as a \"benevolent tyrant\", as his biographer Samuel Hopkins Adams charitably put it—located on several acres in the middle of Lake Bomoseen in Vermont.", "Members often visited Neshobe Island, a private island co-owned by several \"Algonks\"—but governed by Woollcott as a \"benevolent tyrant\", as his biographer Samuel Hopkins Adams charitably put it—located on several acres in the middle of Lake Bomoseen in Vermont. There they would engage in their usual array of games including Wink murder, which they called simply \"Murder\", plus croquet.", "There they would engage in their usual array of games including Wink murder, which they called simply \"Murder\", plus croquet. A number of Round Tablers were inveterate practical jokers, constantly pulling pranks on one another. As time went on the jokes became ever more elaborate.", "As time went on the jokes became ever more elaborate. Harold Ross and Jane Grant once spent weeks playing a particularly memorable joke on Woollcott involving a prized portrait of himself.", "Harold Ross and Jane Grant once spent weeks playing a particularly memorable joke on Woollcott involving a prized portrait of himself. They had several copies made, each slightly more askew than the last, and would periodically secretly swap them out and then later comment to Woollcott \"What on earth is wrong with your portrait?\"", "They had several copies made, each slightly more askew than the last, and would periodically secretly swap them out and then later comment to Woollcott \"What on earth is wrong with your portrait?\" until Woollcott was beside himself. Eventually they returned the original portrait. No Sirree!", "No Sirree! No Sirree! Given the literary and theatrical activities of the Round Table members, it was perhaps inevitable that they would write and stage their own revue. No Sirree!, staged for one night only in April 1922, was a take-off of a then-popular European touring revue called La Chauve-Souris, directed by Nikita Balieff.", "No Sirree!, staged for one night only in April 1922, was a take-off of a then-popular European touring revue called La Chauve-Souris, directed by Nikita Balieff. No Sirree! had its genesis at the studio of Neysa McMein, which served as something of a salon for Round Tablers away from the Algonquin.", "had its genesis at the studio of Neysa McMein, which served as something of a salon for Round Tablers away from the Algonquin. Acts included: \"Opening Chorus\" featuring Woollcott, Toohey, Kaufman, Connelly, Adams and Benchley with violinist Jascha Heifetz providing offstage, off-key accompaniment; \"He Who Gets Flapped\", a musical number featuring the song \"The Everlastin' Ingenue Blues\" written by Dorothy Parker and performed by Robert Sherwood accompanied by \"chorus girls\" including Tallulah Bankhead, Helen Hayes, Ruth Gillmore, Lenore Ulric and Mary Brandon; \"Zowie, or the Curse of an Akins Heart\"; \"The Greasy Hag, an O'Neill Play in One Act\" with Kaufman, Connelly and Woollcott; and \"Mr. Whim Passes By—An A.", "Acts included: \"Opening Chorus\" featuring Woollcott, Toohey, Kaufman, Connelly, Adams and Benchley with violinist Jascha Heifetz providing offstage, off-key accompaniment; \"He Who Gets Flapped\", a musical number featuring the song \"The Everlastin' Ingenue Blues\" written by Dorothy Parker and performed by Robert Sherwood accompanied by \"chorus girls\" including Tallulah Bankhead, Helen Hayes, Ruth Gillmore, Lenore Ulric and Mary Brandon; \"Zowie, or the Curse of an Akins Heart\"; \"The Greasy Hag, an O'Neill Play in One Act\" with Kaufman, Connelly and Woollcott; and \"Mr. Whim Passes By—An A. A. Milne Play.\"", "A. Milne Play.\" A. Milne Play.\" The only item of note to emerge from No Sirree! was Robert Benchley's contribution, The Treasurer's Report.", "was Robert Benchley's contribution, The Treasurer's Report. Benchley's disjointed parody so delighted those in attendance that Irving Berlin hired Benchley in 1923 to deliver the Report as part of Berlin's Music Box Revue for $500 a week.", "Benchley's disjointed parody so delighted those in attendance that Irving Berlin hired Benchley in 1923 to deliver the Report as part of Berlin's Music Box Revue for $500 a week. In 1928, Report was later made into a short sound film in the Fox Movietone sound-on-film system by Fox Film Corporation.", "In 1928, Report was later made into a short sound film in the Fox Movietone sound-on-film system by Fox Film Corporation. The film marked the beginning of a second career for Benchley in Hollywood. With the success of No Sirree!", "With the success of No Sirree! the Round Tablers hoped to duplicate it with an \"official\" Vicious Circle production open to the public with material performed by professional actors. Kaufman and Connelly funded the revue, named The Forty-niners. The revue opened in November 1922 and was a failure, running for just 15 performances.", "The revue opened in November 1922 and was a failure, running for just 15 performances. Decline As members of the Round Table moved into ventures outside New York City, inevitably the group drifted apart. By the early 1930s the Vicious Circle was broken.", "By the early 1930s the Vicious Circle was broken. Edna Ferber said she realized it when she arrived at the Rose Room for lunch one day in 1932 and found the group's table occupied by a family from Kansas. Frank Case was asked what happened to the group.", "Frank Case was asked what happened to the group. He shrugged and replied, \"What became of the reservoir at Fifth Avenue and Forty-Second Street? These things do not last forever.\" Some members of the group remained friends after its dissolution.", "Some members of the group remained friends after its dissolution. Parker and Benchley in particular remained close up until his death in 1945, although her political leanings did strain their relationship.", "Parker and Benchley in particular remained close up until his death in 1945, although her political leanings did strain their relationship. Others, as the group itself would come to understand when it gathered following Woollcott's death in 1943, simply realized that they had nothing to say to one another.", "Others, as the group itself would come to understand when it gathered following Woollcott's death in 1943, simply realized that they had nothing to say to one another. Public response and legacy Because a number of the members of the Round Table had regular newspaper columns, the activities and quips of various Round Table members were reported in the national press.", "Public response and legacy Because a number of the members of the Round Table had regular newspaper columns, the activities and quips of various Round Table members were reported in the national press. This brought Round Tablers widely into the public consciousness as renowned wits. Not all of their contemporaries were fans of the group.", "Not all of their contemporaries were fans of the group. Their critics accused them of logrolling, or exchanging favorable plugs of one another's works, and of rehearsing their witticisms in advance. James Thurber (who lived in the hotel) was a detractor of the group, accusing them of being too consumed by their elaborate practical jokes.", "James Thurber (who lived in the hotel) was a detractor of the group, accusing them of being too consumed by their elaborate practical jokes. H. L. Mencken, who was much admired by many in the Circle, was also a critic, commenting to fellow writer Anita Loos that \"their ideals were those of a vaudeville actor, one who is extremely 'in the know' and inordinately trashy\".", "H. L. Mencken, who was much admired by many in the Circle, was also a critic, commenting to fellow writer Anita Loos that \"their ideals were those of a vaudeville actor, one who is extremely 'in the know' and inordinately trashy\". The group showed up in the 1923 best-seller Black Oxen by Gertrude Atherton.", "The group showed up in the 1923 best-seller Black Oxen by Gertrude Atherton. She sarcastically described a group she called \"the Sophisticates\": Groucho Marx, brother of Round Table associate Harpo, was never comfortable amidst the viciousness of the Vicious Circle.", "She sarcastically described a group she called \"the Sophisticates\": Groucho Marx, brother of Round Table associate Harpo, was never comfortable amidst the viciousness of the Vicious Circle. Therein he remarked \"The price of admission is a serpent's tongue and a half-concealed stiletto.\"", "Therein he remarked \"The price of admission is a serpent's tongue and a half-concealed stiletto.\" Even some members of the Round Table disparaged it later in life. Dorothy Parker in particular criticized the group.", "Dorothy Parker in particular criticized the group. Despite Parker's bleak assessment and while it is true that some members of the Round Table are perhaps now \"famous for being famous\" instead of for their literary output, Round Table members and associates contributed to the literary landscape, including Pulitzer Prize-winning work by Circle members Kaufman, Connelly and Sherwood (who won four) and by associate Ferber and the legacy of Ross's New Yorker.", "Despite Parker's bleak assessment and while it is true that some members of the Round Table are perhaps now \"famous for being famous\" instead of for their literary output, Round Table members and associates contributed to the literary landscape, including Pulitzer Prize-winning work by Circle members Kaufman, Connelly and Sherwood (who won four) and by associate Ferber and the legacy of Ross's New Yorker. Others made lasting contributions to the realms of stage and screen — Tallulah Bankhead and Eva Le Gallienne became Broadway greats and the films of Harpo and Benchley remain popular; and Parker has remained renowned for her short stories and literary reviews.", "Others made lasting contributions to the realms of stage and screen — Tallulah Bankhead and Eva Le Gallienne became Broadway greats and the films of Harpo and Benchley remain popular; and Parker has remained renowned for her short stories and literary reviews. The Algonquin Round Table, as well as the number of other literary and theatrical greats who lodged there, helped earn the Algonquin Hotel its status as a New York City Historic Landmark.", "The Algonquin Round Table, as well as the number of other literary and theatrical greats who lodged there, helped earn the Algonquin Hotel its status as a New York City Historic Landmark. The hotel was so designated in 1987.", "The hotel was so designated in 1987. In 1996 the hotel was designated a national literary landmark by the Friends of Libraries USA based on the contributions of \"The Round Table Wits\". The organization's bronze plaque is attached to the front of the hotel.", "The organization's bronze plaque is attached to the front of the hotel. Although the Rose Room was removed from the Algonquin in a 1998 remodel, the hotel paid tribute to the group by commissioning and hanging the painting A Vicious Circle by Natalie Ascencios, depicting the Round Table and also created a replica of the original table.", "Although the Rose Room was removed from the Algonquin in a 1998 remodel, the hotel paid tribute to the group by commissioning and hanging the painting A Vicious Circle by Natalie Ascencios, depicting the Round Table and also created a replica of the original table. The hotel occasionally stages an original musical production, The Talk of the Town, in the Oak Room.", "The hotel occasionally stages an original musical production, The Talk of the Town, in the Oak Room. Its latest production started September 11, 2007 and ran through the end of the year. A film about the members, The Ten-Year Lunch (1987), won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.", "A film about the members, The Ten-Year Lunch (1987), won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. The dramatic film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994) recounts the Round Table from the perspective of Dorothy Parker.", "The dramatic film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994) recounts the Round Table from the perspective of Dorothy Parker. In popular culture Portions of the 1981 film Rich and Famous were set in the Algonquin and one of the film's characters, Liz Hamilton (played by Jacqueline Bisset), refers to the Round Table during the film.", "In popular culture Portions of the 1981 film Rich and Famous were set in the Algonquin and one of the film's characters, Liz Hamilton (played by Jacqueline Bisset), refers to the Round Table during the film. The Algonquin Round Table was featured in \"The Young Indiana Jones and the Scandal of 1920\", a 1993 episode of the TV series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which the title character meets the group and attends at least two lunches.", "The Algonquin Round Table was featured in \"The Young Indiana Jones and the Scandal of 1920\", a 1993 episode of the TV series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which the title character meets the group and attends at least two lunches. Wonderful Nonsense - The Algonquin Round Table is a documentary produced for the DVD release of that film in 2008.", "Wonderful Nonsense - The Algonquin Round Table is a documentary produced for the DVD release of that film in 2008. In season 2, episode 4 of Seinfeld entitled “The Phone Message” (1991), Jerry tells Donna, the woman he is seeing at the time: \"Boy, I bet you got a regular Algonquin round table there\", after Donna says she discussed a Dockers commercial with friends.", "In season 2, episode 4 of Seinfeld entitled “The Phone Message” (1991), Jerry tells Donna, the woman he is seeing at the time: \"Boy, I bet you got a regular Algonquin round table there\", after Donna says she discussed a Dockers commercial with friends. The 1994 film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle concerns Dorothy Parker and her relationship with Robert Benchley and the larger group.", "The 1994 film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle concerns Dorothy Parker and her relationship with Robert Benchley and the larger group. In 2009, Robert Benchley's grandson, Nat Benchley, and co-editor Kevin C. Fitzpatrick published The Lost Algonquin Round Table, a collection of the early writings of the group.", "In 2009, Robert Benchley's grandson, Nat Benchley, and co-editor Kevin C. Fitzpatrick published The Lost Algonquin Round Table, a collection of the early writings of the group. Benchley's grandson Peter Benchley wrote the famous shark novel Jaws upon which the Steven Spielberg film is based.", "Benchley's grandson Peter Benchley wrote the famous shark novel Jaws upon which the Steven Spielberg film is based. See also References External links Algonquin Round Table historical site History notes and news since 1999 Algonquin Round Table at PBS's American Masters American literary movements American humorists Culture of Manhattan Literary circles 20th-century American literature" ]

[ "Algonquin Round Table", "Activities", "What activities did the Round Table do", "The group was devoted to games, including cribbage and poker.", "Did they play a lot of games?", "The group had its own poker club, the Thanatopsis Literary and Inside Straight Club,", "What else did they do?", "In addition to the daily luncheons, members of the Round Table worked and associated with each other almost constantly.", "Did they work in writing", "I don't know.", "What did they do for work", "silk merchant Paul Hyde Bonner, baking heir Raoul Fleischmann, actor Harpo Marx, and writer Ring Lardner", "What else did the club do", "A number of Round Tablers were inveterate practical jokers, constantly pulling pranks on one another.", "Did they pull any good pranks", "Harold Ross and Jane Grant once spent weeks playing a particularly memorable joke on Woollcott involving a prized portrait of himself." ]

[ "DM Pranks is an Italian YouTube channel created by Matteo Moroni. In 2013, he began to play pranks, and post videos on a channel on YouTube. As of May 2020, their channel has nearly 5 million subscribers and more than 215 million video views.\n\nThe YouTube channel is known for its \"killer clown\" character, which scares members of the public by running at them wielding hammers or chainsaws.\n\nEarly life \nMatteo Moroni was born in Castiglione del Lago, Italy on June 25, 1987, and moved to Magione where he was raised.\n\nYouTube career \nIn 2015 one of Moroni's external collaborators Diego Dolciami unfaithfully registered the \"DM PRANKS\" trademark. In January 2018 the federal district of California sentenced Dolciami for the use of the competing mark which constitutes trademark infringement and competing application was made in bad faith and constitutes fraud upon the USPTO.\n\nKiller Clown \nA video entitled \"Killer Clown Scare Prank!\", posted on May 11, 2014 and has over 52 million views, shows DM Pranks \"pranking\" a victim dousing the area around his car with what appears to be gasoline. In the same video a clown set up large bottles on a dummy's head that he filled with fake blood and then hit them with a hammer to simulate a murder.\n\nThe video \"Killer Clown Returns Scare Prank!\" was posted on June 15, 2014 and has over 85 million views. It features a fake clown pranking passers by running after them with an iron hammer or a chainsaw.\n\nOn September 7, 2014, DM Pranks received the first significant success, with the video \"Killer Clown 3 - The Uncle! Scare Prank!\". A man dressed up as a clown scared random bystanders with a road roller. By September 2014 the \"Killer Clown 3 - The Uncle! Scare Prank!\" had been viewed more than 105 million times.\n\nOn November 16, 2014, DM Pranks filmed a prank entitled \"Killer Clown 4 - Massacre! Scare Prank!\", involving two clowns driving a car and then hitting a mannequin. In the video the clowns scared a man in a public toilet by setting up a fake chainsaw murder. The YouTube video now has over 62 million views.\n\nOther characters \nOther videos they have created include the \"Devil's Daughter Scare Prank!\", featuring a devil woman who scared people by screaming. The video was uploaded on August 3, 2014 and generated more than 34 million views.\n\nthen he shot the sequel to Killer Clowns 5 Aphoteosis where three men with clown masks first scared several guys about then they were lured into a trap \"blew up\" at the end it was visible where one of them opened his eyes it was a hint that this was not just a cliche prank.\n\nAnother one of DM Pranks's videos is titled \"Telekinetic Priest Attack Scare Prank!\". This video was posted on July 9, 2014 and has over 18 million views. It features a fake telekinetic priest going after people and making chairs and garbage move.\n\nOn March 17, 2014, DM Pranks pulled a prank called \"Flamethrower Psycho Scare Prank\" which involved a dark dressed man running after people with a flamethrower. The prank went viral receiving over 14 million views.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n \n\n1987 births\nLiving people\nItalian directors\nPrank YouTubers\nPeople from Perugia\nItalian YouTubers\nYouTube channels launched in 2013\nPeople from Castiglione del Lago\nYouTube channels closed in 2019", "Prank Patrol (known as Prank Patrol: Road Trip for its third season, also known as Prank Patrol Down Under in the UK) was the Australian version of the original Canadian series Prank Patrol. The show was made for the then new ABC3 channel (now ABC ME) which specialised in children's programming. It is hosted by Scott “Scotty” Tweedie and produced by the ABC.\n\nPremise\n\nThe show follows Scotty and his ninjas helping children to pull off a prank against someone they know, such as a parent or friend. Scotty then takes the new recruit to their \"HQ\", where they establish a plan to prank their target. Scotty meets with real prank experts, such as special effects experts and makeup or costume artists. The new recruit calls their target to lure them into the prank. The prank builds to a climax, where the famous catchphrase \"you've been pranked by the prank patrol!\" is shouted by everyone in on the prank.\n\nFillers\n\nRecipe for a Prank\nSimilar to the original Canadian format this filler is an animated short of which explains how to set up your own prank.\n\nNinjas on the Loose\nThe Ninjas usually go to a public place and commit a prank, whether it be hiding behind a park bench and making fart sounds or scaring strangers.\n\nEpisodes\n\nProduction\nThe show is produced by the ABC and based on the original Canadian series. The first series consisted of 25 episodes of 25-minute lengths. Series 2 was announced on 15 April 2010 with another 39 episodes being produced. It was announced filming for series two would start on 2 August 2010 and film twenty-six episodes in Melbourne and thirteen in Brisbane.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nHidden camera television series\nAustralian Broadcasting Corporation original programming\n2009 Australian television series debuts\n2013 Australian television series endings\nAustralian children's television series" ]

[ "The Algonquin Round Table was a group of New York City writers, critics, actors, and wits. Gathering initially as part of a practical joke, members of \"The Vicious Circle\", as they dubbed themselves, met for lunch each day at the Algonquin Hotel from 1919 until roughly 1929.", "Gathering initially as part of a practical joke, members of \"The Vicious Circle\", as they dubbed themselves, met for lunch each day at the Algonquin Hotel from 1919 until roughly 1929. At these luncheons they engaged in wisecracks, wordplay, and witticisms that, through the newspaper columns of Round Table members, were disseminated across the country.", "At these luncheons they engaged in wisecracks, wordplay, and witticisms that, through the newspaper columns of Round Table members, were disseminated across the country. Daily association with each other, both at the luncheons and outside of them, inspired members of the Circle to collaborate creatively.", "Daily association with each other, both at the luncheons and outside of them, inspired members of the Circle to collaborate creatively. The entire group worked together successfully only once, however, to create a revue called No Sirree! which helped launch a Hollywood career for Round Tabler Robert Benchley.", "which helped launch a Hollywood career for Round Tabler Robert Benchley. In its ten years of association, the Round Table and a number of its members acquired national reputations, both for their contributions to literature and for their sparkling wit.", "In its ten years of association, the Round Table and a number of its members acquired national reputations, both for their contributions to literature and for their sparkling wit. Although some of their contemporaries, and later in life even some of its members, disparaged the group, its reputation has endured long after its dissolution.", "Although some of their contemporaries, and later in life even some of its members, disparaged the group, its reputation has endured long after its dissolution. Origin The group that would become the Round Table began meeting in June 1919 as the result of a practical joke carried out by theatrical press agent John Peter Toohey.", "Origin The group that would become the Round Table began meeting in June 1919 as the result of a practical joke carried out by theatrical press agent John Peter Toohey. Toohey, annoyed at The New York Times drama critic Alexander Woollcott for refusing to plug one of Toohey's clients (Eugene O'Neill) in his column, organized a luncheon supposedly to welcome Woollcott back from World War I, where he had been a correspondent for Stars and Stripes.", "Toohey, annoyed at The New York Times drama critic Alexander Woollcott for refusing to plug one of Toohey's clients (Eugene O'Neill) in his column, organized a luncheon supposedly to welcome Woollcott back from World War I, where he had been a correspondent for Stars and Stripes. Instead, Toohey used the occasion to poke fun at Woollcott on a number of fronts.", "Instead, Toohey used the occasion to poke fun at Woollcott on a number of fronts. Woollcott's enjoyment of the joke and the success of the event prompted Toohey to suggest that the group in attendance meet at the Algonquin each day for lunch.", "Woollcott's enjoyment of the joke and the success of the event prompted Toohey to suggest that the group in attendance meet at the Algonquin each day for lunch. The group first gathered in the Algonquin's Pergola Room (later called the Oak Room) at a long rectangular table.", "The group first gathered in the Algonquin's Pergola Room (later called the Oak Room) at a long rectangular table. As they increased in number, Algonquin manager Frank Case moved them to the Rose Room and a round table. Initially the group called itself \"The Board\" and the luncheons \"Board meetings\".", "Initially the group called itself \"The Board\" and the luncheons \"Board meetings\". After being assigned a waiter named Luigi, the group re-christened itself \"Luigi Board\".", "After being assigned a waiter named Luigi, the group re-christened itself \"Luigi Board\". Finally, they became \"The Vicious Circle\" although \"The Round Table\" gained wide currency after a caricature by cartoonist Edmund Duffy of the Brooklyn Eagle portrayed the group sitting at a round table and wearing armor.", "Finally, they became \"The Vicious Circle\" although \"The Round Table\" gained wide currency after a caricature by cartoonist Edmund Duffy of the Brooklyn Eagle portrayed the group sitting at a round table and wearing armor. Membership Charter members of the Round Table included: Franklin Pierce Adams, columnist Robert Benchley, humorist and actor Heywood Broun, columnist and sportswriter (married to Ruth Hale) Marc Connelly, playwright Ruth Hale, freelance writer who worked for women's rights George S. Kaufman, playwright and director Dorothy Parker, critic, poet, short-story writer, and screenwriter Brock Pemberton, Broadway producer Murdock Pemberton, Broadway publicist, writer Harold Ross, The New Yorker editor Robert E. Sherwood, author and playwright John Peter Toohey, Broadway publicist Alexander Woollcott, critic and journalist Membership was not official or fixed for so many others who moved in and out of the Circle.", "Membership Charter members of the Round Table included: Franklin Pierce Adams, columnist Robert Benchley, humorist and actor Heywood Broun, columnist and sportswriter (married to Ruth Hale) Marc Connelly, playwright Ruth Hale, freelance writer who worked for women's rights George S. Kaufman, playwright and director Dorothy Parker, critic, poet, short-story writer, and screenwriter Brock Pemberton, Broadway producer Murdock Pemberton, Broadway publicist, writer Harold Ross, The New Yorker editor Robert E. Sherwood, author and playwright John Peter Toohey, Broadway publicist Alexander Woollcott, critic and journalist Membership was not official or fixed for so many others who moved in and out of the Circle. Some of these included: Tallulah Bankhead, actress Norman Bel Geddes, stage and industrial designer Noël Coward, playwright Blyth Daly, actress Edna Ferber, author and playwright Eva Le Gallienne, actress Margalo Gillmore, actress Jane Grant, journalist and feminist (married to Harold Ross) Beatrice Kaufman, editor and playwright (married to George S. Kaufman) Margaret Leech, writer and historian Herman J. Mankiewicz, screenwriter Harpo Marx, comedian and film star Neysa McMein, magazine illustrator Alice Duer Miller, writer Donald Ogden Stewart, playwright and screenwriter Frank Sullivan, journalist and humorist Deems Taylor, composer Estelle Winwood, actress and comedian Peggy Wood, actress Activities In addition to the daily luncheons, members of the Round Table worked and associated with each other almost constantly.", "Some of these included: Tallulah Bankhead, actress Norman Bel Geddes, stage and industrial designer Noël Coward, playwright Blyth Daly, actress Edna Ferber, author and playwright Eva Le Gallienne, actress Margalo Gillmore, actress Jane Grant, journalist and feminist (married to Harold Ross) Beatrice Kaufman, editor and playwright (married to George S. Kaufman) Margaret Leech, writer and historian Herman J. Mankiewicz, screenwriter Harpo Marx, comedian and film star Neysa McMein, magazine illustrator Alice Duer Miller, writer Donald Ogden Stewart, playwright and screenwriter Frank Sullivan, journalist and humorist Deems Taylor, composer Estelle Winwood, actress and comedian Peggy Wood, actress Activities In addition to the daily luncheons, members of the Round Table worked and associated with each other almost constantly. The group was devoted to games, including cribbage and poker.", "The group was devoted to games, including cribbage and poker. The group had its own poker club, the Thanatopsis Literary and Inside Straight Club, which met at the hotel on Saturday nights.", "The group had its own poker club, the Thanatopsis Literary and Inside Straight Club, which met at the hotel on Saturday nights. Regulars at the game included Kaufman, Adams, Broun, Ross and Woollcott, with non-Round Tablers Herbert Bayard Swope, silk merchant Paul Hyde Bonner, baking heir Raoul Fleischmann, actor Harpo Marx, and writer Ring Lardner sometimes sitting in.", "Regulars at the game included Kaufman, Adams, Broun, Ross and Woollcott, with non-Round Tablers Herbert Bayard Swope, silk merchant Paul Hyde Bonner, baking heir Raoul Fleischmann, actor Harpo Marx, and writer Ring Lardner sometimes sitting in. The group also played charades (which they called simply \"The Game\") and the \"I can give you a sentence\" game, which spawned Dorothy Parker's memorable sentence using the word horticulture: \"You can lead a horticulture but you can't make her think.\"", "The group also played charades (which they called simply \"The Game\") and the \"I can give you a sentence\" game, which spawned Dorothy Parker's memorable sentence using the word horticulture: \"You can lead a horticulture but you can't make her think.\" Members often visited Neshobe Island, a private island co-owned by several \"Algonks\"—but governed by Woollcott as a \"benevolent tyrant\", as his biographer Samuel Hopkins Adams charitably put it—located on several acres in the middle of Lake Bomoseen in Vermont.", "Members often visited Neshobe Island, a private island co-owned by several \"Algonks\"—but governed by Woollcott as a \"benevolent tyrant\", as his biographer Samuel Hopkins Adams charitably put it—located on several acres in the middle of Lake Bomoseen in Vermont. There they would engage in their usual array of games including Wink murder, which they called simply \"Murder\", plus croquet.", "There they would engage in their usual array of games including Wink murder, which they called simply \"Murder\", plus croquet. A number of Round Tablers were inveterate practical jokers, constantly pulling pranks on one another. As time went on the jokes became ever more elaborate.", "As time went on the jokes became ever more elaborate. Harold Ross and Jane Grant once spent weeks playing a particularly memorable joke on Woollcott involving a prized portrait of himself.", "Harold Ross and Jane Grant once spent weeks playing a particularly memorable joke on Woollcott involving a prized portrait of himself. They had several copies made, each slightly more askew than the last, and would periodically secretly swap them out and then later comment to Woollcott \"What on earth is wrong with your portrait?\"", "They had several copies made, each slightly more askew than the last, and would periodically secretly swap them out and then later comment to Woollcott \"What on earth is wrong with your portrait?\" until Woollcott was beside himself. Eventually they returned the original portrait. No Sirree!", "No Sirree! No Sirree! Given the literary and theatrical activities of the Round Table members, it was perhaps inevitable that they would write and stage their own revue. No Sirree!, staged for one night only in April 1922, was a take-off of a then-popular European touring revue called La Chauve-Souris, directed by Nikita Balieff.", "No Sirree!, staged for one night only in April 1922, was a take-off of a then-popular European touring revue called La Chauve-Souris, directed by Nikita Balieff. No Sirree! had its genesis at the studio of Neysa McMein, which served as something of a salon for Round Tablers away from the Algonquin.", "had its genesis at the studio of Neysa McMein, which served as something of a salon for Round Tablers away from the Algonquin. Acts included: \"Opening Chorus\" featuring Woollcott, Toohey, Kaufman, Connelly, Adams and Benchley with violinist Jascha Heifetz providing offstage, off-key accompaniment; \"He Who Gets Flapped\", a musical number featuring the song \"The Everlastin' Ingenue Blues\" written by Dorothy Parker and performed by Robert Sherwood accompanied by \"chorus girls\" including Tallulah Bankhead, Helen Hayes, Ruth Gillmore, Lenore Ulric and Mary Brandon; \"Zowie, or the Curse of an Akins Heart\"; \"The Greasy Hag, an O'Neill Play in One Act\" with Kaufman, Connelly and Woollcott; and \"Mr. Whim Passes By—An A.", "Acts included: \"Opening Chorus\" featuring Woollcott, Toohey, Kaufman, Connelly, Adams and Benchley with violinist Jascha Heifetz providing offstage, off-key accompaniment; \"He Who Gets Flapped\", a musical number featuring the song \"The Everlastin' Ingenue Blues\" written by Dorothy Parker and performed by Robert Sherwood accompanied by \"chorus girls\" including Tallulah Bankhead, Helen Hayes, Ruth Gillmore, Lenore Ulric and Mary Brandon; \"Zowie, or the Curse of an Akins Heart\"; \"The Greasy Hag, an O'Neill Play in One Act\" with Kaufman, Connelly and Woollcott; and \"Mr. Whim Passes By—An A. A. Milne Play.\"", "A. Milne Play.\" A. Milne Play.\" The only item of note to emerge from No Sirree! was Robert Benchley's contribution, The Treasurer's Report.", "was Robert Benchley's contribution, The Treasurer's Report. Benchley's disjointed parody so delighted those in attendance that Irving Berlin hired Benchley in 1923 to deliver the Report as part of Berlin's Music Box Revue for $500 a week.", "Benchley's disjointed parody so delighted those in attendance that Irving Berlin hired Benchley in 1923 to deliver the Report as part of Berlin's Music Box Revue for $500 a week. In 1928, Report was later made into a short sound film in the Fox Movietone sound-on-film system by Fox Film Corporation.", "In 1928, Report was later made into a short sound film in the Fox Movietone sound-on-film system by Fox Film Corporation. The film marked the beginning of a second career for Benchley in Hollywood. With the success of No Sirree!", "With the success of No Sirree! the Round Tablers hoped to duplicate it with an \"official\" Vicious Circle production open to the public with material performed by professional actors. Kaufman and Connelly funded the revue, named The Forty-niners. The revue opened in November 1922 and was a failure, running for just 15 performances.", "The revue opened in November 1922 and was a failure, running for just 15 performances. Decline As members of the Round Table moved into ventures outside New York City, inevitably the group drifted apart. By the early 1930s the Vicious Circle was broken.", "By the early 1930s the Vicious Circle was broken. Edna Ferber said she realized it when she arrived at the Rose Room for lunch one day in 1932 and found the group's table occupied by a family from Kansas. Frank Case was asked what happened to the group.", "Frank Case was asked what happened to the group. He shrugged and replied, \"What became of the reservoir at Fifth Avenue and Forty-Second Street? These things do not last forever.\" Some members of the group remained friends after its dissolution.", "Some members of the group remained friends after its dissolution. Parker and Benchley in particular remained close up until his death in 1945, although her political leanings did strain their relationship.", "Parker and Benchley in particular remained close up until his death in 1945, although her political leanings did strain their relationship. Others, as the group itself would come to understand when it gathered following Woollcott's death in 1943, simply realized that they had nothing to say to one another.", "Others, as the group itself would come to understand when it gathered following Woollcott's death in 1943, simply realized that they had nothing to say to one another. Public response and legacy Because a number of the members of the Round Table had regular newspaper columns, the activities and quips of various Round Table members were reported in the national press.", "Public response and legacy Because a number of the members of the Round Table had regular newspaper columns, the activities and quips of various Round Table members were reported in the national press. This brought Round Tablers widely into the public consciousness as renowned wits. Not all of their contemporaries were fans of the group.", "Not all of their contemporaries were fans of the group. Their critics accused them of logrolling, or exchanging favorable plugs of one another's works, and of rehearsing their witticisms in advance. James Thurber (who lived in the hotel) was a detractor of the group, accusing them of being too consumed by their elaborate practical jokes.", "James Thurber (who lived in the hotel) was a detractor of the group, accusing them of being too consumed by their elaborate practical jokes. H. L. Mencken, who was much admired by many in the Circle, was also a critic, commenting to fellow writer Anita Loos that \"their ideals were those of a vaudeville actor, one who is extremely 'in the know' and inordinately trashy\".", "H. L. Mencken, who was much admired by many in the Circle, was also a critic, commenting to fellow writer Anita Loos that \"their ideals were those of a vaudeville actor, one who is extremely 'in the know' and inordinately trashy\". The group showed up in the 1923 best-seller Black Oxen by Gertrude Atherton.", "The group showed up in the 1923 best-seller Black Oxen by Gertrude Atherton. She sarcastically described a group she called \"the Sophisticates\": Groucho Marx, brother of Round Table associate Harpo, was never comfortable amidst the viciousness of the Vicious Circle.", "She sarcastically described a group she called \"the Sophisticates\": Groucho Marx, brother of Round Table associate Harpo, was never comfortable amidst the viciousness of the Vicious Circle. Therein he remarked \"The price of admission is a serpent's tongue and a half-concealed stiletto.\"", "Therein he remarked \"The price of admission is a serpent's tongue and a half-concealed stiletto.\" Even some members of the Round Table disparaged it later in life. Dorothy Parker in particular criticized the group.", "Dorothy Parker in particular criticized the group. Despite Parker's bleak assessment and while it is true that some members of the Round Table are perhaps now \"famous for being famous\" instead of for their literary output, Round Table members and associates contributed to the literary landscape, including Pulitzer Prize-winning work by Circle members Kaufman, Connelly and Sherwood (who won four) and by associate Ferber and the legacy of Ross's New Yorker.", "Despite Parker's bleak assessment and while it is true that some members of the Round Table are perhaps now \"famous for being famous\" instead of for their literary output, Round Table members and associates contributed to the literary landscape, including Pulitzer Prize-winning work by Circle members Kaufman, Connelly and Sherwood (who won four) and by associate Ferber and the legacy of Ross's New Yorker. Others made lasting contributions to the realms of stage and screen — Tallulah Bankhead and Eva Le Gallienne became Broadway greats and the films of Harpo and Benchley remain popular; and Parker has remained renowned for her short stories and literary reviews.", "Others made lasting contributions to the realms of stage and screen — Tallulah Bankhead and Eva Le Gallienne became Broadway greats and the films of Harpo and Benchley remain popular; and Parker has remained renowned for her short stories and literary reviews. The Algonquin Round Table, as well as the number of other literary and theatrical greats who lodged there, helped earn the Algonquin Hotel its status as a New York City Historic Landmark.", "The Algonquin Round Table, as well as the number of other literary and theatrical greats who lodged there, helped earn the Algonquin Hotel its status as a New York City Historic Landmark. The hotel was so designated in 1987.", "The hotel was so designated in 1987. In 1996 the hotel was designated a national literary landmark by the Friends of Libraries USA based on the contributions of \"The Round Table Wits\". The organization's bronze plaque is attached to the front of the hotel.", "The organization's bronze plaque is attached to the front of the hotel. Although the Rose Room was removed from the Algonquin in a 1998 remodel, the hotel paid tribute to the group by commissioning and hanging the painting A Vicious Circle by Natalie Ascencios, depicting the Round Table and also created a replica of the original table.", "Although the Rose Room was removed from the Algonquin in a 1998 remodel, the hotel paid tribute to the group by commissioning and hanging the painting A Vicious Circle by Natalie Ascencios, depicting the Round Table and also created a replica of the original table. The hotel occasionally stages an original musical production, The Talk of the Town, in the Oak Room.", "The hotel occasionally stages an original musical production, The Talk of the Town, in the Oak Room. Its latest production started September 11, 2007 and ran through the end of the year. A film about the members, The Ten-Year Lunch (1987), won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.", "A film about the members, The Ten-Year Lunch (1987), won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. The dramatic film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994) recounts the Round Table from the perspective of Dorothy Parker.", "The dramatic film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994) recounts the Round Table from the perspective of Dorothy Parker. In popular culture Portions of the 1981 film Rich and Famous were set in the Algonquin and one of the film's characters, Liz Hamilton (played by Jacqueline Bisset), refers to the Round Table during the film.", "In popular culture Portions of the 1981 film Rich and Famous were set in the Algonquin and one of the film's characters, Liz Hamilton (played by Jacqueline Bisset), refers to the Round Table during the film. The Algonquin Round Table was featured in \"The Young Indiana Jones and the Scandal of 1920\", a 1993 episode of the TV series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which the title character meets the group and attends at least two lunches.", "The Algonquin Round Table was featured in \"The Young Indiana Jones and the Scandal of 1920\", a 1993 episode of the TV series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which the title character meets the group and attends at least two lunches. Wonderful Nonsense - The Algonquin Round Table is a documentary produced for the DVD release of that film in 2008.", "Wonderful Nonsense - The Algonquin Round Table is a documentary produced for the DVD release of that film in 2008. In season 2, episode 4 of Seinfeld entitled “The Phone Message” (1991), Jerry tells Donna, the woman he is seeing at the time: \"Boy, I bet you got a regular Algonquin round table there\", after Donna says she discussed a Dockers commercial with friends.", "In season 2, episode 4 of Seinfeld entitled “The Phone Message” (1991), Jerry tells Donna, the woman he is seeing at the time: \"Boy, I bet you got a regular Algonquin round table there\", after Donna says she discussed a Dockers commercial with friends. The 1994 film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle concerns Dorothy Parker and her relationship with Robert Benchley and the larger group.", "The 1994 film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle concerns Dorothy Parker and her relationship with Robert Benchley and the larger group. In 2009, Robert Benchley's grandson, Nat Benchley, and co-editor Kevin C. Fitzpatrick published The Lost Algonquin Round Table, a collection of the early writings of the group.", "In 2009, Robert Benchley's grandson, Nat Benchley, and co-editor Kevin C. Fitzpatrick published The Lost Algonquin Round Table, a collection of the early writings of the group. Benchley's grandson Peter Benchley wrote the famous shark novel Jaws upon which the Steven Spielberg film is based.", "Benchley's grandson Peter Benchley wrote the famous shark novel Jaws upon which the Steven Spielberg film is based. See also References External links Algonquin Round Table historical site History notes and news since 1999 Algonquin Round Table at PBS's American Masters American literary movements American humorists Culture of Manhattan Literary circles 20th-century American literature" ]

[ "Algonquin Round Table", "Activities", "What activities did the Round Table do", "The group was devoted to games, including cribbage and poker.", "Did they play a lot of games?", "The group had its own poker club, the Thanatopsis Literary and Inside Straight Club,", "What else did they do?", "In addition to the daily luncheons, members of the Round Table worked and associated with each other almost constantly.", "Did they work in writing", "I don't know.", "What did they do for work", "silk merchant Paul Hyde Bonner, baking heir Raoul Fleischmann, actor Harpo Marx, and writer Ring Lardner", "What else did the club do", "A number of Round Tablers were inveterate practical jokers, constantly pulling pranks on one another.", "Did they pull any good pranks", "Harold Ross and Jane Grant once spent weeks playing a particularly memorable joke on Woollcott involving a prized portrait of himself.", "what was the prank", "They had several copies made, each slightly more askew than the last, and would periodically secretly swap them out" ]

[ "Don Juan Manuel's Tales of Count Lucanor, in Spanish Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio (Book of the Examples of Count Lucanor and of Patronio), also commonly known as El Conde Lucanor, Libro de Patronio, or Libro de los ejemplos (original Old Castilian: Libro de los enxiemplos del Conde Lucanor et de Patronio), is one of the earliest works of prose in Castilian Spanish. It was first written in 1335.\n\nThe book is divided into four parts. The first and most well-known part is a series of 51 short stories (some no more than a page or two) drawn from various sources, such as Aesop and other classical writers, and Arabic folktales.\n\nTales of Count Lucanor was first printed in 1575 when it was published at Seville under the auspices of Argote de Molina. It was again printed at Madrid in 1642, after which it lay forgotten for nearly two centuries.\n\nPurpose and structure\n\nA didactic, moralistic purpose, which would color so much of the Spanish literature to follow (see Novela picaresca), is the mark of this book. Count Lucanor engages in conversation with his advisor Patronio, putting to him a problem (\"Some man has made me a proposition...\" or \"I fear that such and such person intends to...\") and asking for advice. Patronio responds always with the greatest humility, claiming not to wish to offer advice to so illustrious a person as the Count, but offering to tell him a story of which the Count's problem reminds him. (Thus, the stories are \"examples\" [ejemplos] of wise action.) At the end he advises the Count to do as the protagonist of his story did.\n\nEach chapter ends in more or less the same way, with slight variations on: \"And this pleased the Count greatly and he did just so, and found it well. And Don Johán (Juan) saw that this example was very good, and had it written in this book, and composed the following verses.\" A rhymed couplet closes, giving the moral of the story.\n\nOrigin of stories and influence on later literature\nMany of the stories written in the book are the first examples written in a modern European language of various stories, which many other writers would use in the proceeding centuries. Many of the stories he included were themselves derived from other stories, coming from western and Arab sources.\n\nShakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew has the basic elements of Tale 35, \"What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\".\n\nTale 32, \"What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth\" tells the story that Hans Christian Andersen made popular as The Emperor's New Clothes.\n\nStory 7, \"What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana\", a version of Aesop's The Milkmaid and Her Pail, was claimed by Max Müller to originate in the Hindu cycle Panchatantra.\n\nTale 2, \"What happened to a good Man and his Son, leading a beast to market,\" is the familiar fable The miller, his son and the donkey.\n\nIn 2016, Baroque Decay released a game under the name \"The Count Lucanor\". As well as some protagonists' names, certain events from the books inspired past events in the game.\n\nThe stories\n\nThe book opens with a prologue which introduces the characters of the Count and Patronio. The titles in the following list are those given in Keller and Keating's 1977 translation into English. James York's 1868 translation into English gives a significantly different ordering of the stories and omits the fifty-first.\n\n What Happened to a King and His Favorite \n What Happened to a Good Man and His Son \n How King Richard of England Leapt into the Sea against the Moors\n What a Genoese Said to His Soul When He Was about to Die \n What Happened to a Fox and a Crow Who Had a Piece of Cheese in His Beak\n How the Swallow Warned the Other Birds When She Saw Flax Being Sown \n What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana \n What Happened to a Man Whose Liver Had to Be Washed \n What Happened to Two Horses Which Were Thrown to the Lion \n What Happened to a Man Who on Account of Poverty and Lack of Other Food Was Eating Bitter Lentils \n What Happened to a Dean of Santiago de Compostela and Don Yllán, the Grand Master of Toledo\n What Happened to the Fox and the Rooster \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Hunting Partridges \n The Miracle of Saint Dominick When He Preached against the Usurer \n What Happened to Lorenzo Suárez at the Siege of Seville \n The Reply that count Fernán González Gave to His Relative Núño Laynes \n What Happened to a Very Hungry Man Who Was Half-heartedly Invited to Dinner \n What Happened to Pero Meléndez de Valdés When He Broke His Leg \n What Happened to the Crows and the Owls \n What Happened to a King for Whom a Man Promised to Perform Alchemy \n What Happened to a Young King and a Philosopher to Whom his Father Commended Him \n What Happened to the Lion and the Bull \n How the Ants Provide for Themselves \n What Happened to the King Who Wanted to Test His Three Sons \n What Happened to the Count of Provence and How He Was Freed from Prison by the Advice of Saladin\n What Happened to the Tree of Lies \n What Happened to an Emperor and to Don Alvarfáñez Minaya and Their Wives \n What Happened in Granada to Don Lorenzo Suárez Gallinato When He Beheaded the Renegade Chaplain \n What Happened to a Fox Who Lay down in the Street to Play Dead \n What Happened to King Abenabet of Seville and Ramayquía His Wife \n How a Cardinal Judged between the Canons of Paris and the Friars Minor \n What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth \n What Happened to Don Juan Manuel's Saker Falcon and an Eagle and a Heron \n What Happened to a Blind Man Who Was Leading Another \n What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\n What Happened to a Merchant When He Found His Son and His Wife Sleeping Together \n What Happened to Count Fernán González with His Men after He Had Won the Battle of Hacinas \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Loaded down with Precious Stones and Drowned in the River \n What Happened to a Man and a Swallow and a Sparrow \n Why the Seneschal of Carcassonne Lost His Soul \n What Happened to a King of Córdova Named Al-Haquem \n What Happened to a Woman of Sham Piety \n What Happened to Good and Evil and the Wise Man and the Madman \n What Happened to Don Pero Núñez the Loyal, to Don Ruy González de Zavallos, and to Don Gutier Roiz de Blaguiello with Don Rodrigo the Generous \n What Happened to a Man Who Became the Devil's Friend and Vassal \n What Happened to a Philosopher who by Accident Went down a Street Where Prostitutes Lived \n What Befell a Moor and His Sister Who Pretended That She Was Timid \n What Happened to a Man Who Tested His Friends \n What Happened to the Man Whom They Cast out Naked on an Island When They Took away from Him the Kingdom He Ruled \n What Happened to Saladin and a Lady, the Wife of a Knight Who Was His Vassal \n What Happened to a Christian King Who Was Very Powerful and Haughty\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n Sturm, Harlan\n\n Wacks, David\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Internet Archive provides free access to the 1868 translation by James York.\nJSTOR has the to the 1977 translation by Keller and Keating.\nSelections in English and Spanish (pedagogical edition) with introduction, notes, and bibliography in Open Iberia/América (open access teaching anthology)\n\n14th-century books\nSpanish literature\n1335 books", "What Happened to Jones may refer to:\n What Happened to Jones (1897 play), a play by George Broadhurst\n What Happened to Jones (1915 film), a lost silent film\n What Happened to Jones (1920 film), a lost silent film\n What Happened to Jones (1926 film), a silent film comedy" ]

[ "The Algonquin Round Table was a group of New York City writers, critics, actors, and wits. Gathering initially as part of a practical joke, members of \"The Vicious Circle\", as they dubbed themselves, met for lunch each day at the Algonquin Hotel from 1919 until roughly 1929.", "Gathering initially as part of a practical joke, members of \"The Vicious Circle\", as they dubbed themselves, met for lunch each day at the Algonquin Hotel from 1919 until roughly 1929. At these luncheons they engaged in wisecracks, wordplay, and witticisms that, through the newspaper columns of Round Table members, were disseminated across the country.", "At these luncheons they engaged in wisecracks, wordplay, and witticisms that, through the newspaper columns of Round Table members, were disseminated across the country. Daily association with each other, both at the luncheons and outside of them, inspired members of the Circle to collaborate creatively.", "Daily association with each other, both at the luncheons and outside of them, inspired members of the Circle to collaborate creatively. The entire group worked together successfully only once, however, to create a revue called No Sirree! which helped launch a Hollywood career for Round Tabler Robert Benchley.", "which helped launch a Hollywood career for Round Tabler Robert Benchley. In its ten years of association, the Round Table and a number of its members acquired national reputations, both for their contributions to literature and for their sparkling wit.", "In its ten years of association, the Round Table and a number of its members acquired national reputations, both for their contributions to literature and for their sparkling wit. Although some of their contemporaries, and later in life even some of its members, disparaged the group, its reputation has endured long after its dissolution.", "Although some of their contemporaries, and later in life even some of its members, disparaged the group, its reputation has endured long after its dissolution. Origin The group that would become the Round Table began meeting in June 1919 as the result of a practical joke carried out by theatrical press agent John Peter Toohey.", "Origin The group that would become the Round Table began meeting in June 1919 as the result of a practical joke carried out by theatrical press agent John Peter Toohey. Toohey, annoyed at The New York Times drama critic Alexander Woollcott for refusing to plug one of Toohey's clients (Eugene O'Neill) in his column, organized a luncheon supposedly to welcome Woollcott back from World War I, where he had been a correspondent for Stars and Stripes.", "Toohey, annoyed at The New York Times drama critic Alexander Woollcott for refusing to plug one of Toohey's clients (Eugene O'Neill) in his column, organized a luncheon supposedly to welcome Woollcott back from World War I, where he had been a correspondent for Stars and Stripes. Instead, Toohey used the occasion to poke fun at Woollcott on a number of fronts.", "Instead, Toohey used the occasion to poke fun at Woollcott on a number of fronts. Woollcott's enjoyment of the joke and the success of the event prompted Toohey to suggest that the group in attendance meet at the Algonquin each day for lunch.", "Woollcott's enjoyment of the joke and the success of the event prompted Toohey to suggest that the group in attendance meet at the Algonquin each day for lunch. The group first gathered in the Algonquin's Pergola Room (later called the Oak Room) at a long rectangular table.", "The group first gathered in the Algonquin's Pergola Room (later called the Oak Room) at a long rectangular table. As they increased in number, Algonquin manager Frank Case moved them to the Rose Room and a round table. Initially the group called itself \"The Board\" and the luncheons \"Board meetings\".", "Initially the group called itself \"The Board\" and the luncheons \"Board meetings\". After being assigned a waiter named Luigi, the group re-christened itself \"Luigi Board\".", "After being assigned a waiter named Luigi, the group re-christened itself \"Luigi Board\". Finally, they became \"The Vicious Circle\" although \"The Round Table\" gained wide currency after a caricature by cartoonist Edmund Duffy of the Brooklyn Eagle portrayed the group sitting at a round table and wearing armor.", "Finally, they became \"The Vicious Circle\" although \"The Round Table\" gained wide currency after a caricature by cartoonist Edmund Duffy of the Brooklyn Eagle portrayed the group sitting at a round table and wearing armor. Membership Charter members of the Round Table included: Franklin Pierce Adams, columnist Robert Benchley, humorist and actor Heywood Broun, columnist and sportswriter (married to Ruth Hale) Marc Connelly, playwright Ruth Hale, freelance writer who worked for women's rights George S. Kaufman, playwright and director Dorothy Parker, critic, poet, short-story writer, and screenwriter Brock Pemberton, Broadway producer Murdock Pemberton, Broadway publicist, writer Harold Ross, The New Yorker editor Robert E. Sherwood, author and playwright John Peter Toohey, Broadway publicist Alexander Woollcott, critic and journalist Membership was not official or fixed for so many others who moved in and out of the Circle.", "Membership Charter members of the Round Table included: Franklin Pierce Adams, columnist Robert Benchley, humorist and actor Heywood Broun, columnist and sportswriter (married to Ruth Hale) Marc Connelly, playwright Ruth Hale, freelance writer who worked for women's rights George S. Kaufman, playwright and director Dorothy Parker, critic, poet, short-story writer, and screenwriter Brock Pemberton, Broadway producer Murdock Pemberton, Broadway publicist, writer Harold Ross, The New Yorker editor Robert E. Sherwood, author and playwright John Peter Toohey, Broadway publicist Alexander Woollcott, critic and journalist Membership was not official or fixed for so many others who moved in and out of the Circle. Some of these included: Tallulah Bankhead, actress Norman Bel Geddes, stage and industrial designer Noël Coward, playwright Blyth Daly, actress Edna Ferber, author and playwright Eva Le Gallienne, actress Margalo Gillmore, actress Jane Grant, journalist and feminist (married to Harold Ross) Beatrice Kaufman, editor and playwright (married to George S. Kaufman) Margaret Leech, writer and historian Herman J. Mankiewicz, screenwriter Harpo Marx, comedian and film star Neysa McMein, magazine illustrator Alice Duer Miller, writer Donald Ogden Stewart, playwright and screenwriter Frank Sullivan, journalist and humorist Deems Taylor, composer Estelle Winwood, actress and comedian Peggy Wood, actress Activities In addition to the daily luncheons, members of the Round Table worked and associated with each other almost constantly.", "Some of these included: Tallulah Bankhead, actress Norman Bel Geddes, stage and industrial designer Noël Coward, playwright Blyth Daly, actress Edna Ferber, author and playwright Eva Le Gallienne, actress Margalo Gillmore, actress Jane Grant, journalist and feminist (married to Harold Ross) Beatrice Kaufman, editor and playwright (married to George S. Kaufman) Margaret Leech, writer and historian Herman J. Mankiewicz, screenwriter Harpo Marx, comedian and film star Neysa McMein, magazine illustrator Alice Duer Miller, writer Donald Ogden Stewart, playwright and screenwriter Frank Sullivan, journalist and humorist Deems Taylor, composer Estelle Winwood, actress and comedian Peggy Wood, actress Activities In addition to the daily luncheons, members of the Round Table worked and associated with each other almost constantly. The group was devoted to games, including cribbage and poker.", "The group was devoted to games, including cribbage and poker. The group had its own poker club, the Thanatopsis Literary and Inside Straight Club, which met at the hotel on Saturday nights.", "The group had its own poker club, the Thanatopsis Literary and Inside Straight Club, which met at the hotel on Saturday nights. Regulars at the game included Kaufman, Adams, Broun, Ross and Woollcott, with non-Round Tablers Herbert Bayard Swope, silk merchant Paul Hyde Bonner, baking heir Raoul Fleischmann, actor Harpo Marx, and writer Ring Lardner sometimes sitting in.", "Regulars at the game included Kaufman, Adams, Broun, Ross and Woollcott, with non-Round Tablers Herbert Bayard Swope, silk merchant Paul Hyde Bonner, baking heir Raoul Fleischmann, actor Harpo Marx, and writer Ring Lardner sometimes sitting in. The group also played charades (which they called simply \"The Game\") and the \"I can give you a sentence\" game, which spawned Dorothy Parker's memorable sentence using the word horticulture: \"You can lead a horticulture but you can't make her think.\"", "The group also played charades (which they called simply \"The Game\") and the \"I can give you a sentence\" game, which spawned Dorothy Parker's memorable sentence using the word horticulture: \"You can lead a horticulture but you can't make her think.\" Members often visited Neshobe Island, a private island co-owned by several \"Algonks\"—but governed by Woollcott as a \"benevolent tyrant\", as his biographer Samuel Hopkins Adams charitably put it—located on several acres in the middle of Lake Bomoseen in Vermont.", "Members often visited Neshobe Island, a private island co-owned by several \"Algonks\"—but governed by Woollcott as a \"benevolent tyrant\", as his biographer Samuel Hopkins Adams charitably put it—located on several acres in the middle of Lake Bomoseen in Vermont. There they would engage in their usual array of games including Wink murder, which they called simply \"Murder\", plus croquet.", "There they would engage in their usual array of games including Wink murder, which they called simply \"Murder\", plus croquet. A number of Round Tablers were inveterate practical jokers, constantly pulling pranks on one another. As time went on the jokes became ever more elaborate.", "As time went on the jokes became ever more elaborate. Harold Ross and Jane Grant once spent weeks playing a particularly memorable joke on Woollcott involving a prized portrait of himself.", "Harold Ross and Jane Grant once spent weeks playing a particularly memorable joke on Woollcott involving a prized portrait of himself. They had several copies made, each slightly more askew than the last, and would periodically secretly swap them out and then later comment to Woollcott \"What on earth is wrong with your portrait?\"", "They had several copies made, each slightly more askew than the last, and would periodically secretly swap them out and then later comment to Woollcott \"What on earth is wrong with your portrait?\" until Woollcott was beside himself. Eventually they returned the original portrait. No Sirree!", "No Sirree! No Sirree! Given the literary and theatrical activities of the Round Table members, it was perhaps inevitable that they would write and stage their own revue. No Sirree!, staged for one night only in April 1922, was a take-off of a then-popular European touring revue called La Chauve-Souris, directed by Nikita Balieff.", "No Sirree!, staged for one night only in April 1922, was a take-off of a then-popular European touring revue called La Chauve-Souris, directed by Nikita Balieff. No Sirree! had its genesis at the studio of Neysa McMein, which served as something of a salon for Round Tablers away from the Algonquin.", "had its genesis at the studio of Neysa McMein, which served as something of a salon for Round Tablers away from the Algonquin. Acts included: \"Opening Chorus\" featuring Woollcott, Toohey, Kaufman, Connelly, Adams and Benchley with violinist Jascha Heifetz providing offstage, off-key accompaniment; \"He Who Gets Flapped\", a musical number featuring the song \"The Everlastin' Ingenue Blues\" written by Dorothy Parker and performed by Robert Sherwood accompanied by \"chorus girls\" including Tallulah Bankhead, Helen Hayes, Ruth Gillmore, Lenore Ulric and Mary Brandon; \"Zowie, or the Curse of an Akins Heart\"; \"The Greasy Hag, an O'Neill Play in One Act\" with Kaufman, Connelly and Woollcott; and \"Mr. Whim Passes By—An A.", "Acts included: \"Opening Chorus\" featuring Woollcott, Toohey, Kaufman, Connelly, Adams and Benchley with violinist Jascha Heifetz providing offstage, off-key accompaniment; \"He Who Gets Flapped\", a musical number featuring the song \"The Everlastin' Ingenue Blues\" written by Dorothy Parker and performed by Robert Sherwood accompanied by \"chorus girls\" including Tallulah Bankhead, Helen Hayes, Ruth Gillmore, Lenore Ulric and Mary Brandon; \"Zowie, or the Curse of an Akins Heart\"; \"The Greasy Hag, an O'Neill Play in One Act\" with Kaufman, Connelly and Woollcott; and \"Mr. Whim Passes By—An A. A. Milne Play.\"", "A. Milne Play.\" A. Milne Play.\" The only item of note to emerge from No Sirree! was Robert Benchley's contribution, The Treasurer's Report.", "was Robert Benchley's contribution, The Treasurer's Report. Benchley's disjointed parody so delighted those in attendance that Irving Berlin hired Benchley in 1923 to deliver the Report as part of Berlin's Music Box Revue for $500 a week.", "Benchley's disjointed parody so delighted those in attendance that Irving Berlin hired Benchley in 1923 to deliver the Report as part of Berlin's Music Box Revue for $500 a week. In 1928, Report was later made into a short sound film in the Fox Movietone sound-on-film system by Fox Film Corporation.", "In 1928, Report was later made into a short sound film in the Fox Movietone sound-on-film system by Fox Film Corporation. The film marked the beginning of a second career for Benchley in Hollywood. With the success of No Sirree!", "With the success of No Sirree! the Round Tablers hoped to duplicate it with an \"official\" Vicious Circle production open to the public with material performed by professional actors. Kaufman and Connelly funded the revue, named The Forty-niners. The revue opened in November 1922 and was a failure, running for just 15 performances.", "The revue opened in November 1922 and was a failure, running for just 15 performances. Decline As members of the Round Table moved into ventures outside New York City, inevitably the group drifted apart. By the early 1930s the Vicious Circle was broken.", "By the early 1930s the Vicious Circle was broken. Edna Ferber said she realized it when she arrived at the Rose Room for lunch one day in 1932 and found the group's table occupied by a family from Kansas. Frank Case was asked what happened to the group.", "Frank Case was asked what happened to the group. He shrugged and replied, \"What became of the reservoir at Fifth Avenue and Forty-Second Street? These things do not last forever.\" Some members of the group remained friends after its dissolution.", "Some members of the group remained friends after its dissolution. Parker and Benchley in particular remained close up until his death in 1945, although her political leanings did strain their relationship.", "Parker and Benchley in particular remained close up until his death in 1945, although her political leanings did strain their relationship. Others, as the group itself would come to understand when it gathered following Woollcott's death in 1943, simply realized that they had nothing to say to one another.", "Others, as the group itself would come to understand when it gathered following Woollcott's death in 1943, simply realized that they had nothing to say to one another. Public response and legacy Because a number of the members of the Round Table had regular newspaper columns, the activities and quips of various Round Table members were reported in the national press.", "Public response and legacy Because a number of the members of the Round Table had regular newspaper columns, the activities and quips of various Round Table members were reported in the national press. This brought Round Tablers widely into the public consciousness as renowned wits. Not all of their contemporaries were fans of the group.", "Not all of their contemporaries were fans of the group. Their critics accused them of logrolling, or exchanging favorable plugs of one another's works, and of rehearsing their witticisms in advance. James Thurber (who lived in the hotel) was a detractor of the group, accusing them of being too consumed by their elaborate practical jokes.", "James Thurber (who lived in the hotel) was a detractor of the group, accusing them of being too consumed by their elaborate practical jokes. H. L. Mencken, who was much admired by many in the Circle, was also a critic, commenting to fellow writer Anita Loos that \"their ideals were those of a vaudeville actor, one who is extremely 'in the know' and inordinately trashy\".", "H. L. Mencken, who was much admired by many in the Circle, was also a critic, commenting to fellow writer Anita Loos that \"their ideals were those of a vaudeville actor, one who is extremely 'in the know' and inordinately trashy\". The group showed up in the 1923 best-seller Black Oxen by Gertrude Atherton.", "The group showed up in the 1923 best-seller Black Oxen by Gertrude Atherton. She sarcastically described a group she called \"the Sophisticates\": Groucho Marx, brother of Round Table associate Harpo, was never comfortable amidst the viciousness of the Vicious Circle.", "She sarcastically described a group she called \"the Sophisticates\": Groucho Marx, brother of Round Table associate Harpo, was never comfortable amidst the viciousness of the Vicious Circle. Therein he remarked \"The price of admission is a serpent's tongue and a half-concealed stiletto.\"", "Therein he remarked \"The price of admission is a serpent's tongue and a half-concealed stiletto.\" Even some members of the Round Table disparaged it later in life. Dorothy Parker in particular criticized the group.", "Dorothy Parker in particular criticized the group. Despite Parker's bleak assessment and while it is true that some members of the Round Table are perhaps now \"famous for being famous\" instead of for their literary output, Round Table members and associates contributed to the literary landscape, including Pulitzer Prize-winning work by Circle members Kaufman, Connelly and Sherwood (who won four) and by associate Ferber and the legacy of Ross's New Yorker.", "Despite Parker's bleak assessment and while it is true that some members of the Round Table are perhaps now \"famous for being famous\" instead of for their literary output, Round Table members and associates contributed to the literary landscape, including Pulitzer Prize-winning work by Circle members Kaufman, Connelly and Sherwood (who won four) and by associate Ferber and the legacy of Ross's New Yorker. Others made lasting contributions to the realms of stage and screen — Tallulah Bankhead and Eva Le Gallienne became Broadway greats and the films of Harpo and Benchley remain popular; and Parker has remained renowned for her short stories and literary reviews.", "Others made lasting contributions to the realms of stage and screen — Tallulah Bankhead and Eva Le Gallienne became Broadway greats and the films of Harpo and Benchley remain popular; and Parker has remained renowned for her short stories and literary reviews. The Algonquin Round Table, as well as the number of other literary and theatrical greats who lodged there, helped earn the Algonquin Hotel its status as a New York City Historic Landmark.", "The Algonquin Round Table, as well as the number of other literary and theatrical greats who lodged there, helped earn the Algonquin Hotel its status as a New York City Historic Landmark. The hotel was so designated in 1987.", "The hotel was so designated in 1987. In 1996 the hotel was designated a national literary landmark by the Friends of Libraries USA based on the contributions of \"The Round Table Wits\". The organization's bronze plaque is attached to the front of the hotel.", "The organization's bronze plaque is attached to the front of the hotel. Although the Rose Room was removed from the Algonquin in a 1998 remodel, the hotel paid tribute to the group by commissioning and hanging the painting A Vicious Circle by Natalie Ascencios, depicting the Round Table and also created a replica of the original table.", "Although the Rose Room was removed from the Algonquin in a 1998 remodel, the hotel paid tribute to the group by commissioning and hanging the painting A Vicious Circle by Natalie Ascencios, depicting the Round Table and also created a replica of the original table. The hotel occasionally stages an original musical production, The Talk of the Town, in the Oak Room.", "The hotel occasionally stages an original musical production, The Talk of the Town, in the Oak Room. Its latest production started September 11, 2007 and ran through the end of the year. A film about the members, The Ten-Year Lunch (1987), won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.", "A film about the members, The Ten-Year Lunch (1987), won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. The dramatic film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994) recounts the Round Table from the perspective of Dorothy Parker.", "The dramatic film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994) recounts the Round Table from the perspective of Dorothy Parker. In popular culture Portions of the 1981 film Rich and Famous were set in the Algonquin and one of the film's characters, Liz Hamilton (played by Jacqueline Bisset), refers to the Round Table during the film.", "In popular culture Portions of the 1981 film Rich and Famous were set in the Algonquin and one of the film's characters, Liz Hamilton (played by Jacqueline Bisset), refers to the Round Table during the film. The Algonquin Round Table was featured in \"The Young Indiana Jones and the Scandal of 1920\", a 1993 episode of the TV series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which the title character meets the group and attends at least two lunches.", "The Algonquin Round Table was featured in \"The Young Indiana Jones and the Scandal of 1920\", a 1993 episode of the TV series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which the title character meets the group and attends at least two lunches. Wonderful Nonsense - The Algonquin Round Table is a documentary produced for the DVD release of that film in 2008.", "Wonderful Nonsense - The Algonquin Round Table is a documentary produced for the DVD release of that film in 2008. In season 2, episode 4 of Seinfeld entitled “The Phone Message” (1991), Jerry tells Donna, the woman he is seeing at the time: \"Boy, I bet you got a regular Algonquin round table there\", after Donna says she discussed a Dockers commercial with friends.", "In season 2, episode 4 of Seinfeld entitled “The Phone Message” (1991), Jerry tells Donna, the woman he is seeing at the time: \"Boy, I bet you got a regular Algonquin round table there\", after Donna says she discussed a Dockers commercial with friends. The 1994 film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle concerns Dorothy Parker and her relationship with Robert Benchley and the larger group.", "The 1994 film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle concerns Dorothy Parker and her relationship with Robert Benchley and the larger group. In 2009, Robert Benchley's grandson, Nat Benchley, and co-editor Kevin C. Fitzpatrick published The Lost Algonquin Round Table, a collection of the early writings of the group.", "In 2009, Robert Benchley's grandson, Nat Benchley, and co-editor Kevin C. Fitzpatrick published The Lost Algonquin Round Table, a collection of the early writings of the group. Benchley's grandson Peter Benchley wrote the famous shark novel Jaws upon which the Steven Spielberg film is based.", "Benchley's grandson Peter Benchley wrote the famous shark novel Jaws upon which the Steven Spielberg film is based. See also References External links Algonquin Round Table historical site History notes and news since 1999 Algonquin Round Table at PBS's American Masters American literary movements American humorists Culture of Manhattan Literary circles 20th-century American literature" ]

[ "Algonquin Round Table", "Activities", "What activities did the Round Table do", "The group was devoted to games, including cribbage and poker.", "Did they play a lot of games?", "The group had its own poker club, the Thanatopsis Literary and Inside Straight Club,", "What else did they do?", "In addition to the daily luncheons, members of the Round Table worked and associated with each other almost constantly.", "Did they work in writing", "I don't know.", "What did they do for work", "silk merchant Paul Hyde Bonner, baking heir Raoul Fleischmann, actor Harpo Marx, and writer Ring Lardner", "What else did the club do", "A number of Round Tablers were inveterate practical jokers, constantly pulling pranks on one another.", "Did they pull any good pranks", "Harold Ross and Jane Grant once spent weeks playing a particularly memorable joke on Woollcott involving a prized portrait of himself.", "what was the prank", "They had several copies made, each slightly more askew than the last, and would periodically secretly swap them out", "What happened when he noticed", "and then later comment to Woollcott \"What on earth is wrong with your portrait?\" until Woollcott was beside himself. Eventually they returned the original portrait.", "Did they do any other good pranks", "I don't know.", "What else did they do that is interesting to know", "Members often visited Neshobe Island, a private island co-owned by several \"Algonks\"--" ]

[ "\"What Did I Do to You?\" is a song recorded by British singer Lisa Stansfield for her 1989 album, Affection. It was written by Stansfield, Ian Devaney and Andy Morris, and produced by Devaney and Morris. The song was released as the fourth European single on 30 April 1990. It included three previously unreleased songs written by Stansfield, Devaney and Morris: \"My Apple Heart,\" \"Lay Me Down\" and \"Something's Happenin'.\" \"What Did I Do to You?\" was remixed by Mark Saunders and by the Grammy Award-winning American house music DJ and producer, David Morales. The single became a top forty hit in the European countries reaching number eighteen in Finland, number twenty in Ireland and number twenty-five in the United Kingdom. \"What Did I Do to You?\" was also released in Japan.\n\nIn 2014, the remixes of \"What Did I Do to You?\" were included on the deluxe 2CD + DVD re-release of Affection and on People Hold On ... The Remix Anthology. They were also featured on The Collection 1989–2003 box set (2014), including previously unreleased Red Zone Mix by David Morales.\n\nCritical reception\nThe song received positive reviews from music critics. Matthew Hocter from Albumism viewed it as a \"upbeat offering\". David Giles from Music Week said it is \"beautifully performed\" by Stansfield. A reviewer from Reading Eagle wrote that \"What Did I Do to You?\" \"would be right at home on the \"Saturday Night Fever\" soundtrack.\"\n\nMusic video\nA music video was produced to promote the single, directed by Philip Richardson, who had previously directed the videos for \"All Around the World\" and \"Live Together\". It features Stansfield with her kiss curls, dressed in a white outfit and performing with her band on a stage in front of a jumping audience. The video was later published on Stansfield's official YouTube channel in November 2009. It has amassed more than 1,6 million views as of October 2021.\n\nTrack listings\n\n European/UK 7\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix Edit) – 4:20\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n European/UK/Japanese CD single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix Edit) – 4:20\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 5:19\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 4:17\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n UK 10\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix) – 5:52\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 5:19\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 4:17\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n European/UK 12\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Morales Mix) – 7:59\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 4:22\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 3:19\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:15\n\n UK 12\" promotional single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Morales Mix) – 7:59\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Anti Poll Tax Dub) – 6:31\n\n Other remixes\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Red Zone Mix) – 7:45\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nLisa Stansfield songs\n1990 singles\nSongs written by Lisa Stansfield\n1989 songs\nArista Records singles\nSongs written by Ian Devaney\nSongs written by Andy Morris (musician)", "Timeless Love () is a Singaporean romance drama film about teenage love and loss. It is directed by Singaporean TV personality Dasmond Koh. It was released on 8 March 2012.\n\nPlot\nThe plot mostly revolves around Morgan, who finds an island lease and a photo of a mysterious-looking stranger posing on an island whilst looking through his grandmother's belongings. Morgan somehow recalls that his grandmother used to tell him tales of her regrets with regards to a watch and the island when he was younger. Intrigued on the identity of the mysterious man and to escape the paparazzi, he decides to head off to the island to unravel the mysteries and find answers. As he went to the island, he found 3 teenagers. Love blossoms. But, are they related or what do all of them got to do with the island?\n\nCast\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial Website\n\n2012 films\nSingaporean films\nChinese language films" ]

[ "The Algonquin Round Table was a group of New York City writers, critics, actors, and wits. Gathering initially as part of a practical joke, members of \"The Vicious Circle\", as they dubbed themselves, met for lunch each day at the Algonquin Hotel from 1919 until roughly 1929.", "Gathering initially as part of a practical joke, members of \"The Vicious Circle\", as they dubbed themselves, met for lunch each day at the Algonquin Hotel from 1919 until roughly 1929. At these luncheons they engaged in wisecracks, wordplay, and witticisms that, through the newspaper columns of Round Table members, were disseminated across the country.", "At these luncheons they engaged in wisecracks, wordplay, and witticisms that, through the newspaper columns of Round Table members, were disseminated across the country. Daily association with each other, both at the luncheons and outside of them, inspired members of the Circle to collaborate creatively.", "Daily association with each other, both at the luncheons and outside of them, inspired members of the Circle to collaborate creatively. The entire group worked together successfully only once, however, to create a revue called No Sirree! which helped launch a Hollywood career for Round Tabler Robert Benchley.", "which helped launch a Hollywood career for Round Tabler Robert Benchley. In its ten years of association, the Round Table and a number of its members acquired national reputations, both for their contributions to literature and for their sparkling wit.", "In its ten years of association, the Round Table and a number of its members acquired national reputations, both for their contributions to literature and for their sparkling wit. Although some of their contemporaries, and later in life even some of its members, disparaged the group, its reputation has endured long after its dissolution.", "Although some of their contemporaries, and later in life even some of its members, disparaged the group, its reputation has endured long after its dissolution. Origin The group that would become the Round Table began meeting in June 1919 as the result of a practical joke carried out by theatrical press agent John Peter Toohey.", "Origin The group that would become the Round Table began meeting in June 1919 as the result of a practical joke carried out by theatrical press agent John Peter Toohey. Toohey, annoyed at The New York Times drama critic Alexander Woollcott for refusing to plug one of Toohey's clients (Eugene O'Neill) in his column, organized a luncheon supposedly to welcome Woollcott back from World War I, where he had been a correspondent for Stars and Stripes.", "Toohey, annoyed at The New York Times drama critic Alexander Woollcott for refusing to plug one of Toohey's clients (Eugene O'Neill) in his column, organized a luncheon supposedly to welcome Woollcott back from World War I, where he had been a correspondent for Stars and Stripes. Instead, Toohey used the occasion to poke fun at Woollcott on a number of fronts.", "Instead, Toohey used the occasion to poke fun at Woollcott on a number of fronts. Woollcott's enjoyment of the joke and the success of the event prompted Toohey to suggest that the group in attendance meet at the Algonquin each day for lunch.", "Woollcott's enjoyment of the joke and the success of the event prompted Toohey to suggest that the group in attendance meet at the Algonquin each day for lunch. The group first gathered in the Algonquin's Pergola Room (later called the Oak Room) at a long rectangular table.", "The group first gathered in the Algonquin's Pergola Room (later called the Oak Room) at a long rectangular table. As they increased in number, Algonquin manager Frank Case moved them to the Rose Room and a round table. Initially the group called itself \"The Board\" and the luncheons \"Board meetings\".", "Initially the group called itself \"The Board\" and the luncheons \"Board meetings\". After being assigned a waiter named Luigi, the group re-christened itself \"Luigi Board\".", "After being assigned a waiter named Luigi, the group re-christened itself \"Luigi Board\". Finally, they became \"The Vicious Circle\" although \"The Round Table\" gained wide currency after a caricature by cartoonist Edmund Duffy of the Brooklyn Eagle portrayed the group sitting at a round table and wearing armor.", "Finally, they became \"The Vicious Circle\" although \"The Round Table\" gained wide currency after a caricature by cartoonist Edmund Duffy of the Brooklyn Eagle portrayed the group sitting at a round table and wearing armor. Membership Charter members of the Round Table included: Franklin Pierce Adams, columnist Robert Benchley, humorist and actor Heywood Broun, columnist and sportswriter (married to Ruth Hale) Marc Connelly, playwright Ruth Hale, freelance writer who worked for women's rights George S. Kaufman, playwright and director Dorothy Parker, critic, poet, short-story writer, and screenwriter Brock Pemberton, Broadway producer Murdock Pemberton, Broadway publicist, writer Harold Ross, The New Yorker editor Robert E. Sherwood, author and playwright John Peter Toohey, Broadway publicist Alexander Woollcott, critic and journalist Membership was not official or fixed for so many others who moved in and out of the Circle.", "Membership Charter members of the Round Table included: Franklin Pierce Adams, columnist Robert Benchley, humorist and actor Heywood Broun, columnist and sportswriter (married to Ruth Hale) Marc Connelly, playwright Ruth Hale, freelance writer who worked for women's rights George S. Kaufman, playwright and director Dorothy Parker, critic, poet, short-story writer, and screenwriter Brock Pemberton, Broadway producer Murdock Pemberton, Broadway publicist, writer Harold Ross, The New Yorker editor Robert E. Sherwood, author and playwright John Peter Toohey, Broadway publicist Alexander Woollcott, critic and journalist Membership was not official or fixed for so many others who moved in and out of the Circle. Some of these included: Tallulah Bankhead, actress Norman Bel Geddes, stage and industrial designer Noël Coward, playwright Blyth Daly, actress Edna Ferber, author and playwright Eva Le Gallienne, actress Margalo Gillmore, actress Jane Grant, journalist and feminist (married to Harold Ross) Beatrice Kaufman, editor and playwright (married to George S. Kaufman) Margaret Leech, writer and historian Herman J. Mankiewicz, screenwriter Harpo Marx, comedian and film star Neysa McMein, magazine illustrator Alice Duer Miller, writer Donald Ogden Stewart, playwright and screenwriter Frank Sullivan, journalist and humorist Deems Taylor, composer Estelle Winwood, actress and comedian Peggy Wood, actress Activities In addition to the daily luncheons, members of the Round Table worked and associated with each other almost constantly.", "Some of these included: Tallulah Bankhead, actress Norman Bel Geddes, stage and industrial designer Noël Coward, playwright Blyth Daly, actress Edna Ferber, author and playwright Eva Le Gallienne, actress Margalo Gillmore, actress Jane Grant, journalist and feminist (married to Harold Ross) Beatrice Kaufman, editor and playwright (married to George S. Kaufman) Margaret Leech, writer and historian Herman J. Mankiewicz, screenwriter Harpo Marx, comedian and film star Neysa McMein, magazine illustrator Alice Duer Miller, writer Donald Ogden Stewart, playwright and screenwriter Frank Sullivan, journalist and humorist Deems Taylor, composer Estelle Winwood, actress and comedian Peggy Wood, actress Activities In addition to the daily luncheons, members of the Round Table worked and associated with each other almost constantly. The group was devoted to games, including cribbage and poker.", "The group was devoted to games, including cribbage and poker. The group had its own poker club, the Thanatopsis Literary and Inside Straight Club, which met at the hotel on Saturday nights.", "The group had its own poker club, the Thanatopsis Literary and Inside Straight Club, which met at the hotel on Saturday nights. Regulars at the game included Kaufman, Adams, Broun, Ross and Woollcott, with non-Round Tablers Herbert Bayard Swope, silk merchant Paul Hyde Bonner, baking heir Raoul Fleischmann, actor Harpo Marx, and writer Ring Lardner sometimes sitting in.", "Regulars at the game included Kaufman, Adams, Broun, Ross and Woollcott, with non-Round Tablers Herbert Bayard Swope, silk merchant Paul Hyde Bonner, baking heir Raoul Fleischmann, actor Harpo Marx, and writer Ring Lardner sometimes sitting in. The group also played charades (which they called simply \"The Game\") and the \"I can give you a sentence\" game, which spawned Dorothy Parker's memorable sentence using the word horticulture: \"You can lead a horticulture but you can't make her think.\"", "The group also played charades (which they called simply \"The Game\") and the \"I can give you a sentence\" game, which spawned Dorothy Parker's memorable sentence using the word horticulture: \"You can lead a horticulture but you can't make her think.\" Members often visited Neshobe Island, a private island co-owned by several \"Algonks\"—but governed by Woollcott as a \"benevolent tyrant\", as his biographer Samuel Hopkins Adams charitably put it—located on several acres in the middle of Lake Bomoseen in Vermont.", "Members often visited Neshobe Island, a private island co-owned by several \"Algonks\"—but governed by Woollcott as a \"benevolent tyrant\", as his biographer Samuel Hopkins Adams charitably put it—located on several acres in the middle of Lake Bomoseen in Vermont. There they would engage in their usual array of games including Wink murder, which they called simply \"Murder\", plus croquet.", "There they would engage in their usual array of games including Wink murder, which they called simply \"Murder\", plus croquet. A number of Round Tablers were inveterate practical jokers, constantly pulling pranks on one another. As time went on the jokes became ever more elaborate.", "As time went on the jokes became ever more elaborate. Harold Ross and Jane Grant once spent weeks playing a particularly memorable joke on Woollcott involving a prized portrait of himself.", "Harold Ross and Jane Grant once spent weeks playing a particularly memorable joke on Woollcott involving a prized portrait of himself. They had several copies made, each slightly more askew than the last, and would periodically secretly swap them out and then later comment to Woollcott \"What on earth is wrong with your portrait?\"", "They had several copies made, each slightly more askew than the last, and would periodically secretly swap them out and then later comment to Woollcott \"What on earth is wrong with your portrait?\" until Woollcott was beside himself. Eventually they returned the original portrait. No Sirree!", "No Sirree! No Sirree! Given the literary and theatrical activities of the Round Table members, it was perhaps inevitable that they would write and stage their own revue. No Sirree!, staged for one night only in April 1922, was a take-off of a then-popular European touring revue called La Chauve-Souris, directed by Nikita Balieff.", "No Sirree!, staged for one night only in April 1922, was a take-off of a then-popular European touring revue called La Chauve-Souris, directed by Nikita Balieff. No Sirree! had its genesis at the studio of Neysa McMein, which served as something of a salon for Round Tablers away from the Algonquin.", "had its genesis at the studio of Neysa McMein, which served as something of a salon for Round Tablers away from the Algonquin. Acts included: \"Opening Chorus\" featuring Woollcott, Toohey, Kaufman, Connelly, Adams and Benchley with violinist Jascha Heifetz providing offstage, off-key accompaniment; \"He Who Gets Flapped\", a musical number featuring the song \"The Everlastin' Ingenue Blues\" written by Dorothy Parker and performed by Robert Sherwood accompanied by \"chorus girls\" including Tallulah Bankhead, Helen Hayes, Ruth Gillmore, Lenore Ulric and Mary Brandon; \"Zowie, or the Curse of an Akins Heart\"; \"The Greasy Hag, an O'Neill Play in One Act\" with Kaufman, Connelly and Woollcott; and \"Mr. Whim Passes By—An A.", "Acts included: \"Opening Chorus\" featuring Woollcott, Toohey, Kaufman, Connelly, Adams and Benchley with violinist Jascha Heifetz providing offstage, off-key accompaniment; \"He Who Gets Flapped\", a musical number featuring the song \"The Everlastin' Ingenue Blues\" written by Dorothy Parker and performed by Robert Sherwood accompanied by \"chorus girls\" including Tallulah Bankhead, Helen Hayes, Ruth Gillmore, Lenore Ulric and Mary Brandon; \"Zowie, or the Curse of an Akins Heart\"; \"The Greasy Hag, an O'Neill Play in One Act\" with Kaufman, Connelly and Woollcott; and \"Mr. Whim Passes By—An A. A. Milne Play.\"", "A. Milne Play.\" A. Milne Play.\" The only item of note to emerge from No Sirree! was Robert Benchley's contribution, The Treasurer's Report.", "was Robert Benchley's contribution, The Treasurer's Report. Benchley's disjointed parody so delighted those in attendance that Irving Berlin hired Benchley in 1923 to deliver the Report as part of Berlin's Music Box Revue for $500 a week.", "Benchley's disjointed parody so delighted those in attendance that Irving Berlin hired Benchley in 1923 to deliver the Report as part of Berlin's Music Box Revue for $500 a week. In 1928, Report was later made into a short sound film in the Fox Movietone sound-on-film system by Fox Film Corporation.", "In 1928, Report was later made into a short sound film in the Fox Movietone sound-on-film system by Fox Film Corporation. The film marked the beginning of a second career for Benchley in Hollywood. With the success of No Sirree!", "With the success of No Sirree! the Round Tablers hoped to duplicate it with an \"official\" Vicious Circle production open to the public with material performed by professional actors. Kaufman and Connelly funded the revue, named The Forty-niners. The revue opened in November 1922 and was a failure, running for just 15 performances.", "The revue opened in November 1922 and was a failure, running for just 15 performances. Decline As members of the Round Table moved into ventures outside New York City, inevitably the group drifted apart. By the early 1930s the Vicious Circle was broken.", "By the early 1930s the Vicious Circle was broken. Edna Ferber said she realized it when she arrived at the Rose Room for lunch one day in 1932 and found the group's table occupied by a family from Kansas. Frank Case was asked what happened to the group.", "Frank Case was asked what happened to the group. He shrugged and replied, \"What became of the reservoir at Fifth Avenue and Forty-Second Street? These things do not last forever.\" Some members of the group remained friends after its dissolution.", "Some members of the group remained friends after its dissolution. Parker and Benchley in particular remained close up until his death in 1945, although her political leanings did strain their relationship.", "Parker and Benchley in particular remained close up until his death in 1945, although her political leanings did strain their relationship. Others, as the group itself would come to understand when it gathered following Woollcott's death in 1943, simply realized that they had nothing to say to one another.", "Others, as the group itself would come to understand when it gathered following Woollcott's death in 1943, simply realized that they had nothing to say to one another. Public response and legacy Because a number of the members of the Round Table had regular newspaper columns, the activities and quips of various Round Table members were reported in the national press.", "Public response and legacy Because a number of the members of the Round Table had regular newspaper columns, the activities and quips of various Round Table members were reported in the national press. This brought Round Tablers widely into the public consciousness as renowned wits. Not all of their contemporaries were fans of the group.", "Not all of their contemporaries were fans of the group. Their critics accused them of logrolling, or exchanging favorable plugs of one another's works, and of rehearsing their witticisms in advance. James Thurber (who lived in the hotel) was a detractor of the group, accusing them of being too consumed by their elaborate practical jokes.", "James Thurber (who lived in the hotel) was a detractor of the group, accusing them of being too consumed by their elaborate practical jokes. H. L. Mencken, who was much admired by many in the Circle, was also a critic, commenting to fellow writer Anita Loos that \"their ideals were those of a vaudeville actor, one who is extremely 'in the know' and inordinately trashy\".", "H. L. Mencken, who was much admired by many in the Circle, was also a critic, commenting to fellow writer Anita Loos that \"their ideals were those of a vaudeville actor, one who is extremely 'in the know' and inordinately trashy\". The group showed up in the 1923 best-seller Black Oxen by Gertrude Atherton.", "The group showed up in the 1923 best-seller Black Oxen by Gertrude Atherton. She sarcastically described a group she called \"the Sophisticates\": Groucho Marx, brother of Round Table associate Harpo, was never comfortable amidst the viciousness of the Vicious Circle.", "She sarcastically described a group she called \"the Sophisticates\": Groucho Marx, brother of Round Table associate Harpo, was never comfortable amidst the viciousness of the Vicious Circle. Therein he remarked \"The price of admission is a serpent's tongue and a half-concealed stiletto.\"", "Therein he remarked \"The price of admission is a serpent's tongue and a half-concealed stiletto.\" Even some members of the Round Table disparaged it later in life. Dorothy Parker in particular criticized the group.", "Dorothy Parker in particular criticized the group. Despite Parker's bleak assessment and while it is true that some members of the Round Table are perhaps now \"famous for being famous\" instead of for their literary output, Round Table members and associates contributed to the literary landscape, including Pulitzer Prize-winning work by Circle members Kaufman, Connelly and Sherwood (who won four) and by associate Ferber and the legacy of Ross's New Yorker.", "Despite Parker's bleak assessment and while it is true that some members of the Round Table are perhaps now \"famous for being famous\" instead of for their literary output, Round Table members and associates contributed to the literary landscape, including Pulitzer Prize-winning work by Circle members Kaufman, Connelly and Sherwood (who won four) and by associate Ferber and the legacy of Ross's New Yorker. Others made lasting contributions to the realms of stage and screen — Tallulah Bankhead and Eva Le Gallienne became Broadway greats and the films of Harpo and Benchley remain popular; and Parker has remained renowned for her short stories and literary reviews.", "Others made lasting contributions to the realms of stage and screen — Tallulah Bankhead and Eva Le Gallienne became Broadway greats and the films of Harpo and Benchley remain popular; and Parker has remained renowned for her short stories and literary reviews. The Algonquin Round Table, as well as the number of other literary and theatrical greats who lodged there, helped earn the Algonquin Hotel its status as a New York City Historic Landmark.", "The Algonquin Round Table, as well as the number of other literary and theatrical greats who lodged there, helped earn the Algonquin Hotel its status as a New York City Historic Landmark. The hotel was so designated in 1987.", "The hotel was so designated in 1987. In 1996 the hotel was designated a national literary landmark by the Friends of Libraries USA based on the contributions of \"The Round Table Wits\". The organization's bronze plaque is attached to the front of the hotel.", "The organization's bronze plaque is attached to the front of the hotel. Although the Rose Room was removed from the Algonquin in a 1998 remodel, the hotel paid tribute to the group by commissioning and hanging the painting A Vicious Circle by Natalie Ascencios, depicting the Round Table and also created a replica of the original table.", "Although the Rose Room was removed from the Algonquin in a 1998 remodel, the hotel paid tribute to the group by commissioning and hanging the painting A Vicious Circle by Natalie Ascencios, depicting the Round Table and also created a replica of the original table. The hotel occasionally stages an original musical production, The Talk of the Town, in the Oak Room.", "The hotel occasionally stages an original musical production, The Talk of the Town, in the Oak Room. Its latest production started September 11, 2007 and ran through the end of the year. A film about the members, The Ten-Year Lunch (1987), won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.", "A film about the members, The Ten-Year Lunch (1987), won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. The dramatic film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994) recounts the Round Table from the perspective of Dorothy Parker.", "The dramatic film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994) recounts the Round Table from the perspective of Dorothy Parker. In popular culture Portions of the 1981 film Rich and Famous were set in the Algonquin and one of the film's characters, Liz Hamilton (played by Jacqueline Bisset), refers to the Round Table during the film.", "In popular culture Portions of the 1981 film Rich and Famous were set in the Algonquin and one of the film's characters, Liz Hamilton (played by Jacqueline Bisset), refers to the Round Table during the film. The Algonquin Round Table was featured in \"The Young Indiana Jones and the Scandal of 1920\", a 1993 episode of the TV series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which the title character meets the group and attends at least two lunches.", "The Algonquin Round Table was featured in \"The Young Indiana Jones and the Scandal of 1920\", a 1993 episode of the TV series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which the title character meets the group and attends at least two lunches. Wonderful Nonsense - The Algonquin Round Table is a documentary produced for the DVD release of that film in 2008.", "Wonderful Nonsense - The Algonquin Round Table is a documentary produced for the DVD release of that film in 2008. In season 2, episode 4 of Seinfeld entitled “The Phone Message” (1991), Jerry tells Donna, the woman he is seeing at the time: \"Boy, I bet you got a regular Algonquin round table there\", after Donna says she discussed a Dockers commercial with friends.", "In season 2, episode 4 of Seinfeld entitled “The Phone Message” (1991), Jerry tells Donna, the woman he is seeing at the time: \"Boy, I bet you got a regular Algonquin round table there\", after Donna says she discussed a Dockers commercial with friends. The 1994 film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle concerns Dorothy Parker and her relationship with Robert Benchley and the larger group.", "The 1994 film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle concerns Dorothy Parker and her relationship with Robert Benchley and the larger group. In 2009, Robert Benchley's grandson, Nat Benchley, and co-editor Kevin C. Fitzpatrick published The Lost Algonquin Round Table, a collection of the early writings of the group.", "In 2009, Robert Benchley's grandson, Nat Benchley, and co-editor Kevin C. Fitzpatrick published The Lost Algonquin Round Table, a collection of the early writings of the group. Benchley's grandson Peter Benchley wrote the famous shark novel Jaws upon which the Steven Spielberg film is based.", "Benchley's grandson Peter Benchley wrote the famous shark novel Jaws upon which the Steven Spielberg film is based. See also References External links Algonquin Round Table historical site History notes and news since 1999 Algonquin Round Table at PBS's American Masters American literary movements American humorists Culture of Manhattan Literary circles 20th-century American literature" ]

[ "Gary Ablett Sr.", "The early years at Geelong (1984-1988)" ]

[ "Eric Nicholls (born 15 October 1939) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Geelong in the Victorian Football League (VFL).\n\nCareer\nNicholls, who captained the Victorian schoolboys in interstate football, came to the VFL from East Geelong in 1956. He was a defender, used mostly as a half-back flanker and occasionally at full-back. His debut in the round 10 loss to Footscray at Western Oval, at the age of 16 and 245 days, made him the youngest player to debut for Geelong since Leo Tasker in 1917. It would be his only senior appearance in 1956 and he didn't get an extended run in the team until 1961, when he played in all 18 games. In 1962 he suffered a broken collarbone and later a thigh injury, which restricted his appearances, but he did feature in Geelong's drawn preliminary final against Carlton, before missing the replay. He played six league games in 1963, the last in round 14, then ended the year with a premiership in the reserves. It was his final season at Geelong before he left to captain-coach Geelong West in the Victorian Football Association (VFA).\n\nIn 1964, his first season as coach, Nicholls won a best and fairest and led Geelong West to the VFA 2nd Division premiership, with an upset 21 point win over Sunshine in the grand final. This came despite a poor start to the season, with losses in the opening four rounds and was the club's first VFA premiership, in what was only its second season in the competition. Promoted to the 1st Division for the 1965 VFA season, Nicholls was unable prevent Geelong West from finishing last. On an individual level he had a strong year, with an equal fifth placing in the J. J. Liston Trophy. Nicholls remained captain-coach in 1966 and in what would be his final season steered Geelong West to another 2nd Division grand final, which they lost to Oakleigh by 13 points.\n\nFamily\nHis son, Leigh Nicholls, played Under 19s for Geelong and was a Victorian Teal Cup representative.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1939 births\nAustralian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)\nGeelong Football Club players\nGeelong West Football Club players\nGeelong West Football Club coaches\nEast Geelong Football Club players\nLiving people\nPeople educated at Geelong College", "William McCarter (23 October 1888 – 4 September 1941) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Geelong in the Victorian Football League (VFL).\n\nA back pocket player, McCarter made his debut for Geelong in 1913 in round 1 against Richmond at Corio Oval. He did not play from 1916 to 1920 because of war service but was at his best when he returned in 1921, supposedly being named Geelong's club champion. He certainly won such an award in 1923, before retiring the following season. During his career he represented Victoria five times at interstate football.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n\n1888 births\n1941 deaths\nAustralian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)\nGeelong Football Club players\nCarji Greeves Medal winners\nEast Geelong Football Club players\nAustralian military personnel of World War I" ]

[ "Gary Ablett Sr. (born 1 October 1961), is a former professional Australian rules footballer who represented and in the Australian Football League (AFL). Nicknamed \"God\", Ablett is widely regarded as one of Australian football's greatest players, and was especially renowned for his high-flying spectacular marks and his prolific goalkicking.", "Nicknamed \"God\", Ablett is widely regarded as one of Australian football's greatest players, and was especially renowned for his high-flying spectacular marks and his prolific goalkicking. After playing for several country teams in and around his hometown of Drouin, Victoria, Ablett was recruited by Hawthorn and made his Victorian Football League (VFL) debut in 1982.", "After playing for several country teams in and around his hometown of Drouin, Victoria, Ablett was recruited by Hawthorn and made his Victorian Football League (VFL) debut in 1982. However, he struggled to adjust to city life and retreated to Myrtleford the following year.", "However, he struggled to adjust to city life and retreated to Myrtleford the following year. The Geelong Football Club managed to lure him back to professional football in 1984, and by the late 80s, he had become one of the VFL's biggest stars.", "The Geelong Football Club managed to lure him back to professional football in 1984, and by the late 80s, he had become one of the VFL's biggest stars. His 1989 VFL Grand Final appearance, during which he kicked a grand final record nine goals for a losing side, is regarded as one of football's greatest individual performances, earning him the Norm Smith Medal.", "His 1989 VFL Grand Final appearance, during which he kicked a grand final record nine goals for a losing side, is regarded as one of football's greatest individual performances, earning him the Norm Smith Medal. At the beginning of the 1991 season, Ablett shocked the football world by abruptly announcing his retirement from the game, but made a comeback midway through the year.", "At the beginning of the 1991 season, Ablett shocked the football world by abruptly announcing his retirement from the game, but made a comeback midway through the year. He went on to appear in the 1992, 1994, and 1995 grand finals, before officially retiring after the 1996 season.", "He went on to appear in the 1992, 1994, and 1995 grand finals, before officially retiring after the 1996 season. Ablett's individual accolades and achievements include an induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame, an AFL Team of the Century selection, the 1993 AFL Players Association MVP award (now known as the Leigh Matthews Trophy), and three Coleman Medals.", "Ablett's individual accolades and achievements include an induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame, an AFL Team of the Century selection, the 1993 AFL Players Association MVP award (now known as the Leigh Matthews Trophy), and three Coleman Medals. He remains Geelong's all-time leading goalkicker, with 1021 goals; and, in 2006, was voted by past and present Geelong Football Club players as the greatest Geelong footballer of all time.", "He remains Geelong's all-time leading goalkicker, with 1021 goals; and, in 2006, was voted by past and present Geelong Football Club players as the greatest Geelong footballer of all time. Early life Born in Drouin to Alfred and Colleen Ablett, Gary Ablett grew up in Gippsland, Victoria alongside his four elder brothers and three sisters.", "Early life Born in Drouin to Alfred and Colleen Ablett, Gary Ablett grew up in Gippsland, Victoria alongside his four elder brothers and three sisters. Ablett displayed a love for sport at an early age, winning the state school high jump at 10 years of age.", "Ablett displayed a love for sport at an early age, winning the state school high jump at 10 years of age. He was also awarded both club and competition best and fairest awards for Drouin at the under-11s, under-12s and under-14s levels.", "He was also awarded both club and competition best and fairest awards for Drouin at the under-11s, under-12s and under-14s levels. After his interest waned in attending school, Ablett dropped out of high school at 15 to become a bricklayer's labourer.", "After his interest waned in attending school, Ablett dropped out of high school at 15 to become a bricklayer's labourer. He also began to concentrate on his football and joined his brothers in the Drouin senior team at just 16 years of age.", "He also began to concentrate on his football and joined his brothers in the Drouin senior team at just 16 years of age. After appearing in several country league representative games, the Hawthorn Football Club, which had already signed Gary's elder brothers Geoff and Kevin onto their lists, invited him to play reserves football.", "After appearing in several country league representative games, the Hawthorn Football Club, which had already signed Gary's elder brothers Geoff and Kevin onto their lists, invited him to play reserves football. Career AFL The Hawthorn experience (1981–1983) After signing a reserves contract and featuring in six reserves games for Hawthorn, Ablett retreated back to his home in Drouin.", "Career AFL The Hawthorn experience (1981–1983) After signing a reserves contract and featuring in six reserves games for Hawthorn, Ablett retreated back to his home in Drouin. He returned to Hawthorn in 1982 and made his senior VFL debut versus Geelong in Round 2, kicking 1 goal and helping the Hawks defeat the Cats by 19 points.", "He returned to Hawthorn in 1982 and made his senior VFL debut versus Geelong in Round 2, kicking 1 goal and helping the Hawks defeat the Cats by 19 points. He played a further five games for Hawthorn that year for a total of six games and ten goals.", "He played a further five games for Hawthorn that year for a total of six games and ten goals. Ablett claimed difficulty coping with city life in Melbourne and his continual absenteeism from training sessions forced Hawthorn coach, Allan Jeans into parting ways with the talented, but wayward young half forward.", "Ablett claimed difficulty coping with city life in Melbourne and his continual absenteeism from training sessions forced Hawthorn coach, Allan Jeans into parting ways with the talented, but wayward young half forward. In 1983, he moved with his young family to the country town of Myrtleford.", "In 1983, he moved with his young family to the country town of Myrtleford. Ablett spent the year playing under the tutelage of his cousin Len Ablett for Myrtleford in the Ovens and Murray Football League. Ablett's footballing ability soon came on notice again, this time to the Geelong Football Club and their long-time recruiting officer Bill McMaster.", "Ablett's footballing ability soon came on notice again, this time to the Geelong Football Club and their long-time recruiting officer Bill McMaster. McMaster convinced Ablett to give the game another shot, this time in the confines of the rural city of Geelong.", "McMaster convinced Ablett to give the game another shot, this time in the confines of the rural city of Geelong. After protracted negotiations with Hawthorn, Geelong finally paid a $60,000 transfer for Ablett in 1984.", "After protracted negotiations with Hawthorn, Geelong finally paid a $60,000 transfer for Ablett in 1984. The early years at Geelong (1984–1988) Ablett signed a one-year contract for the 1984 season with Geelong, and he began his first season under the guidance of Tom Hafey.", "The early years at Geelong (1984–1988) Ablett signed a one-year contract for the 1984 season with Geelong, and he began his first season under the guidance of Tom Hafey. He debuted for the Cats in Round 7 and after just nine games on the wing, Ablett was selected to his first State of Origin game for Victoria.", "He debuted for the Cats in Round 7 and after just nine games on the wing, Ablett was selected to his first State of Origin game for Victoria. Ablett earned best-on-ground honours after kicking 8 goals from the half-forward flank.", "Ablett earned best-on-ground honours after kicking 8 goals from the half-forward flank. He played 15 games and kicked 33 goals in the 1984 season, and was awarded the Carji Greeves Medal as the Geelong Football Club's \"best and fairest\" player of the year.", "He played 15 games and kicked 33 goals in the 1984 season, and was awarded the Carji Greeves Medal as the Geelong Football Club's \"best and fairest\" player of the year. Following his first season with Geelong, Ablett signed a new three-year contract with the club.", "Following his first season with Geelong, Ablett signed a new three-year contract with the club. Playing mostly on the half forward flank, Ablett won the club's goalkicking award for the following two seasons with 82 and 65 goals respectively.", "Playing mostly on the half forward flank, Ablett won the club's goalkicking award for the following two seasons with 82 and 65 goals respectively. Although Ablett had developed a reputation for his laconic, lazy attitude to training under coach John Devine, this did not prevent him from earning top three placings in the best and fairest awards from 1985 to 1987.", "Although Ablett had developed a reputation for his laconic, lazy attitude to training under coach John Devine, this did not prevent him from earning top three placings in the best and fairest awards from 1985 to 1987. With his contract expiring at the conclusion of the 1987 season, Ablett shocked the VFL by signing a new five-year contract with his former club, Hawthorn.", "With his contract expiring at the conclusion of the 1987 season, Ablett shocked the VFL by signing a new five-year contract with his former club, Hawthorn. After a \"cooling-off\" period, however, Ablett opted to remain with Geelong by agreeing to a lucrative five-year contract that tied him to the club for the long-term.", "After a \"cooling-off\" period, however, Ablett opted to remain with Geelong by agreeing to a lucrative five-year contract that tied him to the club for the long-term. Ablett began the 1988 season with 59 goals after just 11 games, placing him second on the goalkicking list behind Hawthorn's Jason Dunstall.", "Ablett began the 1988 season with 59 goals after just 11 games, placing him second on the goalkicking list behind Hawthorn's Jason Dunstall. In these games, he kicked 10 goals against Richmond in the Anzac Day game, and 11 against Brisbane—one shy of breaking the ground record of 12 goals at Carrara.", "In these games, he kicked 10 goals against Richmond in the Anzac Day game, and 11 against Brisbane—one shy of breaking the ground record of 12 goals at Carrara. Although he missed out on State honours and failed to place within the top three in the club best and fairest award, Ablett finished with 82 goals during the season for the second time in his career.", "Although he missed out on State honours and failed to place within the top three in the club best and fairest award, Ablett finished with 82 goals during the season for the second time in his career. A September to remember (1989–1990) The 1989 season was marked by the arrival of Ablett's third coach, former North Melbourne Brownlow Medallist Malcolm Blight.", "A September to remember (1989–1990) The 1989 season was marked by the arrival of Ablett's third coach, former North Melbourne Brownlow Medallist Malcolm Blight. Ablett helped the Cats reach the finals on the back of a ten match winning streak to end the regular season.", "Ablett helped the Cats reach the finals on the back of a ten match winning streak to end the regular season. In a 134-point victory against Richmond, Ablett scored 14 goals, breaking a 22-year club record, and moving club legend and former club premiership coach Bobby Davis to laud Ablett as the equal of the legendary Graham 'Polly' Farmer, the finest footballers he had seen at Geelong.", "In a 134-point victory against Richmond, Ablett scored 14 goals, breaking a 22-year club record, and moving club legend and former club premiership coach Bobby Davis to laud Ablett as the equal of the legendary Graham 'Polly' Farmer, the finest footballers he had seen at Geelong. His season lowlight occurred in Round 12 when he was suspended for 3 matches after he controversially felled the Melbourne captain, Gary Lyon behind the play.", "His season lowlight occurred in Round 12 when he was suspended for 3 matches after he controversially felled the Melbourne captain, Gary Lyon behind the play. In his first ever final, the Qualifying Final at the MCG versus Essendon, Gary Ablett kicked three goals, but this was not enough.", "In his first ever final, the Qualifying Final at the MCG versus Essendon, Gary Ablett kicked three goals, but this was not enough. The Bombers humbled Geelong by 76 points to force the Cats into a sudden-death Semi Final showdown with Melbourne. The Cats posted a 63-point win against the Demons.", "The Cats posted a 63-point win against the Demons. Ablett kicked seven goals, and helped set up another meeting with Essendon in the Preliminary Final. Ablett kicked 8 goals this time, as the Cats crushed Essendon by 94 points to advance to their first grand final since 1967.", "Ablett kicked 8 goals this time, as the Cats crushed Essendon by 94 points to advance to their first grand final since 1967. Against the reigning premiers Hawthorn in the 1989 VFL Grand Final, Ablett asserted himself from the opening bounce, leading out from full forward, marking the first centre clearance kick and slotting through the game's first goal.", "Against the reigning premiers Hawthorn in the 1989 VFL Grand Final, Ablett asserted himself from the opening bounce, leading out from full forward, marking the first centre clearance kick and slotting through the game's first goal. By half-time, Ablett had kicked four goals, but the Cats trailed at the main break by 37 points.", "By half-time, Ablett had kicked four goals, but the Cats trailed at the main break by 37 points. Ablett kicked a further five goals in the second half, which saw an injury-depleted Hawthorn's lead reduced to just 6 points with less than a minute to go.", "Ablett kicked a further five goals in the second half, which saw an injury-depleted Hawthorn's lead reduced to just 6 points with less than a minute to go. However, the Cats fell short, and Hawthorn held on to defeat Geelong in one of the toughest grand finals of the modern era, winning by 6 points.", "However, the Cats fell short, and Hawthorn held on to defeat Geelong in one of the toughest grand finals of the modern era, winning by 6 points. Ablett's performance in kicking 9 goals earned him the Norm Smith Medal, and in doing so became only the second member of the losing team in VFL/AFL history to be awarded the honour – a performance regarded by many as unrivalled on football's biggest stage.", "Ablett's performance in kicking 9 goals earned him the Norm Smith Medal, and in doing so became only the second member of the losing team in VFL/AFL history to be awarded the honour – a performance regarded by many as unrivalled on football's biggest stage. Ablett's 9 goals also saw him equal Gordon Coventry's goals record set in the 1928 Grand Final.", "Ablett's 9 goals also saw him equal Gordon Coventry's goals record set in the 1928 Grand Final. Shock retirement and return (1991–1992) On 1 February 1991, Ablett, aged 29, stunned most football fans when he announced his retirement, citing personal reasons and a loss of enjoyment for the game.", "Shock retirement and return (1991–1992) On 1 February 1991, Ablett, aged 29, stunned most football fans when he announced his retirement, citing personal reasons and a loss of enjoyment for the game. His previous season in 1990 was marred by injury, dipping motivation, and personal issues, including a separation from his wife.", "His previous season in 1990 was marred by injury, dipping motivation, and personal issues, including a separation from his wife. He was eventually encouraged to reverse his decision and he made his return in Round 12 for the Geelong reserves team.", "He was eventually encouraged to reverse his decision and he made his return in Round 12 for the Geelong reserves team. This generated enormous media interest and drew an abnormally large crowd for the curtain-raiser game at Princes Park.", "This generated enormous media interest and drew an abnormally large crowd for the curtain-raiser game at Princes Park. Ablett was named in the senior side for the following game against , which drew a crowd of over 40,000 to the MCG.", "Ablett was named in the senior side for the following game against , which drew a crowd of over 40,000 to the MCG. He had ten possessions and kicked two goals, one of them an important steadier for the Cats in the last quarter after the Demons had closed to within 24 points.", "He had ten possessions and kicked two goals, one of them an important steadier for the Cats in the last quarter after the Demons had closed to within 24 points. Due to his late season start and lack of conditioning, it was probably no surprise that Ablett failed to recapture his best form, ending his season on a sour note when he was suspended for striking St Kilda rover Nathan Burke in the first week of the finals, and he subsequently missed Geelong's finals defeats to Hawthorn and West Coast.", "Due to his late season start and lack of conditioning, it was probably no surprise that Ablett failed to recapture his best form, ending his season on a sour note when he was suspended for striking St Kilda rover Nathan Burke in the first week of the finals, and he subsequently missed Geelong's finals defeats to Hawthorn and West Coast. Ablett put the disappointment of 1991 behind him, and he dedicated himself to improving his fitness base ahead of the 1992 season.", "Ablett put the disappointment of 1991 behind him, and he dedicated himself to improving his fitness base ahead of the 1992 season. A consistent first half of the year helped the Cats achieve an 11–3 record, eventually earning them a spot in the grand final—this time against the West Coast Eagles.", "A consistent first half of the year helped the Cats achieve an 11–3 record, eventually earning them a spot in the grand final—this time against the West Coast Eagles. After establishing a two-goal lead at half-time, the Cats failed to sustain their momentum during the second half, eventually going down by 28 points to the fast-finishing Eagles.", "After establishing a two-goal lead at half-time, the Cats failed to sustain their momentum during the second half, eventually going down by 28 points to the fast-finishing Eagles. Ablett, who finished with 3 goals, had again failed to finish the year with the same good form in which he had begun it.", "Ablett, who finished with 3 goals, had again failed to finish the year with the same good form in which he had begun it. One special season (1993) Before the 1993 season, Ablett was encouraged by his coach, Malcolm Blight, to move from his customary roaming half-forward position to full-forward, in an effort to prolong his career.", "One special season (1993) Before the 1993 season, Ablett was encouraged by his coach, Malcolm Blight, to move from his customary roaming half-forward position to full-forward, in an effort to prolong his career. The move up forward proved to be a master-stroke, with Ablett thriving in his goal-kicking role, reaching the 50-goal mark in just six games, equalling the sixty-year record of South Melbourne legend Bob Pratt.", "The move up forward proved to be a master-stroke, with Ablett thriving in his goal-kicking role, reaching the 50-goal mark in just six games, equalling the sixty-year record of South Melbourne legend Bob Pratt. He brought up his maiden century of goals in the season just eight games later, one game slower than record-holder Pratt, and became the first Geelong player to kick 100 goals in a season since Larry Donohue in 1976.", "He brought up his maiden century of goals in the season just eight games later, one game slower than record-holder Pratt, and became the first Geelong player to kick 100 goals in a season since Larry Donohue in 1976. Although the Cats did not make the Finals, Ablett's new-found dominance up forward was highlighted during the season with his bags of ten or more goals on five occasions, including a 14-goal performance against Essendon in Round 6.", "Although the Cats did not make the Finals, Ablett's new-found dominance up forward was highlighted during the season with his bags of ten or more goals on five occasions, including a 14-goal performance against Essendon in Round 6. His end-of-season total of 124 goals, achieved in just 17 appearances, earned him his first Coleman Medal as the League's leading goal-scorer, the Leigh Matthews Trophy, the AFMA Player of the Year Award, and a top-ten placing in the Brownlow Medal.", "His end-of-season total of 124 goals, achieved in just 17 appearances, earned him his first Coleman Medal as the League's leading goal-scorer, the Leigh Matthews Trophy, the AFMA Player of the Year Award, and a top-ten placing in the Brownlow Medal. 1993 to 1996 Ablett continued his dominance as a full-forward in 1994 and 1995 by winning the Coleman Medal in each year.", "1993 to 1996 Ablett continued his dominance as a full-forward in 1994 and 1995 by winning the Coleman Medal in each year. Ablett is the only player in VFL/AFL history to kick 100 goals and win the Coleman Medal in three successive seasons. In addition to his explosive pace and skills, Ablett was also an accomplished aerialist with strong hands.", "In addition to his explosive pace and skills, Ablett was also an accomplished aerialist with strong hands. A highlight was the 1994 Mark of the Year over Collingwood's Gary Pert on Mother's Day at the MCG, a mark which is captured in Jamie Cooper's painting the Game That Made Australia, commissioned by the AFL in 2008 to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the sport.", "A highlight was the 1994 Mark of the Year over Collingwood's Gary Pert on Mother's Day at the MCG, a mark which is captured in Jamie Cooper's painting the Game That Made Australia, commissioned by the AFL in 2008 to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the sport. There is still debate over whether he had enough control of the ball to be paid a mark.", "There is still debate over whether he had enough control of the ball to be paid a mark. In early 1996, Ablett was suspended for five games for striking St Kilda's 172 cm Kristian Bardsley with a raised forearm.", "In early 1996, Ablett was suspended for five games for striking St Kilda's 172 cm Kristian Bardsley with a raised forearm. He later remarked that his lengthy suspension was the \"beginning of the end\", and he finished out the season with 69 goals in 17 games.", "He later remarked that his lengthy suspension was the \"beginning of the end\", and he finished out the season with 69 goals in 17 games. His last AFL appearance was against North Melbourne in a Qualifying Final in 1996. Ablett managed to kick only one goal in a disappointing 60-point loss.", "Ablett managed to kick only one goal in a disappointing 60-point loss. In October 1996, he missed Geelong's first training session and was fined $10,000. On 22 November 1996, Ablett was admitted to hospital with a severe bout of gastro. On 28 November, Ablett faced traffic charges.", "On 28 November, Ablett faced traffic charges. 1997 end of career Ablett was ready to start the serious training with the club by the first week of January. By February, it was reported that he was still under pressure to improve his fitness. In March, Geelong confirmed that Ablett would play in 1997.", "In March, Geelong confirmed that Ablett would play in 1997. On Sunday, 31 March 1997, Ablett played in the reserves against Richmond. Gary booted 7 goals but injured his knee. Three days later, on 3 April, he underwent arthroscopic surgery. In early June, Ablett had still not recovered; he faced knee surgery.", "In early June, Ablett had still not recovered; he faced knee surgery. During the preliminary finals in September, he announced his retirement from football. State of Origin Ablett had a prolific State of Origin career, kicking 43 goals in 11 games.", "State of Origin Ablett had a prolific State of Origin career, kicking 43 goals in 11 games. He was first selected to play for Victoria in 1984, against Western Australia, only nine games into his career at Geelong, kicking 8 goals in a best-on-ground performance.", "He was first selected to play for Victoria in 1984, against Western Australia, only nine games into his career at Geelong, kicking 8 goals in a best-on-ground performance. He performed well again the following year, kicking 4 goals against South Australia.", "He performed well again the following year, kicking 4 goals against South Australia. In the following few years Ablett was largely out of the side, apart from 1987, when he kicked 2 goals against South Australia. Ablett again performed at the highest level in 1990, kicking 6 goals, against Western Australia in Perth.", "Ablett again performed at the highest level in 1990, kicking 6 goals, against Western Australia in Perth. After returning from retirement midway through 1991, and after only several games, Ablett was controversially selected for Victoria, kicking 2 goals.", "After returning from retirement midway through 1991, and after only several games, Ablett was controversially selected for Victoria, kicking 2 goals. In 1992 Ablett performed well, kicking 3 goals and being named among the best players, against Western Australia.", "In 1992 Ablett performed well, kicking 3 goals and being named among the best players, against Western Australia. In 1993, he kicked 4 goals, against a combined New South Wales–Australian Capital Territory side, and in the same year Ablett again performed on the big stage, kicking 5 goals in the State of Origin Carnival Grand Final.", "In 1993, he kicked 4 goals, against a combined New South Wales–Australian Capital Territory side, and in the same year Ablett again performed on the big stage, kicking 5 goals in the State of Origin Carnival Grand Final. In 1994, he kicked 4 goals, against South Australia, in what has been regarded as \"one of the greatest Australian football games of all time\" and followed up that performance with 4 goals against South Australia in 1995.", "In 1994, he kicked 4 goals, against South Australia, in what has been regarded as \"one of the greatest Australian football games of all time\" and followed up that performance with 4 goals against South Australia in 1995. On representing Victoria, Ablett has said \"I've always found it a tremendous honour to represent your state, in a State of Origin game\".", "On representing Victoria, Ablett has said \"I've always found it a tremendous honour to represent your state, in a State of Origin game\". Legacy Ablett combined strength, speed, and skill to produce many spectacular highlights and goal-kicking feats. A noted big game player, Ablett kicked 43 goals in 11 State appearances.", "A noted big game player, Ablett kicked 43 goals in 11 State appearances. More significantly, he booted 64 goals over the course of his 16 finals – an average of four goals a game. His haul of 27 goals in the 1989 finals series is a record that still stands.", "His haul of 27 goals in the 1989 finals series is a record that still stands. He was awarded the Norm Smith Medal for his performance in the 1989 Grand Final, where he was adjudged best player afield.", "He was awarded the Norm Smith Medal for his performance in the 1989 Grand Final, where he was adjudged best player afield. In doing so, he became one of only four players (the others being Maurice Rioli −1982, Nathan Buckley −2002, and Chris Judd −2005) to win the medal playing for the losing side.", "In doing so, he became one of only four players (the others being Maurice Rioli −1982, Nathan Buckley −2002, and Chris Judd −2005) to win the medal playing for the losing side. In 1996, Ablett joined Gordon Coventry, Doug Wade, Jason Dunstall and Tony Lockett as the only players in league history to kick 1000 VFL/AFL goals.", "In 1996, Ablett joined Gordon Coventry, Doug Wade, Jason Dunstall and Tony Lockett as the only players in league history to kick 1000 VFL/AFL goals. Martin Flanagan's representation of Australian football pioneer Tom Wills in his 1996 novel The Call is modeled on Ablett.", "Martin Flanagan's representation of Australian football pioneer Tom Wills in his 1996 novel The Call is modeled on Ablett. According to Flanagan, Wills and Ablett polarised opinion in similar ways, and displayed a lack of insight into their actions—they simply did what came naturally to them, \"like a lot of artists\".", "According to Flanagan, Wills and Ablett polarised opinion in similar ways, and displayed a lack of insight into their actions—they simply did what came naturally to them, \"like a lot of artists\". Ablett is the subject of the song \"Kicking the Footy with God\", released by The Bedroom Philosopher on his 2005 debut album In Bed with My Doona.", "Ablett is the subject of the song \"Kicking the Footy with God\", released by The Bedroom Philosopher on his 2005 debut album In Bed with My Doona. In 1996, Ablett was named in the AFL Team of the Century on the interchange bench, alongside Jack Dyer and Greg Williams.", "In 1996, Ablett was named in the AFL Team of the Century on the interchange bench, alongside Jack Dyer and Greg Williams. In 2001, Ablett was named in the Geelong Team of the Century, on a half forward flank.", "In 2001, Ablett was named in the Geelong Team of the Century, on a half forward flank. In 2005, after many years of controversy and debate (see below), he was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame.", "In 2005, after many years of controversy and debate (see below), he was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame. The following year, he was honoured yet again when he was voted as the Greatest Geelong player of all-time ahead of Graham Farmer.", "The following year, he was honoured yet again when he was voted as the Greatest Geelong player of all-time ahead of Graham Farmer. In 2006, Ablett was honoured with the naming of a terrace in his name within the newly renovated Skilled Stadium.", "In 2006, Ablett was honoured with the naming of a terrace in his name within the newly renovated Skilled Stadium. Ablett once had a set of gates named in his honour, but he was upgraded to a terrace at the beginning of the 2006 AFL season.", "Ablett once had a set of gates named in his honour, but he was upgraded to a terrace at the beginning of the 2006 AFL season. Induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame Despite his footballing achievements on the field, Ablett's induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame was initially delayed.", "Induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame Despite his footballing achievements on the field, Ablett's induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame was initially delayed. Despite Ablett's undoubted footballing credentials, his well-publicised contribution to the death of Alisha Horan was responsible for the Australian Football Hall of Fame committee's reluctance to induct him.", "Despite Ablett's undoubted footballing credentials, his well-publicised contribution to the death of Alisha Horan was responsible for the Australian Football Hall of Fame committee's reluctance to induct him. In 2004, after several years of speculation over his induction, Ablett personally requested that the Geelong Football Club stop nominating him for selection, which the club agreed to.", "In 2004, after several years of speculation over his induction, Ablett personally requested that the Geelong Football Club stop nominating him for selection, which the club agreed to. However, the following year it was announced that Ablett would be inducted into the Hall of Fame as part of the 2005 intake.", "However, the following year it was announced that Ablett would be inducted into the Hall of Fame as part of the 2005 intake. Ablett did not attend the induction ceremony and instead released a statement through his then-manager, Michael Baker: \"Due to my current battle with depression I am not in a position to be able to accept this award in person.", "Ablett did not attend the induction ceremony and instead released a statement through his then-manager, Michael Baker: \"Due to my current battle with depression I am not in a position to be able to accept this award in person. I did not make this decision lightly but due to medical advice it was deemed best for my health that I do not attend tonight.", "I did not make this decision lightly but due to medical advice it was deemed best for my health that I do not attend tonight. I feel blessed to have had the opportunity to play this great game and also to have played at the elite level alongside many celebrated champions.", "I feel blessed to have had the opportunity to play this great game and also to have played at the elite level alongside many celebrated champions. Being chosen to be inducted into the Hall of Fame is one of the highest honours a player could dream of.", "Being chosen to be inducted into the Hall of Fame is one of the highest honours a player could dream of. I thank those who deem me worthy enough to be placed alongside such respected company.\" Personal life The youngest of eight children, Ablett grew up alongside four elder brothers and three elder sisters.", "Personal life The youngest of eight children, Ablett grew up alongside four elder brothers and three elder sisters. In 1985, Ablett wed his long-time girlfriend Sue, and the couple had four children – Natasha, Gary Jr., Nathan, and Alisha.", "In 1985, Ablett wed his long-time girlfriend Sue, and the couple had four children – Natasha, Gary Jr., Nathan, and Alisha. In 1986, Ablett became a born-again Christian and has been said to be slightly aggrieved at constantly being referred to as \"God\" by fans, a nickname based on his supreme football abilities.", "In 1986, Ablett became a born-again Christian and has been said to be slightly aggrieved at constantly being referred to as \"God\" by fans, a nickname based on his supreme football abilities. Ablett's faith was often highlighted in several tribunal appearances, in one case confessing and pleading guilty to striking Garry Lyon in a 1989 incident, declaring he \"wasn't prepared to lie about it or compromise the truth in [his] relationship with God\".", "Ablett's faith was often highlighted in several tribunal appearances, in one case confessing and pleading guilty to striking Garry Lyon in a 1989 incident, declaring he \"wasn't prepared to lie about it or compromise the truth in [his] relationship with God\". Ablett's public acknowledgement of his faith, in particular the influence of God in his life, during his acceptance speech for the Norm Smith Medal in the 1989 Grand Final, was also much publicised.", "Ablett's public acknowledgement of his faith, in particular the influence of God in his life, during his acceptance speech for the Norm Smith Medal in the 1989 Grand Final, was also much publicised. On 26 June 2006, Ablett was allegedly assaulted at 11:15pm while browsing through a car yard in Fyans Street, South Geelong.", "On 26 June 2006, Ablett was allegedly assaulted at 11:15pm while browsing through a car yard in Fyans Street, South Geelong. A 31-year-old Geelong man was charged with the assault.", "A 31-year-old Geelong man was charged with the assault. However, he was reported to have committed suicide on 10 July 2006 by jumping from a Melbourne high-rise apartment block the day before he was due to appear before the Geelong Magistrates court to defend the assault charges.", "However, he was reported to have committed suicide on 10 July 2006 by jumping from a Melbourne high-rise apartment block the day before he was due to appear before the Geelong Magistrates court to defend the assault charges. In December 2007, Ablett hit back at media claims that his son Nathan had walked away from his football career because of the publicity surrounding the release of a new book about his father.", "In December 2007, Ablett hit back at media claims that his son Nathan had walked away from his football career because of the publicity surrounding the release of a new book about his father. Although normally reluctant to make public comments, Ablett felt that the media intrusion into his family life had gone too far.", "Although normally reluctant to make public comments, Ablett felt that the media intrusion into his family life had gone too far. As part of a series of books, \"Legends of Australian Sport\", Ablett contributed to a book regarding himself. It was the first time he revealed intimate details regarding his life publicly.", "It was the first time he revealed intimate details regarding his life publicly. In September 2020, Ablett released a 27-minute YouTube video discussing his belief in the rapture as being forthcoming.", "In September 2020, Ablett released a 27-minute YouTube video discussing his belief in the rapture as being forthcoming. In this video, he declared that the COVID-19 pandemic had been manufactured and released by the Illuminati and Freemasons in order to depopulate Earth, create a cashless society and \"put Lucifer on the throne of the world\".", "In this video, he declared that the COVID-19 pandemic had been manufactured and released by the Illuminati and Freemasons in order to depopulate Earth, create a cashless society and \"put Lucifer on the throne of the world\". A footballing family Two of Ablett's brothers played in the Victorian Football League – Kevin Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and Geelong, and Geoff Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and St Kilda.", "A footballing family Two of Ablett's brothers played in the Victorian Football League – Kevin Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and Geelong, and Geoff Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and St Kilda. Ablett's eldest son, Gary Jr., has followed in his footsteps to play for Geelong.", "Ablett's eldest son, Gary Jr., has followed in his footsteps to play for Geelong. In 2007 and 2009, Ablett Jr. won the Cats' best and fairest award, emulating a feat established by his father in his first season with the Cats back in 1984; he also won the Brownlow Medal in 2009 and 2013.", "In 2007 and 2009, Ablett Jr. won the Cats' best and fairest award, emulating a feat established by his father in his first season with the Cats back in 1984; he also won the Brownlow Medal in 2009 and 2013. Another son, Nathan, was drafted in 2004 (48th pick) by Geelong under the father-son rule.", "Another son, Nathan, was drafted in 2004 (48th pick) by Geelong under the father-son rule. Nathan initially refused to play AFL Football because of his father's experience with the media, but, with encouragement from the club, was signed ahead of the 2005 AFL Season and established himself in the full forward role Gary Sr. made his own.", "Nathan initially refused to play AFL Football because of his father's experience with the media, but, with encouragement from the club, was signed ahead of the 2005 AFL Season and established himself in the full forward role Gary Sr. made his own. On 29 September 2007, both Gary Jr. and Nathan contributed to Geelong winning its first flag in 44 years, capturing the premiership that proved elusive to Gary Snr in his 12 years at the club.", "On 29 September 2007, both Gary Jr. and Nathan contributed to Geelong winning its first flag in 44 years, capturing the premiership that proved elusive to Gary Snr in his 12 years at the club. Nathan retired suddenly before the 2008 season, but he and his brother Gary Jr. were members of the Gold Coast Football Club's inaugural team for the 2011 season.", "Nathan retired suddenly before the 2008 season, but he and his brother Gary Jr. were members of the Gold Coast Football Club's inaugural team for the 2011 season. In addition to his sons, Ablett has a nephew, Luke Ablett, who played for the Sydney Swans and won a premiership with them in 2005.", "In addition to his sons, Ablett has a nephew, Luke Ablett, who played for the Sydney Swans and won a premiership with them in 2005. Two other nephews, from his sister's marriage to Hawthorn legend Michael Tuck, also played in the AFL – Richmond's Shane Tuck and Travis Tuck, who played for Hawthorn.", "Two other nephews, from his sister's marriage to Hawthorn legend Michael Tuck, also played in the AFL – Richmond's Shane Tuck and Travis Tuck, who played for Hawthorn. Criminal offences Ablett had well-documented off-field problems, particularly with illegal drug use, and depression in the wake of the Alisha Horan death.", "Criminal offences Ablett had well-documented off-field problems, particularly with illegal drug use, and depression in the wake of the Alisha Horan death. In 1990, Ablett was placed on a $10,000 good behaviour bond after he pleaded guilty to repeatedly hitting a man he found sitting in a car with his estranged wife.", "In 1990, Ablett was placed on a $10,000 good behaviour bond after he pleaded guilty to repeatedly hitting a man he found sitting in a car with his estranged wife. In 2000, Ablett was investigated, charged and convicted of four drug offences as a result of nineteen-year-old Geelong woman Alisha Horan dying of a drug overdose (involving heroin, ecstasy and amphetamines) while in Ablett's hotel room.", "In 2000, Ablett was investigated, charged and convicted of four drug offences as a result of nineteen-year-old Geelong woman Alisha Horan dying of a drug overdose (involving heroin, ecstasy and amphetamines) while in Ablett's hotel room. After a prolonged period of refusing to answer police questions and refusing to answer questions at an April 2001 inquest (on the grounds that he may incriminate himself) – Ablett later admitted to providing Horan with heroin and ecstasy.", "After a prolonged period of refusing to answer police questions and refusing to answer questions at an April 2001 inquest (on the grounds that he may incriminate himself) – Ablett later admitted to providing Horan with heroin and ecstasy. Horan had found a small quantity of heroin in Ablett's coat pocket and asked him what it was.", "Horan had found a small quantity of heroin in Ablett's coat pocket and asked him what it was. Rather than admit that it was heroin, Ablett told her it was cocaine, which they both then ingested, leading to Horan's overdose.", "Rather than admit that it was heroin, Ablett told her it was cocaine, which they both then ingested, leading to Horan's overdose. Ablett wasn't charged with manslaughter, but pleaded guilty to four lesser charges, was convicted, and fined $1500. Statistics |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "Statistics |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1982 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 35 || 6 || 11 || 13 || 47 || 21 || 68 || 26 || || 1.5 || 2.2 || 7.8 || 3.5 || 11.3 || 4.3 || |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1982 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 35 || 6 || 11 || 13 || 47 || 21 || 68 || 26 || || 1.5 || 2.2 || 7.8 || 3.5 || 11.3 || 4.3 || |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1984 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 33 || 28 || 238 || 61 || 299 || 86 || || 2.2 || 1.9 || 15.9 || 4.1 || 19.9 || 5.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1984 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 33 || 28 || 238 || 61 || 299 || 86 || || 2.2 || 1.9 || 15.9 || 4.1 || 19.9 || 5.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1985 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 20 || 82 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 67 || 274 || 62 || 336 || 135 || || 4.1 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.4 || 13.7 || 3.1 || 16.8 || 6.8 || |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1985 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 20 || 82 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 67 || 274 || 62 || 336 || 135 || || 4.1 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.4 || 13.7 || 3.1 || 16.8 || 6.8 || |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1986 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 65 || 49 || 185 || 39 || 224 || 101 || || 4.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.3 || 12.3 || 2.6 || 14.9 || 6.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1986 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 65 || 49 || 185 || 39 || 224 || 101 || || 4.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.3 || 12.3 || 2.6 || 14.9 || 6.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1987 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 53 || 38 || 200 || 46 || 246 || 86 || 19 || 3.1 || 2.2 || 11.8 || 2.7 || 14.5 || 5.1 || 1.1 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1987 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 53 || 38 || 200 || 46 || 246 || 86 || 19 || 3.1 || 2.2 || 11.8 || 2.7 || 14.5 || 5.1 || 1.1 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1988 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 82 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 62 || 253 || 42 || 295 || 117 || 19 || 3.9 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.0 || 12.0 || 2.0 || 14.0 || 5.6 || 0.9 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1988 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 82 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 62 || 253 || 42 || 295 || 117 || 19 || 3.9 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.0 || 12.0 || 2.0 || 14.0 || 5.6 || 0.9 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1989 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 23 || 87 || 54 || 378 || 68 || 446 || 151 || 29 || 3.8 || 2.3 || 16.4 || 3.0 || 19.4 || 6.6 || 1.3 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1989 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 23 || 87 || 54 || 378 || 68 || 446 || 151 || 29 || 3.8 || 2.3 || 16.4 || 3.0 || 19.4 || 6.6 || 1.3 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1990 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 75 || 43 || 224 || 47 || 271 || 100 || 21 || 4.4 || 2.5 || 13.2 || 2.8 || 15.9 || 5.9 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1990 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 75 || 43 || 224 || 47 || 271 || 100 || 21 || 4.4 || 2.5 || 13.2 || 2.8 || 15.9 || 5.9 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1991 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 12 || 28 || 27 || 144 || 21 || 165 || 55 || 20 || 2.3 || 2.3 || 12.0 || 1.8 || 13.8 || 4.6 || 1.7 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1991 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 12 || 28 || 27 || 144 || 21 || 165 || 55 || 20 || 2.3 || 2.3 || 12.0 || 1.8 || 13.8 || 4.6 || 1.7 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1992 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 72 || 54 || 324 || 61 || 385 || 118 || 33 || 3.4 || 2.6 || 15.4 || 2.9 || 18.3 || 5.6 || 1.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1992 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 72 || 54 || 324 || 61 || 385 || 118 || 33 || 3.4 || 2.6 || 15.4 || 2.9 || 18.3 || 5.6 || 1.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1993 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 124 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 60 || 233 || 13 || 246 || 111 || 10 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 7.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.5 || 13.7 || 0.8 || 14.5 || 6.5 || 0.6 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1993 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 124 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 60 || 233 || 13 || 246 || 111 || 10 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 7.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.5 || 13.7 || 0.8 || 14.5 || 6.5 || 0.6 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1994 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 25 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 129 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 79 || 263 || 30 || 293 || 130 || 15 || 5.2 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.2 || 10.5 || 1.2 || 11.7 || 5.2 || 0.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1994 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 25 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 129 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 79 || 263 || 30 || 293 || 130 || 15 || 5.2 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.2 || 10.5 || 1.2 || 11.7 || 5.2 || 0.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1995 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 22 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 122 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 85 || 264 || 19 || 283 || 148 || 18 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 5.5 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.9 || 12.0 || 0.9 || 12.9 || 6.7 || 0.8 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1995 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 22 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 122 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 85 || 264 || 19 || 283 || 148 || 18 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 5.5 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.9 || 12.0 || 0.9 || 12.9 || 6.7 || 0.8 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1996 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 69 || 31 || 159 || 31 || 190 || 71 || 13 || 4.1 || 1.8 || 9.4 || 1.8 || 11.2 || 4.2 || 0.8 |- class=\"sortbottom\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1996 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 69 || 31 || 159 || 31 || 190 || 71 || 13 || 4.1 || 1.8 || 9.4 || 1.8 || 11.2 || 4.2 || 0.8 |- class=\"sortbottom\" ! colspan=3| Career ! 248 !", "colspan=3| Career ! 248 ! 248 ! 1031 ! 690 ! 3186 ! 561 ! 3747 ! 1435 ! 197 ! 4.2 ! 2.8 ! 12.8 ! 2.3 ! 15.1 ! 5.8 !", "2.8 ! 12.8 ! 2.3 ! 15.1 ! 5.8 ! 5.8 ! 1.0 |} Honours and achievements Team McClelland Trophy (): 1992 Individual Norm Smith Medal: 1989 3× Coleman Medal: 1993, 1994, 1995 4× All-Australian team: 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Carji Greeves Medal: 1984 Leigh Matthews Trophy (AFL MVP Award): 1993 9× Geelong leading goalkicker: 1985, 1986, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 Geelong Team of the Century Geelong captain: 1995–1996 2× Alex Jesaulenko Medal: 1985, 1994 Geelong F.C.", "1.0 |} Honours and achievements Team McClelland Trophy (): 1992 Individual Norm Smith Medal: 1989 3× Coleman Medal: 1993, 1994, 1995 4× All-Australian team: 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Carji Greeves Medal: 1984 Leigh Matthews Trophy (AFL MVP Award): 1993 9× Geelong leading goalkicker: 1985, 1986, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 Geelong Team of the Century Geelong captain: 1995–1996 2× Alex Jesaulenko Medal: 1985, 1994 Geelong F.C. Hall of Fame Australian Sports Medal: 2000 Centenary Medal: 2001 Australian Football League Team of the Century 1897-1996 VFL/AFL players with 1,000 goals 8× State of Origin (Victoria): 1984, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 (c) Australian Football Media Association Player of the Year: 1993Australian Football Hall of Fame: 2005 Inductee5th on all-time leading goal-kickersAll-time leading goal kicker for Geelong F.C.", "Hall of Fame Australian Sports Medal: 2000 Centenary Medal: 2001 Australian Football League Team of the Century 1897-1996 VFL/AFL players with 1,000 goals 8× State of Origin (Victoria): 1984, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 (c) Australian Football Media Association Player of the Year: 1993Australian Football Hall of Fame: 2005 Inductee5th on all-time leading goal-kickersAll-time leading goal kicker for Geelong F.C. (1021 goals)Only player to have won Coleman Medal and kicked 100 goals in three consecutive seasons (1993–1995)Oldest player to kick 100 goals in a season (33 years old in 1995)Most goals in an AFL/VFL Grand Final (9 goals in 1989 Grand Final)Most goals in an AFL/VFL finals series (27 goals in 1989)Highest goals-per-game ratio in Geelong F.C.", "(1021 goals)Only player to have won Coleman Medal and kicked 100 goals in three consecutive seasons (1993–1995)Oldest player to kick 100 goals in a season (33 years old in 1995)Most goals in an AFL/VFL Grand Final (9 goals in 1989 Grand Final)Most goals in an AFL/VFL finals series (27 goals in 1989)Highest goals-per-game ratio in Geelong F.C. history (4.22 goals per game)4-time runner-up in Carji Greeves Medal (1985, 1993, 1994, 1995)3-time third-place getter in Carji Greeves Medal (1986, 1989, 1990)''' See also After the siren kicks in Australian rules football Alf Williamson Notes References Bibliography External links Gary Ablett's profile at AustralianFootball.com 1961 births Gary All-Australians (AFL) Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees Carji Greeves Medal winners Coleman Medal winners Geelong Football Club players Hawthorn Football Club players Leigh Matthews Trophy winners Living people Norm Smith Medal winners Sportspeople from Geelong Victorian State of Origin players Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia) Myrtleford Football Club players Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal Recipients of the Centenary Medal Australian Christians" ]

[ "Gary Ablett Sr.", "The early years at Geelong (1984-1988)", "What did he do at Geelong?", "He debuted for the Cats in Round 7 and after just nine games on the wing, Ablett was selected to his first State of Origin game for Victoria." ]

[ "A working cat is type of domestic cat that \"works\" for its upkeep by hunting vermin, such as rodents. They are commonly employed where pest control is needed: in barns, farms, factories, warehouses, stores, churchyards, and private property. A benefit of using a working cat is that they alleviate the need for harmful pesticides. Working cats are often placed in their environment as a part of a working cats program.\n\nThe resident cat at the British Prime Minister's home at 10 Downing Street has been given the title Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office.\n\nWorking cats programs \nA working cats program is designed to place cats in safe environments where they are valued for their hunting skills as working cats. These programs are typically offered by animal shelters who will use otherwise unadoptable cats in the program as an alternative to euthanasia. The cats may not be suitable for adoption because they are feral cats or did not acclimate to living in close quarters with humans. Working cats programs usually provide cats that are spayed or neutered and fully vaccinated, and any adoption fee is often waived. In exchange for their services, the cats are to receive a place to live, food, water, and vet care.\n\nFeral cats \nA feral cat is a cat without an owner that lives outside. These cats have very minimal to no human contact at all. They tend to hide from humans and do not allow themselves to be touched by them. Attempts to socialize feral cats often fail or take a long time, and even so some remain afraid of humans.\n\nThere are efforts to control the feral cat population, which is a big problem. There are trap neuter return programs, which capture the feral cats, neuter/spay them, and release them back outside. This prevents the cat from reproducing. Others result in euthanasia.\n\nPros \n\nEach year in the United States, about 1.5 million shelter animals are put down, and 860,000 of those are cats. Working cat programs decrease those numbers by giving a cat that would instead not be adoptable a home, and more room for other shelter animals.\n\nA study that was done at the University of Minnesota showed that taking care of a cat can improve human health. The study showed fewer chances of getting heart attacks, cardiovascular diseases, having trouble sleeping, and anxiety when caring for a cat.\n\nThere are also benefits for the community. Feral cats control the population of rodents in a neighborhood, which then negates the need for any harmful pesticides to be used. It also reduces the spread of rabies and fleas since they are vaccinated and their caretakers treat them for fleas. These programs also save tax dollars since they are run by volunteers or privately owned.\n\nCons \n\nSome disadvantages to feral cats are urine markings and destruction to wildlife and property. Feral cats are wild, and they will continue to act like so even though they have a caretaker. They may also injure other pets that get too close.\n\nAnother disadvantage is veterinary care. One round of vaccinations is not going to last for the rest of the cat's life. They must eventually get another round. Capturing a feral cat can be difficult, and some caretakers do not care to take the animal to the vet again. If they do not get their vaccinations when they are due, the cats can contract diseases and spread. Cats are three to four times more likely to get rabies than other domestic animals like dogs.\n\nReferences\n\nhttp://www.takepart.com/article/2014/03/31/sorry-cat-lovers-trap-neuter-release-flat-out-doesnt-work\n\nhttps://www.aspca.org/animal-homelessness/shelter-intake-and-surrender/pet-statistics\n\nExternal links \n Arizona Humane Society’s Working Cats Program\n Best Friends Animal Society: L.A.’s Working Cats Program\n\nWorking cats\nBiological pest control\nFeral animals\nUrban wildlife", "David Ungerer (born September 16, 1995) is a professional Canadian football wide receiver for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League (CFL).\n\nCollege career\nUngerer played college football with the Idaho Vandals from 2014 to 2018.\n\nProfessional career\nUngerer was drafted in the second round, 11th overall by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in the 2019 CFL Draft and he signed with the team on May 17, 2019. He played in his first career CFL game on August 10, 2019 against the BC Lions. He then recorded his first reception the next week on August 17, 2019 against the Ottawa Redblacks. For the season, he played in 10 regular season games as a rookie where he had two catches for 44 yards. He spent the post-season on the injured list and did not play in the Tiger-Cats' 107th Grey Cup loss.\n\nDue to the cancellation of the 2020 CFL season, Ungerer did not play in 2020. He became a regular starter with the Tiger-Cats in 2021 and scored his first career touchdown on a 23-yard catch from Dane Evans in the Labour Day Classic against the Toronto Argonauts on September 6, 2021.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Tiger-Cats bio\n\n1995 births\nLiving people\nCanadian football wide receivers\nHamilton Tiger-Cats players\nIdaho Vandals football players\nPlayers of American football from Washington (state)\nPeople from Pullman, Washington" ]

[ "Gary Ablett Sr. (born 1 October 1961), is a former professional Australian rules footballer who represented and in the Australian Football League (AFL). Nicknamed \"God\", Ablett is widely regarded as one of Australian football's greatest players, and was especially renowned for his high-flying spectacular marks and his prolific goalkicking.", "Nicknamed \"God\", Ablett is widely regarded as one of Australian football's greatest players, and was especially renowned for his high-flying spectacular marks and his prolific goalkicking. After playing for several country teams in and around his hometown of Drouin, Victoria, Ablett was recruited by Hawthorn and made his Victorian Football League (VFL) debut in 1982.", "After playing for several country teams in and around his hometown of Drouin, Victoria, Ablett was recruited by Hawthorn and made his Victorian Football League (VFL) debut in 1982. However, he struggled to adjust to city life and retreated to Myrtleford the following year.", "However, he struggled to adjust to city life and retreated to Myrtleford the following year. The Geelong Football Club managed to lure him back to professional football in 1984, and by the late 80s, he had become one of the VFL's biggest stars.", "The Geelong Football Club managed to lure him back to professional football in 1984, and by the late 80s, he had become one of the VFL's biggest stars. His 1989 VFL Grand Final appearance, during which he kicked a grand final record nine goals for a losing side, is regarded as one of football's greatest individual performances, earning him the Norm Smith Medal.", "His 1989 VFL Grand Final appearance, during which he kicked a grand final record nine goals for a losing side, is regarded as one of football's greatest individual performances, earning him the Norm Smith Medal. At the beginning of the 1991 season, Ablett shocked the football world by abruptly announcing his retirement from the game, but made a comeback midway through the year.", "At the beginning of the 1991 season, Ablett shocked the football world by abruptly announcing his retirement from the game, but made a comeback midway through the year. He went on to appear in the 1992, 1994, and 1995 grand finals, before officially retiring after the 1996 season.", "He went on to appear in the 1992, 1994, and 1995 grand finals, before officially retiring after the 1996 season. Ablett's individual accolades and achievements include an induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame, an AFL Team of the Century selection, the 1993 AFL Players Association MVP award (now known as the Leigh Matthews Trophy), and three Coleman Medals.", "Ablett's individual accolades and achievements include an induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame, an AFL Team of the Century selection, the 1993 AFL Players Association MVP award (now known as the Leigh Matthews Trophy), and three Coleman Medals. He remains Geelong's all-time leading goalkicker, with 1021 goals; and, in 2006, was voted by past and present Geelong Football Club players as the greatest Geelong footballer of all time.", "He remains Geelong's all-time leading goalkicker, with 1021 goals; and, in 2006, was voted by past and present Geelong Football Club players as the greatest Geelong footballer of all time. Early life Born in Drouin to Alfred and Colleen Ablett, Gary Ablett grew up in Gippsland, Victoria alongside his four elder brothers and three sisters.", "Early life Born in Drouin to Alfred and Colleen Ablett, Gary Ablett grew up in Gippsland, Victoria alongside his four elder brothers and three sisters. Ablett displayed a love for sport at an early age, winning the state school high jump at 10 years of age.", "Ablett displayed a love for sport at an early age, winning the state school high jump at 10 years of age. He was also awarded both club and competition best and fairest awards for Drouin at the under-11s, under-12s and under-14s levels.", "He was also awarded both club and competition best and fairest awards for Drouin at the under-11s, under-12s and under-14s levels. After his interest waned in attending school, Ablett dropped out of high school at 15 to become a bricklayer's labourer.", "After his interest waned in attending school, Ablett dropped out of high school at 15 to become a bricklayer's labourer. He also began to concentrate on his football and joined his brothers in the Drouin senior team at just 16 years of age.", "He also began to concentrate on his football and joined his brothers in the Drouin senior team at just 16 years of age. After appearing in several country league representative games, the Hawthorn Football Club, which had already signed Gary's elder brothers Geoff and Kevin onto their lists, invited him to play reserves football.", "After appearing in several country league representative games, the Hawthorn Football Club, which had already signed Gary's elder brothers Geoff and Kevin onto their lists, invited him to play reserves football. Career AFL The Hawthorn experience (1981–1983) After signing a reserves contract and featuring in six reserves games for Hawthorn, Ablett retreated back to his home in Drouin.", "Career AFL The Hawthorn experience (1981–1983) After signing a reserves contract and featuring in six reserves games for Hawthorn, Ablett retreated back to his home in Drouin. He returned to Hawthorn in 1982 and made his senior VFL debut versus Geelong in Round 2, kicking 1 goal and helping the Hawks defeat the Cats by 19 points.", "He returned to Hawthorn in 1982 and made his senior VFL debut versus Geelong in Round 2, kicking 1 goal and helping the Hawks defeat the Cats by 19 points. He played a further five games for Hawthorn that year for a total of six games and ten goals.", "He played a further five games for Hawthorn that year for a total of six games and ten goals. Ablett claimed difficulty coping with city life in Melbourne and his continual absenteeism from training sessions forced Hawthorn coach, Allan Jeans into parting ways with the talented, but wayward young half forward.", "Ablett claimed difficulty coping with city life in Melbourne and his continual absenteeism from training sessions forced Hawthorn coach, Allan Jeans into parting ways with the talented, but wayward young half forward. In 1983, he moved with his young family to the country town of Myrtleford.", "In 1983, he moved with his young family to the country town of Myrtleford. Ablett spent the year playing under the tutelage of his cousin Len Ablett for Myrtleford in the Ovens and Murray Football League. Ablett's footballing ability soon came on notice again, this time to the Geelong Football Club and their long-time recruiting officer Bill McMaster.", "Ablett's footballing ability soon came on notice again, this time to the Geelong Football Club and their long-time recruiting officer Bill McMaster. McMaster convinced Ablett to give the game another shot, this time in the confines of the rural city of Geelong.", "McMaster convinced Ablett to give the game another shot, this time in the confines of the rural city of Geelong. After protracted negotiations with Hawthorn, Geelong finally paid a $60,000 transfer for Ablett in 1984.", "After protracted negotiations with Hawthorn, Geelong finally paid a $60,000 transfer for Ablett in 1984. The early years at Geelong (1984–1988) Ablett signed a one-year contract for the 1984 season with Geelong, and he began his first season under the guidance of Tom Hafey.", "The early years at Geelong (1984–1988) Ablett signed a one-year contract for the 1984 season with Geelong, and he began his first season under the guidance of Tom Hafey. He debuted for the Cats in Round 7 and after just nine games on the wing, Ablett was selected to his first State of Origin game for Victoria.", "He debuted for the Cats in Round 7 and after just nine games on the wing, Ablett was selected to his first State of Origin game for Victoria. Ablett earned best-on-ground honours after kicking 8 goals from the half-forward flank.", "Ablett earned best-on-ground honours after kicking 8 goals from the half-forward flank. He played 15 games and kicked 33 goals in the 1984 season, and was awarded the Carji Greeves Medal as the Geelong Football Club's \"best and fairest\" player of the year.", "He played 15 games and kicked 33 goals in the 1984 season, and was awarded the Carji Greeves Medal as the Geelong Football Club's \"best and fairest\" player of the year. Following his first season with Geelong, Ablett signed a new three-year contract with the club.", "Following his first season with Geelong, Ablett signed a new three-year contract with the club. Playing mostly on the half forward flank, Ablett won the club's goalkicking award for the following two seasons with 82 and 65 goals respectively.", "Playing mostly on the half forward flank, Ablett won the club's goalkicking award for the following two seasons with 82 and 65 goals respectively. Although Ablett had developed a reputation for his laconic, lazy attitude to training under coach John Devine, this did not prevent him from earning top three placings in the best and fairest awards from 1985 to 1987.", "Although Ablett had developed a reputation for his laconic, lazy attitude to training under coach John Devine, this did not prevent him from earning top three placings in the best and fairest awards from 1985 to 1987. With his contract expiring at the conclusion of the 1987 season, Ablett shocked the VFL by signing a new five-year contract with his former club, Hawthorn.", "With his contract expiring at the conclusion of the 1987 season, Ablett shocked the VFL by signing a new five-year contract with his former club, Hawthorn. After a \"cooling-off\" period, however, Ablett opted to remain with Geelong by agreeing to a lucrative five-year contract that tied him to the club for the long-term.", "After a \"cooling-off\" period, however, Ablett opted to remain with Geelong by agreeing to a lucrative five-year contract that tied him to the club for the long-term. Ablett began the 1988 season with 59 goals after just 11 games, placing him second on the goalkicking list behind Hawthorn's Jason Dunstall.", "Ablett began the 1988 season with 59 goals after just 11 games, placing him second on the goalkicking list behind Hawthorn's Jason Dunstall. In these games, he kicked 10 goals against Richmond in the Anzac Day game, and 11 against Brisbane—one shy of breaking the ground record of 12 goals at Carrara.", "In these games, he kicked 10 goals against Richmond in the Anzac Day game, and 11 against Brisbane—one shy of breaking the ground record of 12 goals at Carrara. Although he missed out on State honours and failed to place within the top three in the club best and fairest award, Ablett finished with 82 goals during the season for the second time in his career.", "Although he missed out on State honours and failed to place within the top three in the club best and fairest award, Ablett finished with 82 goals during the season for the second time in his career. A September to remember (1989–1990) The 1989 season was marked by the arrival of Ablett's third coach, former North Melbourne Brownlow Medallist Malcolm Blight.", "A September to remember (1989–1990) The 1989 season was marked by the arrival of Ablett's third coach, former North Melbourne Brownlow Medallist Malcolm Blight. Ablett helped the Cats reach the finals on the back of a ten match winning streak to end the regular season.", "Ablett helped the Cats reach the finals on the back of a ten match winning streak to end the regular season. In a 134-point victory against Richmond, Ablett scored 14 goals, breaking a 22-year club record, and moving club legend and former club premiership coach Bobby Davis to laud Ablett as the equal of the legendary Graham 'Polly' Farmer, the finest footballers he had seen at Geelong.", "In a 134-point victory against Richmond, Ablett scored 14 goals, breaking a 22-year club record, and moving club legend and former club premiership coach Bobby Davis to laud Ablett as the equal of the legendary Graham 'Polly' Farmer, the finest footballers he had seen at Geelong. His season lowlight occurred in Round 12 when he was suspended for 3 matches after he controversially felled the Melbourne captain, Gary Lyon behind the play.", "His season lowlight occurred in Round 12 when he was suspended for 3 matches after he controversially felled the Melbourne captain, Gary Lyon behind the play. In his first ever final, the Qualifying Final at the MCG versus Essendon, Gary Ablett kicked three goals, but this was not enough.", "In his first ever final, the Qualifying Final at the MCG versus Essendon, Gary Ablett kicked three goals, but this was not enough. The Bombers humbled Geelong by 76 points to force the Cats into a sudden-death Semi Final showdown with Melbourne. The Cats posted a 63-point win against the Demons.", "The Cats posted a 63-point win against the Demons. Ablett kicked seven goals, and helped set up another meeting with Essendon in the Preliminary Final. Ablett kicked 8 goals this time, as the Cats crushed Essendon by 94 points to advance to their first grand final since 1967.", "Ablett kicked 8 goals this time, as the Cats crushed Essendon by 94 points to advance to their first grand final since 1967. Against the reigning premiers Hawthorn in the 1989 VFL Grand Final, Ablett asserted himself from the opening bounce, leading out from full forward, marking the first centre clearance kick and slotting through the game's first goal.", "Against the reigning premiers Hawthorn in the 1989 VFL Grand Final, Ablett asserted himself from the opening bounce, leading out from full forward, marking the first centre clearance kick and slotting through the game's first goal. By half-time, Ablett had kicked four goals, but the Cats trailed at the main break by 37 points.", "By half-time, Ablett had kicked four goals, but the Cats trailed at the main break by 37 points. Ablett kicked a further five goals in the second half, which saw an injury-depleted Hawthorn's lead reduced to just 6 points with less than a minute to go.", "Ablett kicked a further five goals in the second half, which saw an injury-depleted Hawthorn's lead reduced to just 6 points with less than a minute to go. However, the Cats fell short, and Hawthorn held on to defeat Geelong in one of the toughest grand finals of the modern era, winning by 6 points.", "However, the Cats fell short, and Hawthorn held on to defeat Geelong in one of the toughest grand finals of the modern era, winning by 6 points. Ablett's performance in kicking 9 goals earned him the Norm Smith Medal, and in doing so became only the second member of the losing team in VFL/AFL history to be awarded the honour – a performance regarded by many as unrivalled on football's biggest stage.", "Ablett's performance in kicking 9 goals earned him the Norm Smith Medal, and in doing so became only the second member of the losing team in VFL/AFL history to be awarded the honour – a performance regarded by many as unrivalled on football's biggest stage. Ablett's 9 goals also saw him equal Gordon Coventry's goals record set in the 1928 Grand Final.", "Ablett's 9 goals also saw him equal Gordon Coventry's goals record set in the 1928 Grand Final. Shock retirement and return (1991–1992) On 1 February 1991, Ablett, aged 29, stunned most football fans when he announced his retirement, citing personal reasons and a loss of enjoyment for the game.", "Shock retirement and return (1991–1992) On 1 February 1991, Ablett, aged 29, stunned most football fans when he announced his retirement, citing personal reasons and a loss of enjoyment for the game. His previous season in 1990 was marred by injury, dipping motivation, and personal issues, including a separation from his wife.", "His previous season in 1990 was marred by injury, dipping motivation, and personal issues, including a separation from his wife. He was eventually encouraged to reverse his decision and he made his return in Round 12 for the Geelong reserves team.", "He was eventually encouraged to reverse his decision and he made his return in Round 12 for the Geelong reserves team. This generated enormous media interest and drew an abnormally large crowd for the curtain-raiser game at Princes Park.", "This generated enormous media interest and drew an abnormally large crowd for the curtain-raiser game at Princes Park. Ablett was named in the senior side for the following game against , which drew a crowd of over 40,000 to the MCG.", "Ablett was named in the senior side for the following game against , which drew a crowd of over 40,000 to the MCG. He had ten possessions and kicked two goals, one of them an important steadier for the Cats in the last quarter after the Demons had closed to within 24 points.", "He had ten possessions and kicked two goals, one of them an important steadier for the Cats in the last quarter after the Demons had closed to within 24 points. Due to his late season start and lack of conditioning, it was probably no surprise that Ablett failed to recapture his best form, ending his season on a sour note when he was suspended for striking St Kilda rover Nathan Burke in the first week of the finals, and he subsequently missed Geelong's finals defeats to Hawthorn and West Coast.", "Due to his late season start and lack of conditioning, it was probably no surprise that Ablett failed to recapture his best form, ending his season on a sour note when he was suspended for striking St Kilda rover Nathan Burke in the first week of the finals, and he subsequently missed Geelong's finals defeats to Hawthorn and West Coast. Ablett put the disappointment of 1991 behind him, and he dedicated himself to improving his fitness base ahead of the 1992 season.", "Ablett put the disappointment of 1991 behind him, and he dedicated himself to improving his fitness base ahead of the 1992 season. A consistent first half of the year helped the Cats achieve an 11–3 record, eventually earning them a spot in the grand final—this time against the West Coast Eagles.", "A consistent first half of the year helped the Cats achieve an 11–3 record, eventually earning them a spot in the grand final—this time against the West Coast Eagles. After establishing a two-goal lead at half-time, the Cats failed to sustain their momentum during the second half, eventually going down by 28 points to the fast-finishing Eagles.", "After establishing a two-goal lead at half-time, the Cats failed to sustain their momentum during the second half, eventually going down by 28 points to the fast-finishing Eagles. Ablett, who finished with 3 goals, had again failed to finish the year with the same good form in which he had begun it.", "Ablett, who finished with 3 goals, had again failed to finish the year with the same good form in which he had begun it. One special season (1993) Before the 1993 season, Ablett was encouraged by his coach, Malcolm Blight, to move from his customary roaming half-forward position to full-forward, in an effort to prolong his career.", "One special season (1993) Before the 1993 season, Ablett was encouraged by his coach, Malcolm Blight, to move from his customary roaming half-forward position to full-forward, in an effort to prolong his career. The move up forward proved to be a master-stroke, with Ablett thriving in his goal-kicking role, reaching the 50-goal mark in just six games, equalling the sixty-year record of South Melbourne legend Bob Pratt.", "The move up forward proved to be a master-stroke, with Ablett thriving in his goal-kicking role, reaching the 50-goal mark in just six games, equalling the sixty-year record of South Melbourne legend Bob Pratt. He brought up his maiden century of goals in the season just eight games later, one game slower than record-holder Pratt, and became the first Geelong player to kick 100 goals in a season since Larry Donohue in 1976.", "He brought up his maiden century of goals in the season just eight games later, one game slower than record-holder Pratt, and became the first Geelong player to kick 100 goals in a season since Larry Donohue in 1976. Although the Cats did not make the Finals, Ablett's new-found dominance up forward was highlighted during the season with his bags of ten or more goals on five occasions, including a 14-goal performance against Essendon in Round 6.", "Although the Cats did not make the Finals, Ablett's new-found dominance up forward was highlighted during the season with his bags of ten or more goals on five occasions, including a 14-goal performance against Essendon in Round 6. His end-of-season total of 124 goals, achieved in just 17 appearances, earned him his first Coleman Medal as the League's leading goal-scorer, the Leigh Matthews Trophy, the AFMA Player of the Year Award, and a top-ten placing in the Brownlow Medal.", "His end-of-season total of 124 goals, achieved in just 17 appearances, earned him his first Coleman Medal as the League's leading goal-scorer, the Leigh Matthews Trophy, the AFMA Player of the Year Award, and a top-ten placing in the Brownlow Medal. 1993 to 1996 Ablett continued his dominance as a full-forward in 1994 and 1995 by winning the Coleman Medal in each year.", "1993 to 1996 Ablett continued his dominance as a full-forward in 1994 and 1995 by winning the Coleman Medal in each year. Ablett is the only player in VFL/AFL history to kick 100 goals and win the Coleman Medal in three successive seasons. In addition to his explosive pace and skills, Ablett was also an accomplished aerialist with strong hands.", "In addition to his explosive pace and skills, Ablett was also an accomplished aerialist with strong hands. A highlight was the 1994 Mark of the Year over Collingwood's Gary Pert on Mother's Day at the MCG, a mark which is captured in Jamie Cooper's painting the Game That Made Australia, commissioned by the AFL in 2008 to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the sport.", "A highlight was the 1994 Mark of the Year over Collingwood's Gary Pert on Mother's Day at the MCG, a mark which is captured in Jamie Cooper's painting the Game That Made Australia, commissioned by the AFL in 2008 to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the sport. There is still debate over whether he had enough control of the ball to be paid a mark.", "There is still debate over whether he had enough control of the ball to be paid a mark. In early 1996, Ablett was suspended for five games for striking St Kilda's 172 cm Kristian Bardsley with a raised forearm.", "In early 1996, Ablett was suspended for five games for striking St Kilda's 172 cm Kristian Bardsley with a raised forearm. He later remarked that his lengthy suspension was the \"beginning of the end\", and he finished out the season with 69 goals in 17 games.", "He later remarked that his lengthy suspension was the \"beginning of the end\", and he finished out the season with 69 goals in 17 games. His last AFL appearance was against North Melbourne in a Qualifying Final in 1996. Ablett managed to kick only one goal in a disappointing 60-point loss.", "Ablett managed to kick only one goal in a disappointing 60-point loss. In October 1996, he missed Geelong's first training session and was fined $10,000. On 22 November 1996, Ablett was admitted to hospital with a severe bout of gastro. On 28 November, Ablett faced traffic charges.", "On 28 November, Ablett faced traffic charges. 1997 end of career Ablett was ready to start the serious training with the club by the first week of January. By February, it was reported that he was still under pressure to improve his fitness. In March, Geelong confirmed that Ablett would play in 1997.", "In March, Geelong confirmed that Ablett would play in 1997. On Sunday, 31 March 1997, Ablett played in the reserves against Richmond. Gary booted 7 goals but injured his knee. Three days later, on 3 April, he underwent arthroscopic surgery. In early June, Ablett had still not recovered; he faced knee surgery.", "In early June, Ablett had still not recovered; he faced knee surgery. During the preliminary finals in September, he announced his retirement from football. State of Origin Ablett had a prolific State of Origin career, kicking 43 goals in 11 games.", "State of Origin Ablett had a prolific State of Origin career, kicking 43 goals in 11 games. He was first selected to play for Victoria in 1984, against Western Australia, only nine games into his career at Geelong, kicking 8 goals in a best-on-ground performance.", "He was first selected to play for Victoria in 1984, against Western Australia, only nine games into his career at Geelong, kicking 8 goals in a best-on-ground performance. He performed well again the following year, kicking 4 goals against South Australia.", "He performed well again the following year, kicking 4 goals against South Australia. In the following few years Ablett was largely out of the side, apart from 1987, when he kicked 2 goals against South Australia. Ablett again performed at the highest level in 1990, kicking 6 goals, against Western Australia in Perth.", "Ablett again performed at the highest level in 1990, kicking 6 goals, against Western Australia in Perth. After returning from retirement midway through 1991, and after only several games, Ablett was controversially selected for Victoria, kicking 2 goals.", "After returning from retirement midway through 1991, and after only several games, Ablett was controversially selected for Victoria, kicking 2 goals. In 1992 Ablett performed well, kicking 3 goals and being named among the best players, against Western Australia.", "In 1992 Ablett performed well, kicking 3 goals and being named among the best players, against Western Australia. In 1993, he kicked 4 goals, against a combined New South Wales–Australian Capital Territory side, and in the same year Ablett again performed on the big stage, kicking 5 goals in the State of Origin Carnival Grand Final.", "In 1993, he kicked 4 goals, against a combined New South Wales–Australian Capital Territory side, and in the same year Ablett again performed on the big stage, kicking 5 goals in the State of Origin Carnival Grand Final. In 1994, he kicked 4 goals, against South Australia, in what has been regarded as \"one of the greatest Australian football games of all time\" and followed up that performance with 4 goals against South Australia in 1995.", "In 1994, he kicked 4 goals, against South Australia, in what has been regarded as \"one of the greatest Australian football games of all time\" and followed up that performance with 4 goals against South Australia in 1995. On representing Victoria, Ablett has said \"I've always found it a tremendous honour to represent your state, in a State of Origin game\".", "On representing Victoria, Ablett has said \"I've always found it a tremendous honour to represent your state, in a State of Origin game\". Legacy Ablett combined strength, speed, and skill to produce many spectacular highlights and goal-kicking feats. A noted big game player, Ablett kicked 43 goals in 11 State appearances.", "A noted big game player, Ablett kicked 43 goals in 11 State appearances. More significantly, he booted 64 goals over the course of his 16 finals – an average of four goals a game. His haul of 27 goals in the 1989 finals series is a record that still stands.", "His haul of 27 goals in the 1989 finals series is a record that still stands. He was awarded the Norm Smith Medal for his performance in the 1989 Grand Final, where he was adjudged best player afield.", "He was awarded the Norm Smith Medal for his performance in the 1989 Grand Final, where he was adjudged best player afield. In doing so, he became one of only four players (the others being Maurice Rioli −1982, Nathan Buckley −2002, and Chris Judd −2005) to win the medal playing for the losing side.", "In doing so, he became one of only four players (the others being Maurice Rioli −1982, Nathan Buckley −2002, and Chris Judd −2005) to win the medal playing for the losing side. In 1996, Ablett joined Gordon Coventry, Doug Wade, Jason Dunstall and Tony Lockett as the only players in league history to kick 1000 VFL/AFL goals.", "In 1996, Ablett joined Gordon Coventry, Doug Wade, Jason Dunstall and Tony Lockett as the only players in league history to kick 1000 VFL/AFL goals. Martin Flanagan's representation of Australian football pioneer Tom Wills in his 1996 novel The Call is modeled on Ablett.", "Martin Flanagan's representation of Australian football pioneer Tom Wills in his 1996 novel The Call is modeled on Ablett. According to Flanagan, Wills and Ablett polarised opinion in similar ways, and displayed a lack of insight into their actions—they simply did what came naturally to them, \"like a lot of artists\".", "According to Flanagan, Wills and Ablett polarised opinion in similar ways, and displayed a lack of insight into their actions—they simply did what came naturally to them, \"like a lot of artists\". Ablett is the subject of the song \"Kicking the Footy with God\", released by The Bedroom Philosopher on his 2005 debut album In Bed with My Doona.", "Ablett is the subject of the song \"Kicking the Footy with God\", released by The Bedroom Philosopher on his 2005 debut album In Bed with My Doona. In 1996, Ablett was named in the AFL Team of the Century on the interchange bench, alongside Jack Dyer and Greg Williams.", "In 1996, Ablett was named in the AFL Team of the Century on the interchange bench, alongside Jack Dyer and Greg Williams. In 2001, Ablett was named in the Geelong Team of the Century, on a half forward flank.", "In 2001, Ablett was named in the Geelong Team of the Century, on a half forward flank. In 2005, after many years of controversy and debate (see below), he was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame.", "In 2005, after many years of controversy and debate (see below), he was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame. The following year, he was honoured yet again when he was voted as the Greatest Geelong player of all-time ahead of Graham Farmer.", "The following year, he was honoured yet again when he was voted as the Greatest Geelong player of all-time ahead of Graham Farmer. In 2006, Ablett was honoured with the naming of a terrace in his name within the newly renovated Skilled Stadium.", "In 2006, Ablett was honoured with the naming of a terrace in his name within the newly renovated Skilled Stadium. Ablett once had a set of gates named in his honour, but he was upgraded to a terrace at the beginning of the 2006 AFL season.", "Ablett once had a set of gates named in his honour, but he was upgraded to a terrace at the beginning of the 2006 AFL season. Induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame Despite his footballing achievements on the field, Ablett's induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame was initially delayed.", "Induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame Despite his footballing achievements on the field, Ablett's induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame was initially delayed. Despite Ablett's undoubted footballing credentials, his well-publicised contribution to the death of Alisha Horan was responsible for the Australian Football Hall of Fame committee's reluctance to induct him.", "Despite Ablett's undoubted footballing credentials, his well-publicised contribution to the death of Alisha Horan was responsible for the Australian Football Hall of Fame committee's reluctance to induct him. In 2004, after several years of speculation over his induction, Ablett personally requested that the Geelong Football Club stop nominating him for selection, which the club agreed to.", "In 2004, after several years of speculation over his induction, Ablett personally requested that the Geelong Football Club stop nominating him for selection, which the club agreed to. However, the following year it was announced that Ablett would be inducted into the Hall of Fame as part of the 2005 intake.", "However, the following year it was announced that Ablett would be inducted into the Hall of Fame as part of the 2005 intake. Ablett did not attend the induction ceremony and instead released a statement through his then-manager, Michael Baker: \"Due to my current battle with depression I am not in a position to be able to accept this award in person.", "Ablett did not attend the induction ceremony and instead released a statement through his then-manager, Michael Baker: \"Due to my current battle with depression I am not in a position to be able to accept this award in person. I did not make this decision lightly but due to medical advice it was deemed best for my health that I do not attend tonight.", "I did not make this decision lightly but due to medical advice it was deemed best for my health that I do not attend tonight. I feel blessed to have had the opportunity to play this great game and also to have played at the elite level alongside many celebrated champions.", "I feel blessed to have had the opportunity to play this great game and also to have played at the elite level alongside many celebrated champions. Being chosen to be inducted into the Hall of Fame is one of the highest honours a player could dream of.", "Being chosen to be inducted into the Hall of Fame is one of the highest honours a player could dream of. I thank those who deem me worthy enough to be placed alongside such respected company.\" Personal life The youngest of eight children, Ablett grew up alongside four elder brothers and three elder sisters.", "Personal life The youngest of eight children, Ablett grew up alongside four elder brothers and three elder sisters. In 1985, Ablett wed his long-time girlfriend Sue, and the couple had four children – Natasha, Gary Jr., Nathan, and Alisha.", "In 1985, Ablett wed his long-time girlfriend Sue, and the couple had four children – Natasha, Gary Jr., Nathan, and Alisha. In 1986, Ablett became a born-again Christian and has been said to be slightly aggrieved at constantly being referred to as \"God\" by fans, a nickname based on his supreme football abilities.", "In 1986, Ablett became a born-again Christian and has been said to be slightly aggrieved at constantly being referred to as \"God\" by fans, a nickname based on his supreme football abilities. Ablett's faith was often highlighted in several tribunal appearances, in one case confessing and pleading guilty to striking Garry Lyon in a 1989 incident, declaring he \"wasn't prepared to lie about it or compromise the truth in [his] relationship with God\".", "Ablett's faith was often highlighted in several tribunal appearances, in one case confessing and pleading guilty to striking Garry Lyon in a 1989 incident, declaring he \"wasn't prepared to lie about it or compromise the truth in [his] relationship with God\". Ablett's public acknowledgement of his faith, in particular the influence of God in his life, during his acceptance speech for the Norm Smith Medal in the 1989 Grand Final, was also much publicised.", "Ablett's public acknowledgement of his faith, in particular the influence of God in his life, during his acceptance speech for the Norm Smith Medal in the 1989 Grand Final, was also much publicised. On 26 June 2006, Ablett was allegedly assaulted at 11:15pm while browsing through a car yard in Fyans Street, South Geelong.", "On 26 June 2006, Ablett was allegedly assaulted at 11:15pm while browsing through a car yard in Fyans Street, South Geelong. A 31-year-old Geelong man was charged with the assault.", "A 31-year-old Geelong man was charged with the assault. However, he was reported to have committed suicide on 10 July 2006 by jumping from a Melbourne high-rise apartment block the day before he was due to appear before the Geelong Magistrates court to defend the assault charges.", "However, he was reported to have committed suicide on 10 July 2006 by jumping from a Melbourne high-rise apartment block the day before he was due to appear before the Geelong Magistrates court to defend the assault charges. In December 2007, Ablett hit back at media claims that his son Nathan had walked away from his football career because of the publicity surrounding the release of a new book about his father.", "In December 2007, Ablett hit back at media claims that his son Nathan had walked away from his football career because of the publicity surrounding the release of a new book about his father. Although normally reluctant to make public comments, Ablett felt that the media intrusion into his family life had gone too far.", "Although normally reluctant to make public comments, Ablett felt that the media intrusion into his family life had gone too far. As part of a series of books, \"Legends of Australian Sport\", Ablett contributed to a book regarding himself. It was the first time he revealed intimate details regarding his life publicly.", "It was the first time he revealed intimate details regarding his life publicly. In September 2020, Ablett released a 27-minute YouTube video discussing his belief in the rapture as being forthcoming.", "In September 2020, Ablett released a 27-minute YouTube video discussing his belief in the rapture as being forthcoming. In this video, he declared that the COVID-19 pandemic had been manufactured and released by the Illuminati and Freemasons in order to depopulate Earth, create a cashless society and \"put Lucifer on the throne of the world\".", "In this video, he declared that the COVID-19 pandemic had been manufactured and released by the Illuminati and Freemasons in order to depopulate Earth, create a cashless society and \"put Lucifer on the throne of the world\". A footballing family Two of Ablett's brothers played in the Victorian Football League – Kevin Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and Geelong, and Geoff Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and St Kilda.", "A footballing family Two of Ablett's brothers played in the Victorian Football League – Kevin Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and Geelong, and Geoff Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and St Kilda. Ablett's eldest son, Gary Jr., has followed in his footsteps to play for Geelong.", "Ablett's eldest son, Gary Jr., has followed in his footsteps to play for Geelong. In 2007 and 2009, Ablett Jr. won the Cats' best and fairest award, emulating a feat established by his father in his first season with the Cats back in 1984; he also won the Brownlow Medal in 2009 and 2013.", "In 2007 and 2009, Ablett Jr. won the Cats' best and fairest award, emulating a feat established by his father in his first season with the Cats back in 1984; he also won the Brownlow Medal in 2009 and 2013. Another son, Nathan, was drafted in 2004 (48th pick) by Geelong under the father-son rule.", "Another son, Nathan, was drafted in 2004 (48th pick) by Geelong under the father-son rule. Nathan initially refused to play AFL Football because of his father's experience with the media, but, with encouragement from the club, was signed ahead of the 2005 AFL Season and established himself in the full forward role Gary Sr. made his own.", "Nathan initially refused to play AFL Football because of his father's experience with the media, but, with encouragement from the club, was signed ahead of the 2005 AFL Season and established himself in the full forward role Gary Sr. made his own. On 29 September 2007, both Gary Jr. and Nathan contributed to Geelong winning its first flag in 44 years, capturing the premiership that proved elusive to Gary Snr in his 12 years at the club.", "On 29 September 2007, both Gary Jr. and Nathan contributed to Geelong winning its first flag in 44 years, capturing the premiership that proved elusive to Gary Snr in his 12 years at the club. Nathan retired suddenly before the 2008 season, but he and his brother Gary Jr. were members of the Gold Coast Football Club's inaugural team for the 2011 season.", "Nathan retired suddenly before the 2008 season, but he and his brother Gary Jr. were members of the Gold Coast Football Club's inaugural team for the 2011 season. In addition to his sons, Ablett has a nephew, Luke Ablett, who played for the Sydney Swans and won a premiership with them in 2005.", "In addition to his sons, Ablett has a nephew, Luke Ablett, who played for the Sydney Swans and won a premiership with them in 2005. Two other nephews, from his sister's marriage to Hawthorn legend Michael Tuck, also played in the AFL – Richmond's Shane Tuck and Travis Tuck, who played for Hawthorn.", "Two other nephews, from his sister's marriage to Hawthorn legend Michael Tuck, also played in the AFL – Richmond's Shane Tuck and Travis Tuck, who played for Hawthorn. Criminal offences Ablett had well-documented off-field problems, particularly with illegal drug use, and depression in the wake of the Alisha Horan death.", "Criminal offences Ablett had well-documented off-field problems, particularly with illegal drug use, and depression in the wake of the Alisha Horan death. In 1990, Ablett was placed on a $10,000 good behaviour bond after he pleaded guilty to repeatedly hitting a man he found sitting in a car with his estranged wife.", "In 1990, Ablett was placed on a $10,000 good behaviour bond after he pleaded guilty to repeatedly hitting a man he found sitting in a car with his estranged wife. In 2000, Ablett was investigated, charged and convicted of four drug offences as a result of nineteen-year-old Geelong woman Alisha Horan dying of a drug overdose (involving heroin, ecstasy and amphetamines) while in Ablett's hotel room.", "In 2000, Ablett was investigated, charged and convicted of four drug offences as a result of nineteen-year-old Geelong woman Alisha Horan dying of a drug overdose (involving heroin, ecstasy and amphetamines) while in Ablett's hotel room. After a prolonged period of refusing to answer police questions and refusing to answer questions at an April 2001 inquest (on the grounds that he may incriminate himself) – Ablett later admitted to providing Horan with heroin and ecstasy.", "After a prolonged period of refusing to answer police questions and refusing to answer questions at an April 2001 inquest (on the grounds that he may incriminate himself) – Ablett later admitted to providing Horan with heroin and ecstasy. Horan had found a small quantity of heroin in Ablett's coat pocket and asked him what it was.", "Horan had found a small quantity of heroin in Ablett's coat pocket and asked him what it was. Rather than admit that it was heroin, Ablett told her it was cocaine, which they both then ingested, leading to Horan's overdose.", "Rather than admit that it was heroin, Ablett told her it was cocaine, which they both then ingested, leading to Horan's overdose. Ablett wasn't charged with manslaughter, but pleaded guilty to four lesser charges, was convicted, and fined $1500. Statistics |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "Statistics |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1982 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 35 || 6 || 11 || 13 || 47 || 21 || 68 || 26 || || 1.5 || 2.2 || 7.8 || 3.5 || 11.3 || 4.3 || |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1982 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 35 || 6 || 11 || 13 || 47 || 21 || 68 || 26 || || 1.5 || 2.2 || 7.8 || 3.5 || 11.3 || 4.3 || |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1984 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 33 || 28 || 238 || 61 || 299 || 86 || || 2.2 || 1.9 || 15.9 || 4.1 || 19.9 || 5.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1984 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 33 || 28 || 238 || 61 || 299 || 86 || || 2.2 || 1.9 || 15.9 || 4.1 || 19.9 || 5.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1985 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 20 || 82 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 67 || 274 || 62 || 336 || 135 || || 4.1 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.4 || 13.7 || 3.1 || 16.8 || 6.8 || |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1985 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 20 || 82 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 67 || 274 || 62 || 336 || 135 || || 4.1 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.4 || 13.7 || 3.1 || 16.8 || 6.8 || |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1986 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 65 || 49 || 185 || 39 || 224 || 101 || || 4.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.3 || 12.3 || 2.6 || 14.9 || 6.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1986 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 65 || 49 || 185 || 39 || 224 || 101 || || 4.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.3 || 12.3 || 2.6 || 14.9 || 6.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1987 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 53 || 38 || 200 || 46 || 246 || 86 || 19 || 3.1 || 2.2 || 11.8 || 2.7 || 14.5 || 5.1 || 1.1 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1987 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 53 || 38 || 200 || 46 || 246 || 86 || 19 || 3.1 || 2.2 || 11.8 || 2.7 || 14.5 || 5.1 || 1.1 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1988 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 82 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 62 || 253 || 42 || 295 || 117 || 19 || 3.9 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.0 || 12.0 || 2.0 || 14.0 || 5.6 || 0.9 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1988 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 82 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 62 || 253 || 42 || 295 || 117 || 19 || 3.9 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.0 || 12.0 || 2.0 || 14.0 || 5.6 || 0.9 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1989 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 23 || 87 || 54 || 378 || 68 || 446 || 151 || 29 || 3.8 || 2.3 || 16.4 || 3.0 || 19.4 || 6.6 || 1.3 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1989 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 23 || 87 || 54 || 378 || 68 || 446 || 151 || 29 || 3.8 || 2.3 || 16.4 || 3.0 || 19.4 || 6.6 || 1.3 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1990 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 75 || 43 || 224 || 47 || 271 || 100 || 21 || 4.4 || 2.5 || 13.2 || 2.8 || 15.9 || 5.9 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1990 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 75 || 43 || 224 || 47 || 271 || 100 || 21 || 4.4 || 2.5 || 13.2 || 2.8 || 15.9 || 5.9 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1991 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 12 || 28 || 27 || 144 || 21 || 165 || 55 || 20 || 2.3 || 2.3 || 12.0 || 1.8 || 13.8 || 4.6 || 1.7 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1991 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 12 || 28 || 27 || 144 || 21 || 165 || 55 || 20 || 2.3 || 2.3 || 12.0 || 1.8 || 13.8 || 4.6 || 1.7 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1992 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 72 || 54 || 324 || 61 || 385 || 118 || 33 || 3.4 || 2.6 || 15.4 || 2.9 || 18.3 || 5.6 || 1.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1992 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 72 || 54 || 324 || 61 || 385 || 118 || 33 || 3.4 || 2.6 || 15.4 || 2.9 || 18.3 || 5.6 || 1.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1993 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 124 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 60 || 233 || 13 || 246 || 111 || 10 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 7.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.5 || 13.7 || 0.8 || 14.5 || 6.5 || 0.6 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1993 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 124 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 60 || 233 || 13 || 246 || 111 || 10 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 7.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.5 || 13.7 || 0.8 || 14.5 || 6.5 || 0.6 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1994 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 25 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 129 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 79 || 263 || 30 || 293 || 130 || 15 || 5.2 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.2 || 10.5 || 1.2 || 11.7 || 5.2 || 0.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1994 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 25 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 129 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 79 || 263 || 30 || 293 || 130 || 15 || 5.2 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.2 || 10.5 || 1.2 || 11.7 || 5.2 || 0.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1995 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 22 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 122 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 85 || 264 || 19 || 283 || 148 || 18 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 5.5 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.9 || 12.0 || 0.9 || 12.9 || 6.7 || 0.8 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1995 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 22 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 122 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 85 || 264 || 19 || 283 || 148 || 18 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 5.5 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.9 || 12.0 || 0.9 || 12.9 || 6.7 || 0.8 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1996 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 69 || 31 || 159 || 31 || 190 || 71 || 13 || 4.1 || 1.8 || 9.4 || 1.8 || 11.2 || 4.2 || 0.8 |- class=\"sortbottom\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1996 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 69 || 31 || 159 || 31 || 190 || 71 || 13 || 4.1 || 1.8 || 9.4 || 1.8 || 11.2 || 4.2 || 0.8 |- class=\"sortbottom\" ! colspan=3| Career ! 248 !", "colspan=3| Career ! 248 ! 248 ! 1031 ! 690 ! 3186 ! 561 ! 3747 ! 1435 ! 197 ! 4.2 ! 2.8 ! 12.8 ! 2.3 ! 15.1 ! 5.8 !", "2.8 ! 12.8 ! 2.3 ! 15.1 ! 5.8 ! 5.8 ! 1.0 |} Honours and achievements Team McClelland Trophy (): 1992 Individual Norm Smith Medal: 1989 3× Coleman Medal: 1993, 1994, 1995 4× All-Australian team: 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Carji Greeves Medal: 1984 Leigh Matthews Trophy (AFL MVP Award): 1993 9× Geelong leading goalkicker: 1985, 1986, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 Geelong Team of the Century Geelong captain: 1995–1996 2× Alex Jesaulenko Medal: 1985, 1994 Geelong F.C.", "1.0 |} Honours and achievements Team McClelland Trophy (): 1992 Individual Norm Smith Medal: 1989 3× Coleman Medal: 1993, 1994, 1995 4× All-Australian team: 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Carji Greeves Medal: 1984 Leigh Matthews Trophy (AFL MVP Award): 1993 9× Geelong leading goalkicker: 1985, 1986, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 Geelong Team of the Century Geelong captain: 1995–1996 2× Alex Jesaulenko Medal: 1985, 1994 Geelong F.C. Hall of Fame Australian Sports Medal: 2000 Centenary Medal: 2001 Australian Football League Team of the Century 1897-1996 VFL/AFL players with 1,000 goals 8× State of Origin (Victoria): 1984, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 (c) Australian Football Media Association Player of the Year: 1993Australian Football Hall of Fame: 2005 Inductee5th on all-time leading goal-kickersAll-time leading goal kicker for Geelong F.C.", "Hall of Fame Australian Sports Medal: 2000 Centenary Medal: 2001 Australian Football League Team of the Century 1897-1996 VFL/AFL players with 1,000 goals 8× State of Origin (Victoria): 1984, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 (c) Australian Football Media Association Player of the Year: 1993Australian Football Hall of Fame: 2005 Inductee5th on all-time leading goal-kickersAll-time leading goal kicker for Geelong F.C. (1021 goals)Only player to have won Coleman Medal and kicked 100 goals in three consecutive seasons (1993–1995)Oldest player to kick 100 goals in a season (33 years old in 1995)Most goals in an AFL/VFL Grand Final (9 goals in 1989 Grand Final)Most goals in an AFL/VFL finals series (27 goals in 1989)Highest goals-per-game ratio in Geelong F.C.", "(1021 goals)Only player to have won Coleman Medal and kicked 100 goals in three consecutive seasons (1993–1995)Oldest player to kick 100 goals in a season (33 years old in 1995)Most goals in an AFL/VFL Grand Final (9 goals in 1989 Grand Final)Most goals in an AFL/VFL finals series (27 goals in 1989)Highest goals-per-game ratio in Geelong F.C. history (4.22 goals per game)4-time runner-up in Carji Greeves Medal (1985, 1993, 1994, 1995)3-time third-place getter in Carji Greeves Medal (1986, 1989, 1990)''' See also After the siren kicks in Australian rules football Alf Williamson Notes References Bibliography External links Gary Ablett's profile at AustralianFootball.com 1961 births Gary All-Australians (AFL) Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees Carji Greeves Medal winners Coleman Medal winners Geelong Football Club players Hawthorn Football Club players Leigh Matthews Trophy winners Living people Norm Smith Medal winners Sportspeople from Geelong Victorian State of Origin players Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia) Myrtleford Football Club players Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal Recipients of the Centenary Medal Australian Christians" ]

[ "Gary Ablett Sr.", "The early years at Geelong (1984-1988)", "What did he do at Geelong?", "He debuted for the Cats in Round 7 and after just nine games on the wing, Ablett was selected to his first State of Origin game for Victoria.", "How did he do for the Cats?", "Playing mostly on the half forward flank, Ablett won the club's goalkicking award for the following two seasons with 82 and 65 goals respectively." ]

[ "Ronald Paul Burns (born 13 March 1973) is a former Indigenous Australian rules footballer for the Geelong Football Club and Adelaide Crows in the Australian Football League (AFL).\n\nBiography\nBurns is the nephew of former footballers Tony and Benny Vigona.\n\nPlaying career\nOriginally from St Mary's Football Club of the Northern Territory Football League, Burns moved to Western Australia and played colts football for Claremont Football Club before moving back to Darwin. He was lured back to Perth by the West Perth Football Club before being drafted to the Geelong Cats in the AFL. Burns led the Cats in goalkicking 5 times, playing as a small crumbing forward during a less decorated time for the club.\n\nAfter a period of poor play, the Cats traded Burns to the Adelaide Crows for Ben Finnin, who ultimately did not play a game for the Cats. Burns played out the rest of his career with the Crows, but failed to make the same impact as he had made for the Cats.\n\nBurns played 154 games and kicked 262 goals from 1995 to 2004.\n\nReferences \n\nGeelong Football Club players\nAdelaide Football Club players\nAllies State of Origin players\nWest Perth Football Club players\nSt Mary's Football Club (NTFL) players\nPort Fairy Football Club players\nIndigenous Australian players of Australian rules football\nAustralian rules footballers from the Northern Territory\n1973 births\nLiving people\nHeywood Football Club players\nPort Adelaide Magpies players", "Anthony Royell Akins (born May 10, 1977) is a former Canadian football wide receiver and slotback who played for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League (CFL) from 1999 to 2003. He played in 61 regular season games, catching 121 receptions for 2,138 yards and 14 touchdowns. He also returned punts and kickoffs. Akins is a Grey Cup champion.\n\nAkins played high school football at Starkville High School before playing at East Mississippi Community College. He later transferred to Eastern Louisiana University and played for the Warhawks. After going unselected in the 1999 NFL Draft, Akins was signed by the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League but was cut before the beginning of the regular season. He was signed by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats shortly after and spent his first two seasons moving between the practice squad and the active roster, playing in 9 games each season and contributing heavily on special teams. Akins transitioned to a more offensive role in 2001, but his career was interrupted in later seasons by repeated injuries.\n\nEarly career \n\nAkins began playing high school football at Starkville High School as a freshman. Due to his small size, Akins rarely played. As a senior, he was ruled ineligible for academic reasons but continued practicing with the football team throughout the season. Akins was also able to participate on the track and field team, running sprints. After Akins impressed his high school football coach by practicing despite his ineligibility, the coach invited East Mississippi Community College to look at Akins. A representative of East Mississippi attended a track and field meet where Akins won the 100 metres and offered him a scholarship to play college football shortly afterward.\n\nAkins went on to play at both East Mississippi and Northeast Louisiana University. In his first game at East Mississippi, Akins returned a punt 85 yards for a touchdown. Although Akins developed at East Mississippi and with the Northeast Louisiana Indians, he remained at least second on the depth chart, playing behind Quincy Jackson at East Mississippi and Marty Booker at Northeast Louisiana. Akins played with the Indians through 1998, when he featured as the team's kick returner and led his team with 1,269 all-purpose yards.\n\nProfessional career \n\nAkins declared for the 1999 NFL Draft, where he went unsigned. The Buffalo Bills later signed him to fill their final roster slot at wide receiver in training camp. In late August, they released Akins prior to the start of the regular season.\n\nHamilton Tiger-Cats \n\nWithin a week of being cut from the Bills, Akins was signed by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats to their practice squad. After Curtis Jackson was released from the Tiger-Cats, Akins was moved to the active roster to replace him as part of the punt and kick return rotation. On September 12, Akins made his CFL debut against the Montreal Alouettes, where he averaged 21 yards on kick returns. Akins was named Offensive Player of the Week for his performance in an October game against the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, where he caught eight passes for 257 yards and four touchdowns. In early November, he was named Special Teams Player of the Week after returning three kicks for over 100 yards. The Tiger-Cats won the 87th Grey Cup with Akins contributing four catches for 43 yards.\n\nAkins returned to the Tiger-Cats for the 2000 season. In July, he returned a punt from Lui Passaglia 65 yards for a touchdown. In mid-September, Akins started in place of the injured Darren Flutie, but he was later moved to the practice squad in October. He returned for the final game of the regular season and returned a punt for his second 65-yard touchdown of the season. The Tiger-Cats lost the East Semi-Final 22–20 to the Winnipeg Blue Bombers after an offensive interference penalty was assessed on Akins in the final minutes of the game. The Hamilton Spectator described the penalty as \"ill-deserved\". Akins finished the season sixth in the CFL with 393 punt return yards. He was also the league leader in punt return touchdowns.\n\nOn December 12, 2000, the Tiger-Cats announced that they had re-signed Akins. Due to the CFL's import ratio requirements, Hamilton Spectator reporter Steve Milton speculated that Akins would be cut before the regular season. Instead, Akins made the regular season roster and regularly started at wide receiver for the first time in his career. Due to Akins' speed, he was moved to the slotback position in August. He later lost his starting position to wide receiver Corey Grant but continued to see regular playing time. Akins was held out of two games entirely near the end of the season to allow offensive lineman Gary Brown to return from the injured list. Akins' role as a receiver increased in the 2001 season, and he finished his season with 29 catches for 461 receiving yards. Conversely, his role as a kick and punt returner decreased substantially. Akins averaged 5.1 yards per punt return and 15.5 yards per kickoff return, decreasing from 10.3 yards and 24.0 yards in the 2000 season, respectively.\n\nAkins became a free agent before the 2002 season. The Montreal Alouettes expressed interest in signing Akins, but he decided to re-sign with the Tiger-Cats in May shortly before a deadline imposed by head coach Ron Lancaster. In a pre-season game, Akins suffered a collarbone injury when a player's face mask was driven into his chest. He returned in mid-July. In his second game of the season, Akins scored three touchdowns. He scored in each of the two following games as well. Akins' success was interrupted in late August when he re-injured his collarbone with deep bruising. After Akins returned, he caught an 84-yard touchdown while accumulating 150 receiving yards against the Alouettes. The Hamilton Tiger-Cats did not qualify for the playoffs in 2002, but Akins had his most successful season, catching 38 receptions for 732 yards and 7 touchdowns. All three values were career-highs for the wide receiver.\n\nAkins re-signed with the Tiger-Cats before the start of the 2003 season. He was moved around in various positions throughout the season. Before the beginning of the season, Akins was designated the starting slotback, but he quickly lost the job to Trevor Shaw. He was later moved back to his original position at wide receiver. After missing games due to leg and knee injuries, Akins finished the season with 482 receiving yards and two touchdowns.\n\nIn 2004, Akins was cut from the Tiger-Cats during the preseason after facing competition from seven import receivers and five Canadians.\n\nSeason statistics\n\nPersonal life \n\nAkins is divorced and has four children.\n\nReferences \n\n1977 births\nLiving people\nLouisiana–Monroe Warhawks football players\nHamilton Tiger-Cats players\nAmerican football wide receivers\nCanadian football wide receivers\nCanadian football slotbacks\nAmerican players of Canadian football\nPlayers of American football from Mississippi\nSportspeople from Starkville, Mississippi\nBuffalo Bills players\nEast Mississippi Lions football players\nStarkville High School alumni" ]

[ "Gary Ablett Sr. (born 1 October 1961), is a former professional Australian rules footballer who represented and in the Australian Football League (AFL). Nicknamed \"God\", Ablett is widely regarded as one of Australian football's greatest players, and was especially renowned for his high-flying spectacular marks and his prolific goalkicking.", "Nicknamed \"God\", Ablett is widely regarded as one of Australian football's greatest players, and was especially renowned for his high-flying spectacular marks and his prolific goalkicking. After playing for several country teams in and around his hometown of Drouin, Victoria, Ablett was recruited by Hawthorn and made his Victorian Football League (VFL) debut in 1982.", "After playing for several country teams in and around his hometown of Drouin, Victoria, Ablett was recruited by Hawthorn and made his Victorian Football League (VFL) debut in 1982. However, he struggled to adjust to city life and retreated to Myrtleford the following year.", "However, he struggled to adjust to city life and retreated to Myrtleford the following year. The Geelong Football Club managed to lure him back to professional football in 1984, and by the late 80s, he had become one of the VFL's biggest stars.", "The Geelong Football Club managed to lure him back to professional football in 1984, and by the late 80s, he had become one of the VFL's biggest stars. His 1989 VFL Grand Final appearance, during which he kicked a grand final record nine goals for a losing side, is regarded as one of football's greatest individual performances, earning him the Norm Smith Medal.", "His 1989 VFL Grand Final appearance, during which he kicked a grand final record nine goals for a losing side, is regarded as one of football's greatest individual performances, earning him the Norm Smith Medal. At the beginning of the 1991 season, Ablett shocked the football world by abruptly announcing his retirement from the game, but made a comeback midway through the year.", "At the beginning of the 1991 season, Ablett shocked the football world by abruptly announcing his retirement from the game, but made a comeback midway through the year. He went on to appear in the 1992, 1994, and 1995 grand finals, before officially retiring after the 1996 season.", "He went on to appear in the 1992, 1994, and 1995 grand finals, before officially retiring after the 1996 season. Ablett's individual accolades and achievements include an induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame, an AFL Team of the Century selection, the 1993 AFL Players Association MVP award (now known as the Leigh Matthews Trophy), and three Coleman Medals.", "Ablett's individual accolades and achievements include an induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame, an AFL Team of the Century selection, the 1993 AFL Players Association MVP award (now known as the Leigh Matthews Trophy), and three Coleman Medals. He remains Geelong's all-time leading goalkicker, with 1021 goals; and, in 2006, was voted by past and present Geelong Football Club players as the greatest Geelong footballer of all time.", "He remains Geelong's all-time leading goalkicker, with 1021 goals; and, in 2006, was voted by past and present Geelong Football Club players as the greatest Geelong footballer of all time. Early life Born in Drouin to Alfred and Colleen Ablett, Gary Ablett grew up in Gippsland, Victoria alongside his four elder brothers and three sisters.", "Early life Born in Drouin to Alfred and Colleen Ablett, Gary Ablett grew up in Gippsland, Victoria alongside his four elder brothers and three sisters. Ablett displayed a love for sport at an early age, winning the state school high jump at 10 years of age.", "Ablett displayed a love for sport at an early age, winning the state school high jump at 10 years of age. He was also awarded both club and competition best and fairest awards for Drouin at the under-11s, under-12s and under-14s levels.", "He was also awarded both club and competition best and fairest awards for Drouin at the under-11s, under-12s and under-14s levels. After his interest waned in attending school, Ablett dropped out of high school at 15 to become a bricklayer's labourer.", "After his interest waned in attending school, Ablett dropped out of high school at 15 to become a bricklayer's labourer. He also began to concentrate on his football and joined his brothers in the Drouin senior team at just 16 years of age.", "He also began to concentrate on his football and joined his brothers in the Drouin senior team at just 16 years of age. After appearing in several country league representative games, the Hawthorn Football Club, which had already signed Gary's elder brothers Geoff and Kevin onto their lists, invited him to play reserves football.", "After appearing in several country league representative games, the Hawthorn Football Club, which had already signed Gary's elder brothers Geoff and Kevin onto their lists, invited him to play reserves football. Career AFL The Hawthorn experience (1981–1983) After signing a reserves contract and featuring in six reserves games for Hawthorn, Ablett retreated back to his home in Drouin.", "Career AFL The Hawthorn experience (1981–1983) After signing a reserves contract and featuring in six reserves games for Hawthorn, Ablett retreated back to his home in Drouin. He returned to Hawthorn in 1982 and made his senior VFL debut versus Geelong in Round 2, kicking 1 goal and helping the Hawks defeat the Cats by 19 points.", "He returned to Hawthorn in 1982 and made his senior VFL debut versus Geelong in Round 2, kicking 1 goal and helping the Hawks defeat the Cats by 19 points. He played a further five games for Hawthorn that year for a total of six games and ten goals.", "He played a further five games for Hawthorn that year for a total of six games and ten goals. Ablett claimed difficulty coping with city life in Melbourne and his continual absenteeism from training sessions forced Hawthorn coach, Allan Jeans into parting ways with the talented, but wayward young half forward.", "Ablett claimed difficulty coping with city life in Melbourne and his continual absenteeism from training sessions forced Hawthorn coach, Allan Jeans into parting ways with the talented, but wayward young half forward. In 1983, he moved with his young family to the country town of Myrtleford.", "In 1983, he moved with his young family to the country town of Myrtleford. Ablett spent the year playing under the tutelage of his cousin Len Ablett for Myrtleford in the Ovens and Murray Football League. Ablett's footballing ability soon came on notice again, this time to the Geelong Football Club and their long-time recruiting officer Bill McMaster.", "Ablett's footballing ability soon came on notice again, this time to the Geelong Football Club and their long-time recruiting officer Bill McMaster. McMaster convinced Ablett to give the game another shot, this time in the confines of the rural city of Geelong.", "McMaster convinced Ablett to give the game another shot, this time in the confines of the rural city of Geelong. After protracted negotiations with Hawthorn, Geelong finally paid a $60,000 transfer for Ablett in 1984.", "After protracted negotiations with Hawthorn, Geelong finally paid a $60,000 transfer for Ablett in 1984. The early years at Geelong (1984–1988) Ablett signed a one-year contract for the 1984 season with Geelong, and he began his first season under the guidance of Tom Hafey.", "The early years at Geelong (1984–1988) Ablett signed a one-year contract for the 1984 season with Geelong, and he began his first season under the guidance of Tom Hafey. He debuted for the Cats in Round 7 and after just nine games on the wing, Ablett was selected to his first State of Origin game for Victoria.", "He debuted for the Cats in Round 7 and after just nine games on the wing, Ablett was selected to his first State of Origin game for Victoria. Ablett earned best-on-ground honours after kicking 8 goals from the half-forward flank.", "Ablett earned best-on-ground honours after kicking 8 goals from the half-forward flank. He played 15 games and kicked 33 goals in the 1984 season, and was awarded the Carji Greeves Medal as the Geelong Football Club's \"best and fairest\" player of the year.", "He played 15 games and kicked 33 goals in the 1984 season, and was awarded the Carji Greeves Medal as the Geelong Football Club's \"best and fairest\" player of the year. Following his first season with Geelong, Ablett signed a new three-year contract with the club.", "Following his first season with Geelong, Ablett signed a new three-year contract with the club. Playing mostly on the half forward flank, Ablett won the club's goalkicking award for the following two seasons with 82 and 65 goals respectively.", "Playing mostly on the half forward flank, Ablett won the club's goalkicking award for the following two seasons with 82 and 65 goals respectively. Although Ablett had developed a reputation for his laconic, lazy attitude to training under coach John Devine, this did not prevent him from earning top three placings in the best and fairest awards from 1985 to 1987.", "Although Ablett had developed a reputation for his laconic, lazy attitude to training under coach John Devine, this did not prevent him from earning top three placings in the best and fairest awards from 1985 to 1987. With his contract expiring at the conclusion of the 1987 season, Ablett shocked the VFL by signing a new five-year contract with his former club, Hawthorn.", "With his contract expiring at the conclusion of the 1987 season, Ablett shocked the VFL by signing a new five-year contract with his former club, Hawthorn. After a \"cooling-off\" period, however, Ablett opted to remain with Geelong by agreeing to a lucrative five-year contract that tied him to the club for the long-term.", "After a \"cooling-off\" period, however, Ablett opted to remain with Geelong by agreeing to a lucrative five-year contract that tied him to the club for the long-term. Ablett began the 1988 season with 59 goals after just 11 games, placing him second on the goalkicking list behind Hawthorn's Jason Dunstall.", "Ablett began the 1988 season with 59 goals after just 11 games, placing him second on the goalkicking list behind Hawthorn's Jason Dunstall. In these games, he kicked 10 goals against Richmond in the Anzac Day game, and 11 against Brisbane—one shy of breaking the ground record of 12 goals at Carrara.", "In these games, he kicked 10 goals against Richmond in the Anzac Day game, and 11 against Brisbane—one shy of breaking the ground record of 12 goals at Carrara. Although he missed out on State honours and failed to place within the top three in the club best and fairest award, Ablett finished with 82 goals during the season for the second time in his career.", "Although he missed out on State honours and failed to place within the top three in the club best and fairest award, Ablett finished with 82 goals during the season for the second time in his career. A September to remember (1989–1990) The 1989 season was marked by the arrival of Ablett's third coach, former North Melbourne Brownlow Medallist Malcolm Blight.", "A September to remember (1989–1990) The 1989 season was marked by the arrival of Ablett's third coach, former North Melbourne Brownlow Medallist Malcolm Blight. Ablett helped the Cats reach the finals on the back of a ten match winning streak to end the regular season.", "Ablett helped the Cats reach the finals on the back of a ten match winning streak to end the regular season. In a 134-point victory against Richmond, Ablett scored 14 goals, breaking a 22-year club record, and moving club legend and former club premiership coach Bobby Davis to laud Ablett as the equal of the legendary Graham 'Polly' Farmer, the finest footballers he had seen at Geelong.", "In a 134-point victory against Richmond, Ablett scored 14 goals, breaking a 22-year club record, and moving club legend and former club premiership coach Bobby Davis to laud Ablett as the equal of the legendary Graham 'Polly' Farmer, the finest footballers he had seen at Geelong. His season lowlight occurred in Round 12 when he was suspended for 3 matches after he controversially felled the Melbourne captain, Gary Lyon behind the play.", "His season lowlight occurred in Round 12 when he was suspended for 3 matches after he controversially felled the Melbourne captain, Gary Lyon behind the play. In his first ever final, the Qualifying Final at the MCG versus Essendon, Gary Ablett kicked three goals, but this was not enough.", "In his first ever final, the Qualifying Final at the MCG versus Essendon, Gary Ablett kicked three goals, but this was not enough. The Bombers humbled Geelong by 76 points to force the Cats into a sudden-death Semi Final showdown with Melbourne. The Cats posted a 63-point win against the Demons.", "The Cats posted a 63-point win against the Demons. Ablett kicked seven goals, and helped set up another meeting with Essendon in the Preliminary Final. Ablett kicked 8 goals this time, as the Cats crushed Essendon by 94 points to advance to their first grand final since 1967.", "Ablett kicked 8 goals this time, as the Cats crushed Essendon by 94 points to advance to their first grand final since 1967. Against the reigning premiers Hawthorn in the 1989 VFL Grand Final, Ablett asserted himself from the opening bounce, leading out from full forward, marking the first centre clearance kick and slotting through the game's first goal.", "Against the reigning premiers Hawthorn in the 1989 VFL Grand Final, Ablett asserted himself from the opening bounce, leading out from full forward, marking the first centre clearance kick and slotting through the game's first goal. By half-time, Ablett had kicked four goals, but the Cats trailed at the main break by 37 points.", "By half-time, Ablett had kicked four goals, but the Cats trailed at the main break by 37 points. Ablett kicked a further five goals in the second half, which saw an injury-depleted Hawthorn's lead reduced to just 6 points with less than a minute to go.", "Ablett kicked a further five goals in the second half, which saw an injury-depleted Hawthorn's lead reduced to just 6 points with less than a minute to go. However, the Cats fell short, and Hawthorn held on to defeat Geelong in one of the toughest grand finals of the modern era, winning by 6 points.", "However, the Cats fell short, and Hawthorn held on to defeat Geelong in one of the toughest grand finals of the modern era, winning by 6 points. Ablett's performance in kicking 9 goals earned him the Norm Smith Medal, and in doing so became only the second member of the losing team in VFL/AFL history to be awarded the honour – a performance regarded by many as unrivalled on football's biggest stage.", "Ablett's performance in kicking 9 goals earned him the Norm Smith Medal, and in doing so became only the second member of the losing team in VFL/AFL history to be awarded the honour – a performance regarded by many as unrivalled on football's biggest stage. Ablett's 9 goals also saw him equal Gordon Coventry's goals record set in the 1928 Grand Final.", "Ablett's 9 goals also saw him equal Gordon Coventry's goals record set in the 1928 Grand Final. Shock retirement and return (1991–1992) On 1 February 1991, Ablett, aged 29, stunned most football fans when he announced his retirement, citing personal reasons and a loss of enjoyment for the game.", "Shock retirement and return (1991–1992) On 1 February 1991, Ablett, aged 29, stunned most football fans when he announced his retirement, citing personal reasons and a loss of enjoyment for the game. His previous season in 1990 was marred by injury, dipping motivation, and personal issues, including a separation from his wife.", "His previous season in 1990 was marred by injury, dipping motivation, and personal issues, including a separation from his wife. He was eventually encouraged to reverse his decision and he made his return in Round 12 for the Geelong reserves team.", "He was eventually encouraged to reverse his decision and he made his return in Round 12 for the Geelong reserves team. This generated enormous media interest and drew an abnormally large crowd for the curtain-raiser game at Princes Park.", "This generated enormous media interest and drew an abnormally large crowd for the curtain-raiser game at Princes Park. Ablett was named in the senior side for the following game against , which drew a crowd of over 40,000 to the MCG.", "Ablett was named in the senior side for the following game against , which drew a crowd of over 40,000 to the MCG. He had ten possessions and kicked two goals, one of them an important steadier for the Cats in the last quarter after the Demons had closed to within 24 points.", "He had ten possessions and kicked two goals, one of them an important steadier for the Cats in the last quarter after the Demons had closed to within 24 points. Due to his late season start and lack of conditioning, it was probably no surprise that Ablett failed to recapture his best form, ending his season on a sour note when he was suspended for striking St Kilda rover Nathan Burke in the first week of the finals, and he subsequently missed Geelong's finals defeats to Hawthorn and West Coast.", "Due to his late season start and lack of conditioning, it was probably no surprise that Ablett failed to recapture his best form, ending his season on a sour note when he was suspended for striking St Kilda rover Nathan Burke in the first week of the finals, and he subsequently missed Geelong's finals defeats to Hawthorn and West Coast. Ablett put the disappointment of 1991 behind him, and he dedicated himself to improving his fitness base ahead of the 1992 season.", "Ablett put the disappointment of 1991 behind him, and he dedicated himself to improving his fitness base ahead of the 1992 season. A consistent first half of the year helped the Cats achieve an 11–3 record, eventually earning them a spot in the grand final—this time against the West Coast Eagles.", "A consistent first half of the year helped the Cats achieve an 11–3 record, eventually earning them a spot in the grand final—this time against the West Coast Eagles. After establishing a two-goal lead at half-time, the Cats failed to sustain their momentum during the second half, eventually going down by 28 points to the fast-finishing Eagles.", "After establishing a two-goal lead at half-time, the Cats failed to sustain their momentum during the second half, eventually going down by 28 points to the fast-finishing Eagles. Ablett, who finished with 3 goals, had again failed to finish the year with the same good form in which he had begun it.", "Ablett, who finished with 3 goals, had again failed to finish the year with the same good form in which he had begun it. One special season (1993) Before the 1993 season, Ablett was encouraged by his coach, Malcolm Blight, to move from his customary roaming half-forward position to full-forward, in an effort to prolong his career.", "One special season (1993) Before the 1993 season, Ablett was encouraged by his coach, Malcolm Blight, to move from his customary roaming half-forward position to full-forward, in an effort to prolong his career. The move up forward proved to be a master-stroke, with Ablett thriving in his goal-kicking role, reaching the 50-goal mark in just six games, equalling the sixty-year record of South Melbourne legend Bob Pratt.", "The move up forward proved to be a master-stroke, with Ablett thriving in his goal-kicking role, reaching the 50-goal mark in just six games, equalling the sixty-year record of South Melbourne legend Bob Pratt. He brought up his maiden century of goals in the season just eight games later, one game slower than record-holder Pratt, and became the first Geelong player to kick 100 goals in a season since Larry Donohue in 1976.", "He brought up his maiden century of goals in the season just eight games later, one game slower than record-holder Pratt, and became the first Geelong player to kick 100 goals in a season since Larry Donohue in 1976. Although the Cats did not make the Finals, Ablett's new-found dominance up forward was highlighted during the season with his bags of ten or more goals on five occasions, including a 14-goal performance against Essendon in Round 6.", "Although the Cats did not make the Finals, Ablett's new-found dominance up forward was highlighted during the season with his bags of ten or more goals on five occasions, including a 14-goal performance against Essendon in Round 6. His end-of-season total of 124 goals, achieved in just 17 appearances, earned him his first Coleman Medal as the League's leading goal-scorer, the Leigh Matthews Trophy, the AFMA Player of the Year Award, and a top-ten placing in the Brownlow Medal.", "His end-of-season total of 124 goals, achieved in just 17 appearances, earned him his first Coleman Medal as the League's leading goal-scorer, the Leigh Matthews Trophy, the AFMA Player of the Year Award, and a top-ten placing in the Brownlow Medal. 1993 to 1996 Ablett continued his dominance as a full-forward in 1994 and 1995 by winning the Coleman Medal in each year.", "1993 to 1996 Ablett continued his dominance as a full-forward in 1994 and 1995 by winning the Coleman Medal in each year. Ablett is the only player in VFL/AFL history to kick 100 goals and win the Coleman Medal in three successive seasons. In addition to his explosive pace and skills, Ablett was also an accomplished aerialist with strong hands.", "In addition to his explosive pace and skills, Ablett was also an accomplished aerialist with strong hands. A highlight was the 1994 Mark of the Year over Collingwood's Gary Pert on Mother's Day at the MCG, a mark which is captured in Jamie Cooper's painting the Game That Made Australia, commissioned by the AFL in 2008 to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the sport.", "A highlight was the 1994 Mark of the Year over Collingwood's Gary Pert on Mother's Day at the MCG, a mark which is captured in Jamie Cooper's painting the Game That Made Australia, commissioned by the AFL in 2008 to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the sport. There is still debate over whether he had enough control of the ball to be paid a mark.", "There is still debate over whether he had enough control of the ball to be paid a mark. In early 1996, Ablett was suspended for five games for striking St Kilda's 172 cm Kristian Bardsley with a raised forearm.", "In early 1996, Ablett was suspended for five games for striking St Kilda's 172 cm Kristian Bardsley with a raised forearm. He later remarked that his lengthy suspension was the \"beginning of the end\", and he finished out the season with 69 goals in 17 games.", "He later remarked that his lengthy suspension was the \"beginning of the end\", and he finished out the season with 69 goals in 17 games. His last AFL appearance was against North Melbourne in a Qualifying Final in 1996. Ablett managed to kick only one goal in a disappointing 60-point loss.", "Ablett managed to kick only one goal in a disappointing 60-point loss. In October 1996, he missed Geelong's first training session and was fined $10,000. On 22 November 1996, Ablett was admitted to hospital with a severe bout of gastro. On 28 November, Ablett faced traffic charges.", "On 28 November, Ablett faced traffic charges. 1997 end of career Ablett was ready to start the serious training with the club by the first week of January. By February, it was reported that he was still under pressure to improve his fitness. In March, Geelong confirmed that Ablett would play in 1997.", "In March, Geelong confirmed that Ablett would play in 1997. On Sunday, 31 March 1997, Ablett played in the reserves against Richmond. Gary booted 7 goals but injured his knee. Three days later, on 3 April, he underwent arthroscopic surgery. In early June, Ablett had still not recovered; he faced knee surgery.", "In early June, Ablett had still not recovered; he faced knee surgery. During the preliminary finals in September, he announced his retirement from football. State of Origin Ablett had a prolific State of Origin career, kicking 43 goals in 11 games.", "State of Origin Ablett had a prolific State of Origin career, kicking 43 goals in 11 games. He was first selected to play for Victoria in 1984, against Western Australia, only nine games into his career at Geelong, kicking 8 goals in a best-on-ground performance.", "He was first selected to play for Victoria in 1984, against Western Australia, only nine games into his career at Geelong, kicking 8 goals in a best-on-ground performance. He performed well again the following year, kicking 4 goals against South Australia.", "He performed well again the following year, kicking 4 goals against South Australia. In the following few years Ablett was largely out of the side, apart from 1987, when he kicked 2 goals against South Australia. Ablett again performed at the highest level in 1990, kicking 6 goals, against Western Australia in Perth.", "Ablett again performed at the highest level in 1990, kicking 6 goals, against Western Australia in Perth. After returning from retirement midway through 1991, and after only several games, Ablett was controversially selected for Victoria, kicking 2 goals.", "After returning from retirement midway through 1991, and after only several games, Ablett was controversially selected for Victoria, kicking 2 goals. In 1992 Ablett performed well, kicking 3 goals and being named among the best players, against Western Australia.", "In 1992 Ablett performed well, kicking 3 goals and being named among the best players, against Western Australia. In 1993, he kicked 4 goals, against a combined New South Wales–Australian Capital Territory side, and in the same year Ablett again performed on the big stage, kicking 5 goals in the State of Origin Carnival Grand Final.", "In 1993, he kicked 4 goals, against a combined New South Wales–Australian Capital Territory side, and in the same year Ablett again performed on the big stage, kicking 5 goals in the State of Origin Carnival Grand Final. In 1994, he kicked 4 goals, against South Australia, in what has been regarded as \"one of the greatest Australian football games of all time\" and followed up that performance with 4 goals against South Australia in 1995.", "In 1994, he kicked 4 goals, against South Australia, in what has been regarded as \"one of the greatest Australian football games of all time\" and followed up that performance with 4 goals against South Australia in 1995. On representing Victoria, Ablett has said \"I've always found it a tremendous honour to represent your state, in a State of Origin game\".", "On representing Victoria, Ablett has said \"I've always found it a tremendous honour to represent your state, in a State of Origin game\". Legacy Ablett combined strength, speed, and skill to produce many spectacular highlights and goal-kicking feats. A noted big game player, Ablett kicked 43 goals in 11 State appearances.", "A noted big game player, Ablett kicked 43 goals in 11 State appearances. More significantly, he booted 64 goals over the course of his 16 finals – an average of four goals a game. His haul of 27 goals in the 1989 finals series is a record that still stands.", "His haul of 27 goals in the 1989 finals series is a record that still stands. He was awarded the Norm Smith Medal for his performance in the 1989 Grand Final, where he was adjudged best player afield.", "He was awarded the Norm Smith Medal for his performance in the 1989 Grand Final, where he was adjudged best player afield. In doing so, he became one of only four players (the others being Maurice Rioli −1982, Nathan Buckley −2002, and Chris Judd −2005) to win the medal playing for the losing side.", "In doing so, he became one of only four players (the others being Maurice Rioli −1982, Nathan Buckley −2002, and Chris Judd −2005) to win the medal playing for the losing side. In 1996, Ablett joined Gordon Coventry, Doug Wade, Jason Dunstall and Tony Lockett as the only players in league history to kick 1000 VFL/AFL goals.", "In 1996, Ablett joined Gordon Coventry, Doug Wade, Jason Dunstall and Tony Lockett as the only players in league history to kick 1000 VFL/AFL goals. Martin Flanagan's representation of Australian football pioneer Tom Wills in his 1996 novel The Call is modeled on Ablett.", "Martin Flanagan's representation of Australian football pioneer Tom Wills in his 1996 novel The Call is modeled on Ablett. According to Flanagan, Wills and Ablett polarised opinion in similar ways, and displayed a lack of insight into their actions—they simply did what came naturally to them, \"like a lot of artists\".", "According to Flanagan, Wills and Ablett polarised opinion in similar ways, and displayed a lack of insight into their actions—they simply did what came naturally to them, \"like a lot of artists\". Ablett is the subject of the song \"Kicking the Footy with God\", released by The Bedroom Philosopher on his 2005 debut album In Bed with My Doona.", "Ablett is the subject of the song \"Kicking the Footy with God\", released by The Bedroom Philosopher on his 2005 debut album In Bed with My Doona. In 1996, Ablett was named in the AFL Team of the Century on the interchange bench, alongside Jack Dyer and Greg Williams.", "In 1996, Ablett was named in the AFL Team of the Century on the interchange bench, alongside Jack Dyer and Greg Williams. In 2001, Ablett was named in the Geelong Team of the Century, on a half forward flank.", "In 2001, Ablett was named in the Geelong Team of the Century, on a half forward flank. In 2005, after many years of controversy and debate (see below), he was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame.", "In 2005, after many years of controversy and debate (see below), he was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame. The following year, he was honoured yet again when he was voted as the Greatest Geelong player of all-time ahead of Graham Farmer.", "The following year, he was honoured yet again when he was voted as the Greatest Geelong player of all-time ahead of Graham Farmer. In 2006, Ablett was honoured with the naming of a terrace in his name within the newly renovated Skilled Stadium.", "In 2006, Ablett was honoured with the naming of a terrace in his name within the newly renovated Skilled Stadium. Ablett once had a set of gates named in his honour, but he was upgraded to a terrace at the beginning of the 2006 AFL season.", "Ablett once had a set of gates named in his honour, but he was upgraded to a terrace at the beginning of the 2006 AFL season. Induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame Despite his footballing achievements on the field, Ablett's induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame was initially delayed.", "Induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame Despite his footballing achievements on the field, Ablett's induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame was initially delayed. Despite Ablett's undoubted footballing credentials, his well-publicised contribution to the death of Alisha Horan was responsible for the Australian Football Hall of Fame committee's reluctance to induct him.", "Despite Ablett's undoubted footballing credentials, his well-publicised contribution to the death of Alisha Horan was responsible for the Australian Football Hall of Fame committee's reluctance to induct him. In 2004, after several years of speculation over his induction, Ablett personally requested that the Geelong Football Club stop nominating him for selection, which the club agreed to.", "In 2004, after several years of speculation over his induction, Ablett personally requested that the Geelong Football Club stop nominating him for selection, which the club agreed to. However, the following year it was announced that Ablett would be inducted into the Hall of Fame as part of the 2005 intake.", "However, the following year it was announced that Ablett would be inducted into the Hall of Fame as part of the 2005 intake. Ablett did not attend the induction ceremony and instead released a statement through his then-manager, Michael Baker: \"Due to my current battle with depression I am not in a position to be able to accept this award in person.", "Ablett did not attend the induction ceremony and instead released a statement through his then-manager, Michael Baker: \"Due to my current battle with depression I am not in a position to be able to accept this award in person. I did not make this decision lightly but due to medical advice it was deemed best for my health that I do not attend tonight.", "I did not make this decision lightly but due to medical advice it was deemed best for my health that I do not attend tonight. I feel blessed to have had the opportunity to play this great game and also to have played at the elite level alongside many celebrated champions.", "I feel blessed to have had the opportunity to play this great game and also to have played at the elite level alongside many celebrated champions. Being chosen to be inducted into the Hall of Fame is one of the highest honours a player could dream of.", "Being chosen to be inducted into the Hall of Fame is one of the highest honours a player could dream of. I thank those who deem me worthy enough to be placed alongside such respected company.\" Personal life The youngest of eight children, Ablett grew up alongside four elder brothers and three elder sisters.", "Personal life The youngest of eight children, Ablett grew up alongside four elder brothers and three elder sisters. In 1985, Ablett wed his long-time girlfriend Sue, and the couple had four children – Natasha, Gary Jr., Nathan, and Alisha.", "In 1985, Ablett wed his long-time girlfriend Sue, and the couple had four children – Natasha, Gary Jr., Nathan, and Alisha. In 1986, Ablett became a born-again Christian and has been said to be slightly aggrieved at constantly being referred to as \"God\" by fans, a nickname based on his supreme football abilities.", "In 1986, Ablett became a born-again Christian and has been said to be slightly aggrieved at constantly being referred to as \"God\" by fans, a nickname based on his supreme football abilities. Ablett's faith was often highlighted in several tribunal appearances, in one case confessing and pleading guilty to striking Garry Lyon in a 1989 incident, declaring he \"wasn't prepared to lie about it or compromise the truth in [his] relationship with God\".", "Ablett's faith was often highlighted in several tribunal appearances, in one case confessing and pleading guilty to striking Garry Lyon in a 1989 incident, declaring he \"wasn't prepared to lie about it or compromise the truth in [his] relationship with God\". Ablett's public acknowledgement of his faith, in particular the influence of God in his life, during his acceptance speech for the Norm Smith Medal in the 1989 Grand Final, was also much publicised.", "Ablett's public acknowledgement of his faith, in particular the influence of God in his life, during his acceptance speech for the Norm Smith Medal in the 1989 Grand Final, was also much publicised. On 26 June 2006, Ablett was allegedly assaulted at 11:15pm while browsing through a car yard in Fyans Street, South Geelong.", "On 26 June 2006, Ablett was allegedly assaulted at 11:15pm while browsing through a car yard in Fyans Street, South Geelong. A 31-year-old Geelong man was charged with the assault.", "A 31-year-old Geelong man was charged with the assault. However, he was reported to have committed suicide on 10 July 2006 by jumping from a Melbourne high-rise apartment block the day before he was due to appear before the Geelong Magistrates court to defend the assault charges.", "However, he was reported to have committed suicide on 10 July 2006 by jumping from a Melbourne high-rise apartment block the day before he was due to appear before the Geelong Magistrates court to defend the assault charges. In December 2007, Ablett hit back at media claims that his son Nathan had walked away from his football career because of the publicity surrounding the release of a new book about his father.", "In December 2007, Ablett hit back at media claims that his son Nathan had walked away from his football career because of the publicity surrounding the release of a new book about his father. Although normally reluctant to make public comments, Ablett felt that the media intrusion into his family life had gone too far.", "Although normally reluctant to make public comments, Ablett felt that the media intrusion into his family life had gone too far. As part of a series of books, \"Legends of Australian Sport\", Ablett contributed to a book regarding himself. It was the first time he revealed intimate details regarding his life publicly.", "It was the first time he revealed intimate details regarding his life publicly. In September 2020, Ablett released a 27-minute YouTube video discussing his belief in the rapture as being forthcoming.", "In September 2020, Ablett released a 27-minute YouTube video discussing his belief in the rapture as being forthcoming. In this video, he declared that the COVID-19 pandemic had been manufactured and released by the Illuminati and Freemasons in order to depopulate Earth, create a cashless society and \"put Lucifer on the throne of the world\".", "In this video, he declared that the COVID-19 pandemic had been manufactured and released by the Illuminati and Freemasons in order to depopulate Earth, create a cashless society and \"put Lucifer on the throne of the world\". A footballing family Two of Ablett's brothers played in the Victorian Football League – Kevin Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and Geelong, and Geoff Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and St Kilda.", "A footballing family Two of Ablett's brothers played in the Victorian Football League – Kevin Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and Geelong, and Geoff Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and St Kilda. Ablett's eldest son, Gary Jr., has followed in his footsteps to play for Geelong.", "Ablett's eldest son, Gary Jr., has followed in his footsteps to play for Geelong. In 2007 and 2009, Ablett Jr. won the Cats' best and fairest award, emulating a feat established by his father in his first season with the Cats back in 1984; he also won the Brownlow Medal in 2009 and 2013.", "In 2007 and 2009, Ablett Jr. won the Cats' best and fairest award, emulating a feat established by his father in his first season with the Cats back in 1984; he also won the Brownlow Medal in 2009 and 2013. Another son, Nathan, was drafted in 2004 (48th pick) by Geelong under the father-son rule.", "Another son, Nathan, was drafted in 2004 (48th pick) by Geelong under the father-son rule. Nathan initially refused to play AFL Football because of his father's experience with the media, but, with encouragement from the club, was signed ahead of the 2005 AFL Season and established himself in the full forward role Gary Sr. made his own.", "Nathan initially refused to play AFL Football because of his father's experience with the media, but, with encouragement from the club, was signed ahead of the 2005 AFL Season and established himself in the full forward role Gary Sr. made his own. On 29 September 2007, both Gary Jr. and Nathan contributed to Geelong winning its first flag in 44 years, capturing the premiership that proved elusive to Gary Snr in his 12 years at the club.", "On 29 September 2007, both Gary Jr. and Nathan contributed to Geelong winning its first flag in 44 years, capturing the premiership that proved elusive to Gary Snr in his 12 years at the club. Nathan retired suddenly before the 2008 season, but he and his brother Gary Jr. were members of the Gold Coast Football Club's inaugural team for the 2011 season.", "Nathan retired suddenly before the 2008 season, but he and his brother Gary Jr. were members of the Gold Coast Football Club's inaugural team for the 2011 season. In addition to his sons, Ablett has a nephew, Luke Ablett, who played for the Sydney Swans and won a premiership with them in 2005.", "In addition to his sons, Ablett has a nephew, Luke Ablett, who played for the Sydney Swans and won a premiership with them in 2005. Two other nephews, from his sister's marriage to Hawthorn legend Michael Tuck, also played in the AFL – Richmond's Shane Tuck and Travis Tuck, who played for Hawthorn.", "Two other nephews, from his sister's marriage to Hawthorn legend Michael Tuck, also played in the AFL – Richmond's Shane Tuck and Travis Tuck, who played for Hawthorn. Criminal offences Ablett had well-documented off-field problems, particularly with illegal drug use, and depression in the wake of the Alisha Horan death.", "Criminal offences Ablett had well-documented off-field problems, particularly with illegal drug use, and depression in the wake of the Alisha Horan death. In 1990, Ablett was placed on a $10,000 good behaviour bond after he pleaded guilty to repeatedly hitting a man he found sitting in a car with his estranged wife.", "In 1990, Ablett was placed on a $10,000 good behaviour bond after he pleaded guilty to repeatedly hitting a man he found sitting in a car with his estranged wife. In 2000, Ablett was investigated, charged and convicted of four drug offences as a result of nineteen-year-old Geelong woman Alisha Horan dying of a drug overdose (involving heroin, ecstasy and amphetamines) while in Ablett's hotel room.", "In 2000, Ablett was investigated, charged and convicted of four drug offences as a result of nineteen-year-old Geelong woman Alisha Horan dying of a drug overdose (involving heroin, ecstasy and amphetamines) while in Ablett's hotel room. After a prolonged period of refusing to answer police questions and refusing to answer questions at an April 2001 inquest (on the grounds that he may incriminate himself) – Ablett later admitted to providing Horan with heroin and ecstasy.", "After a prolonged period of refusing to answer police questions and refusing to answer questions at an April 2001 inquest (on the grounds that he may incriminate himself) – Ablett later admitted to providing Horan with heroin and ecstasy. Horan had found a small quantity of heroin in Ablett's coat pocket and asked him what it was.", "Horan had found a small quantity of heroin in Ablett's coat pocket and asked him what it was. Rather than admit that it was heroin, Ablett told her it was cocaine, which they both then ingested, leading to Horan's overdose.", "Rather than admit that it was heroin, Ablett told her it was cocaine, which they both then ingested, leading to Horan's overdose. Ablett wasn't charged with manslaughter, but pleaded guilty to four lesser charges, was convicted, and fined $1500. Statistics |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "Statistics |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1982 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 35 || 6 || 11 || 13 || 47 || 21 || 68 || 26 || || 1.5 || 2.2 || 7.8 || 3.5 || 11.3 || 4.3 || |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1982 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 35 || 6 || 11 || 13 || 47 || 21 || 68 || 26 || || 1.5 || 2.2 || 7.8 || 3.5 || 11.3 || 4.3 || |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1984 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 33 || 28 || 238 || 61 || 299 || 86 || || 2.2 || 1.9 || 15.9 || 4.1 || 19.9 || 5.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1984 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 33 || 28 || 238 || 61 || 299 || 86 || || 2.2 || 1.9 || 15.9 || 4.1 || 19.9 || 5.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1985 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 20 || 82 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 67 || 274 || 62 || 336 || 135 || || 4.1 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.4 || 13.7 || 3.1 || 16.8 || 6.8 || |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1985 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 20 || 82 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 67 || 274 || 62 || 336 || 135 || || 4.1 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.4 || 13.7 || 3.1 || 16.8 || 6.8 || |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1986 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 65 || 49 || 185 || 39 || 224 || 101 || || 4.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.3 || 12.3 || 2.6 || 14.9 || 6.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1986 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 65 || 49 || 185 || 39 || 224 || 101 || || 4.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.3 || 12.3 || 2.6 || 14.9 || 6.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1987 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 53 || 38 || 200 || 46 || 246 || 86 || 19 || 3.1 || 2.2 || 11.8 || 2.7 || 14.5 || 5.1 || 1.1 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1987 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 53 || 38 || 200 || 46 || 246 || 86 || 19 || 3.1 || 2.2 || 11.8 || 2.7 || 14.5 || 5.1 || 1.1 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1988 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 82 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 62 || 253 || 42 || 295 || 117 || 19 || 3.9 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.0 || 12.0 || 2.0 || 14.0 || 5.6 || 0.9 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1988 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 82 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 62 || 253 || 42 || 295 || 117 || 19 || 3.9 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.0 || 12.0 || 2.0 || 14.0 || 5.6 || 0.9 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1989 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 23 || 87 || 54 || 378 || 68 || 446 || 151 || 29 || 3.8 || 2.3 || 16.4 || 3.0 || 19.4 || 6.6 || 1.3 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1989 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 23 || 87 || 54 || 378 || 68 || 446 || 151 || 29 || 3.8 || 2.3 || 16.4 || 3.0 || 19.4 || 6.6 || 1.3 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1990 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 75 || 43 || 224 || 47 || 271 || 100 || 21 || 4.4 || 2.5 || 13.2 || 2.8 || 15.9 || 5.9 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1990 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 75 || 43 || 224 || 47 || 271 || 100 || 21 || 4.4 || 2.5 || 13.2 || 2.8 || 15.9 || 5.9 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1991 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 12 || 28 || 27 || 144 || 21 || 165 || 55 || 20 || 2.3 || 2.3 || 12.0 || 1.8 || 13.8 || 4.6 || 1.7 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1991 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 12 || 28 || 27 || 144 || 21 || 165 || 55 || 20 || 2.3 || 2.3 || 12.0 || 1.8 || 13.8 || 4.6 || 1.7 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1992 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 72 || 54 || 324 || 61 || 385 || 118 || 33 || 3.4 || 2.6 || 15.4 || 2.9 || 18.3 || 5.6 || 1.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1992 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 72 || 54 || 324 || 61 || 385 || 118 || 33 || 3.4 || 2.6 || 15.4 || 2.9 || 18.3 || 5.6 || 1.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1993 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 124 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 60 || 233 || 13 || 246 || 111 || 10 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 7.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.5 || 13.7 || 0.8 || 14.5 || 6.5 || 0.6 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1993 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 124 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 60 || 233 || 13 || 246 || 111 || 10 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 7.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.5 || 13.7 || 0.8 || 14.5 || 6.5 || 0.6 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1994 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 25 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 129 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 79 || 263 || 30 || 293 || 130 || 15 || 5.2 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.2 || 10.5 || 1.2 || 11.7 || 5.2 || 0.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1994 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 25 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 129 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 79 || 263 || 30 || 293 || 130 || 15 || 5.2 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.2 || 10.5 || 1.2 || 11.7 || 5.2 || 0.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1995 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 22 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 122 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 85 || 264 || 19 || 283 || 148 || 18 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 5.5 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.9 || 12.0 || 0.9 || 12.9 || 6.7 || 0.8 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1995 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 22 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 122 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 85 || 264 || 19 || 283 || 148 || 18 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 5.5 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.9 || 12.0 || 0.9 || 12.9 || 6.7 || 0.8 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1996 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 69 || 31 || 159 || 31 || 190 || 71 || 13 || 4.1 || 1.8 || 9.4 || 1.8 || 11.2 || 4.2 || 0.8 |- class=\"sortbottom\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1996 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 69 || 31 || 159 || 31 || 190 || 71 || 13 || 4.1 || 1.8 || 9.4 || 1.8 || 11.2 || 4.2 || 0.8 |- class=\"sortbottom\" ! colspan=3| Career ! 248 !", "colspan=3| Career ! 248 ! 248 ! 1031 ! 690 ! 3186 ! 561 ! 3747 ! 1435 ! 197 ! 4.2 ! 2.8 ! 12.8 ! 2.3 ! 15.1 ! 5.8 !", "2.8 ! 12.8 ! 2.3 ! 15.1 ! 5.8 ! 5.8 ! 1.0 |} Honours and achievements Team McClelland Trophy (): 1992 Individual Norm Smith Medal: 1989 3× Coleman Medal: 1993, 1994, 1995 4× All-Australian team: 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Carji Greeves Medal: 1984 Leigh Matthews Trophy (AFL MVP Award): 1993 9× Geelong leading goalkicker: 1985, 1986, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 Geelong Team of the Century Geelong captain: 1995–1996 2× Alex Jesaulenko Medal: 1985, 1994 Geelong F.C.", "1.0 |} Honours and achievements Team McClelland Trophy (): 1992 Individual Norm Smith Medal: 1989 3× Coleman Medal: 1993, 1994, 1995 4× All-Australian team: 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Carji Greeves Medal: 1984 Leigh Matthews Trophy (AFL MVP Award): 1993 9× Geelong leading goalkicker: 1985, 1986, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 Geelong Team of the Century Geelong captain: 1995–1996 2× Alex Jesaulenko Medal: 1985, 1994 Geelong F.C. Hall of Fame Australian Sports Medal: 2000 Centenary Medal: 2001 Australian Football League Team of the Century 1897-1996 VFL/AFL players with 1,000 goals 8× State of Origin (Victoria): 1984, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 (c) Australian Football Media Association Player of the Year: 1993Australian Football Hall of Fame: 2005 Inductee5th on all-time leading goal-kickersAll-time leading goal kicker for Geelong F.C.", "Hall of Fame Australian Sports Medal: 2000 Centenary Medal: 2001 Australian Football League Team of the Century 1897-1996 VFL/AFL players with 1,000 goals 8× State of Origin (Victoria): 1984, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 (c) Australian Football Media Association Player of the Year: 1993Australian Football Hall of Fame: 2005 Inductee5th on all-time leading goal-kickersAll-time leading goal kicker for Geelong F.C. (1021 goals)Only player to have won Coleman Medal and kicked 100 goals in three consecutive seasons (1993–1995)Oldest player to kick 100 goals in a season (33 years old in 1995)Most goals in an AFL/VFL Grand Final (9 goals in 1989 Grand Final)Most goals in an AFL/VFL finals series (27 goals in 1989)Highest goals-per-game ratio in Geelong F.C.", "(1021 goals)Only player to have won Coleman Medal and kicked 100 goals in three consecutive seasons (1993–1995)Oldest player to kick 100 goals in a season (33 years old in 1995)Most goals in an AFL/VFL Grand Final (9 goals in 1989 Grand Final)Most goals in an AFL/VFL finals series (27 goals in 1989)Highest goals-per-game ratio in Geelong F.C. history (4.22 goals per game)4-time runner-up in Carji Greeves Medal (1985, 1993, 1994, 1995)3-time third-place getter in Carji Greeves Medal (1986, 1989, 1990)''' See also After the siren kicks in Australian rules football Alf Williamson Notes References Bibliography External links Gary Ablett's profile at AustralianFootball.com 1961 births Gary All-Australians (AFL) Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees Carji Greeves Medal winners Coleman Medal winners Geelong Football Club players Hawthorn Football Club players Leigh Matthews Trophy winners Living people Norm Smith Medal winners Sportspeople from Geelong Victorian State of Origin players Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia) Myrtleford Football Club players Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal Recipients of the Centenary Medal Australian Christians" ]

[ "Gary Ablett Sr.", "The early years at Geelong (1984-1988)", "What did he do at Geelong?", "He debuted for the Cats in Round 7 and after just nine games on the wing, Ablett was selected to his first State of Origin game for Victoria.", "How did he do for the Cats?", "Playing mostly on the half forward flank, Ablett won the club's goalkicking award for the following two seasons with 82 and 65 goals respectively.", "When did he start playing for the Cats?", "Ablett signed a one-year contract for the 1984 season" ]

[ "The Secret Thoughts of Cats was written and illustrated by Steven Appleby, and first published in 1996. \n\nAlso known as the Infinite Subtlety of Cat Expressions, it focuses on the fact that cat expressions are always the same, no matter what the situation (apart from when asleep or dead). It has a picture of a cat with the same expression on every page, and a description of what it's thinking or doing underneath. It finishes with ‘Afterthoughts’ of cats, a selection of observations made on cat behaviour. The first page is a picture of cat hairs, the last, cat hairs on cushions.\nIt was written in memory of: Terry, Dibble, Sally, and for Jim.\n\n1996 books\nComedy books\nZoology books\nBooks about cats", "The 1978 Hamilton Tiger-Cats season was the 21st season for the team in the Canadian Football League and their 29th overall. The Tiger-Cats finished in 3rd place in the Eastern Conference with a 5–10–1 record, but lost the Eastern Semi-Final to the Montreal Alouettes. \n\nIn February 1978, the club was purchased by President and majority shareholder of Maple Leaf Gardens Limited, Harold Ballard. Mr. Ballard became the team president that year and would keep the strong tradition of pro football in that City. Rocky DiPietro was in his rookie season with the Ti-Cats. Ed George spent four seasons in the NFL before returning to the CFL in 1978 with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. Through two seasons with the Tiger-Cats he played 34 games. Quarterback Jimmy Jones was in his final season with the Tiger-Cats and he finished his Tiger-Cats career with 861 career pass attempts, which was good enough to rank in the top ten.\n\nRegular season\n\nSeason Standings\n\nSeason schedule\n\nPost-season\n\nAwards and honours\nBen Zambiasi, Linebacker, CFL All-Stars Defense\n\nReferences\n\nHamilton Tiger-cats Season, 1978\nHamilton Tiger-Cats seasons\n1978 Canadian Football League season by team" ]

[ "Gary Ablett Sr. (born 1 October 1961), is a former professional Australian rules footballer who represented and in the Australian Football League (AFL). Nicknamed \"God\", Ablett is widely regarded as one of Australian football's greatest players, and was especially renowned for his high-flying spectacular marks and his prolific goalkicking.", "Nicknamed \"God\", Ablett is widely regarded as one of Australian football's greatest players, and was especially renowned for his high-flying spectacular marks and his prolific goalkicking. After playing for several country teams in and around his hometown of Drouin, Victoria, Ablett was recruited by Hawthorn and made his Victorian Football League (VFL) debut in 1982.", "After playing for several country teams in and around his hometown of Drouin, Victoria, Ablett was recruited by Hawthorn and made his Victorian Football League (VFL) debut in 1982. However, he struggled to adjust to city life and retreated to Myrtleford the following year.", "However, he struggled to adjust to city life and retreated to Myrtleford the following year. The Geelong Football Club managed to lure him back to professional football in 1984, and by the late 80s, he had become one of the VFL's biggest stars.", "The Geelong Football Club managed to lure him back to professional football in 1984, and by the late 80s, he had become one of the VFL's biggest stars. His 1989 VFL Grand Final appearance, during which he kicked a grand final record nine goals for a losing side, is regarded as one of football's greatest individual performances, earning him the Norm Smith Medal.", "His 1989 VFL Grand Final appearance, during which he kicked a grand final record nine goals for a losing side, is regarded as one of football's greatest individual performances, earning him the Norm Smith Medal. At the beginning of the 1991 season, Ablett shocked the football world by abruptly announcing his retirement from the game, but made a comeback midway through the year.", "At the beginning of the 1991 season, Ablett shocked the football world by abruptly announcing his retirement from the game, but made a comeback midway through the year. He went on to appear in the 1992, 1994, and 1995 grand finals, before officially retiring after the 1996 season.", "He went on to appear in the 1992, 1994, and 1995 grand finals, before officially retiring after the 1996 season. Ablett's individual accolades and achievements include an induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame, an AFL Team of the Century selection, the 1993 AFL Players Association MVP award (now known as the Leigh Matthews Trophy), and three Coleman Medals.", "Ablett's individual accolades and achievements include an induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame, an AFL Team of the Century selection, the 1993 AFL Players Association MVP award (now known as the Leigh Matthews Trophy), and three Coleman Medals. He remains Geelong's all-time leading goalkicker, with 1021 goals; and, in 2006, was voted by past and present Geelong Football Club players as the greatest Geelong footballer of all time.", "He remains Geelong's all-time leading goalkicker, with 1021 goals; and, in 2006, was voted by past and present Geelong Football Club players as the greatest Geelong footballer of all time. Early life Born in Drouin to Alfred and Colleen Ablett, Gary Ablett grew up in Gippsland, Victoria alongside his four elder brothers and three sisters.", "Early life Born in Drouin to Alfred and Colleen Ablett, Gary Ablett grew up in Gippsland, Victoria alongside his four elder brothers and three sisters. Ablett displayed a love for sport at an early age, winning the state school high jump at 10 years of age.", "Ablett displayed a love for sport at an early age, winning the state school high jump at 10 years of age. He was also awarded both club and competition best and fairest awards for Drouin at the under-11s, under-12s and under-14s levels.", "He was also awarded both club and competition best and fairest awards for Drouin at the under-11s, under-12s and under-14s levels. After his interest waned in attending school, Ablett dropped out of high school at 15 to become a bricklayer's labourer.", "After his interest waned in attending school, Ablett dropped out of high school at 15 to become a bricklayer's labourer. He also began to concentrate on his football and joined his brothers in the Drouin senior team at just 16 years of age.", "He also began to concentrate on his football and joined his brothers in the Drouin senior team at just 16 years of age. After appearing in several country league representative games, the Hawthorn Football Club, which had already signed Gary's elder brothers Geoff and Kevin onto their lists, invited him to play reserves football.", "After appearing in several country league representative games, the Hawthorn Football Club, which had already signed Gary's elder brothers Geoff and Kevin onto their lists, invited him to play reserves football. Career AFL The Hawthorn experience (1981–1983) After signing a reserves contract and featuring in six reserves games for Hawthorn, Ablett retreated back to his home in Drouin.", "Career AFL The Hawthorn experience (1981–1983) After signing a reserves contract and featuring in six reserves games for Hawthorn, Ablett retreated back to his home in Drouin. He returned to Hawthorn in 1982 and made his senior VFL debut versus Geelong in Round 2, kicking 1 goal and helping the Hawks defeat the Cats by 19 points.", "He returned to Hawthorn in 1982 and made his senior VFL debut versus Geelong in Round 2, kicking 1 goal and helping the Hawks defeat the Cats by 19 points. He played a further five games for Hawthorn that year for a total of six games and ten goals.", "He played a further five games for Hawthorn that year for a total of six games and ten goals. Ablett claimed difficulty coping with city life in Melbourne and his continual absenteeism from training sessions forced Hawthorn coach, Allan Jeans into parting ways with the talented, but wayward young half forward.", "Ablett claimed difficulty coping with city life in Melbourne and his continual absenteeism from training sessions forced Hawthorn coach, Allan Jeans into parting ways with the talented, but wayward young half forward. In 1983, he moved with his young family to the country town of Myrtleford.", "In 1983, he moved with his young family to the country town of Myrtleford. Ablett spent the year playing under the tutelage of his cousin Len Ablett for Myrtleford in the Ovens and Murray Football League. Ablett's footballing ability soon came on notice again, this time to the Geelong Football Club and their long-time recruiting officer Bill McMaster.", "Ablett's footballing ability soon came on notice again, this time to the Geelong Football Club and their long-time recruiting officer Bill McMaster. McMaster convinced Ablett to give the game another shot, this time in the confines of the rural city of Geelong.", "McMaster convinced Ablett to give the game another shot, this time in the confines of the rural city of Geelong. After protracted negotiations with Hawthorn, Geelong finally paid a $60,000 transfer for Ablett in 1984.", "After protracted negotiations with Hawthorn, Geelong finally paid a $60,000 transfer for Ablett in 1984. The early years at Geelong (1984–1988) Ablett signed a one-year contract for the 1984 season with Geelong, and he began his first season under the guidance of Tom Hafey.", "The early years at Geelong (1984–1988) Ablett signed a one-year contract for the 1984 season with Geelong, and he began his first season under the guidance of Tom Hafey. He debuted for the Cats in Round 7 and after just nine games on the wing, Ablett was selected to his first State of Origin game for Victoria.", "He debuted for the Cats in Round 7 and after just nine games on the wing, Ablett was selected to his first State of Origin game for Victoria. Ablett earned best-on-ground honours after kicking 8 goals from the half-forward flank.", "Ablett earned best-on-ground honours after kicking 8 goals from the half-forward flank. He played 15 games and kicked 33 goals in the 1984 season, and was awarded the Carji Greeves Medal as the Geelong Football Club's \"best and fairest\" player of the year.", "He played 15 games and kicked 33 goals in the 1984 season, and was awarded the Carji Greeves Medal as the Geelong Football Club's \"best and fairest\" player of the year. Following his first season with Geelong, Ablett signed a new three-year contract with the club.", "Following his first season with Geelong, Ablett signed a new three-year contract with the club. Playing mostly on the half forward flank, Ablett won the club's goalkicking award for the following two seasons with 82 and 65 goals respectively.", "Playing mostly on the half forward flank, Ablett won the club's goalkicking award for the following two seasons with 82 and 65 goals respectively. Although Ablett had developed a reputation for his laconic, lazy attitude to training under coach John Devine, this did not prevent him from earning top three placings in the best and fairest awards from 1985 to 1987.", "Although Ablett had developed a reputation for his laconic, lazy attitude to training under coach John Devine, this did not prevent him from earning top three placings in the best and fairest awards from 1985 to 1987. With his contract expiring at the conclusion of the 1987 season, Ablett shocked the VFL by signing a new five-year contract with his former club, Hawthorn.", "With his contract expiring at the conclusion of the 1987 season, Ablett shocked the VFL by signing a new five-year contract with his former club, Hawthorn. After a \"cooling-off\" period, however, Ablett opted to remain with Geelong by agreeing to a lucrative five-year contract that tied him to the club for the long-term.", "After a \"cooling-off\" period, however, Ablett opted to remain with Geelong by agreeing to a lucrative five-year contract that tied him to the club for the long-term. Ablett began the 1988 season with 59 goals after just 11 games, placing him second on the goalkicking list behind Hawthorn's Jason Dunstall.", "Ablett began the 1988 season with 59 goals after just 11 games, placing him second on the goalkicking list behind Hawthorn's Jason Dunstall. In these games, he kicked 10 goals against Richmond in the Anzac Day game, and 11 against Brisbane—one shy of breaking the ground record of 12 goals at Carrara.", "In these games, he kicked 10 goals against Richmond in the Anzac Day game, and 11 against Brisbane—one shy of breaking the ground record of 12 goals at Carrara. Although he missed out on State honours and failed to place within the top three in the club best and fairest award, Ablett finished with 82 goals during the season for the second time in his career.", "Although he missed out on State honours and failed to place within the top three in the club best and fairest award, Ablett finished with 82 goals during the season for the second time in his career. A September to remember (1989–1990) The 1989 season was marked by the arrival of Ablett's third coach, former North Melbourne Brownlow Medallist Malcolm Blight.", "A September to remember (1989–1990) The 1989 season was marked by the arrival of Ablett's third coach, former North Melbourne Brownlow Medallist Malcolm Blight. Ablett helped the Cats reach the finals on the back of a ten match winning streak to end the regular season.", "Ablett helped the Cats reach the finals on the back of a ten match winning streak to end the regular season. In a 134-point victory against Richmond, Ablett scored 14 goals, breaking a 22-year club record, and moving club legend and former club premiership coach Bobby Davis to laud Ablett as the equal of the legendary Graham 'Polly' Farmer, the finest footballers he had seen at Geelong.", "In a 134-point victory against Richmond, Ablett scored 14 goals, breaking a 22-year club record, and moving club legend and former club premiership coach Bobby Davis to laud Ablett as the equal of the legendary Graham 'Polly' Farmer, the finest footballers he had seen at Geelong. His season lowlight occurred in Round 12 when he was suspended for 3 matches after he controversially felled the Melbourne captain, Gary Lyon behind the play.", "His season lowlight occurred in Round 12 when he was suspended for 3 matches after he controversially felled the Melbourne captain, Gary Lyon behind the play. In his first ever final, the Qualifying Final at the MCG versus Essendon, Gary Ablett kicked three goals, but this was not enough.", "In his first ever final, the Qualifying Final at the MCG versus Essendon, Gary Ablett kicked three goals, but this was not enough. The Bombers humbled Geelong by 76 points to force the Cats into a sudden-death Semi Final showdown with Melbourne. The Cats posted a 63-point win against the Demons.", "The Cats posted a 63-point win against the Demons. Ablett kicked seven goals, and helped set up another meeting with Essendon in the Preliminary Final. Ablett kicked 8 goals this time, as the Cats crushed Essendon by 94 points to advance to their first grand final since 1967.", "Ablett kicked 8 goals this time, as the Cats crushed Essendon by 94 points to advance to their first grand final since 1967. Against the reigning premiers Hawthorn in the 1989 VFL Grand Final, Ablett asserted himself from the opening bounce, leading out from full forward, marking the first centre clearance kick and slotting through the game's first goal.", "Against the reigning premiers Hawthorn in the 1989 VFL Grand Final, Ablett asserted himself from the opening bounce, leading out from full forward, marking the first centre clearance kick and slotting through the game's first goal. By half-time, Ablett had kicked four goals, but the Cats trailed at the main break by 37 points.", "By half-time, Ablett had kicked four goals, but the Cats trailed at the main break by 37 points. Ablett kicked a further five goals in the second half, which saw an injury-depleted Hawthorn's lead reduced to just 6 points with less than a minute to go.", "Ablett kicked a further five goals in the second half, which saw an injury-depleted Hawthorn's lead reduced to just 6 points with less than a minute to go. However, the Cats fell short, and Hawthorn held on to defeat Geelong in one of the toughest grand finals of the modern era, winning by 6 points.", "However, the Cats fell short, and Hawthorn held on to defeat Geelong in one of the toughest grand finals of the modern era, winning by 6 points. Ablett's performance in kicking 9 goals earned him the Norm Smith Medal, and in doing so became only the second member of the losing team in VFL/AFL history to be awarded the honour – a performance regarded by many as unrivalled on football's biggest stage.", "Ablett's performance in kicking 9 goals earned him the Norm Smith Medal, and in doing so became only the second member of the losing team in VFL/AFL history to be awarded the honour – a performance regarded by many as unrivalled on football's biggest stage. Ablett's 9 goals also saw him equal Gordon Coventry's goals record set in the 1928 Grand Final.", "Ablett's 9 goals also saw him equal Gordon Coventry's goals record set in the 1928 Grand Final. Shock retirement and return (1991–1992) On 1 February 1991, Ablett, aged 29, stunned most football fans when he announced his retirement, citing personal reasons and a loss of enjoyment for the game.", "Shock retirement and return (1991–1992) On 1 February 1991, Ablett, aged 29, stunned most football fans when he announced his retirement, citing personal reasons and a loss of enjoyment for the game. His previous season in 1990 was marred by injury, dipping motivation, and personal issues, including a separation from his wife.", "His previous season in 1990 was marred by injury, dipping motivation, and personal issues, including a separation from his wife. He was eventually encouraged to reverse his decision and he made his return in Round 12 for the Geelong reserves team.", "He was eventually encouraged to reverse his decision and he made his return in Round 12 for the Geelong reserves team. This generated enormous media interest and drew an abnormally large crowd for the curtain-raiser game at Princes Park.", "This generated enormous media interest and drew an abnormally large crowd for the curtain-raiser game at Princes Park. Ablett was named in the senior side for the following game against , which drew a crowd of over 40,000 to the MCG.", "Ablett was named in the senior side for the following game against , which drew a crowd of over 40,000 to the MCG. He had ten possessions and kicked two goals, one of them an important steadier for the Cats in the last quarter after the Demons had closed to within 24 points.", "He had ten possessions and kicked two goals, one of them an important steadier for the Cats in the last quarter after the Demons had closed to within 24 points. Due to his late season start and lack of conditioning, it was probably no surprise that Ablett failed to recapture his best form, ending his season on a sour note when he was suspended for striking St Kilda rover Nathan Burke in the first week of the finals, and he subsequently missed Geelong's finals defeats to Hawthorn and West Coast.", "Due to his late season start and lack of conditioning, it was probably no surprise that Ablett failed to recapture his best form, ending his season on a sour note when he was suspended for striking St Kilda rover Nathan Burke in the first week of the finals, and he subsequently missed Geelong's finals defeats to Hawthorn and West Coast. Ablett put the disappointment of 1991 behind him, and he dedicated himself to improving his fitness base ahead of the 1992 season.", "Ablett put the disappointment of 1991 behind him, and he dedicated himself to improving his fitness base ahead of the 1992 season. A consistent first half of the year helped the Cats achieve an 11–3 record, eventually earning them a spot in the grand final—this time against the West Coast Eagles.", "A consistent first half of the year helped the Cats achieve an 11–3 record, eventually earning them a spot in the grand final—this time against the West Coast Eagles. After establishing a two-goal lead at half-time, the Cats failed to sustain their momentum during the second half, eventually going down by 28 points to the fast-finishing Eagles.", "After establishing a two-goal lead at half-time, the Cats failed to sustain their momentum during the second half, eventually going down by 28 points to the fast-finishing Eagles. Ablett, who finished with 3 goals, had again failed to finish the year with the same good form in which he had begun it.", "Ablett, who finished with 3 goals, had again failed to finish the year with the same good form in which he had begun it. One special season (1993) Before the 1993 season, Ablett was encouraged by his coach, Malcolm Blight, to move from his customary roaming half-forward position to full-forward, in an effort to prolong his career.", "One special season (1993) Before the 1993 season, Ablett was encouraged by his coach, Malcolm Blight, to move from his customary roaming half-forward position to full-forward, in an effort to prolong his career. The move up forward proved to be a master-stroke, with Ablett thriving in his goal-kicking role, reaching the 50-goal mark in just six games, equalling the sixty-year record of South Melbourne legend Bob Pratt.", "The move up forward proved to be a master-stroke, with Ablett thriving in his goal-kicking role, reaching the 50-goal mark in just six games, equalling the sixty-year record of South Melbourne legend Bob Pratt. He brought up his maiden century of goals in the season just eight games later, one game slower than record-holder Pratt, and became the first Geelong player to kick 100 goals in a season since Larry Donohue in 1976.", "He brought up his maiden century of goals in the season just eight games later, one game slower than record-holder Pratt, and became the first Geelong player to kick 100 goals in a season since Larry Donohue in 1976. Although the Cats did not make the Finals, Ablett's new-found dominance up forward was highlighted during the season with his bags of ten or more goals on five occasions, including a 14-goal performance against Essendon in Round 6.", "Although the Cats did not make the Finals, Ablett's new-found dominance up forward was highlighted during the season with his bags of ten or more goals on five occasions, including a 14-goal performance against Essendon in Round 6. His end-of-season total of 124 goals, achieved in just 17 appearances, earned him his first Coleman Medal as the League's leading goal-scorer, the Leigh Matthews Trophy, the AFMA Player of the Year Award, and a top-ten placing in the Brownlow Medal.", "His end-of-season total of 124 goals, achieved in just 17 appearances, earned him his first Coleman Medal as the League's leading goal-scorer, the Leigh Matthews Trophy, the AFMA Player of the Year Award, and a top-ten placing in the Brownlow Medal. 1993 to 1996 Ablett continued his dominance as a full-forward in 1994 and 1995 by winning the Coleman Medal in each year.", "1993 to 1996 Ablett continued his dominance as a full-forward in 1994 and 1995 by winning the Coleman Medal in each year. Ablett is the only player in VFL/AFL history to kick 100 goals and win the Coleman Medal in three successive seasons. In addition to his explosive pace and skills, Ablett was also an accomplished aerialist with strong hands.", "In addition to his explosive pace and skills, Ablett was also an accomplished aerialist with strong hands. A highlight was the 1994 Mark of the Year over Collingwood's Gary Pert on Mother's Day at the MCG, a mark which is captured in Jamie Cooper's painting the Game That Made Australia, commissioned by the AFL in 2008 to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the sport.", "A highlight was the 1994 Mark of the Year over Collingwood's Gary Pert on Mother's Day at the MCG, a mark which is captured in Jamie Cooper's painting the Game That Made Australia, commissioned by the AFL in 2008 to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the sport. There is still debate over whether he had enough control of the ball to be paid a mark.", "There is still debate over whether he had enough control of the ball to be paid a mark. In early 1996, Ablett was suspended for five games for striking St Kilda's 172 cm Kristian Bardsley with a raised forearm.", "In early 1996, Ablett was suspended for five games for striking St Kilda's 172 cm Kristian Bardsley with a raised forearm. He later remarked that his lengthy suspension was the \"beginning of the end\", and he finished out the season with 69 goals in 17 games.", "He later remarked that his lengthy suspension was the \"beginning of the end\", and he finished out the season with 69 goals in 17 games. His last AFL appearance was against North Melbourne in a Qualifying Final in 1996. Ablett managed to kick only one goal in a disappointing 60-point loss.", "Ablett managed to kick only one goal in a disappointing 60-point loss. In October 1996, he missed Geelong's first training session and was fined $10,000. On 22 November 1996, Ablett was admitted to hospital with a severe bout of gastro. On 28 November, Ablett faced traffic charges.", "On 28 November, Ablett faced traffic charges. 1997 end of career Ablett was ready to start the serious training with the club by the first week of January. By February, it was reported that he was still under pressure to improve his fitness. In March, Geelong confirmed that Ablett would play in 1997.", "In March, Geelong confirmed that Ablett would play in 1997. On Sunday, 31 March 1997, Ablett played in the reserves against Richmond. Gary booted 7 goals but injured his knee. Three days later, on 3 April, he underwent arthroscopic surgery. In early June, Ablett had still not recovered; he faced knee surgery.", "In early June, Ablett had still not recovered; he faced knee surgery. During the preliminary finals in September, he announced his retirement from football. State of Origin Ablett had a prolific State of Origin career, kicking 43 goals in 11 games.", "State of Origin Ablett had a prolific State of Origin career, kicking 43 goals in 11 games. He was first selected to play for Victoria in 1984, against Western Australia, only nine games into his career at Geelong, kicking 8 goals in a best-on-ground performance.", "He was first selected to play for Victoria in 1984, against Western Australia, only nine games into his career at Geelong, kicking 8 goals in a best-on-ground performance. He performed well again the following year, kicking 4 goals against South Australia.", "He performed well again the following year, kicking 4 goals against South Australia. In the following few years Ablett was largely out of the side, apart from 1987, when he kicked 2 goals against South Australia. Ablett again performed at the highest level in 1990, kicking 6 goals, against Western Australia in Perth.", "Ablett again performed at the highest level in 1990, kicking 6 goals, against Western Australia in Perth. After returning from retirement midway through 1991, and after only several games, Ablett was controversially selected for Victoria, kicking 2 goals.", "After returning from retirement midway through 1991, and after only several games, Ablett was controversially selected for Victoria, kicking 2 goals. In 1992 Ablett performed well, kicking 3 goals and being named among the best players, against Western Australia.", "In 1992 Ablett performed well, kicking 3 goals and being named among the best players, against Western Australia. In 1993, he kicked 4 goals, against a combined New South Wales–Australian Capital Territory side, and in the same year Ablett again performed on the big stage, kicking 5 goals in the State of Origin Carnival Grand Final.", "In 1993, he kicked 4 goals, against a combined New South Wales–Australian Capital Territory side, and in the same year Ablett again performed on the big stage, kicking 5 goals in the State of Origin Carnival Grand Final. In 1994, he kicked 4 goals, against South Australia, in what has been regarded as \"one of the greatest Australian football games of all time\" and followed up that performance with 4 goals against South Australia in 1995.", "In 1994, he kicked 4 goals, against South Australia, in what has been regarded as \"one of the greatest Australian football games of all time\" and followed up that performance with 4 goals against South Australia in 1995. On representing Victoria, Ablett has said \"I've always found it a tremendous honour to represent your state, in a State of Origin game\".", "On representing Victoria, Ablett has said \"I've always found it a tremendous honour to represent your state, in a State of Origin game\". Legacy Ablett combined strength, speed, and skill to produce many spectacular highlights and goal-kicking feats. A noted big game player, Ablett kicked 43 goals in 11 State appearances.", "A noted big game player, Ablett kicked 43 goals in 11 State appearances. More significantly, he booted 64 goals over the course of his 16 finals – an average of four goals a game. His haul of 27 goals in the 1989 finals series is a record that still stands.", "His haul of 27 goals in the 1989 finals series is a record that still stands. He was awarded the Norm Smith Medal for his performance in the 1989 Grand Final, where he was adjudged best player afield.", "He was awarded the Norm Smith Medal for his performance in the 1989 Grand Final, where he was adjudged best player afield. In doing so, he became one of only four players (the others being Maurice Rioli −1982, Nathan Buckley −2002, and Chris Judd −2005) to win the medal playing for the losing side.", "In doing so, he became one of only four players (the others being Maurice Rioli −1982, Nathan Buckley −2002, and Chris Judd −2005) to win the medal playing for the losing side. In 1996, Ablett joined Gordon Coventry, Doug Wade, Jason Dunstall and Tony Lockett as the only players in league history to kick 1000 VFL/AFL goals.", "In 1996, Ablett joined Gordon Coventry, Doug Wade, Jason Dunstall and Tony Lockett as the only players in league history to kick 1000 VFL/AFL goals. Martin Flanagan's representation of Australian football pioneer Tom Wills in his 1996 novel The Call is modeled on Ablett.", "Martin Flanagan's representation of Australian football pioneer Tom Wills in his 1996 novel The Call is modeled on Ablett. According to Flanagan, Wills and Ablett polarised opinion in similar ways, and displayed a lack of insight into their actions—they simply did what came naturally to them, \"like a lot of artists\".", "According to Flanagan, Wills and Ablett polarised opinion in similar ways, and displayed a lack of insight into their actions—they simply did what came naturally to them, \"like a lot of artists\". Ablett is the subject of the song \"Kicking the Footy with God\", released by The Bedroom Philosopher on his 2005 debut album In Bed with My Doona.", "Ablett is the subject of the song \"Kicking the Footy with God\", released by The Bedroom Philosopher on his 2005 debut album In Bed with My Doona. In 1996, Ablett was named in the AFL Team of the Century on the interchange bench, alongside Jack Dyer and Greg Williams.", "In 1996, Ablett was named in the AFL Team of the Century on the interchange bench, alongside Jack Dyer and Greg Williams. In 2001, Ablett was named in the Geelong Team of the Century, on a half forward flank.", "In 2001, Ablett was named in the Geelong Team of the Century, on a half forward flank. In 2005, after many years of controversy and debate (see below), he was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame.", "In 2005, after many years of controversy and debate (see below), he was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame. The following year, he was honoured yet again when he was voted as the Greatest Geelong player of all-time ahead of Graham Farmer.", "The following year, he was honoured yet again when he was voted as the Greatest Geelong player of all-time ahead of Graham Farmer. In 2006, Ablett was honoured with the naming of a terrace in his name within the newly renovated Skilled Stadium.", "In 2006, Ablett was honoured with the naming of a terrace in his name within the newly renovated Skilled Stadium. Ablett once had a set of gates named in his honour, but he was upgraded to a terrace at the beginning of the 2006 AFL season.", "Ablett once had a set of gates named in his honour, but he was upgraded to a terrace at the beginning of the 2006 AFL season. Induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame Despite his footballing achievements on the field, Ablett's induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame was initially delayed.", "Induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame Despite his footballing achievements on the field, Ablett's induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame was initially delayed. Despite Ablett's undoubted footballing credentials, his well-publicised contribution to the death of Alisha Horan was responsible for the Australian Football Hall of Fame committee's reluctance to induct him.", "Despite Ablett's undoubted footballing credentials, his well-publicised contribution to the death of Alisha Horan was responsible for the Australian Football Hall of Fame committee's reluctance to induct him. In 2004, after several years of speculation over his induction, Ablett personally requested that the Geelong Football Club stop nominating him for selection, which the club agreed to.", "In 2004, after several years of speculation over his induction, Ablett personally requested that the Geelong Football Club stop nominating him for selection, which the club agreed to. However, the following year it was announced that Ablett would be inducted into the Hall of Fame as part of the 2005 intake.", "However, the following year it was announced that Ablett would be inducted into the Hall of Fame as part of the 2005 intake. Ablett did not attend the induction ceremony and instead released a statement through his then-manager, Michael Baker: \"Due to my current battle with depression I am not in a position to be able to accept this award in person.", "Ablett did not attend the induction ceremony and instead released a statement through his then-manager, Michael Baker: \"Due to my current battle with depression I am not in a position to be able to accept this award in person. I did not make this decision lightly but due to medical advice it was deemed best for my health that I do not attend tonight.", "I did not make this decision lightly but due to medical advice it was deemed best for my health that I do not attend tonight. I feel blessed to have had the opportunity to play this great game and also to have played at the elite level alongside many celebrated champions.", "I feel blessed to have had the opportunity to play this great game and also to have played at the elite level alongside many celebrated champions. Being chosen to be inducted into the Hall of Fame is one of the highest honours a player could dream of.", "Being chosen to be inducted into the Hall of Fame is one of the highest honours a player could dream of. I thank those who deem me worthy enough to be placed alongside such respected company.\" Personal life The youngest of eight children, Ablett grew up alongside four elder brothers and three elder sisters.", "Personal life The youngest of eight children, Ablett grew up alongside four elder brothers and three elder sisters. In 1985, Ablett wed his long-time girlfriend Sue, and the couple had four children – Natasha, Gary Jr., Nathan, and Alisha.", "In 1985, Ablett wed his long-time girlfriend Sue, and the couple had four children – Natasha, Gary Jr., Nathan, and Alisha. In 1986, Ablett became a born-again Christian and has been said to be slightly aggrieved at constantly being referred to as \"God\" by fans, a nickname based on his supreme football abilities.", "In 1986, Ablett became a born-again Christian and has been said to be slightly aggrieved at constantly being referred to as \"God\" by fans, a nickname based on his supreme football abilities. Ablett's faith was often highlighted in several tribunal appearances, in one case confessing and pleading guilty to striking Garry Lyon in a 1989 incident, declaring he \"wasn't prepared to lie about it or compromise the truth in [his] relationship with God\".", "Ablett's faith was often highlighted in several tribunal appearances, in one case confessing and pleading guilty to striking Garry Lyon in a 1989 incident, declaring he \"wasn't prepared to lie about it or compromise the truth in [his] relationship with God\". Ablett's public acknowledgement of his faith, in particular the influence of God in his life, during his acceptance speech for the Norm Smith Medal in the 1989 Grand Final, was also much publicised.", "Ablett's public acknowledgement of his faith, in particular the influence of God in his life, during his acceptance speech for the Norm Smith Medal in the 1989 Grand Final, was also much publicised. On 26 June 2006, Ablett was allegedly assaulted at 11:15pm while browsing through a car yard in Fyans Street, South Geelong.", "On 26 June 2006, Ablett was allegedly assaulted at 11:15pm while browsing through a car yard in Fyans Street, South Geelong. A 31-year-old Geelong man was charged with the assault.", "A 31-year-old Geelong man was charged with the assault. However, he was reported to have committed suicide on 10 July 2006 by jumping from a Melbourne high-rise apartment block the day before he was due to appear before the Geelong Magistrates court to defend the assault charges.", "However, he was reported to have committed suicide on 10 July 2006 by jumping from a Melbourne high-rise apartment block the day before he was due to appear before the Geelong Magistrates court to defend the assault charges. In December 2007, Ablett hit back at media claims that his son Nathan had walked away from his football career because of the publicity surrounding the release of a new book about his father.", "In December 2007, Ablett hit back at media claims that his son Nathan had walked away from his football career because of the publicity surrounding the release of a new book about his father. Although normally reluctant to make public comments, Ablett felt that the media intrusion into his family life had gone too far.", "Although normally reluctant to make public comments, Ablett felt that the media intrusion into his family life had gone too far. As part of a series of books, \"Legends of Australian Sport\", Ablett contributed to a book regarding himself. It was the first time he revealed intimate details regarding his life publicly.", "It was the first time he revealed intimate details regarding his life publicly. In September 2020, Ablett released a 27-minute YouTube video discussing his belief in the rapture as being forthcoming.", "In September 2020, Ablett released a 27-minute YouTube video discussing his belief in the rapture as being forthcoming. In this video, he declared that the COVID-19 pandemic had been manufactured and released by the Illuminati and Freemasons in order to depopulate Earth, create a cashless society and \"put Lucifer on the throne of the world\".", "In this video, he declared that the COVID-19 pandemic had been manufactured and released by the Illuminati and Freemasons in order to depopulate Earth, create a cashless society and \"put Lucifer on the throne of the world\". A footballing family Two of Ablett's brothers played in the Victorian Football League – Kevin Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and Geelong, and Geoff Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and St Kilda.", "A footballing family Two of Ablett's brothers played in the Victorian Football League – Kevin Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and Geelong, and Geoff Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and St Kilda. Ablett's eldest son, Gary Jr., has followed in his footsteps to play for Geelong.", "Ablett's eldest son, Gary Jr., has followed in his footsteps to play for Geelong. In 2007 and 2009, Ablett Jr. won the Cats' best and fairest award, emulating a feat established by his father in his first season with the Cats back in 1984; he also won the Brownlow Medal in 2009 and 2013.", "In 2007 and 2009, Ablett Jr. won the Cats' best and fairest award, emulating a feat established by his father in his first season with the Cats back in 1984; he also won the Brownlow Medal in 2009 and 2013. Another son, Nathan, was drafted in 2004 (48th pick) by Geelong under the father-son rule.", "Another son, Nathan, was drafted in 2004 (48th pick) by Geelong under the father-son rule. Nathan initially refused to play AFL Football because of his father's experience with the media, but, with encouragement from the club, was signed ahead of the 2005 AFL Season and established himself in the full forward role Gary Sr. made his own.", "Nathan initially refused to play AFL Football because of his father's experience with the media, but, with encouragement from the club, was signed ahead of the 2005 AFL Season and established himself in the full forward role Gary Sr. made his own. On 29 September 2007, both Gary Jr. and Nathan contributed to Geelong winning its first flag in 44 years, capturing the premiership that proved elusive to Gary Snr in his 12 years at the club.", "On 29 September 2007, both Gary Jr. and Nathan contributed to Geelong winning its first flag in 44 years, capturing the premiership that proved elusive to Gary Snr in his 12 years at the club. Nathan retired suddenly before the 2008 season, but he and his brother Gary Jr. were members of the Gold Coast Football Club's inaugural team for the 2011 season.", "Nathan retired suddenly before the 2008 season, but he and his brother Gary Jr. were members of the Gold Coast Football Club's inaugural team for the 2011 season. In addition to his sons, Ablett has a nephew, Luke Ablett, who played for the Sydney Swans and won a premiership with them in 2005.", "In addition to his sons, Ablett has a nephew, Luke Ablett, who played for the Sydney Swans and won a premiership with them in 2005. Two other nephews, from his sister's marriage to Hawthorn legend Michael Tuck, also played in the AFL – Richmond's Shane Tuck and Travis Tuck, who played for Hawthorn.", "Two other nephews, from his sister's marriage to Hawthorn legend Michael Tuck, also played in the AFL – Richmond's Shane Tuck and Travis Tuck, who played for Hawthorn. Criminal offences Ablett had well-documented off-field problems, particularly with illegal drug use, and depression in the wake of the Alisha Horan death.", "Criminal offences Ablett had well-documented off-field problems, particularly with illegal drug use, and depression in the wake of the Alisha Horan death. In 1990, Ablett was placed on a $10,000 good behaviour bond after he pleaded guilty to repeatedly hitting a man he found sitting in a car with his estranged wife.", "In 1990, Ablett was placed on a $10,000 good behaviour bond after he pleaded guilty to repeatedly hitting a man he found sitting in a car with his estranged wife. In 2000, Ablett was investigated, charged and convicted of four drug offences as a result of nineteen-year-old Geelong woman Alisha Horan dying of a drug overdose (involving heroin, ecstasy and amphetamines) while in Ablett's hotel room.", "In 2000, Ablett was investigated, charged and convicted of four drug offences as a result of nineteen-year-old Geelong woman Alisha Horan dying of a drug overdose (involving heroin, ecstasy and amphetamines) while in Ablett's hotel room. After a prolonged period of refusing to answer police questions and refusing to answer questions at an April 2001 inquest (on the grounds that he may incriminate himself) – Ablett later admitted to providing Horan with heroin and ecstasy.", "After a prolonged period of refusing to answer police questions and refusing to answer questions at an April 2001 inquest (on the grounds that he may incriminate himself) – Ablett later admitted to providing Horan with heroin and ecstasy. Horan had found a small quantity of heroin in Ablett's coat pocket and asked him what it was.", "Horan had found a small quantity of heroin in Ablett's coat pocket and asked him what it was. Rather than admit that it was heroin, Ablett told her it was cocaine, which they both then ingested, leading to Horan's overdose.", "Rather than admit that it was heroin, Ablett told her it was cocaine, which they both then ingested, leading to Horan's overdose. Ablett wasn't charged with manslaughter, but pleaded guilty to four lesser charges, was convicted, and fined $1500. Statistics |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "Statistics |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1982 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 35 || 6 || 11 || 13 || 47 || 21 || 68 || 26 || || 1.5 || 2.2 || 7.8 || 3.5 || 11.3 || 4.3 || |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1982 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 35 || 6 || 11 || 13 || 47 || 21 || 68 || 26 || || 1.5 || 2.2 || 7.8 || 3.5 || 11.3 || 4.3 || |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1984 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 33 || 28 || 238 || 61 || 299 || 86 || || 2.2 || 1.9 || 15.9 || 4.1 || 19.9 || 5.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1984 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 33 || 28 || 238 || 61 || 299 || 86 || || 2.2 || 1.9 || 15.9 || 4.1 || 19.9 || 5.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1985 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 20 || 82 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 67 || 274 || 62 || 336 || 135 || || 4.1 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.4 || 13.7 || 3.1 || 16.8 || 6.8 || |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1985 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 20 || 82 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 67 || 274 || 62 || 336 || 135 || || 4.1 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.4 || 13.7 || 3.1 || 16.8 || 6.8 || |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1986 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 65 || 49 || 185 || 39 || 224 || 101 || || 4.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.3 || 12.3 || 2.6 || 14.9 || 6.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1986 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 65 || 49 || 185 || 39 || 224 || 101 || || 4.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.3 || 12.3 || 2.6 || 14.9 || 6.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1987 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 53 || 38 || 200 || 46 || 246 || 86 || 19 || 3.1 || 2.2 || 11.8 || 2.7 || 14.5 || 5.1 || 1.1 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1987 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 53 || 38 || 200 || 46 || 246 || 86 || 19 || 3.1 || 2.2 || 11.8 || 2.7 || 14.5 || 5.1 || 1.1 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1988 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 82 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 62 || 253 || 42 || 295 || 117 || 19 || 3.9 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.0 || 12.0 || 2.0 || 14.0 || 5.6 || 0.9 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1988 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 82 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 62 || 253 || 42 || 295 || 117 || 19 || 3.9 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.0 || 12.0 || 2.0 || 14.0 || 5.6 || 0.9 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1989 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 23 || 87 || 54 || 378 || 68 || 446 || 151 || 29 || 3.8 || 2.3 || 16.4 || 3.0 || 19.4 || 6.6 || 1.3 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1989 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 23 || 87 || 54 || 378 || 68 || 446 || 151 || 29 || 3.8 || 2.3 || 16.4 || 3.0 || 19.4 || 6.6 || 1.3 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1990 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 75 || 43 || 224 || 47 || 271 || 100 || 21 || 4.4 || 2.5 || 13.2 || 2.8 || 15.9 || 5.9 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1990 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 75 || 43 || 224 || 47 || 271 || 100 || 21 || 4.4 || 2.5 || 13.2 || 2.8 || 15.9 || 5.9 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1991 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 12 || 28 || 27 || 144 || 21 || 165 || 55 || 20 || 2.3 || 2.3 || 12.0 || 1.8 || 13.8 || 4.6 || 1.7 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1991 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 12 || 28 || 27 || 144 || 21 || 165 || 55 || 20 || 2.3 || 2.3 || 12.0 || 1.8 || 13.8 || 4.6 || 1.7 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1992 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 72 || 54 || 324 || 61 || 385 || 118 || 33 || 3.4 || 2.6 || 15.4 || 2.9 || 18.3 || 5.6 || 1.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1992 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 72 || 54 || 324 || 61 || 385 || 118 || 33 || 3.4 || 2.6 || 15.4 || 2.9 || 18.3 || 5.6 || 1.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1993 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 124 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 60 || 233 || 13 || 246 || 111 || 10 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 7.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.5 || 13.7 || 0.8 || 14.5 || 6.5 || 0.6 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1993 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 124 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 60 || 233 || 13 || 246 || 111 || 10 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 7.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.5 || 13.7 || 0.8 || 14.5 || 6.5 || 0.6 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1994 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 25 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 129 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 79 || 263 || 30 || 293 || 130 || 15 || 5.2 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.2 || 10.5 || 1.2 || 11.7 || 5.2 || 0.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1994 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 25 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 129 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 79 || 263 || 30 || 293 || 130 || 15 || 5.2 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.2 || 10.5 || 1.2 || 11.7 || 5.2 || 0.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1995 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 22 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 122 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 85 || 264 || 19 || 283 || 148 || 18 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 5.5 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.9 || 12.0 || 0.9 || 12.9 || 6.7 || 0.8 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1995 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 22 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 122 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 85 || 264 || 19 || 283 || 148 || 18 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 5.5 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.9 || 12.0 || 0.9 || 12.9 || 6.7 || 0.8 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1996 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 69 || 31 || 159 || 31 || 190 || 71 || 13 || 4.1 || 1.8 || 9.4 || 1.8 || 11.2 || 4.2 || 0.8 |- class=\"sortbottom\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1996 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 69 || 31 || 159 || 31 || 190 || 71 || 13 || 4.1 || 1.8 || 9.4 || 1.8 || 11.2 || 4.2 || 0.8 |- class=\"sortbottom\" ! colspan=3| Career ! 248 !", "colspan=3| Career ! 248 ! 248 ! 1031 ! 690 ! 3186 ! 561 ! 3747 ! 1435 ! 197 ! 4.2 ! 2.8 ! 12.8 ! 2.3 ! 15.1 ! 5.8 !", "2.8 ! 12.8 ! 2.3 ! 15.1 ! 5.8 ! 5.8 ! 1.0 |} Honours and achievements Team McClelland Trophy (): 1992 Individual Norm Smith Medal: 1989 3× Coleman Medal: 1993, 1994, 1995 4× All-Australian team: 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Carji Greeves Medal: 1984 Leigh Matthews Trophy (AFL MVP Award): 1993 9× Geelong leading goalkicker: 1985, 1986, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 Geelong Team of the Century Geelong captain: 1995–1996 2× Alex Jesaulenko Medal: 1985, 1994 Geelong F.C.", "1.0 |} Honours and achievements Team McClelland Trophy (): 1992 Individual Norm Smith Medal: 1989 3× Coleman Medal: 1993, 1994, 1995 4× All-Australian team: 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Carji Greeves Medal: 1984 Leigh Matthews Trophy (AFL MVP Award): 1993 9× Geelong leading goalkicker: 1985, 1986, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 Geelong Team of the Century Geelong captain: 1995–1996 2× Alex Jesaulenko Medal: 1985, 1994 Geelong F.C. Hall of Fame Australian Sports Medal: 2000 Centenary Medal: 2001 Australian Football League Team of the Century 1897-1996 VFL/AFL players with 1,000 goals 8× State of Origin (Victoria): 1984, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 (c) Australian Football Media Association Player of the Year: 1993Australian Football Hall of Fame: 2005 Inductee5th on all-time leading goal-kickersAll-time leading goal kicker for Geelong F.C.", "Hall of Fame Australian Sports Medal: 2000 Centenary Medal: 2001 Australian Football League Team of the Century 1897-1996 VFL/AFL players with 1,000 goals 8× State of Origin (Victoria): 1984, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 (c) Australian Football Media Association Player of the Year: 1993Australian Football Hall of Fame: 2005 Inductee5th on all-time leading goal-kickersAll-time leading goal kicker for Geelong F.C. (1021 goals)Only player to have won Coleman Medal and kicked 100 goals in three consecutive seasons (1993–1995)Oldest player to kick 100 goals in a season (33 years old in 1995)Most goals in an AFL/VFL Grand Final (9 goals in 1989 Grand Final)Most goals in an AFL/VFL finals series (27 goals in 1989)Highest goals-per-game ratio in Geelong F.C.", "(1021 goals)Only player to have won Coleman Medal and kicked 100 goals in three consecutive seasons (1993–1995)Oldest player to kick 100 goals in a season (33 years old in 1995)Most goals in an AFL/VFL Grand Final (9 goals in 1989 Grand Final)Most goals in an AFL/VFL finals series (27 goals in 1989)Highest goals-per-game ratio in Geelong F.C. history (4.22 goals per game)4-time runner-up in Carji Greeves Medal (1985, 1993, 1994, 1995)3-time third-place getter in Carji Greeves Medal (1986, 1989, 1990)''' See also After the siren kicks in Australian rules football Alf Williamson Notes References Bibliography External links Gary Ablett's profile at AustralianFootball.com 1961 births Gary All-Australians (AFL) Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees Carji Greeves Medal winners Coleman Medal winners Geelong Football Club players Hawthorn Football Club players Leigh Matthews Trophy winners Living people Norm Smith Medal winners Sportspeople from Geelong Victorian State of Origin players Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia) Myrtleford Football Club players Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal Recipients of the Centenary Medal Australian Christians" ]

[ "Gary Ablett Sr.", "The early years at Geelong (1984-1988)", "What did he do at Geelong?", "He debuted for the Cats in Round 7 and after just nine games on the wing, Ablett was selected to his first State of Origin game for Victoria.", "How did he do for the Cats?", "Playing mostly on the half forward flank, Ablett won the club's goalkicking award for the following two seasons with 82 and 65 goals respectively.", "When did he start playing for the Cats?", "Ablett signed a one-year contract for the 1984 season", "What else was notable about his time with the Cats?", "was awarded the Carji Greeves Medal as the Geelong Football Club's \"best and fairest\" player of the year." ]

[ "Anthony Gleeson was a dual player from Tralee, County Kerry. He played at full back for most of his career. Gleeson was unlucky not to have won any senior honors with Kerry, he missed out on the Munster Championship win in 1991 and despite playing in the first round in 1996 did not play another game and therefore did not receive a Munster medal. He did win a Munster Under 21 Championship in 1988. He also played underage hurling with Kerry in the late 80's, he was captain of the team in 1987 when they won the Leinster Minor B Championship. He gave up hurling at a young age to focus on football. He also played with the Kerry Vocational Schools team in the late 80's winning 2 All-Ireland Vocational Schools Championships in 1986 and 1987.\n\nAt club level he played football with John Mitchels. He had little success with the club failing to win a County Championship, he did however played in the 1989 final when John Mitchels were beaten by Laune Rangers. He played hurling with Austin Stacks and won a County Minor Championship with them in 1986. He also played with Dublin club St Vincents.\n\nReferences\n http://www.terracetalk.com/kerry-football/player/101/Anthony-Gleeson\n https://web.archive.org/web/20111009064219/http://munster.gaa.ie/history/u21f_teams/\n\n \n\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nLiving people\nDual players\nJohn Mitchels (Kerry) Gaelic footballers\nSt Vincents (Dublin) Gaelic footballers\nAustin Stacks hurlers\nKerry inter-county hurlers", "Finland competed at the 1968 Summer Paralympics in Tel Aviv. It was the country's second participation in the Paralympics. Despite a good result in 1960 (with its sole representative winning gold in his single event), Finland did not take part in the 1964 Games. Finland again sent just one competitor: Veikko Puputti, who entered the men's javelin and club throw. He did not win any medal.\n\nBackground \nFinland did not take part in the 1964 Games.\n\nTeam \nIn 1968, Finland again sent just one competitor: Veikko Puputti, who entered the men's javelin and club throw. He did not win any medal. This is the only time Finland has taken part in the Summer Paralympic Games without winning a medal.\n\nOpening ceremony \nFinland the stadium during the Open Ceremonies behind Ethiopia.\n\nAthletics \n\nPuputti entered events in disability category A. In the javelin, he achieved a throw of 13.05m, placing him 22nd out of 35 competitors in the qualifying round. This was insufficient for him to advance to the final, where South Africa's Daniel Erasmus went on to win gold with a throw of 19.79m.\n\nPuputti's other event was the club throw. Here, a result of 25.90m ranked him 19th out of 45, causing him to be eliminated at the qualifying stage. Vic Renalson of Australia subsequently won gold, with a world record throw of 39.02m in the final round.\n\nSee also\nFinland at the 1968 Summer Olympics\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nInternational Paralympic Committee official website\n\nNations at the 1968 Summer Paralympics\n1968\nParalympics" ]

[ "Gary Ablett Sr. (born 1 October 1961), is a former professional Australian rules footballer who represented and in the Australian Football League (AFL). Nicknamed \"God\", Ablett is widely regarded as one of Australian football's greatest players, and was especially renowned for his high-flying spectacular marks and his prolific goalkicking.", "Nicknamed \"God\", Ablett is widely regarded as one of Australian football's greatest players, and was especially renowned for his high-flying spectacular marks and his prolific goalkicking. After playing for several country teams in and around his hometown of Drouin, Victoria, Ablett was recruited by Hawthorn and made his Victorian Football League (VFL) debut in 1982.", "After playing for several country teams in and around his hometown of Drouin, Victoria, Ablett was recruited by Hawthorn and made his Victorian Football League (VFL) debut in 1982. However, he struggled to adjust to city life and retreated to Myrtleford the following year.", "However, he struggled to adjust to city life and retreated to Myrtleford the following year. The Geelong Football Club managed to lure him back to professional football in 1984, and by the late 80s, he had become one of the VFL's biggest stars.", "The Geelong Football Club managed to lure him back to professional football in 1984, and by the late 80s, he had become one of the VFL's biggest stars. His 1989 VFL Grand Final appearance, during which he kicked a grand final record nine goals for a losing side, is regarded as one of football's greatest individual performances, earning him the Norm Smith Medal.", "His 1989 VFL Grand Final appearance, during which he kicked a grand final record nine goals for a losing side, is regarded as one of football's greatest individual performances, earning him the Norm Smith Medal. At the beginning of the 1991 season, Ablett shocked the football world by abruptly announcing his retirement from the game, but made a comeback midway through the year.", "At the beginning of the 1991 season, Ablett shocked the football world by abruptly announcing his retirement from the game, but made a comeback midway through the year. He went on to appear in the 1992, 1994, and 1995 grand finals, before officially retiring after the 1996 season.", "He went on to appear in the 1992, 1994, and 1995 grand finals, before officially retiring after the 1996 season. Ablett's individual accolades and achievements include an induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame, an AFL Team of the Century selection, the 1993 AFL Players Association MVP award (now known as the Leigh Matthews Trophy), and three Coleman Medals.", "Ablett's individual accolades and achievements include an induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame, an AFL Team of the Century selection, the 1993 AFL Players Association MVP award (now known as the Leigh Matthews Trophy), and three Coleman Medals. He remains Geelong's all-time leading goalkicker, with 1021 goals; and, in 2006, was voted by past and present Geelong Football Club players as the greatest Geelong footballer of all time.", "He remains Geelong's all-time leading goalkicker, with 1021 goals; and, in 2006, was voted by past and present Geelong Football Club players as the greatest Geelong footballer of all time. Early life Born in Drouin to Alfred and Colleen Ablett, Gary Ablett grew up in Gippsland, Victoria alongside his four elder brothers and three sisters.", "Early life Born in Drouin to Alfred and Colleen Ablett, Gary Ablett grew up in Gippsland, Victoria alongside his four elder brothers and three sisters. Ablett displayed a love for sport at an early age, winning the state school high jump at 10 years of age.", "Ablett displayed a love for sport at an early age, winning the state school high jump at 10 years of age. He was also awarded both club and competition best and fairest awards for Drouin at the under-11s, under-12s and under-14s levels.", "He was also awarded both club and competition best and fairest awards for Drouin at the under-11s, under-12s and under-14s levels. After his interest waned in attending school, Ablett dropped out of high school at 15 to become a bricklayer's labourer.", "After his interest waned in attending school, Ablett dropped out of high school at 15 to become a bricklayer's labourer. He also began to concentrate on his football and joined his brothers in the Drouin senior team at just 16 years of age.", "He also began to concentrate on his football and joined his brothers in the Drouin senior team at just 16 years of age. After appearing in several country league representative games, the Hawthorn Football Club, which had already signed Gary's elder brothers Geoff and Kevin onto their lists, invited him to play reserves football.", "After appearing in several country league representative games, the Hawthorn Football Club, which had already signed Gary's elder brothers Geoff and Kevin onto their lists, invited him to play reserves football. Career AFL The Hawthorn experience (1981–1983) After signing a reserves contract and featuring in six reserves games for Hawthorn, Ablett retreated back to his home in Drouin.", "Career AFL The Hawthorn experience (1981–1983) After signing a reserves contract and featuring in six reserves games for Hawthorn, Ablett retreated back to his home in Drouin. He returned to Hawthorn in 1982 and made his senior VFL debut versus Geelong in Round 2, kicking 1 goal and helping the Hawks defeat the Cats by 19 points.", "He returned to Hawthorn in 1982 and made his senior VFL debut versus Geelong in Round 2, kicking 1 goal and helping the Hawks defeat the Cats by 19 points. He played a further five games for Hawthorn that year for a total of six games and ten goals.", "He played a further five games for Hawthorn that year for a total of six games and ten goals. Ablett claimed difficulty coping with city life in Melbourne and his continual absenteeism from training sessions forced Hawthorn coach, Allan Jeans into parting ways with the talented, but wayward young half forward.", "Ablett claimed difficulty coping with city life in Melbourne and his continual absenteeism from training sessions forced Hawthorn coach, Allan Jeans into parting ways with the talented, but wayward young half forward. In 1983, he moved with his young family to the country town of Myrtleford.", "In 1983, he moved with his young family to the country town of Myrtleford. Ablett spent the year playing under the tutelage of his cousin Len Ablett for Myrtleford in the Ovens and Murray Football League. Ablett's footballing ability soon came on notice again, this time to the Geelong Football Club and their long-time recruiting officer Bill McMaster.", "Ablett's footballing ability soon came on notice again, this time to the Geelong Football Club and their long-time recruiting officer Bill McMaster. McMaster convinced Ablett to give the game another shot, this time in the confines of the rural city of Geelong.", "McMaster convinced Ablett to give the game another shot, this time in the confines of the rural city of Geelong. After protracted negotiations with Hawthorn, Geelong finally paid a $60,000 transfer for Ablett in 1984.", "After protracted negotiations with Hawthorn, Geelong finally paid a $60,000 transfer for Ablett in 1984. The early years at Geelong (1984–1988) Ablett signed a one-year contract for the 1984 season with Geelong, and he began his first season under the guidance of Tom Hafey.", "The early years at Geelong (1984–1988) Ablett signed a one-year contract for the 1984 season with Geelong, and he began his first season under the guidance of Tom Hafey. He debuted for the Cats in Round 7 and after just nine games on the wing, Ablett was selected to his first State of Origin game for Victoria.", "He debuted for the Cats in Round 7 and after just nine games on the wing, Ablett was selected to his first State of Origin game for Victoria. Ablett earned best-on-ground honours after kicking 8 goals from the half-forward flank.", "Ablett earned best-on-ground honours after kicking 8 goals from the half-forward flank. He played 15 games and kicked 33 goals in the 1984 season, and was awarded the Carji Greeves Medal as the Geelong Football Club's \"best and fairest\" player of the year.", "He played 15 games and kicked 33 goals in the 1984 season, and was awarded the Carji Greeves Medal as the Geelong Football Club's \"best and fairest\" player of the year. Following his first season with Geelong, Ablett signed a new three-year contract with the club.", "Following his first season with Geelong, Ablett signed a new three-year contract with the club. Playing mostly on the half forward flank, Ablett won the club's goalkicking award for the following two seasons with 82 and 65 goals respectively.", "Playing mostly on the half forward flank, Ablett won the club's goalkicking award for the following two seasons with 82 and 65 goals respectively. Although Ablett had developed a reputation for his laconic, lazy attitude to training under coach John Devine, this did not prevent him from earning top three placings in the best and fairest awards from 1985 to 1987.", "Although Ablett had developed a reputation for his laconic, lazy attitude to training under coach John Devine, this did not prevent him from earning top three placings in the best and fairest awards from 1985 to 1987. With his contract expiring at the conclusion of the 1987 season, Ablett shocked the VFL by signing a new five-year contract with his former club, Hawthorn.", "With his contract expiring at the conclusion of the 1987 season, Ablett shocked the VFL by signing a new five-year contract with his former club, Hawthorn. After a \"cooling-off\" period, however, Ablett opted to remain with Geelong by agreeing to a lucrative five-year contract that tied him to the club for the long-term.", "After a \"cooling-off\" period, however, Ablett opted to remain with Geelong by agreeing to a lucrative five-year contract that tied him to the club for the long-term. Ablett began the 1988 season with 59 goals after just 11 games, placing him second on the goalkicking list behind Hawthorn's Jason Dunstall.", "Ablett began the 1988 season with 59 goals after just 11 games, placing him second on the goalkicking list behind Hawthorn's Jason Dunstall. In these games, he kicked 10 goals against Richmond in the Anzac Day game, and 11 against Brisbane—one shy of breaking the ground record of 12 goals at Carrara.", "In these games, he kicked 10 goals against Richmond in the Anzac Day game, and 11 against Brisbane—one shy of breaking the ground record of 12 goals at Carrara. Although he missed out on State honours and failed to place within the top three in the club best and fairest award, Ablett finished with 82 goals during the season for the second time in his career.", "Although he missed out on State honours and failed to place within the top three in the club best and fairest award, Ablett finished with 82 goals during the season for the second time in his career. A September to remember (1989–1990) The 1989 season was marked by the arrival of Ablett's third coach, former North Melbourne Brownlow Medallist Malcolm Blight.", "A September to remember (1989–1990) The 1989 season was marked by the arrival of Ablett's third coach, former North Melbourne Brownlow Medallist Malcolm Blight. Ablett helped the Cats reach the finals on the back of a ten match winning streak to end the regular season.", "Ablett helped the Cats reach the finals on the back of a ten match winning streak to end the regular season. In a 134-point victory against Richmond, Ablett scored 14 goals, breaking a 22-year club record, and moving club legend and former club premiership coach Bobby Davis to laud Ablett as the equal of the legendary Graham 'Polly' Farmer, the finest footballers he had seen at Geelong.", "In a 134-point victory against Richmond, Ablett scored 14 goals, breaking a 22-year club record, and moving club legend and former club premiership coach Bobby Davis to laud Ablett as the equal of the legendary Graham 'Polly' Farmer, the finest footballers he had seen at Geelong. His season lowlight occurred in Round 12 when he was suspended for 3 matches after he controversially felled the Melbourne captain, Gary Lyon behind the play.", "His season lowlight occurred in Round 12 when he was suspended for 3 matches after he controversially felled the Melbourne captain, Gary Lyon behind the play. In his first ever final, the Qualifying Final at the MCG versus Essendon, Gary Ablett kicked three goals, but this was not enough.", "In his first ever final, the Qualifying Final at the MCG versus Essendon, Gary Ablett kicked three goals, but this was not enough. The Bombers humbled Geelong by 76 points to force the Cats into a sudden-death Semi Final showdown with Melbourne. The Cats posted a 63-point win against the Demons.", "The Cats posted a 63-point win against the Demons. Ablett kicked seven goals, and helped set up another meeting with Essendon in the Preliminary Final. Ablett kicked 8 goals this time, as the Cats crushed Essendon by 94 points to advance to their first grand final since 1967.", "Ablett kicked 8 goals this time, as the Cats crushed Essendon by 94 points to advance to their first grand final since 1967. Against the reigning premiers Hawthorn in the 1989 VFL Grand Final, Ablett asserted himself from the opening bounce, leading out from full forward, marking the first centre clearance kick and slotting through the game's first goal.", "Against the reigning premiers Hawthorn in the 1989 VFL Grand Final, Ablett asserted himself from the opening bounce, leading out from full forward, marking the first centre clearance kick and slotting through the game's first goal. By half-time, Ablett had kicked four goals, but the Cats trailed at the main break by 37 points.", "By half-time, Ablett had kicked four goals, but the Cats trailed at the main break by 37 points. Ablett kicked a further five goals in the second half, which saw an injury-depleted Hawthorn's lead reduced to just 6 points with less than a minute to go.", "Ablett kicked a further five goals in the second half, which saw an injury-depleted Hawthorn's lead reduced to just 6 points with less than a minute to go. However, the Cats fell short, and Hawthorn held on to defeat Geelong in one of the toughest grand finals of the modern era, winning by 6 points.", "However, the Cats fell short, and Hawthorn held on to defeat Geelong in one of the toughest grand finals of the modern era, winning by 6 points. Ablett's performance in kicking 9 goals earned him the Norm Smith Medal, and in doing so became only the second member of the losing team in VFL/AFL history to be awarded the honour – a performance regarded by many as unrivalled on football's biggest stage.", "Ablett's performance in kicking 9 goals earned him the Norm Smith Medal, and in doing so became only the second member of the losing team in VFL/AFL history to be awarded the honour – a performance regarded by many as unrivalled on football's biggest stage. Ablett's 9 goals also saw him equal Gordon Coventry's goals record set in the 1928 Grand Final.", "Ablett's 9 goals also saw him equal Gordon Coventry's goals record set in the 1928 Grand Final. Shock retirement and return (1991–1992) On 1 February 1991, Ablett, aged 29, stunned most football fans when he announced his retirement, citing personal reasons and a loss of enjoyment for the game.", "Shock retirement and return (1991–1992) On 1 February 1991, Ablett, aged 29, stunned most football fans when he announced his retirement, citing personal reasons and a loss of enjoyment for the game. His previous season in 1990 was marred by injury, dipping motivation, and personal issues, including a separation from his wife.", "His previous season in 1990 was marred by injury, dipping motivation, and personal issues, including a separation from his wife. He was eventually encouraged to reverse his decision and he made his return in Round 12 for the Geelong reserves team.", "He was eventually encouraged to reverse his decision and he made his return in Round 12 for the Geelong reserves team. This generated enormous media interest and drew an abnormally large crowd for the curtain-raiser game at Princes Park.", "This generated enormous media interest and drew an abnormally large crowd for the curtain-raiser game at Princes Park. Ablett was named in the senior side for the following game against , which drew a crowd of over 40,000 to the MCG.", "Ablett was named in the senior side for the following game against , which drew a crowd of over 40,000 to the MCG. He had ten possessions and kicked two goals, one of them an important steadier for the Cats in the last quarter after the Demons had closed to within 24 points.", "He had ten possessions and kicked two goals, one of them an important steadier for the Cats in the last quarter after the Demons had closed to within 24 points. Due to his late season start and lack of conditioning, it was probably no surprise that Ablett failed to recapture his best form, ending his season on a sour note when he was suspended for striking St Kilda rover Nathan Burke in the first week of the finals, and he subsequently missed Geelong's finals defeats to Hawthorn and West Coast.", "Due to his late season start and lack of conditioning, it was probably no surprise that Ablett failed to recapture his best form, ending his season on a sour note when he was suspended for striking St Kilda rover Nathan Burke in the first week of the finals, and he subsequently missed Geelong's finals defeats to Hawthorn and West Coast. Ablett put the disappointment of 1991 behind him, and he dedicated himself to improving his fitness base ahead of the 1992 season.", "Ablett put the disappointment of 1991 behind him, and he dedicated himself to improving his fitness base ahead of the 1992 season. A consistent first half of the year helped the Cats achieve an 11–3 record, eventually earning them a spot in the grand final—this time against the West Coast Eagles.", "A consistent first half of the year helped the Cats achieve an 11–3 record, eventually earning them a spot in the grand final—this time against the West Coast Eagles. After establishing a two-goal lead at half-time, the Cats failed to sustain their momentum during the second half, eventually going down by 28 points to the fast-finishing Eagles.", "After establishing a two-goal lead at half-time, the Cats failed to sustain their momentum during the second half, eventually going down by 28 points to the fast-finishing Eagles. Ablett, who finished with 3 goals, had again failed to finish the year with the same good form in which he had begun it.", "Ablett, who finished with 3 goals, had again failed to finish the year with the same good form in which he had begun it. One special season (1993) Before the 1993 season, Ablett was encouraged by his coach, Malcolm Blight, to move from his customary roaming half-forward position to full-forward, in an effort to prolong his career.", "One special season (1993) Before the 1993 season, Ablett was encouraged by his coach, Malcolm Blight, to move from his customary roaming half-forward position to full-forward, in an effort to prolong his career. The move up forward proved to be a master-stroke, with Ablett thriving in his goal-kicking role, reaching the 50-goal mark in just six games, equalling the sixty-year record of South Melbourne legend Bob Pratt.", "The move up forward proved to be a master-stroke, with Ablett thriving in his goal-kicking role, reaching the 50-goal mark in just six games, equalling the sixty-year record of South Melbourne legend Bob Pratt. He brought up his maiden century of goals in the season just eight games later, one game slower than record-holder Pratt, and became the first Geelong player to kick 100 goals in a season since Larry Donohue in 1976.", "He brought up his maiden century of goals in the season just eight games later, one game slower than record-holder Pratt, and became the first Geelong player to kick 100 goals in a season since Larry Donohue in 1976. Although the Cats did not make the Finals, Ablett's new-found dominance up forward was highlighted during the season with his bags of ten or more goals on five occasions, including a 14-goal performance against Essendon in Round 6.", "Although the Cats did not make the Finals, Ablett's new-found dominance up forward was highlighted during the season with his bags of ten or more goals on five occasions, including a 14-goal performance against Essendon in Round 6. His end-of-season total of 124 goals, achieved in just 17 appearances, earned him his first Coleman Medal as the League's leading goal-scorer, the Leigh Matthews Trophy, the AFMA Player of the Year Award, and a top-ten placing in the Brownlow Medal.", "His end-of-season total of 124 goals, achieved in just 17 appearances, earned him his first Coleman Medal as the League's leading goal-scorer, the Leigh Matthews Trophy, the AFMA Player of the Year Award, and a top-ten placing in the Brownlow Medal. 1993 to 1996 Ablett continued his dominance as a full-forward in 1994 and 1995 by winning the Coleman Medal in each year.", "1993 to 1996 Ablett continued his dominance as a full-forward in 1994 and 1995 by winning the Coleman Medal in each year. Ablett is the only player in VFL/AFL history to kick 100 goals and win the Coleman Medal in three successive seasons. In addition to his explosive pace and skills, Ablett was also an accomplished aerialist with strong hands.", "In addition to his explosive pace and skills, Ablett was also an accomplished aerialist with strong hands. A highlight was the 1994 Mark of the Year over Collingwood's Gary Pert on Mother's Day at the MCG, a mark which is captured in Jamie Cooper's painting the Game That Made Australia, commissioned by the AFL in 2008 to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the sport.", "A highlight was the 1994 Mark of the Year over Collingwood's Gary Pert on Mother's Day at the MCG, a mark which is captured in Jamie Cooper's painting the Game That Made Australia, commissioned by the AFL in 2008 to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the sport. There is still debate over whether he had enough control of the ball to be paid a mark.", "There is still debate over whether he had enough control of the ball to be paid a mark. In early 1996, Ablett was suspended for five games for striking St Kilda's 172 cm Kristian Bardsley with a raised forearm.", "In early 1996, Ablett was suspended for five games for striking St Kilda's 172 cm Kristian Bardsley with a raised forearm. He later remarked that his lengthy suspension was the \"beginning of the end\", and he finished out the season with 69 goals in 17 games.", "He later remarked that his lengthy suspension was the \"beginning of the end\", and he finished out the season with 69 goals in 17 games. His last AFL appearance was against North Melbourne in a Qualifying Final in 1996. Ablett managed to kick only one goal in a disappointing 60-point loss.", "Ablett managed to kick only one goal in a disappointing 60-point loss. In October 1996, he missed Geelong's first training session and was fined $10,000. On 22 November 1996, Ablett was admitted to hospital with a severe bout of gastro. On 28 November, Ablett faced traffic charges.", "On 28 November, Ablett faced traffic charges. 1997 end of career Ablett was ready to start the serious training with the club by the first week of January. By February, it was reported that he was still under pressure to improve his fitness. In March, Geelong confirmed that Ablett would play in 1997.", "In March, Geelong confirmed that Ablett would play in 1997. On Sunday, 31 March 1997, Ablett played in the reserves against Richmond. Gary booted 7 goals but injured his knee. Three days later, on 3 April, he underwent arthroscopic surgery. In early June, Ablett had still not recovered; he faced knee surgery.", "In early June, Ablett had still not recovered; he faced knee surgery. During the preliminary finals in September, he announced his retirement from football. State of Origin Ablett had a prolific State of Origin career, kicking 43 goals in 11 games.", "State of Origin Ablett had a prolific State of Origin career, kicking 43 goals in 11 games. He was first selected to play for Victoria in 1984, against Western Australia, only nine games into his career at Geelong, kicking 8 goals in a best-on-ground performance.", "He was first selected to play for Victoria in 1984, against Western Australia, only nine games into his career at Geelong, kicking 8 goals in a best-on-ground performance. He performed well again the following year, kicking 4 goals against South Australia.", "He performed well again the following year, kicking 4 goals against South Australia. In the following few years Ablett was largely out of the side, apart from 1987, when he kicked 2 goals against South Australia. Ablett again performed at the highest level in 1990, kicking 6 goals, against Western Australia in Perth.", "Ablett again performed at the highest level in 1990, kicking 6 goals, against Western Australia in Perth. After returning from retirement midway through 1991, and after only several games, Ablett was controversially selected for Victoria, kicking 2 goals.", "After returning from retirement midway through 1991, and after only several games, Ablett was controversially selected for Victoria, kicking 2 goals. In 1992 Ablett performed well, kicking 3 goals and being named among the best players, against Western Australia.", "In 1992 Ablett performed well, kicking 3 goals and being named among the best players, against Western Australia. In 1993, he kicked 4 goals, against a combined New South Wales–Australian Capital Territory side, and in the same year Ablett again performed on the big stage, kicking 5 goals in the State of Origin Carnival Grand Final.", "In 1993, he kicked 4 goals, against a combined New South Wales–Australian Capital Territory side, and in the same year Ablett again performed on the big stage, kicking 5 goals in the State of Origin Carnival Grand Final. In 1994, he kicked 4 goals, against South Australia, in what has been regarded as \"one of the greatest Australian football games of all time\" and followed up that performance with 4 goals against South Australia in 1995.", "In 1994, he kicked 4 goals, against South Australia, in what has been regarded as \"one of the greatest Australian football games of all time\" and followed up that performance with 4 goals against South Australia in 1995. On representing Victoria, Ablett has said \"I've always found it a tremendous honour to represent your state, in a State of Origin game\".", "On representing Victoria, Ablett has said \"I've always found it a tremendous honour to represent your state, in a State of Origin game\". Legacy Ablett combined strength, speed, and skill to produce many spectacular highlights and goal-kicking feats. A noted big game player, Ablett kicked 43 goals in 11 State appearances.", "A noted big game player, Ablett kicked 43 goals in 11 State appearances. More significantly, he booted 64 goals over the course of his 16 finals – an average of four goals a game. His haul of 27 goals in the 1989 finals series is a record that still stands.", "His haul of 27 goals in the 1989 finals series is a record that still stands. He was awarded the Norm Smith Medal for his performance in the 1989 Grand Final, where he was adjudged best player afield.", "He was awarded the Norm Smith Medal for his performance in the 1989 Grand Final, where he was adjudged best player afield. In doing so, he became one of only four players (the others being Maurice Rioli −1982, Nathan Buckley −2002, and Chris Judd −2005) to win the medal playing for the losing side.", "In doing so, he became one of only four players (the others being Maurice Rioli −1982, Nathan Buckley −2002, and Chris Judd −2005) to win the medal playing for the losing side. In 1996, Ablett joined Gordon Coventry, Doug Wade, Jason Dunstall and Tony Lockett as the only players in league history to kick 1000 VFL/AFL goals.", "In 1996, Ablett joined Gordon Coventry, Doug Wade, Jason Dunstall and Tony Lockett as the only players in league history to kick 1000 VFL/AFL goals. Martin Flanagan's representation of Australian football pioneer Tom Wills in his 1996 novel The Call is modeled on Ablett.", "Martin Flanagan's representation of Australian football pioneer Tom Wills in his 1996 novel The Call is modeled on Ablett. According to Flanagan, Wills and Ablett polarised opinion in similar ways, and displayed a lack of insight into their actions—they simply did what came naturally to them, \"like a lot of artists\".", "According to Flanagan, Wills and Ablett polarised opinion in similar ways, and displayed a lack of insight into their actions—they simply did what came naturally to them, \"like a lot of artists\". Ablett is the subject of the song \"Kicking the Footy with God\", released by The Bedroom Philosopher on his 2005 debut album In Bed with My Doona.", "Ablett is the subject of the song \"Kicking the Footy with God\", released by The Bedroom Philosopher on his 2005 debut album In Bed with My Doona. In 1996, Ablett was named in the AFL Team of the Century on the interchange bench, alongside Jack Dyer and Greg Williams.", "In 1996, Ablett was named in the AFL Team of the Century on the interchange bench, alongside Jack Dyer and Greg Williams. In 2001, Ablett was named in the Geelong Team of the Century, on a half forward flank.", "In 2001, Ablett was named in the Geelong Team of the Century, on a half forward flank. In 2005, after many years of controversy and debate (see below), he was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame.", "In 2005, after many years of controversy and debate (see below), he was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame. The following year, he was honoured yet again when he was voted as the Greatest Geelong player of all-time ahead of Graham Farmer.", "The following year, he was honoured yet again when he was voted as the Greatest Geelong player of all-time ahead of Graham Farmer. In 2006, Ablett was honoured with the naming of a terrace in his name within the newly renovated Skilled Stadium.", "In 2006, Ablett was honoured with the naming of a terrace in his name within the newly renovated Skilled Stadium. Ablett once had a set of gates named in his honour, but he was upgraded to a terrace at the beginning of the 2006 AFL season.", "Ablett once had a set of gates named in his honour, but he was upgraded to a terrace at the beginning of the 2006 AFL season. Induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame Despite his footballing achievements on the field, Ablett's induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame was initially delayed.", "Induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame Despite his footballing achievements on the field, Ablett's induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame was initially delayed. Despite Ablett's undoubted footballing credentials, his well-publicised contribution to the death of Alisha Horan was responsible for the Australian Football Hall of Fame committee's reluctance to induct him.", "Despite Ablett's undoubted footballing credentials, his well-publicised contribution to the death of Alisha Horan was responsible for the Australian Football Hall of Fame committee's reluctance to induct him. In 2004, after several years of speculation over his induction, Ablett personally requested that the Geelong Football Club stop nominating him for selection, which the club agreed to.", "In 2004, after several years of speculation over his induction, Ablett personally requested that the Geelong Football Club stop nominating him for selection, which the club agreed to. However, the following year it was announced that Ablett would be inducted into the Hall of Fame as part of the 2005 intake.", "However, the following year it was announced that Ablett would be inducted into the Hall of Fame as part of the 2005 intake. Ablett did not attend the induction ceremony and instead released a statement through his then-manager, Michael Baker: \"Due to my current battle with depression I am not in a position to be able to accept this award in person.", "Ablett did not attend the induction ceremony and instead released a statement through his then-manager, Michael Baker: \"Due to my current battle with depression I am not in a position to be able to accept this award in person. I did not make this decision lightly but due to medical advice it was deemed best for my health that I do not attend tonight.", "I did not make this decision lightly but due to medical advice it was deemed best for my health that I do not attend tonight. I feel blessed to have had the opportunity to play this great game and also to have played at the elite level alongside many celebrated champions.", "I feel blessed to have had the opportunity to play this great game and also to have played at the elite level alongside many celebrated champions. Being chosen to be inducted into the Hall of Fame is one of the highest honours a player could dream of.", "Being chosen to be inducted into the Hall of Fame is one of the highest honours a player could dream of. I thank those who deem me worthy enough to be placed alongside such respected company.\" Personal life The youngest of eight children, Ablett grew up alongside four elder brothers and three elder sisters.", "Personal life The youngest of eight children, Ablett grew up alongside four elder brothers and three elder sisters. In 1985, Ablett wed his long-time girlfriend Sue, and the couple had four children – Natasha, Gary Jr., Nathan, and Alisha.", "In 1985, Ablett wed his long-time girlfriend Sue, and the couple had four children – Natasha, Gary Jr., Nathan, and Alisha. In 1986, Ablett became a born-again Christian and has been said to be slightly aggrieved at constantly being referred to as \"God\" by fans, a nickname based on his supreme football abilities.", "In 1986, Ablett became a born-again Christian and has been said to be slightly aggrieved at constantly being referred to as \"God\" by fans, a nickname based on his supreme football abilities. Ablett's faith was often highlighted in several tribunal appearances, in one case confessing and pleading guilty to striking Garry Lyon in a 1989 incident, declaring he \"wasn't prepared to lie about it or compromise the truth in [his] relationship with God\".", "Ablett's faith was often highlighted in several tribunal appearances, in one case confessing and pleading guilty to striking Garry Lyon in a 1989 incident, declaring he \"wasn't prepared to lie about it or compromise the truth in [his] relationship with God\". Ablett's public acknowledgement of his faith, in particular the influence of God in his life, during his acceptance speech for the Norm Smith Medal in the 1989 Grand Final, was also much publicised.", "Ablett's public acknowledgement of his faith, in particular the influence of God in his life, during his acceptance speech for the Norm Smith Medal in the 1989 Grand Final, was also much publicised. On 26 June 2006, Ablett was allegedly assaulted at 11:15pm while browsing through a car yard in Fyans Street, South Geelong.", "On 26 June 2006, Ablett was allegedly assaulted at 11:15pm while browsing through a car yard in Fyans Street, South Geelong. A 31-year-old Geelong man was charged with the assault.", "A 31-year-old Geelong man was charged with the assault. However, he was reported to have committed suicide on 10 July 2006 by jumping from a Melbourne high-rise apartment block the day before he was due to appear before the Geelong Magistrates court to defend the assault charges.", "However, he was reported to have committed suicide on 10 July 2006 by jumping from a Melbourne high-rise apartment block the day before he was due to appear before the Geelong Magistrates court to defend the assault charges. In December 2007, Ablett hit back at media claims that his son Nathan had walked away from his football career because of the publicity surrounding the release of a new book about his father.", "In December 2007, Ablett hit back at media claims that his son Nathan had walked away from his football career because of the publicity surrounding the release of a new book about his father. Although normally reluctant to make public comments, Ablett felt that the media intrusion into his family life had gone too far.", "Although normally reluctant to make public comments, Ablett felt that the media intrusion into his family life had gone too far. As part of a series of books, \"Legends of Australian Sport\", Ablett contributed to a book regarding himself. It was the first time he revealed intimate details regarding his life publicly.", "It was the first time he revealed intimate details regarding his life publicly. In September 2020, Ablett released a 27-minute YouTube video discussing his belief in the rapture as being forthcoming.", "In September 2020, Ablett released a 27-minute YouTube video discussing his belief in the rapture as being forthcoming. In this video, he declared that the COVID-19 pandemic had been manufactured and released by the Illuminati and Freemasons in order to depopulate Earth, create a cashless society and \"put Lucifer on the throne of the world\".", "In this video, he declared that the COVID-19 pandemic had been manufactured and released by the Illuminati and Freemasons in order to depopulate Earth, create a cashless society and \"put Lucifer on the throne of the world\". A footballing family Two of Ablett's brothers played in the Victorian Football League – Kevin Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and Geelong, and Geoff Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and St Kilda.", "A footballing family Two of Ablett's brothers played in the Victorian Football League – Kevin Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and Geelong, and Geoff Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and St Kilda. Ablett's eldest son, Gary Jr., has followed in his footsteps to play for Geelong.", "Ablett's eldest son, Gary Jr., has followed in his footsteps to play for Geelong. In 2007 and 2009, Ablett Jr. won the Cats' best and fairest award, emulating a feat established by his father in his first season with the Cats back in 1984; he also won the Brownlow Medal in 2009 and 2013.", "In 2007 and 2009, Ablett Jr. won the Cats' best and fairest award, emulating a feat established by his father in his first season with the Cats back in 1984; he also won the Brownlow Medal in 2009 and 2013. Another son, Nathan, was drafted in 2004 (48th pick) by Geelong under the father-son rule.", "Another son, Nathan, was drafted in 2004 (48th pick) by Geelong under the father-son rule. Nathan initially refused to play AFL Football because of his father's experience with the media, but, with encouragement from the club, was signed ahead of the 2005 AFL Season and established himself in the full forward role Gary Sr. made his own.", "Nathan initially refused to play AFL Football because of his father's experience with the media, but, with encouragement from the club, was signed ahead of the 2005 AFL Season and established himself in the full forward role Gary Sr. made his own. On 29 September 2007, both Gary Jr. and Nathan contributed to Geelong winning its first flag in 44 years, capturing the premiership that proved elusive to Gary Snr in his 12 years at the club.", "On 29 September 2007, both Gary Jr. and Nathan contributed to Geelong winning its first flag in 44 years, capturing the premiership that proved elusive to Gary Snr in his 12 years at the club. Nathan retired suddenly before the 2008 season, but he and his brother Gary Jr. were members of the Gold Coast Football Club's inaugural team for the 2011 season.", "Nathan retired suddenly before the 2008 season, but he and his brother Gary Jr. were members of the Gold Coast Football Club's inaugural team for the 2011 season. In addition to his sons, Ablett has a nephew, Luke Ablett, who played for the Sydney Swans and won a premiership with them in 2005.", "In addition to his sons, Ablett has a nephew, Luke Ablett, who played for the Sydney Swans and won a premiership with them in 2005. Two other nephews, from his sister's marriage to Hawthorn legend Michael Tuck, also played in the AFL – Richmond's Shane Tuck and Travis Tuck, who played for Hawthorn.", "Two other nephews, from his sister's marriage to Hawthorn legend Michael Tuck, also played in the AFL – Richmond's Shane Tuck and Travis Tuck, who played for Hawthorn. Criminal offences Ablett had well-documented off-field problems, particularly with illegal drug use, and depression in the wake of the Alisha Horan death.", "Criminal offences Ablett had well-documented off-field problems, particularly with illegal drug use, and depression in the wake of the Alisha Horan death. In 1990, Ablett was placed on a $10,000 good behaviour bond after he pleaded guilty to repeatedly hitting a man he found sitting in a car with his estranged wife.", "In 1990, Ablett was placed on a $10,000 good behaviour bond after he pleaded guilty to repeatedly hitting a man he found sitting in a car with his estranged wife. In 2000, Ablett was investigated, charged and convicted of four drug offences as a result of nineteen-year-old Geelong woman Alisha Horan dying of a drug overdose (involving heroin, ecstasy and amphetamines) while in Ablett's hotel room.", "In 2000, Ablett was investigated, charged and convicted of four drug offences as a result of nineteen-year-old Geelong woman Alisha Horan dying of a drug overdose (involving heroin, ecstasy and amphetamines) while in Ablett's hotel room. After a prolonged period of refusing to answer police questions and refusing to answer questions at an April 2001 inquest (on the grounds that he may incriminate himself) – Ablett later admitted to providing Horan with heroin and ecstasy.", "After a prolonged period of refusing to answer police questions and refusing to answer questions at an April 2001 inquest (on the grounds that he may incriminate himself) – Ablett later admitted to providing Horan with heroin and ecstasy. Horan had found a small quantity of heroin in Ablett's coat pocket and asked him what it was.", "Horan had found a small quantity of heroin in Ablett's coat pocket and asked him what it was. Rather than admit that it was heroin, Ablett told her it was cocaine, which they both then ingested, leading to Horan's overdose.", "Rather than admit that it was heroin, Ablett told her it was cocaine, which they both then ingested, leading to Horan's overdose. Ablett wasn't charged with manslaughter, but pleaded guilty to four lesser charges, was convicted, and fined $1500. Statistics |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "Statistics |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1982 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 35 || 6 || 11 || 13 || 47 || 21 || 68 || 26 || || 1.5 || 2.2 || 7.8 || 3.5 || 11.3 || 4.3 || |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1982 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 35 || 6 || 11 || 13 || 47 || 21 || 68 || 26 || || 1.5 || 2.2 || 7.8 || 3.5 || 11.3 || 4.3 || |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1984 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 33 || 28 || 238 || 61 || 299 || 86 || || 2.2 || 1.9 || 15.9 || 4.1 || 19.9 || 5.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1984 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 33 || 28 || 238 || 61 || 299 || 86 || || 2.2 || 1.9 || 15.9 || 4.1 || 19.9 || 5.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1985 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 20 || 82 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 67 || 274 || 62 || 336 || 135 || || 4.1 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.4 || 13.7 || 3.1 || 16.8 || 6.8 || |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1985 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 20 || 82 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 67 || 274 || 62 || 336 || 135 || || 4.1 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.4 || 13.7 || 3.1 || 16.8 || 6.8 || |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1986 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 65 || 49 || 185 || 39 || 224 || 101 || || 4.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.3 || 12.3 || 2.6 || 14.9 || 6.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1986 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 65 || 49 || 185 || 39 || 224 || 101 || || 4.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.3 || 12.3 || 2.6 || 14.9 || 6.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1987 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 53 || 38 || 200 || 46 || 246 || 86 || 19 || 3.1 || 2.2 || 11.8 || 2.7 || 14.5 || 5.1 || 1.1 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1987 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 53 || 38 || 200 || 46 || 246 || 86 || 19 || 3.1 || 2.2 || 11.8 || 2.7 || 14.5 || 5.1 || 1.1 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1988 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 82 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 62 || 253 || 42 || 295 || 117 || 19 || 3.9 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.0 || 12.0 || 2.0 || 14.0 || 5.6 || 0.9 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1988 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 82 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 62 || 253 || 42 || 295 || 117 || 19 || 3.9 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.0 || 12.0 || 2.0 || 14.0 || 5.6 || 0.9 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1989 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 23 || 87 || 54 || 378 || 68 || 446 || 151 || 29 || 3.8 || 2.3 || 16.4 || 3.0 || 19.4 || 6.6 || 1.3 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1989 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 23 || 87 || 54 || 378 || 68 || 446 || 151 || 29 || 3.8 || 2.3 || 16.4 || 3.0 || 19.4 || 6.6 || 1.3 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1990 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 75 || 43 || 224 || 47 || 271 || 100 || 21 || 4.4 || 2.5 || 13.2 || 2.8 || 15.9 || 5.9 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1990 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 75 || 43 || 224 || 47 || 271 || 100 || 21 || 4.4 || 2.5 || 13.2 || 2.8 || 15.9 || 5.9 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1991 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 12 || 28 || 27 || 144 || 21 || 165 || 55 || 20 || 2.3 || 2.3 || 12.0 || 1.8 || 13.8 || 4.6 || 1.7 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1991 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 12 || 28 || 27 || 144 || 21 || 165 || 55 || 20 || 2.3 || 2.3 || 12.0 || 1.8 || 13.8 || 4.6 || 1.7 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1992 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 72 || 54 || 324 || 61 || 385 || 118 || 33 || 3.4 || 2.6 || 15.4 || 2.9 || 18.3 || 5.6 || 1.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1992 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 72 || 54 || 324 || 61 || 385 || 118 || 33 || 3.4 || 2.6 || 15.4 || 2.9 || 18.3 || 5.6 || 1.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1993 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 124 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 60 || 233 || 13 || 246 || 111 || 10 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 7.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.5 || 13.7 || 0.8 || 14.5 || 6.5 || 0.6 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1993 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 124 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 60 || 233 || 13 || 246 || 111 || 10 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 7.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.5 || 13.7 || 0.8 || 14.5 || 6.5 || 0.6 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1994 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 25 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 129 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 79 || 263 || 30 || 293 || 130 || 15 || 5.2 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.2 || 10.5 || 1.2 || 11.7 || 5.2 || 0.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1994 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 25 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 129 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 79 || 263 || 30 || 293 || 130 || 15 || 5.2 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.2 || 10.5 || 1.2 || 11.7 || 5.2 || 0.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1995 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 22 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 122 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 85 || 264 || 19 || 283 || 148 || 18 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 5.5 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.9 || 12.0 || 0.9 || 12.9 || 6.7 || 0.8 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1995 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 22 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 122 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 85 || 264 || 19 || 283 || 148 || 18 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 5.5 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.9 || 12.0 || 0.9 || 12.9 || 6.7 || 0.8 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1996 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 69 || 31 || 159 || 31 || 190 || 71 || 13 || 4.1 || 1.8 || 9.4 || 1.8 || 11.2 || 4.2 || 0.8 |- class=\"sortbottom\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1996 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 69 || 31 || 159 || 31 || 190 || 71 || 13 || 4.1 || 1.8 || 9.4 || 1.8 || 11.2 || 4.2 || 0.8 |- class=\"sortbottom\" ! colspan=3| Career ! 248 !", "colspan=3| Career ! 248 ! 248 ! 1031 ! 690 ! 3186 ! 561 ! 3747 ! 1435 ! 197 ! 4.2 ! 2.8 ! 12.8 ! 2.3 ! 15.1 ! 5.8 !", "2.8 ! 12.8 ! 2.3 ! 15.1 ! 5.8 ! 5.8 ! 1.0 |} Honours and achievements Team McClelland Trophy (): 1992 Individual Norm Smith Medal: 1989 3× Coleman Medal: 1993, 1994, 1995 4× All-Australian team: 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Carji Greeves Medal: 1984 Leigh Matthews Trophy (AFL MVP Award): 1993 9× Geelong leading goalkicker: 1985, 1986, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 Geelong Team of the Century Geelong captain: 1995–1996 2× Alex Jesaulenko Medal: 1985, 1994 Geelong F.C.", "1.0 |} Honours and achievements Team McClelland Trophy (): 1992 Individual Norm Smith Medal: 1989 3× Coleman Medal: 1993, 1994, 1995 4× All-Australian team: 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Carji Greeves Medal: 1984 Leigh Matthews Trophy (AFL MVP Award): 1993 9× Geelong leading goalkicker: 1985, 1986, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 Geelong Team of the Century Geelong captain: 1995–1996 2× Alex Jesaulenko Medal: 1985, 1994 Geelong F.C. Hall of Fame Australian Sports Medal: 2000 Centenary Medal: 2001 Australian Football League Team of the Century 1897-1996 VFL/AFL players with 1,000 goals 8× State of Origin (Victoria): 1984, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 (c) Australian Football Media Association Player of the Year: 1993Australian Football Hall of Fame: 2005 Inductee5th on all-time leading goal-kickersAll-time leading goal kicker for Geelong F.C.", "Hall of Fame Australian Sports Medal: 2000 Centenary Medal: 2001 Australian Football League Team of the Century 1897-1996 VFL/AFL players with 1,000 goals 8× State of Origin (Victoria): 1984, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 (c) Australian Football Media Association Player of the Year: 1993Australian Football Hall of Fame: 2005 Inductee5th on all-time leading goal-kickersAll-time leading goal kicker for Geelong F.C. (1021 goals)Only player to have won Coleman Medal and kicked 100 goals in three consecutive seasons (1993–1995)Oldest player to kick 100 goals in a season (33 years old in 1995)Most goals in an AFL/VFL Grand Final (9 goals in 1989 Grand Final)Most goals in an AFL/VFL finals series (27 goals in 1989)Highest goals-per-game ratio in Geelong F.C.", "(1021 goals)Only player to have won Coleman Medal and kicked 100 goals in three consecutive seasons (1993–1995)Oldest player to kick 100 goals in a season (33 years old in 1995)Most goals in an AFL/VFL Grand Final (9 goals in 1989 Grand Final)Most goals in an AFL/VFL finals series (27 goals in 1989)Highest goals-per-game ratio in Geelong F.C. history (4.22 goals per game)4-time runner-up in Carji Greeves Medal (1985, 1993, 1994, 1995)3-time third-place getter in Carji Greeves Medal (1986, 1989, 1990)''' See also After the siren kicks in Australian rules football Alf Williamson Notes References Bibliography External links Gary Ablett's profile at AustralianFootball.com 1961 births Gary All-Australians (AFL) Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees Carji Greeves Medal winners Coleman Medal winners Geelong Football Club players Hawthorn Football Club players Leigh Matthews Trophy winners Living people Norm Smith Medal winners Sportspeople from Geelong Victorian State of Origin players Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia) Myrtleford Football Club players Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal Recipients of the Centenary Medal Australian Christians" ]

[ "Gary Ablett Sr.", "The early years at Geelong (1984-1988)", "What did he do at Geelong?", "He debuted for the Cats in Round 7 and after just nine games on the wing, Ablett was selected to his first State of Origin game for Victoria.", "How did he do for the Cats?", "Playing mostly on the half forward flank, Ablett won the club's goalkicking award for the following two seasons with 82 and 65 goals respectively.", "When did he start playing for the Cats?", "Ablett signed a one-year contract for the 1984 season", "What else was notable about his time with the Cats?", "was awarded the Carji Greeves Medal as the Geelong Football Club's \"best and fairest\" player of the year.", "Did he win any other honors?", "Although he missed out on State honours and failed to place within the top three in the club best and fairest award, Ablett finished with 82 goals" ]

[ "Alex Fontana (born May 1, 1995) is a professional Canadian football offensive lineman for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League (CFL).\n\nCollege career\nFontana played college football for the New Mexico Military Institute Broncos in 2014 and 2015 and transferred to the University of Houston to play for the Cougars in 2016. He did not play in 2017 due to a foot injury and transferred to the University of Kansas to play for the Jayhawks in 2018 as a graduate transfer.\n\nProfessional career\n\nOttawa Redblacks\nFontana was drafted by the Ottawa Redblacks in the first round with the seventh overall pick in the 2019 CFL Draft and signed with the team on May 18, 2019. He made his professional debut on June 15, 2019, against the Calgary Stampeders, and played in all 18 regular season games in 2019. With the cancellation of the 2020 CFL season, he did not play in 2020 and also decided not to play in 2021 as he was placed on the Redblacks' suspended list on July 9, 2021. He became a free agent upon the expiry of his contract on February 8, 2022.\n\nHamilton Tiger-Cats\nOn February 8, 2022, it was announced that Fontana had signed with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats to a two-year contract.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nHamilton Tiger-Cats bio\n\nLiving people\n1995 births\nPlayers of Canadian football from Ontario\nSportspeople from Toronto\nCanadian football offensive linemen\nNew Mexico Military Institute Broncos football players\nHouston Cougars football players\nKansas Jayhawks football players\nOttawa Redblacks players\nHamilton Tiger-Cats players", "David Ungerer (born September 16, 1995) is a professional Canadian football wide receiver for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League (CFL).\n\nCollege career\nUngerer played college football with the Idaho Vandals from 2014 to 2018.\n\nProfessional career\nUngerer was drafted in the second round, 11th overall by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in the 2019 CFL Draft and he signed with the team on May 17, 2019. He played in his first career CFL game on August 10, 2019 against the BC Lions. He then recorded his first reception the next week on August 17, 2019 against the Ottawa Redblacks. For the season, he played in 10 regular season games as a rookie where he had two catches for 44 yards. He spent the post-season on the injured list and did not play in the Tiger-Cats' 107th Grey Cup loss.\n\nDue to the cancellation of the 2020 CFL season, Ungerer did not play in 2020. He became a regular starter with the Tiger-Cats in 2021 and scored his first career touchdown on a 23-yard catch from Dane Evans in the Labour Day Classic against the Toronto Argonauts on September 6, 2021.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Tiger-Cats bio\n\n1995 births\nLiving people\nCanadian football wide receivers\nHamilton Tiger-Cats players\nIdaho Vandals football players\nPlayers of American football from Washington (state)\nPeople from Pullman, Washington" ]

[ "Gary Ablett Sr. (born 1 October 1961), is a former professional Australian rules footballer who represented and in the Australian Football League (AFL). Nicknamed \"God\", Ablett is widely regarded as one of Australian football's greatest players, and was especially renowned for his high-flying spectacular marks and his prolific goalkicking.", "Nicknamed \"God\", Ablett is widely regarded as one of Australian football's greatest players, and was especially renowned for his high-flying spectacular marks and his prolific goalkicking. After playing for several country teams in and around his hometown of Drouin, Victoria, Ablett was recruited by Hawthorn and made his Victorian Football League (VFL) debut in 1982.", "After playing for several country teams in and around his hometown of Drouin, Victoria, Ablett was recruited by Hawthorn and made his Victorian Football League (VFL) debut in 1982. However, he struggled to adjust to city life and retreated to Myrtleford the following year.", "However, he struggled to adjust to city life and retreated to Myrtleford the following year. The Geelong Football Club managed to lure him back to professional football in 1984, and by the late 80s, he had become one of the VFL's biggest stars.", "The Geelong Football Club managed to lure him back to professional football in 1984, and by the late 80s, he had become one of the VFL's biggest stars. His 1989 VFL Grand Final appearance, during which he kicked a grand final record nine goals for a losing side, is regarded as one of football's greatest individual performances, earning him the Norm Smith Medal.", "His 1989 VFL Grand Final appearance, during which he kicked a grand final record nine goals for a losing side, is regarded as one of football's greatest individual performances, earning him the Norm Smith Medal. At the beginning of the 1991 season, Ablett shocked the football world by abruptly announcing his retirement from the game, but made a comeback midway through the year.", "At the beginning of the 1991 season, Ablett shocked the football world by abruptly announcing his retirement from the game, but made a comeback midway through the year. He went on to appear in the 1992, 1994, and 1995 grand finals, before officially retiring after the 1996 season.", "He went on to appear in the 1992, 1994, and 1995 grand finals, before officially retiring after the 1996 season. Ablett's individual accolades and achievements include an induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame, an AFL Team of the Century selection, the 1993 AFL Players Association MVP award (now known as the Leigh Matthews Trophy), and three Coleman Medals.", "Ablett's individual accolades and achievements include an induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame, an AFL Team of the Century selection, the 1993 AFL Players Association MVP award (now known as the Leigh Matthews Trophy), and three Coleman Medals. He remains Geelong's all-time leading goalkicker, with 1021 goals; and, in 2006, was voted by past and present Geelong Football Club players as the greatest Geelong footballer of all time.", "He remains Geelong's all-time leading goalkicker, with 1021 goals; and, in 2006, was voted by past and present Geelong Football Club players as the greatest Geelong footballer of all time. Early life Born in Drouin to Alfred and Colleen Ablett, Gary Ablett grew up in Gippsland, Victoria alongside his four elder brothers and three sisters.", "Early life Born in Drouin to Alfred and Colleen Ablett, Gary Ablett grew up in Gippsland, Victoria alongside his four elder brothers and three sisters. Ablett displayed a love for sport at an early age, winning the state school high jump at 10 years of age.", "Ablett displayed a love for sport at an early age, winning the state school high jump at 10 years of age. He was also awarded both club and competition best and fairest awards for Drouin at the under-11s, under-12s and under-14s levels.", "He was also awarded both club and competition best and fairest awards for Drouin at the under-11s, under-12s and under-14s levels. After his interest waned in attending school, Ablett dropped out of high school at 15 to become a bricklayer's labourer.", "After his interest waned in attending school, Ablett dropped out of high school at 15 to become a bricklayer's labourer. He also began to concentrate on his football and joined his brothers in the Drouin senior team at just 16 years of age.", "He also began to concentrate on his football and joined his brothers in the Drouin senior team at just 16 years of age. After appearing in several country league representative games, the Hawthorn Football Club, which had already signed Gary's elder brothers Geoff and Kevin onto their lists, invited him to play reserves football.", "After appearing in several country league representative games, the Hawthorn Football Club, which had already signed Gary's elder brothers Geoff and Kevin onto their lists, invited him to play reserves football. Career AFL The Hawthorn experience (1981–1983) After signing a reserves contract and featuring in six reserves games for Hawthorn, Ablett retreated back to his home in Drouin.", "Career AFL The Hawthorn experience (1981–1983) After signing a reserves contract and featuring in six reserves games for Hawthorn, Ablett retreated back to his home in Drouin. He returned to Hawthorn in 1982 and made his senior VFL debut versus Geelong in Round 2, kicking 1 goal and helping the Hawks defeat the Cats by 19 points.", "He returned to Hawthorn in 1982 and made his senior VFL debut versus Geelong in Round 2, kicking 1 goal and helping the Hawks defeat the Cats by 19 points. He played a further five games for Hawthorn that year for a total of six games and ten goals.", "He played a further five games for Hawthorn that year for a total of six games and ten goals. Ablett claimed difficulty coping with city life in Melbourne and his continual absenteeism from training sessions forced Hawthorn coach, Allan Jeans into parting ways with the talented, but wayward young half forward.", "Ablett claimed difficulty coping with city life in Melbourne and his continual absenteeism from training sessions forced Hawthorn coach, Allan Jeans into parting ways with the talented, but wayward young half forward. In 1983, he moved with his young family to the country town of Myrtleford.", "In 1983, he moved with his young family to the country town of Myrtleford. Ablett spent the year playing under the tutelage of his cousin Len Ablett for Myrtleford in the Ovens and Murray Football League. Ablett's footballing ability soon came on notice again, this time to the Geelong Football Club and their long-time recruiting officer Bill McMaster.", "Ablett's footballing ability soon came on notice again, this time to the Geelong Football Club and their long-time recruiting officer Bill McMaster. McMaster convinced Ablett to give the game another shot, this time in the confines of the rural city of Geelong.", "McMaster convinced Ablett to give the game another shot, this time in the confines of the rural city of Geelong. After protracted negotiations with Hawthorn, Geelong finally paid a $60,000 transfer for Ablett in 1984.", "After protracted negotiations with Hawthorn, Geelong finally paid a $60,000 transfer for Ablett in 1984. The early years at Geelong (1984–1988) Ablett signed a one-year contract for the 1984 season with Geelong, and he began his first season under the guidance of Tom Hafey.", "The early years at Geelong (1984–1988) Ablett signed a one-year contract for the 1984 season with Geelong, and he began his first season under the guidance of Tom Hafey. He debuted for the Cats in Round 7 and after just nine games on the wing, Ablett was selected to his first State of Origin game for Victoria.", "He debuted for the Cats in Round 7 and after just nine games on the wing, Ablett was selected to his first State of Origin game for Victoria. Ablett earned best-on-ground honours after kicking 8 goals from the half-forward flank.", "Ablett earned best-on-ground honours after kicking 8 goals from the half-forward flank. He played 15 games and kicked 33 goals in the 1984 season, and was awarded the Carji Greeves Medal as the Geelong Football Club's \"best and fairest\" player of the year.", "He played 15 games and kicked 33 goals in the 1984 season, and was awarded the Carji Greeves Medal as the Geelong Football Club's \"best and fairest\" player of the year. Following his first season with Geelong, Ablett signed a new three-year contract with the club.", "Following his first season with Geelong, Ablett signed a new three-year contract with the club. Playing mostly on the half forward flank, Ablett won the club's goalkicking award for the following two seasons with 82 and 65 goals respectively.", "Playing mostly on the half forward flank, Ablett won the club's goalkicking award for the following two seasons with 82 and 65 goals respectively. Although Ablett had developed a reputation for his laconic, lazy attitude to training under coach John Devine, this did not prevent him from earning top three placings in the best and fairest awards from 1985 to 1987.", "Although Ablett had developed a reputation for his laconic, lazy attitude to training under coach John Devine, this did not prevent him from earning top three placings in the best and fairest awards from 1985 to 1987. With his contract expiring at the conclusion of the 1987 season, Ablett shocked the VFL by signing a new five-year contract with his former club, Hawthorn.", "With his contract expiring at the conclusion of the 1987 season, Ablett shocked the VFL by signing a new five-year contract with his former club, Hawthorn. After a \"cooling-off\" period, however, Ablett opted to remain with Geelong by agreeing to a lucrative five-year contract that tied him to the club for the long-term.", "After a \"cooling-off\" period, however, Ablett opted to remain with Geelong by agreeing to a lucrative five-year contract that tied him to the club for the long-term. Ablett began the 1988 season with 59 goals after just 11 games, placing him second on the goalkicking list behind Hawthorn's Jason Dunstall.", "Ablett began the 1988 season with 59 goals after just 11 games, placing him second on the goalkicking list behind Hawthorn's Jason Dunstall. In these games, he kicked 10 goals against Richmond in the Anzac Day game, and 11 against Brisbane—one shy of breaking the ground record of 12 goals at Carrara.", "In these games, he kicked 10 goals against Richmond in the Anzac Day game, and 11 against Brisbane—one shy of breaking the ground record of 12 goals at Carrara. Although he missed out on State honours and failed to place within the top three in the club best and fairest award, Ablett finished with 82 goals during the season for the second time in his career.", "Although he missed out on State honours and failed to place within the top three in the club best and fairest award, Ablett finished with 82 goals during the season for the second time in his career. A September to remember (1989–1990) The 1989 season was marked by the arrival of Ablett's third coach, former North Melbourne Brownlow Medallist Malcolm Blight.", "A September to remember (1989–1990) The 1989 season was marked by the arrival of Ablett's third coach, former North Melbourne Brownlow Medallist Malcolm Blight. Ablett helped the Cats reach the finals on the back of a ten match winning streak to end the regular season.", "Ablett helped the Cats reach the finals on the back of a ten match winning streak to end the regular season. In a 134-point victory against Richmond, Ablett scored 14 goals, breaking a 22-year club record, and moving club legend and former club premiership coach Bobby Davis to laud Ablett as the equal of the legendary Graham 'Polly' Farmer, the finest footballers he had seen at Geelong.", "In a 134-point victory against Richmond, Ablett scored 14 goals, breaking a 22-year club record, and moving club legend and former club premiership coach Bobby Davis to laud Ablett as the equal of the legendary Graham 'Polly' Farmer, the finest footballers he had seen at Geelong. His season lowlight occurred in Round 12 when he was suspended for 3 matches after he controversially felled the Melbourne captain, Gary Lyon behind the play.", "His season lowlight occurred in Round 12 when he was suspended for 3 matches after he controversially felled the Melbourne captain, Gary Lyon behind the play. In his first ever final, the Qualifying Final at the MCG versus Essendon, Gary Ablett kicked three goals, but this was not enough.", "In his first ever final, the Qualifying Final at the MCG versus Essendon, Gary Ablett kicked three goals, but this was not enough. The Bombers humbled Geelong by 76 points to force the Cats into a sudden-death Semi Final showdown with Melbourne. The Cats posted a 63-point win against the Demons.", "The Cats posted a 63-point win against the Demons. Ablett kicked seven goals, and helped set up another meeting with Essendon in the Preliminary Final. Ablett kicked 8 goals this time, as the Cats crushed Essendon by 94 points to advance to their first grand final since 1967.", "Ablett kicked 8 goals this time, as the Cats crushed Essendon by 94 points to advance to their first grand final since 1967. Against the reigning premiers Hawthorn in the 1989 VFL Grand Final, Ablett asserted himself from the opening bounce, leading out from full forward, marking the first centre clearance kick and slotting through the game's first goal.", "Against the reigning premiers Hawthorn in the 1989 VFL Grand Final, Ablett asserted himself from the opening bounce, leading out from full forward, marking the first centre clearance kick and slotting through the game's first goal. By half-time, Ablett had kicked four goals, but the Cats trailed at the main break by 37 points.", "By half-time, Ablett had kicked four goals, but the Cats trailed at the main break by 37 points. Ablett kicked a further five goals in the second half, which saw an injury-depleted Hawthorn's lead reduced to just 6 points with less than a minute to go.", "Ablett kicked a further five goals in the second half, which saw an injury-depleted Hawthorn's lead reduced to just 6 points with less than a minute to go. However, the Cats fell short, and Hawthorn held on to defeat Geelong in one of the toughest grand finals of the modern era, winning by 6 points.", "However, the Cats fell short, and Hawthorn held on to defeat Geelong in one of the toughest grand finals of the modern era, winning by 6 points. Ablett's performance in kicking 9 goals earned him the Norm Smith Medal, and in doing so became only the second member of the losing team in VFL/AFL history to be awarded the honour – a performance regarded by many as unrivalled on football's biggest stage.", "Ablett's performance in kicking 9 goals earned him the Norm Smith Medal, and in doing so became only the second member of the losing team in VFL/AFL history to be awarded the honour – a performance regarded by many as unrivalled on football's biggest stage. Ablett's 9 goals also saw him equal Gordon Coventry's goals record set in the 1928 Grand Final.", "Ablett's 9 goals also saw him equal Gordon Coventry's goals record set in the 1928 Grand Final. Shock retirement and return (1991–1992) On 1 February 1991, Ablett, aged 29, stunned most football fans when he announced his retirement, citing personal reasons and a loss of enjoyment for the game.", "Shock retirement and return (1991–1992) On 1 February 1991, Ablett, aged 29, stunned most football fans when he announced his retirement, citing personal reasons and a loss of enjoyment for the game. His previous season in 1990 was marred by injury, dipping motivation, and personal issues, including a separation from his wife.", "His previous season in 1990 was marred by injury, dipping motivation, and personal issues, including a separation from his wife. He was eventually encouraged to reverse his decision and he made his return in Round 12 for the Geelong reserves team.", "He was eventually encouraged to reverse his decision and he made his return in Round 12 for the Geelong reserves team. This generated enormous media interest and drew an abnormally large crowd for the curtain-raiser game at Princes Park.", "This generated enormous media interest and drew an abnormally large crowd for the curtain-raiser game at Princes Park. Ablett was named in the senior side for the following game against , which drew a crowd of over 40,000 to the MCG.", "Ablett was named in the senior side for the following game against , which drew a crowd of over 40,000 to the MCG. He had ten possessions and kicked two goals, one of them an important steadier for the Cats in the last quarter after the Demons had closed to within 24 points.", "He had ten possessions and kicked two goals, one of them an important steadier for the Cats in the last quarter after the Demons had closed to within 24 points. Due to his late season start and lack of conditioning, it was probably no surprise that Ablett failed to recapture his best form, ending his season on a sour note when he was suspended for striking St Kilda rover Nathan Burke in the first week of the finals, and he subsequently missed Geelong's finals defeats to Hawthorn and West Coast.", "Due to his late season start and lack of conditioning, it was probably no surprise that Ablett failed to recapture his best form, ending his season on a sour note when he was suspended for striking St Kilda rover Nathan Burke in the first week of the finals, and he subsequently missed Geelong's finals defeats to Hawthorn and West Coast. Ablett put the disappointment of 1991 behind him, and he dedicated himself to improving his fitness base ahead of the 1992 season.", "Ablett put the disappointment of 1991 behind him, and he dedicated himself to improving his fitness base ahead of the 1992 season. A consistent first half of the year helped the Cats achieve an 11–3 record, eventually earning them a spot in the grand final—this time against the West Coast Eagles.", "A consistent first half of the year helped the Cats achieve an 11–3 record, eventually earning them a spot in the grand final—this time against the West Coast Eagles. After establishing a two-goal lead at half-time, the Cats failed to sustain their momentum during the second half, eventually going down by 28 points to the fast-finishing Eagles.", "After establishing a two-goal lead at half-time, the Cats failed to sustain their momentum during the second half, eventually going down by 28 points to the fast-finishing Eagles. Ablett, who finished with 3 goals, had again failed to finish the year with the same good form in which he had begun it.", "Ablett, who finished with 3 goals, had again failed to finish the year with the same good form in which he had begun it. One special season (1993) Before the 1993 season, Ablett was encouraged by his coach, Malcolm Blight, to move from his customary roaming half-forward position to full-forward, in an effort to prolong his career.", "One special season (1993) Before the 1993 season, Ablett was encouraged by his coach, Malcolm Blight, to move from his customary roaming half-forward position to full-forward, in an effort to prolong his career. The move up forward proved to be a master-stroke, with Ablett thriving in his goal-kicking role, reaching the 50-goal mark in just six games, equalling the sixty-year record of South Melbourne legend Bob Pratt.", "The move up forward proved to be a master-stroke, with Ablett thriving in his goal-kicking role, reaching the 50-goal mark in just six games, equalling the sixty-year record of South Melbourne legend Bob Pratt. He brought up his maiden century of goals in the season just eight games later, one game slower than record-holder Pratt, and became the first Geelong player to kick 100 goals in a season since Larry Donohue in 1976.", "He brought up his maiden century of goals in the season just eight games later, one game slower than record-holder Pratt, and became the first Geelong player to kick 100 goals in a season since Larry Donohue in 1976. Although the Cats did not make the Finals, Ablett's new-found dominance up forward was highlighted during the season with his bags of ten or more goals on five occasions, including a 14-goal performance against Essendon in Round 6.", "Although the Cats did not make the Finals, Ablett's new-found dominance up forward was highlighted during the season with his bags of ten or more goals on five occasions, including a 14-goal performance against Essendon in Round 6. His end-of-season total of 124 goals, achieved in just 17 appearances, earned him his first Coleman Medal as the League's leading goal-scorer, the Leigh Matthews Trophy, the AFMA Player of the Year Award, and a top-ten placing in the Brownlow Medal.", "His end-of-season total of 124 goals, achieved in just 17 appearances, earned him his first Coleman Medal as the League's leading goal-scorer, the Leigh Matthews Trophy, the AFMA Player of the Year Award, and a top-ten placing in the Brownlow Medal. 1993 to 1996 Ablett continued his dominance as a full-forward in 1994 and 1995 by winning the Coleman Medal in each year.", "1993 to 1996 Ablett continued his dominance as a full-forward in 1994 and 1995 by winning the Coleman Medal in each year. Ablett is the only player in VFL/AFL history to kick 100 goals and win the Coleman Medal in three successive seasons. In addition to his explosive pace and skills, Ablett was also an accomplished aerialist with strong hands.", "In addition to his explosive pace and skills, Ablett was also an accomplished aerialist with strong hands. A highlight was the 1994 Mark of the Year over Collingwood's Gary Pert on Mother's Day at the MCG, a mark which is captured in Jamie Cooper's painting the Game That Made Australia, commissioned by the AFL in 2008 to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the sport.", "A highlight was the 1994 Mark of the Year over Collingwood's Gary Pert on Mother's Day at the MCG, a mark which is captured in Jamie Cooper's painting the Game That Made Australia, commissioned by the AFL in 2008 to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the sport. There is still debate over whether he had enough control of the ball to be paid a mark.", "There is still debate over whether he had enough control of the ball to be paid a mark. In early 1996, Ablett was suspended for five games for striking St Kilda's 172 cm Kristian Bardsley with a raised forearm.", "In early 1996, Ablett was suspended for five games for striking St Kilda's 172 cm Kristian Bardsley with a raised forearm. He later remarked that his lengthy suspension was the \"beginning of the end\", and he finished out the season with 69 goals in 17 games.", "He later remarked that his lengthy suspension was the \"beginning of the end\", and he finished out the season with 69 goals in 17 games. His last AFL appearance was against North Melbourne in a Qualifying Final in 1996. Ablett managed to kick only one goal in a disappointing 60-point loss.", "Ablett managed to kick only one goal in a disappointing 60-point loss. In October 1996, he missed Geelong's first training session and was fined $10,000. On 22 November 1996, Ablett was admitted to hospital with a severe bout of gastro. On 28 November, Ablett faced traffic charges.", "On 28 November, Ablett faced traffic charges. 1997 end of career Ablett was ready to start the serious training with the club by the first week of January. By February, it was reported that he was still under pressure to improve his fitness. In March, Geelong confirmed that Ablett would play in 1997.", "In March, Geelong confirmed that Ablett would play in 1997. On Sunday, 31 March 1997, Ablett played in the reserves against Richmond. Gary booted 7 goals but injured his knee. Three days later, on 3 April, he underwent arthroscopic surgery. In early June, Ablett had still not recovered; he faced knee surgery.", "In early June, Ablett had still not recovered; he faced knee surgery. During the preliminary finals in September, he announced his retirement from football. State of Origin Ablett had a prolific State of Origin career, kicking 43 goals in 11 games.", "State of Origin Ablett had a prolific State of Origin career, kicking 43 goals in 11 games. He was first selected to play for Victoria in 1984, against Western Australia, only nine games into his career at Geelong, kicking 8 goals in a best-on-ground performance.", "He was first selected to play for Victoria in 1984, against Western Australia, only nine games into his career at Geelong, kicking 8 goals in a best-on-ground performance. He performed well again the following year, kicking 4 goals against South Australia.", "He performed well again the following year, kicking 4 goals against South Australia. In the following few years Ablett was largely out of the side, apart from 1987, when he kicked 2 goals against South Australia. Ablett again performed at the highest level in 1990, kicking 6 goals, against Western Australia in Perth.", "Ablett again performed at the highest level in 1990, kicking 6 goals, against Western Australia in Perth. After returning from retirement midway through 1991, and after only several games, Ablett was controversially selected for Victoria, kicking 2 goals.", "After returning from retirement midway through 1991, and after only several games, Ablett was controversially selected for Victoria, kicking 2 goals. In 1992 Ablett performed well, kicking 3 goals and being named among the best players, against Western Australia.", "In 1992 Ablett performed well, kicking 3 goals and being named among the best players, against Western Australia. In 1993, he kicked 4 goals, against a combined New South Wales–Australian Capital Territory side, and in the same year Ablett again performed on the big stage, kicking 5 goals in the State of Origin Carnival Grand Final.", "In 1993, he kicked 4 goals, against a combined New South Wales–Australian Capital Territory side, and in the same year Ablett again performed on the big stage, kicking 5 goals in the State of Origin Carnival Grand Final. In 1994, he kicked 4 goals, against South Australia, in what has been regarded as \"one of the greatest Australian football games of all time\" and followed up that performance with 4 goals against South Australia in 1995.", "In 1994, he kicked 4 goals, against South Australia, in what has been regarded as \"one of the greatest Australian football games of all time\" and followed up that performance with 4 goals against South Australia in 1995. On representing Victoria, Ablett has said \"I've always found it a tremendous honour to represent your state, in a State of Origin game\".", "On representing Victoria, Ablett has said \"I've always found it a tremendous honour to represent your state, in a State of Origin game\". Legacy Ablett combined strength, speed, and skill to produce many spectacular highlights and goal-kicking feats. A noted big game player, Ablett kicked 43 goals in 11 State appearances.", "A noted big game player, Ablett kicked 43 goals in 11 State appearances. More significantly, he booted 64 goals over the course of his 16 finals – an average of four goals a game. His haul of 27 goals in the 1989 finals series is a record that still stands.", "His haul of 27 goals in the 1989 finals series is a record that still stands. He was awarded the Norm Smith Medal for his performance in the 1989 Grand Final, where he was adjudged best player afield.", "He was awarded the Norm Smith Medal for his performance in the 1989 Grand Final, where he was adjudged best player afield. In doing so, he became one of only four players (the others being Maurice Rioli −1982, Nathan Buckley −2002, and Chris Judd −2005) to win the medal playing for the losing side.", "In doing so, he became one of only four players (the others being Maurice Rioli −1982, Nathan Buckley −2002, and Chris Judd −2005) to win the medal playing for the losing side. In 1996, Ablett joined Gordon Coventry, Doug Wade, Jason Dunstall and Tony Lockett as the only players in league history to kick 1000 VFL/AFL goals.", "In 1996, Ablett joined Gordon Coventry, Doug Wade, Jason Dunstall and Tony Lockett as the only players in league history to kick 1000 VFL/AFL goals. Martin Flanagan's representation of Australian football pioneer Tom Wills in his 1996 novel The Call is modeled on Ablett.", "Martin Flanagan's representation of Australian football pioneer Tom Wills in his 1996 novel The Call is modeled on Ablett. According to Flanagan, Wills and Ablett polarised opinion in similar ways, and displayed a lack of insight into their actions—they simply did what came naturally to them, \"like a lot of artists\".", "According to Flanagan, Wills and Ablett polarised opinion in similar ways, and displayed a lack of insight into their actions—they simply did what came naturally to them, \"like a lot of artists\". Ablett is the subject of the song \"Kicking the Footy with God\", released by The Bedroom Philosopher on his 2005 debut album In Bed with My Doona.", "Ablett is the subject of the song \"Kicking the Footy with God\", released by The Bedroom Philosopher on his 2005 debut album In Bed with My Doona. In 1996, Ablett was named in the AFL Team of the Century on the interchange bench, alongside Jack Dyer and Greg Williams.", "In 1996, Ablett was named in the AFL Team of the Century on the interchange bench, alongside Jack Dyer and Greg Williams. In 2001, Ablett was named in the Geelong Team of the Century, on a half forward flank.", "In 2001, Ablett was named in the Geelong Team of the Century, on a half forward flank. In 2005, after many years of controversy and debate (see below), he was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame.", "In 2005, after many years of controversy and debate (see below), he was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame. The following year, he was honoured yet again when he was voted as the Greatest Geelong player of all-time ahead of Graham Farmer.", "The following year, he was honoured yet again when he was voted as the Greatest Geelong player of all-time ahead of Graham Farmer. In 2006, Ablett was honoured with the naming of a terrace in his name within the newly renovated Skilled Stadium.", "In 2006, Ablett was honoured with the naming of a terrace in his name within the newly renovated Skilled Stadium. Ablett once had a set of gates named in his honour, but he was upgraded to a terrace at the beginning of the 2006 AFL season.", "Ablett once had a set of gates named in his honour, but he was upgraded to a terrace at the beginning of the 2006 AFL season. Induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame Despite his footballing achievements on the field, Ablett's induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame was initially delayed.", "Induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame Despite his footballing achievements on the field, Ablett's induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame was initially delayed. Despite Ablett's undoubted footballing credentials, his well-publicised contribution to the death of Alisha Horan was responsible for the Australian Football Hall of Fame committee's reluctance to induct him.", "Despite Ablett's undoubted footballing credentials, his well-publicised contribution to the death of Alisha Horan was responsible for the Australian Football Hall of Fame committee's reluctance to induct him. In 2004, after several years of speculation over his induction, Ablett personally requested that the Geelong Football Club stop nominating him for selection, which the club agreed to.", "In 2004, after several years of speculation over his induction, Ablett personally requested that the Geelong Football Club stop nominating him for selection, which the club agreed to. However, the following year it was announced that Ablett would be inducted into the Hall of Fame as part of the 2005 intake.", "However, the following year it was announced that Ablett would be inducted into the Hall of Fame as part of the 2005 intake. Ablett did not attend the induction ceremony and instead released a statement through his then-manager, Michael Baker: \"Due to my current battle with depression I am not in a position to be able to accept this award in person.", "Ablett did not attend the induction ceremony and instead released a statement through his then-manager, Michael Baker: \"Due to my current battle with depression I am not in a position to be able to accept this award in person. I did not make this decision lightly but due to medical advice it was deemed best for my health that I do not attend tonight.", "I did not make this decision lightly but due to medical advice it was deemed best for my health that I do not attend tonight. I feel blessed to have had the opportunity to play this great game and also to have played at the elite level alongside many celebrated champions.", "I feel blessed to have had the opportunity to play this great game and also to have played at the elite level alongside many celebrated champions. Being chosen to be inducted into the Hall of Fame is one of the highest honours a player could dream of.", "Being chosen to be inducted into the Hall of Fame is one of the highest honours a player could dream of. I thank those who deem me worthy enough to be placed alongside such respected company.\" Personal life The youngest of eight children, Ablett grew up alongside four elder brothers and three elder sisters.", "Personal life The youngest of eight children, Ablett grew up alongside four elder brothers and three elder sisters. In 1985, Ablett wed his long-time girlfriend Sue, and the couple had four children – Natasha, Gary Jr., Nathan, and Alisha.", "In 1985, Ablett wed his long-time girlfriend Sue, and the couple had four children – Natasha, Gary Jr., Nathan, and Alisha. In 1986, Ablett became a born-again Christian and has been said to be slightly aggrieved at constantly being referred to as \"God\" by fans, a nickname based on his supreme football abilities.", "In 1986, Ablett became a born-again Christian and has been said to be slightly aggrieved at constantly being referred to as \"God\" by fans, a nickname based on his supreme football abilities. Ablett's faith was often highlighted in several tribunal appearances, in one case confessing and pleading guilty to striking Garry Lyon in a 1989 incident, declaring he \"wasn't prepared to lie about it or compromise the truth in [his] relationship with God\".", "Ablett's faith was often highlighted in several tribunal appearances, in one case confessing and pleading guilty to striking Garry Lyon in a 1989 incident, declaring he \"wasn't prepared to lie about it or compromise the truth in [his] relationship with God\". Ablett's public acknowledgement of his faith, in particular the influence of God in his life, during his acceptance speech for the Norm Smith Medal in the 1989 Grand Final, was also much publicised.", "Ablett's public acknowledgement of his faith, in particular the influence of God in his life, during his acceptance speech for the Norm Smith Medal in the 1989 Grand Final, was also much publicised. On 26 June 2006, Ablett was allegedly assaulted at 11:15pm while browsing through a car yard in Fyans Street, South Geelong.", "On 26 June 2006, Ablett was allegedly assaulted at 11:15pm while browsing through a car yard in Fyans Street, South Geelong. A 31-year-old Geelong man was charged with the assault.", "A 31-year-old Geelong man was charged with the assault. However, he was reported to have committed suicide on 10 July 2006 by jumping from a Melbourne high-rise apartment block the day before he was due to appear before the Geelong Magistrates court to defend the assault charges.", "However, he was reported to have committed suicide on 10 July 2006 by jumping from a Melbourne high-rise apartment block the day before he was due to appear before the Geelong Magistrates court to defend the assault charges. In December 2007, Ablett hit back at media claims that his son Nathan had walked away from his football career because of the publicity surrounding the release of a new book about his father.", "In December 2007, Ablett hit back at media claims that his son Nathan had walked away from his football career because of the publicity surrounding the release of a new book about his father. Although normally reluctant to make public comments, Ablett felt that the media intrusion into his family life had gone too far.", "Although normally reluctant to make public comments, Ablett felt that the media intrusion into his family life had gone too far. As part of a series of books, \"Legends of Australian Sport\", Ablett contributed to a book regarding himself. It was the first time he revealed intimate details regarding his life publicly.", "It was the first time he revealed intimate details regarding his life publicly. In September 2020, Ablett released a 27-minute YouTube video discussing his belief in the rapture as being forthcoming.", "In September 2020, Ablett released a 27-minute YouTube video discussing his belief in the rapture as being forthcoming. In this video, he declared that the COVID-19 pandemic had been manufactured and released by the Illuminati and Freemasons in order to depopulate Earth, create a cashless society and \"put Lucifer on the throne of the world\".", "In this video, he declared that the COVID-19 pandemic had been manufactured and released by the Illuminati and Freemasons in order to depopulate Earth, create a cashless society and \"put Lucifer on the throne of the world\". A footballing family Two of Ablett's brothers played in the Victorian Football League – Kevin Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and Geelong, and Geoff Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and St Kilda.", "A footballing family Two of Ablett's brothers played in the Victorian Football League – Kevin Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and Geelong, and Geoff Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and St Kilda. Ablett's eldest son, Gary Jr., has followed in his footsteps to play for Geelong.", "Ablett's eldest son, Gary Jr., has followed in his footsteps to play for Geelong. In 2007 and 2009, Ablett Jr. won the Cats' best and fairest award, emulating a feat established by his father in his first season with the Cats back in 1984; he also won the Brownlow Medal in 2009 and 2013.", "In 2007 and 2009, Ablett Jr. won the Cats' best and fairest award, emulating a feat established by his father in his first season with the Cats back in 1984; he also won the Brownlow Medal in 2009 and 2013. Another son, Nathan, was drafted in 2004 (48th pick) by Geelong under the father-son rule.", "Another son, Nathan, was drafted in 2004 (48th pick) by Geelong under the father-son rule. Nathan initially refused to play AFL Football because of his father's experience with the media, but, with encouragement from the club, was signed ahead of the 2005 AFL Season and established himself in the full forward role Gary Sr. made his own.", "Nathan initially refused to play AFL Football because of his father's experience with the media, but, with encouragement from the club, was signed ahead of the 2005 AFL Season and established himself in the full forward role Gary Sr. made his own. On 29 September 2007, both Gary Jr. and Nathan contributed to Geelong winning its first flag in 44 years, capturing the premiership that proved elusive to Gary Snr in his 12 years at the club.", "On 29 September 2007, both Gary Jr. and Nathan contributed to Geelong winning its first flag in 44 years, capturing the premiership that proved elusive to Gary Snr in his 12 years at the club. Nathan retired suddenly before the 2008 season, but he and his brother Gary Jr. were members of the Gold Coast Football Club's inaugural team for the 2011 season.", "Nathan retired suddenly before the 2008 season, but he and his brother Gary Jr. were members of the Gold Coast Football Club's inaugural team for the 2011 season. In addition to his sons, Ablett has a nephew, Luke Ablett, who played for the Sydney Swans and won a premiership with them in 2005.", "In addition to his sons, Ablett has a nephew, Luke Ablett, who played for the Sydney Swans and won a premiership with them in 2005. Two other nephews, from his sister's marriage to Hawthorn legend Michael Tuck, also played in the AFL – Richmond's Shane Tuck and Travis Tuck, who played for Hawthorn.", "Two other nephews, from his sister's marriage to Hawthorn legend Michael Tuck, also played in the AFL – Richmond's Shane Tuck and Travis Tuck, who played for Hawthorn. Criminal offences Ablett had well-documented off-field problems, particularly with illegal drug use, and depression in the wake of the Alisha Horan death.", "Criminal offences Ablett had well-documented off-field problems, particularly with illegal drug use, and depression in the wake of the Alisha Horan death. In 1990, Ablett was placed on a $10,000 good behaviour bond after he pleaded guilty to repeatedly hitting a man he found sitting in a car with his estranged wife.", "In 1990, Ablett was placed on a $10,000 good behaviour bond after he pleaded guilty to repeatedly hitting a man he found sitting in a car with his estranged wife. In 2000, Ablett was investigated, charged and convicted of four drug offences as a result of nineteen-year-old Geelong woman Alisha Horan dying of a drug overdose (involving heroin, ecstasy and amphetamines) while in Ablett's hotel room.", "In 2000, Ablett was investigated, charged and convicted of four drug offences as a result of nineteen-year-old Geelong woman Alisha Horan dying of a drug overdose (involving heroin, ecstasy and amphetamines) while in Ablett's hotel room. After a prolonged period of refusing to answer police questions and refusing to answer questions at an April 2001 inquest (on the grounds that he may incriminate himself) – Ablett later admitted to providing Horan with heroin and ecstasy.", "After a prolonged period of refusing to answer police questions and refusing to answer questions at an April 2001 inquest (on the grounds that he may incriminate himself) – Ablett later admitted to providing Horan with heroin and ecstasy. Horan had found a small quantity of heroin in Ablett's coat pocket and asked him what it was.", "Horan had found a small quantity of heroin in Ablett's coat pocket and asked him what it was. Rather than admit that it was heroin, Ablett told her it was cocaine, which they both then ingested, leading to Horan's overdose.", "Rather than admit that it was heroin, Ablett told her it was cocaine, which they both then ingested, leading to Horan's overdose. Ablett wasn't charged with manslaughter, but pleaded guilty to four lesser charges, was convicted, and fined $1500. Statistics |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "Statistics |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1982 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 35 || 6 || 11 || 13 || 47 || 21 || 68 || 26 || || 1.5 || 2.2 || 7.8 || 3.5 || 11.3 || 4.3 || |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1982 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 35 || 6 || 11 || 13 || 47 || 21 || 68 || 26 || || 1.5 || 2.2 || 7.8 || 3.5 || 11.3 || 4.3 || |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1984 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 33 || 28 || 238 || 61 || 299 || 86 || || 2.2 || 1.9 || 15.9 || 4.1 || 19.9 || 5.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1984 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 33 || 28 || 238 || 61 || 299 || 86 || || 2.2 || 1.9 || 15.9 || 4.1 || 19.9 || 5.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1985 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 20 || 82 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 67 || 274 || 62 || 336 || 135 || || 4.1 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.4 || 13.7 || 3.1 || 16.8 || 6.8 || |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1985 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 20 || 82 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 67 || 274 || 62 || 336 || 135 || || 4.1 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.4 || 13.7 || 3.1 || 16.8 || 6.8 || |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1986 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 65 || 49 || 185 || 39 || 224 || 101 || || 4.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.3 || 12.3 || 2.6 || 14.9 || 6.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1986 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 65 || 49 || 185 || 39 || 224 || 101 || || 4.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.3 || 12.3 || 2.6 || 14.9 || 6.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1987 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 53 || 38 || 200 || 46 || 246 || 86 || 19 || 3.1 || 2.2 || 11.8 || 2.7 || 14.5 || 5.1 || 1.1 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1987 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 53 || 38 || 200 || 46 || 246 || 86 || 19 || 3.1 || 2.2 || 11.8 || 2.7 || 14.5 || 5.1 || 1.1 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1988 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 82 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 62 || 253 || 42 || 295 || 117 || 19 || 3.9 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.0 || 12.0 || 2.0 || 14.0 || 5.6 || 0.9 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1988 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 82 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 62 || 253 || 42 || 295 || 117 || 19 || 3.9 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.0 || 12.0 || 2.0 || 14.0 || 5.6 || 0.9 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1989 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 23 || 87 || 54 || 378 || 68 || 446 || 151 || 29 || 3.8 || 2.3 || 16.4 || 3.0 || 19.4 || 6.6 || 1.3 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1989 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 23 || 87 || 54 || 378 || 68 || 446 || 151 || 29 || 3.8 || 2.3 || 16.4 || 3.0 || 19.4 || 6.6 || 1.3 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1990 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 75 || 43 || 224 || 47 || 271 || 100 || 21 || 4.4 || 2.5 || 13.2 || 2.8 || 15.9 || 5.9 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1990 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 75 || 43 || 224 || 47 || 271 || 100 || 21 || 4.4 || 2.5 || 13.2 || 2.8 || 15.9 || 5.9 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1991 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 12 || 28 || 27 || 144 || 21 || 165 || 55 || 20 || 2.3 || 2.3 || 12.0 || 1.8 || 13.8 || 4.6 || 1.7 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1991 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 12 || 28 || 27 || 144 || 21 || 165 || 55 || 20 || 2.3 || 2.3 || 12.0 || 1.8 || 13.8 || 4.6 || 1.7 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1992 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 72 || 54 || 324 || 61 || 385 || 118 || 33 || 3.4 || 2.6 || 15.4 || 2.9 || 18.3 || 5.6 || 1.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1992 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 72 || 54 || 324 || 61 || 385 || 118 || 33 || 3.4 || 2.6 || 15.4 || 2.9 || 18.3 || 5.6 || 1.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1993 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 124 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 60 || 233 || 13 || 246 || 111 || 10 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 7.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.5 || 13.7 || 0.8 || 14.5 || 6.5 || 0.6 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1993 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 124 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 60 || 233 || 13 || 246 || 111 || 10 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 7.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.5 || 13.7 || 0.8 || 14.5 || 6.5 || 0.6 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1994 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 25 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 129 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 79 || 263 || 30 || 293 || 130 || 15 || 5.2 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.2 || 10.5 || 1.2 || 11.7 || 5.2 || 0.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1994 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 25 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 129 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 79 || 263 || 30 || 293 || 130 || 15 || 5.2 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.2 || 10.5 || 1.2 || 11.7 || 5.2 || 0.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1995 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 22 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 122 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 85 || 264 || 19 || 283 || 148 || 18 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 5.5 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.9 || 12.0 || 0.9 || 12.9 || 6.7 || 0.8 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1995 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 22 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 122 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 85 || 264 || 19 || 283 || 148 || 18 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 5.5 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.9 || 12.0 || 0.9 || 12.9 || 6.7 || 0.8 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1996 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 69 || 31 || 159 || 31 || 190 || 71 || 13 || 4.1 || 1.8 || 9.4 || 1.8 || 11.2 || 4.2 || 0.8 |- class=\"sortbottom\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1996 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 69 || 31 || 159 || 31 || 190 || 71 || 13 || 4.1 || 1.8 || 9.4 || 1.8 || 11.2 || 4.2 || 0.8 |- class=\"sortbottom\" ! colspan=3| Career ! 248 !", "colspan=3| Career ! 248 ! 248 ! 1031 ! 690 ! 3186 ! 561 ! 3747 ! 1435 ! 197 ! 4.2 ! 2.8 ! 12.8 ! 2.3 ! 15.1 ! 5.8 !", "2.8 ! 12.8 ! 2.3 ! 15.1 ! 5.8 ! 5.8 ! 1.0 |} Honours and achievements Team McClelland Trophy (): 1992 Individual Norm Smith Medal: 1989 3× Coleman Medal: 1993, 1994, 1995 4× All-Australian team: 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Carji Greeves Medal: 1984 Leigh Matthews Trophy (AFL MVP Award): 1993 9× Geelong leading goalkicker: 1985, 1986, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 Geelong Team of the Century Geelong captain: 1995–1996 2× Alex Jesaulenko Medal: 1985, 1994 Geelong F.C.", "1.0 |} Honours and achievements Team McClelland Trophy (): 1992 Individual Norm Smith Medal: 1989 3× Coleman Medal: 1993, 1994, 1995 4× All-Australian team: 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Carji Greeves Medal: 1984 Leigh Matthews Trophy (AFL MVP Award): 1993 9× Geelong leading goalkicker: 1985, 1986, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 Geelong Team of the Century Geelong captain: 1995–1996 2× Alex Jesaulenko Medal: 1985, 1994 Geelong F.C. Hall of Fame Australian Sports Medal: 2000 Centenary Medal: 2001 Australian Football League Team of the Century 1897-1996 VFL/AFL players with 1,000 goals 8× State of Origin (Victoria): 1984, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 (c) Australian Football Media Association Player of the Year: 1993Australian Football Hall of Fame: 2005 Inductee5th on all-time leading goal-kickersAll-time leading goal kicker for Geelong F.C.", "Hall of Fame Australian Sports Medal: 2000 Centenary Medal: 2001 Australian Football League Team of the Century 1897-1996 VFL/AFL players with 1,000 goals 8× State of Origin (Victoria): 1984, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 (c) Australian Football Media Association Player of the Year: 1993Australian Football Hall of Fame: 2005 Inductee5th on all-time leading goal-kickersAll-time leading goal kicker for Geelong F.C. (1021 goals)Only player to have won Coleman Medal and kicked 100 goals in three consecutive seasons (1993–1995)Oldest player to kick 100 goals in a season (33 years old in 1995)Most goals in an AFL/VFL Grand Final (9 goals in 1989 Grand Final)Most goals in an AFL/VFL finals series (27 goals in 1989)Highest goals-per-game ratio in Geelong F.C.", "(1021 goals)Only player to have won Coleman Medal and kicked 100 goals in three consecutive seasons (1993–1995)Oldest player to kick 100 goals in a season (33 years old in 1995)Most goals in an AFL/VFL Grand Final (9 goals in 1989 Grand Final)Most goals in an AFL/VFL finals series (27 goals in 1989)Highest goals-per-game ratio in Geelong F.C. history (4.22 goals per game)4-time runner-up in Carji Greeves Medal (1985, 1993, 1994, 1995)3-time third-place getter in Carji Greeves Medal (1986, 1989, 1990)''' See also After the siren kicks in Australian rules football Alf Williamson Notes References Bibliography External links Gary Ablett's profile at AustralianFootball.com 1961 births Gary All-Australians (AFL) Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees Carji Greeves Medal winners Coleman Medal winners Geelong Football Club players Hawthorn Football Club players Leigh Matthews Trophy winners Living people Norm Smith Medal winners Sportspeople from Geelong Victorian State of Origin players Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia) Myrtleford Football Club players Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal Recipients of the Centenary Medal Australian Christians" ]

[ "Gary Ablett Sr.", "The early years at Geelong (1984-1988)", "What did he do at Geelong?", "He debuted for the Cats in Round 7 and after just nine games on the wing, Ablett was selected to his first State of Origin game for Victoria.", "How did he do for the Cats?", "Playing mostly on the half forward flank, Ablett won the club's goalkicking award for the following two seasons with 82 and 65 goals respectively.", "When did he start playing for the Cats?", "Ablett signed a one-year contract for the 1984 season", "What else was notable about his time with the Cats?", "was awarded the Carji Greeves Medal as the Geelong Football Club's \"best and fairest\" player of the year.", "Did he win any other honors?", "Although he missed out on State honours and failed to place within the top three in the club best and fairest award, Ablett finished with 82 goals", "How long did he play with the Cats?", "With his contract expiring at the conclusion of the 1987 season, Ablett shocked the VFL by signing a new five-year contract with his former club, Hawthorn." ]

[ "Jennifer Nuzzo is an American epidemiologist, an Associate Professor in the Department of Environmental Health and Engineering and the Department of Epidemiology at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and a Senior Scholar at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. She is also a Senior Fellow for Global Health at the Council on Foreign Relations.\n\nEarly life and education\nNuzzo earned a Bachelor of Science from Rutgers University in 1999. She received a Master of Science from the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in 2001 and a Doctor of Public Health from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in 2014.\n\nCareer\nNuzzo co-lead the development of the Global Health Security Index, an assessment of global health security capabilities in 195 countries, performed by the Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI) and the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security together with The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). She is the director and principal investigator of the Outbreak Observatory, a research project working to document infectious disease outbreaks and how governments respond to them. Nuzzo serves as an associate editor of the Health Security journal.\n\nShe has often appeared in the media discussing how health systems respond to outbreaks, and has helped bring attention to dangers of delaying vaccination, the spread of the Ebola virus, and the 2019–2020 coronavirus pandemic.\n\nCriticism\nNuzzo was criticized for comments on the George Floyd protests in which large numbers of people broke social distancing and lockdown rules during the COVID-19 shutdown; she said that to not protest against racism would cause greater public health risks than the virus.\n\nSee also\n National Biosurveillance Strategy\n\nReferences\n\n21st-century American women\nAmerican epidemiologists\nAmerican women epidemiologists\nHarvard School of Public Health alumni\nJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health alumni\nJohns Hopkins University faculty\nLiving people\nRutgers University alumni\nYear of birth missing (living people)", "Daniela Drummond-Barbosa is a Brazilian-American geneticist who is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Her research considers stem cell regulation.\n\nEarly life and education \nDrummond-Barbosa grew up in Belo Horizonte in Brazil. She earned her undergraduate degree in biological sciences at the Federal University of Minas Gerais in 1991. She moved to New Haven, Connecticut for her graduate studies, where she worked with Daniel DiMaio on the interactions between platelet-derived growth factor receptors and the bovine papillomavirus E5 protein. She joined the laboratory of Allan C. Spradling at the Carnegie Institution for Science for her postdoctoral research. Here she first identified that stem cells and their derivatives responded to diet.\n\nResearch and career \nDrummond-Barbosa continued to study the regulation of stem cells as she started her independent career at Vanderbilt University. She focused on how germline stem cells are regulated by diet and the control of meiotic maturation in Drosophila. In 2009 Drummond-Barbosa was appointed to Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Her research considers how adult stem cells sense and respond to external and systemic environments. She has focused on the ovarian stem cells of Drosophila and how they respond to diet, concentrating on hormones, insulin and adipose tissue.\n\nAwards \n 1990 Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas Scientific Initiation Fellowship\n 1997 National Institutes of Health National Research Service Award\n 2006 Vanderbilt University Chancellor's Award for Research\n 2007 American Cancer Society Research Scholar\n 2014 Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science\n 2017 Johns Hopkins University Shikani/El Hibri Prize for Discovery & Innovation\n\nSelected publications\n\nReferences \n\nLiving people\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nPeople from Belo Horizonte\nJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health faculty" ]

[ "Gary Ablett Sr. (born 1 October 1961), is a former professional Australian rules footballer who represented and in the Australian Football League (AFL). Nicknamed \"God\", Ablett is widely regarded as one of Australian football's greatest players, and was especially renowned for his high-flying spectacular marks and his prolific goalkicking.", "Nicknamed \"God\", Ablett is widely regarded as one of Australian football's greatest players, and was especially renowned for his high-flying spectacular marks and his prolific goalkicking. After playing for several country teams in and around his hometown of Drouin, Victoria, Ablett was recruited by Hawthorn and made his Victorian Football League (VFL) debut in 1982.", "After playing for several country teams in and around his hometown of Drouin, Victoria, Ablett was recruited by Hawthorn and made his Victorian Football League (VFL) debut in 1982. However, he struggled to adjust to city life and retreated to Myrtleford the following year.", "However, he struggled to adjust to city life and retreated to Myrtleford the following year. The Geelong Football Club managed to lure him back to professional football in 1984, and by the late 80s, he had become one of the VFL's biggest stars.", "The Geelong Football Club managed to lure him back to professional football in 1984, and by the late 80s, he had become one of the VFL's biggest stars. His 1989 VFL Grand Final appearance, during which he kicked a grand final record nine goals for a losing side, is regarded as one of football's greatest individual performances, earning him the Norm Smith Medal.", "His 1989 VFL Grand Final appearance, during which he kicked a grand final record nine goals for a losing side, is regarded as one of football's greatest individual performances, earning him the Norm Smith Medal. At the beginning of the 1991 season, Ablett shocked the football world by abruptly announcing his retirement from the game, but made a comeback midway through the year.", "At the beginning of the 1991 season, Ablett shocked the football world by abruptly announcing his retirement from the game, but made a comeback midway through the year. He went on to appear in the 1992, 1994, and 1995 grand finals, before officially retiring after the 1996 season.", "He went on to appear in the 1992, 1994, and 1995 grand finals, before officially retiring after the 1996 season. Ablett's individual accolades and achievements include an induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame, an AFL Team of the Century selection, the 1993 AFL Players Association MVP award (now known as the Leigh Matthews Trophy), and three Coleman Medals.", "Ablett's individual accolades and achievements include an induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame, an AFL Team of the Century selection, the 1993 AFL Players Association MVP award (now known as the Leigh Matthews Trophy), and three Coleman Medals. He remains Geelong's all-time leading goalkicker, with 1021 goals; and, in 2006, was voted by past and present Geelong Football Club players as the greatest Geelong footballer of all time.", "He remains Geelong's all-time leading goalkicker, with 1021 goals; and, in 2006, was voted by past and present Geelong Football Club players as the greatest Geelong footballer of all time. Early life Born in Drouin to Alfred and Colleen Ablett, Gary Ablett grew up in Gippsland, Victoria alongside his four elder brothers and three sisters.", "Early life Born in Drouin to Alfred and Colleen Ablett, Gary Ablett grew up in Gippsland, Victoria alongside his four elder brothers and three sisters. Ablett displayed a love for sport at an early age, winning the state school high jump at 10 years of age.", "Ablett displayed a love for sport at an early age, winning the state school high jump at 10 years of age. He was also awarded both club and competition best and fairest awards for Drouin at the under-11s, under-12s and under-14s levels.", "He was also awarded both club and competition best and fairest awards for Drouin at the under-11s, under-12s and under-14s levels. After his interest waned in attending school, Ablett dropped out of high school at 15 to become a bricklayer's labourer.", "After his interest waned in attending school, Ablett dropped out of high school at 15 to become a bricklayer's labourer. He also began to concentrate on his football and joined his brothers in the Drouin senior team at just 16 years of age.", "He also began to concentrate on his football and joined his brothers in the Drouin senior team at just 16 years of age. After appearing in several country league representative games, the Hawthorn Football Club, which had already signed Gary's elder brothers Geoff and Kevin onto their lists, invited him to play reserves football.", "After appearing in several country league representative games, the Hawthorn Football Club, which had already signed Gary's elder brothers Geoff and Kevin onto their lists, invited him to play reserves football. Career AFL The Hawthorn experience (1981–1983) After signing a reserves contract and featuring in six reserves games for Hawthorn, Ablett retreated back to his home in Drouin.", "Career AFL The Hawthorn experience (1981–1983) After signing a reserves contract and featuring in six reserves games for Hawthorn, Ablett retreated back to his home in Drouin. He returned to Hawthorn in 1982 and made his senior VFL debut versus Geelong in Round 2, kicking 1 goal and helping the Hawks defeat the Cats by 19 points.", "He returned to Hawthorn in 1982 and made his senior VFL debut versus Geelong in Round 2, kicking 1 goal and helping the Hawks defeat the Cats by 19 points. He played a further five games for Hawthorn that year for a total of six games and ten goals.", "He played a further five games for Hawthorn that year for a total of six games and ten goals. Ablett claimed difficulty coping with city life in Melbourne and his continual absenteeism from training sessions forced Hawthorn coach, Allan Jeans into parting ways with the talented, but wayward young half forward.", "Ablett claimed difficulty coping with city life in Melbourne and his continual absenteeism from training sessions forced Hawthorn coach, Allan Jeans into parting ways with the talented, but wayward young half forward. In 1983, he moved with his young family to the country town of Myrtleford.", "In 1983, he moved with his young family to the country town of Myrtleford. Ablett spent the year playing under the tutelage of his cousin Len Ablett for Myrtleford in the Ovens and Murray Football League. Ablett's footballing ability soon came on notice again, this time to the Geelong Football Club and their long-time recruiting officer Bill McMaster.", "Ablett's footballing ability soon came on notice again, this time to the Geelong Football Club and their long-time recruiting officer Bill McMaster. McMaster convinced Ablett to give the game another shot, this time in the confines of the rural city of Geelong.", "McMaster convinced Ablett to give the game another shot, this time in the confines of the rural city of Geelong. After protracted negotiations with Hawthorn, Geelong finally paid a $60,000 transfer for Ablett in 1984.", "After protracted negotiations with Hawthorn, Geelong finally paid a $60,000 transfer for Ablett in 1984. The early years at Geelong (1984–1988) Ablett signed a one-year contract for the 1984 season with Geelong, and he began his first season under the guidance of Tom Hafey.", "The early years at Geelong (1984–1988) Ablett signed a one-year contract for the 1984 season with Geelong, and he began his first season under the guidance of Tom Hafey. He debuted for the Cats in Round 7 and after just nine games on the wing, Ablett was selected to his first State of Origin game for Victoria.", "He debuted for the Cats in Round 7 and after just nine games on the wing, Ablett was selected to his first State of Origin game for Victoria. Ablett earned best-on-ground honours after kicking 8 goals from the half-forward flank.", "Ablett earned best-on-ground honours after kicking 8 goals from the half-forward flank. He played 15 games and kicked 33 goals in the 1984 season, and was awarded the Carji Greeves Medal as the Geelong Football Club's \"best and fairest\" player of the year.", "He played 15 games and kicked 33 goals in the 1984 season, and was awarded the Carji Greeves Medal as the Geelong Football Club's \"best and fairest\" player of the year. Following his first season with Geelong, Ablett signed a new three-year contract with the club.", "Following his first season with Geelong, Ablett signed a new three-year contract with the club. Playing mostly on the half forward flank, Ablett won the club's goalkicking award for the following two seasons with 82 and 65 goals respectively.", "Playing mostly on the half forward flank, Ablett won the club's goalkicking award for the following two seasons with 82 and 65 goals respectively. Although Ablett had developed a reputation for his laconic, lazy attitude to training under coach John Devine, this did not prevent him from earning top three placings in the best and fairest awards from 1985 to 1987.", "Although Ablett had developed a reputation for his laconic, lazy attitude to training under coach John Devine, this did not prevent him from earning top three placings in the best and fairest awards from 1985 to 1987. With his contract expiring at the conclusion of the 1987 season, Ablett shocked the VFL by signing a new five-year contract with his former club, Hawthorn.", "With his contract expiring at the conclusion of the 1987 season, Ablett shocked the VFL by signing a new five-year contract with his former club, Hawthorn. After a \"cooling-off\" period, however, Ablett opted to remain with Geelong by agreeing to a lucrative five-year contract that tied him to the club for the long-term.", "After a \"cooling-off\" period, however, Ablett opted to remain with Geelong by agreeing to a lucrative five-year contract that tied him to the club for the long-term. Ablett began the 1988 season with 59 goals after just 11 games, placing him second on the goalkicking list behind Hawthorn's Jason Dunstall.", "Ablett began the 1988 season with 59 goals after just 11 games, placing him second on the goalkicking list behind Hawthorn's Jason Dunstall. In these games, he kicked 10 goals against Richmond in the Anzac Day game, and 11 against Brisbane—one shy of breaking the ground record of 12 goals at Carrara.", "In these games, he kicked 10 goals against Richmond in the Anzac Day game, and 11 against Brisbane—one shy of breaking the ground record of 12 goals at Carrara. Although he missed out on State honours and failed to place within the top three in the club best and fairest award, Ablett finished with 82 goals during the season for the second time in his career.", "Although he missed out on State honours and failed to place within the top three in the club best and fairest award, Ablett finished with 82 goals during the season for the second time in his career. A September to remember (1989–1990) The 1989 season was marked by the arrival of Ablett's third coach, former North Melbourne Brownlow Medallist Malcolm Blight.", "A September to remember (1989–1990) The 1989 season was marked by the arrival of Ablett's third coach, former North Melbourne Brownlow Medallist Malcolm Blight. Ablett helped the Cats reach the finals on the back of a ten match winning streak to end the regular season.", "Ablett helped the Cats reach the finals on the back of a ten match winning streak to end the regular season. In a 134-point victory against Richmond, Ablett scored 14 goals, breaking a 22-year club record, and moving club legend and former club premiership coach Bobby Davis to laud Ablett as the equal of the legendary Graham 'Polly' Farmer, the finest footballers he had seen at Geelong.", "In a 134-point victory against Richmond, Ablett scored 14 goals, breaking a 22-year club record, and moving club legend and former club premiership coach Bobby Davis to laud Ablett as the equal of the legendary Graham 'Polly' Farmer, the finest footballers he had seen at Geelong. His season lowlight occurred in Round 12 when he was suspended for 3 matches after he controversially felled the Melbourne captain, Gary Lyon behind the play.", "His season lowlight occurred in Round 12 when he was suspended for 3 matches after he controversially felled the Melbourne captain, Gary Lyon behind the play. In his first ever final, the Qualifying Final at the MCG versus Essendon, Gary Ablett kicked three goals, but this was not enough.", "In his first ever final, the Qualifying Final at the MCG versus Essendon, Gary Ablett kicked three goals, but this was not enough. The Bombers humbled Geelong by 76 points to force the Cats into a sudden-death Semi Final showdown with Melbourne. The Cats posted a 63-point win against the Demons.", "The Cats posted a 63-point win against the Demons. Ablett kicked seven goals, and helped set up another meeting with Essendon in the Preliminary Final. Ablett kicked 8 goals this time, as the Cats crushed Essendon by 94 points to advance to their first grand final since 1967.", "Ablett kicked 8 goals this time, as the Cats crushed Essendon by 94 points to advance to their first grand final since 1967. Against the reigning premiers Hawthorn in the 1989 VFL Grand Final, Ablett asserted himself from the opening bounce, leading out from full forward, marking the first centre clearance kick and slotting through the game's first goal.", "Against the reigning premiers Hawthorn in the 1989 VFL Grand Final, Ablett asserted himself from the opening bounce, leading out from full forward, marking the first centre clearance kick and slotting through the game's first goal. By half-time, Ablett had kicked four goals, but the Cats trailed at the main break by 37 points.", "By half-time, Ablett had kicked four goals, but the Cats trailed at the main break by 37 points. Ablett kicked a further five goals in the second half, which saw an injury-depleted Hawthorn's lead reduced to just 6 points with less than a minute to go.", "Ablett kicked a further five goals in the second half, which saw an injury-depleted Hawthorn's lead reduced to just 6 points with less than a minute to go. However, the Cats fell short, and Hawthorn held on to defeat Geelong in one of the toughest grand finals of the modern era, winning by 6 points.", "However, the Cats fell short, and Hawthorn held on to defeat Geelong in one of the toughest grand finals of the modern era, winning by 6 points. Ablett's performance in kicking 9 goals earned him the Norm Smith Medal, and in doing so became only the second member of the losing team in VFL/AFL history to be awarded the honour – a performance regarded by many as unrivalled on football's biggest stage.", "Ablett's performance in kicking 9 goals earned him the Norm Smith Medal, and in doing so became only the second member of the losing team in VFL/AFL history to be awarded the honour – a performance regarded by many as unrivalled on football's biggest stage. Ablett's 9 goals also saw him equal Gordon Coventry's goals record set in the 1928 Grand Final.", "Ablett's 9 goals also saw him equal Gordon Coventry's goals record set in the 1928 Grand Final. Shock retirement and return (1991–1992) On 1 February 1991, Ablett, aged 29, stunned most football fans when he announced his retirement, citing personal reasons and a loss of enjoyment for the game.", "Shock retirement and return (1991–1992) On 1 February 1991, Ablett, aged 29, stunned most football fans when he announced his retirement, citing personal reasons and a loss of enjoyment for the game. His previous season in 1990 was marred by injury, dipping motivation, and personal issues, including a separation from his wife.", "His previous season in 1990 was marred by injury, dipping motivation, and personal issues, including a separation from his wife. He was eventually encouraged to reverse his decision and he made his return in Round 12 for the Geelong reserves team.", "He was eventually encouraged to reverse his decision and he made his return in Round 12 for the Geelong reserves team. This generated enormous media interest and drew an abnormally large crowd for the curtain-raiser game at Princes Park.", "This generated enormous media interest and drew an abnormally large crowd for the curtain-raiser game at Princes Park. Ablett was named in the senior side for the following game against , which drew a crowd of over 40,000 to the MCG.", "Ablett was named in the senior side for the following game against , which drew a crowd of over 40,000 to the MCG. He had ten possessions and kicked two goals, one of them an important steadier for the Cats in the last quarter after the Demons had closed to within 24 points.", "He had ten possessions and kicked two goals, one of them an important steadier for the Cats in the last quarter after the Demons had closed to within 24 points. Due to his late season start and lack of conditioning, it was probably no surprise that Ablett failed to recapture his best form, ending his season on a sour note when he was suspended for striking St Kilda rover Nathan Burke in the first week of the finals, and he subsequently missed Geelong's finals defeats to Hawthorn and West Coast.", "Due to his late season start and lack of conditioning, it was probably no surprise that Ablett failed to recapture his best form, ending his season on a sour note when he was suspended for striking St Kilda rover Nathan Burke in the first week of the finals, and he subsequently missed Geelong's finals defeats to Hawthorn and West Coast. Ablett put the disappointment of 1991 behind him, and he dedicated himself to improving his fitness base ahead of the 1992 season.", "Ablett put the disappointment of 1991 behind him, and he dedicated himself to improving his fitness base ahead of the 1992 season. A consistent first half of the year helped the Cats achieve an 11–3 record, eventually earning them a spot in the grand final—this time against the West Coast Eagles.", "A consistent first half of the year helped the Cats achieve an 11–3 record, eventually earning them a spot in the grand final—this time against the West Coast Eagles. After establishing a two-goal lead at half-time, the Cats failed to sustain their momentum during the second half, eventually going down by 28 points to the fast-finishing Eagles.", "After establishing a two-goal lead at half-time, the Cats failed to sustain their momentum during the second half, eventually going down by 28 points to the fast-finishing Eagles. Ablett, who finished with 3 goals, had again failed to finish the year with the same good form in which he had begun it.", "Ablett, who finished with 3 goals, had again failed to finish the year with the same good form in which he had begun it. One special season (1993) Before the 1993 season, Ablett was encouraged by his coach, Malcolm Blight, to move from his customary roaming half-forward position to full-forward, in an effort to prolong his career.", "One special season (1993) Before the 1993 season, Ablett was encouraged by his coach, Malcolm Blight, to move from his customary roaming half-forward position to full-forward, in an effort to prolong his career. The move up forward proved to be a master-stroke, with Ablett thriving in his goal-kicking role, reaching the 50-goal mark in just six games, equalling the sixty-year record of South Melbourne legend Bob Pratt.", "The move up forward proved to be a master-stroke, with Ablett thriving in his goal-kicking role, reaching the 50-goal mark in just six games, equalling the sixty-year record of South Melbourne legend Bob Pratt. He brought up his maiden century of goals in the season just eight games later, one game slower than record-holder Pratt, and became the first Geelong player to kick 100 goals in a season since Larry Donohue in 1976.", "He brought up his maiden century of goals in the season just eight games later, one game slower than record-holder Pratt, and became the first Geelong player to kick 100 goals in a season since Larry Donohue in 1976. Although the Cats did not make the Finals, Ablett's new-found dominance up forward was highlighted during the season with his bags of ten or more goals on five occasions, including a 14-goal performance against Essendon in Round 6.", "Although the Cats did not make the Finals, Ablett's new-found dominance up forward was highlighted during the season with his bags of ten or more goals on five occasions, including a 14-goal performance against Essendon in Round 6. His end-of-season total of 124 goals, achieved in just 17 appearances, earned him his first Coleman Medal as the League's leading goal-scorer, the Leigh Matthews Trophy, the AFMA Player of the Year Award, and a top-ten placing in the Brownlow Medal.", "His end-of-season total of 124 goals, achieved in just 17 appearances, earned him his first Coleman Medal as the League's leading goal-scorer, the Leigh Matthews Trophy, the AFMA Player of the Year Award, and a top-ten placing in the Brownlow Medal. 1993 to 1996 Ablett continued his dominance as a full-forward in 1994 and 1995 by winning the Coleman Medal in each year.", "1993 to 1996 Ablett continued his dominance as a full-forward in 1994 and 1995 by winning the Coleman Medal in each year. Ablett is the only player in VFL/AFL history to kick 100 goals and win the Coleman Medal in three successive seasons. In addition to his explosive pace and skills, Ablett was also an accomplished aerialist with strong hands.", "In addition to his explosive pace and skills, Ablett was also an accomplished aerialist with strong hands. A highlight was the 1994 Mark of the Year over Collingwood's Gary Pert on Mother's Day at the MCG, a mark which is captured in Jamie Cooper's painting the Game That Made Australia, commissioned by the AFL in 2008 to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the sport.", "A highlight was the 1994 Mark of the Year over Collingwood's Gary Pert on Mother's Day at the MCG, a mark which is captured in Jamie Cooper's painting the Game That Made Australia, commissioned by the AFL in 2008 to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the sport. There is still debate over whether he had enough control of the ball to be paid a mark.", "There is still debate over whether he had enough control of the ball to be paid a mark. In early 1996, Ablett was suspended for five games for striking St Kilda's 172 cm Kristian Bardsley with a raised forearm.", "In early 1996, Ablett was suspended for five games for striking St Kilda's 172 cm Kristian Bardsley with a raised forearm. He later remarked that his lengthy suspension was the \"beginning of the end\", and he finished out the season with 69 goals in 17 games.", "He later remarked that his lengthy suspension was the \"beginning of the end\", and he finished out the season with 69 goals in 17 games. His last AFL appearance was against North Melbourne in a Qualifying Final in 1996. Ablett managed to kick only one goal in a disappointing 60-point loss.", "Ablett managed to kick only one goal in a disappointing 60-point loss. In October 1996, he missed Geelong's first training session and was fined $10,000. On 22 November 1996, Ablett was admitted to hospital with a severe bout of gastro. On 28 November, Ablett faced traffic charges.", "On 28 November, Ablett faced traffic charges. 1997 end of career Ablett was ready to start the serious training with the club by the first week of January. By February, it was reported that he was still under pressure to improve his fitness. In March, Geelong confirmed that Ablett would play in 1997.", "In March, Geelong confirmed that Ablett would play in 1997. On Sunday, 31 March 1997, Ablett played in the reserves against Richmond. Gary booted 7 goals but injured his knee. Three days later, on 3 April, he underwent arthroscopic surgery. In early June, Ablett had still not recovered; he faced knee surgery.", "In early June, Ablett had still not recovered; he faced knee surgery. During the preliminary finals in September, he announced his retirement from football. State of Origin Ablett had a prolific State of Origin career, kicking 43 goals in 11 games.", "State of Origin Ablett had a prolific State of Origin career, kicking 43 goals in 11 games. He was first selected to play for Victoria in 1984, against Western Australia, only nine games into his career at Geelong, kicking 8 goals in a best-on-ground performance.", "He was first selected to play for Victoria in 1984, against Western Australia, only nine games into his career at Geelong, kicking 8 goals in a best-on-ground performance. He performed well again the following year, kicking 4 goals against South Australia.", "He performed well again the following year, kicking 4 goals against South Australia. In the following few years Ablett was largely out of the side, apart from 1987, when he kicked 2 goals against South Australia. Ablett again performed at the highest level in 1990, kicking 6 goals, against Western Australia in Perth.", "Ablett again performed at the highest level in 1990, kicking 6 goals, against Western Australia in Perth. After returning from retirement midway through 1991, and after only several games, Ablett was controversially selected for Victoria, kicking 2 goals.", "After returning from retirement midway through 1991, and after only several games, Ablett was controversially selected for Victoria, kicking 2 goals. In 1992 Ablett performed well, kicking 3 goals and being named among the best players, against Western Australia.", "In 1992 Ablett performed well, kicking 3 goals and being named among the best players, against Western Australia. In 1993, he kicked 4 goals, against a combined New South Wales–Australian Capital Territory side, and in the same year Ablett again performed on the big stage, kicking 5 goals in the State of Origin Carnival Grand Final.", "In 1993, he kicked 4 goals, against a combined New South Wales–Australian Capital Territory side, and in the same year Ablett again performed on the big stage, kicking 5 goals in the State of Origin Carnival Grand Final. In 1994, he kicked 4 goals, against South Australia, in what has been regarded as \"one of the greatest Australian football games of all time\" and followed up that performance with 4 goals against South Australia in 1995.", "In 1994, he kicked 4 goals, against South Australia, in what has been regarded as \"one of the greatest Australian football games of all time\" and followed up that performance with 4 goals against South Australia in 1995. On representing Victoria, Ablett has said \"I've always found it a tremendous honour to represent your state, in a State of Origin game\".", "On representing Victoria, Ablett has said \"I've always found it a tremendous honour to represent your state, in a State of Origin game\". Legacy Ablett combined strength, speed, and skill to produce many spectacular highlights and goal-kicking feats. A noted big game player, Ablett kicked 43 goals in 11 State appearances.", "A noted big game player, Ablett kicked 43 goals in 11 State appearances. More significantly, he booted 64 goals over the course of his 16 finals – an average of four goals a game. His haul of 27 goals in the 1989 finals series is a record that still stands.", "His haul of 27 goals in the 1989 finals series is a record that still stands. He was awarded the Norm Smith Medal for his performance in the 1989 Grand Final, where he was adjudged best player afield.", "He was awarded the Norm Smith Medal for his performance in the 1989 Grand Final, where he was adjudged best player afield. In doing so, he became one of only four players (the others being Maurice Rioli −1982, Nathan Buckley −2002, and Chris Judd −2005) to win the medal playing for the losing side.", "In doing so, he became one of only four players (the others being Maurice Rioli −1982, Nathan Buckley −2002, and Chris Judd −2005) to win the medal playing for the losing side. In 1996, Ablett joined Gordon Coventry, Doug Wade, Jason Dunstall and Tony Lockett as the only players in league history to kick 1000 VFL/AFL goals.", "In 1996, Ablett joined Gordon Coventry, Doug Wade, Jason Dunstall and Tony Lockett as the only players in league history to kick 1000 VFL/AFL goals. Martin Flanagan's representation of Australian football pioneer Tom Wills in his 1996 novel The Call is modeled on Ablett.", "Martin Flanagan's representation of Australian football pioneer Tom Wills in his 1996 novel The Call is modeled on Ablett. According to Flanagan, Wills and Ablett polarised opinion in similar ways, and displayed a lack of insight into their actions—they simply did what came naturally to them, \"like a lot of artists\".", "According to Flanagan, Wills and Ablett polarised opinion in similar ways, and displayed a lack of insight into their actions—they simply did what came naturally to them, \"like a lot of artists\". Ablett is the subject of the song \"Kicking the Footy with God\", released by The Bedroom Philosopher on his 2005 debut album In Bed with My Doona.", "Ablett is the subject of the song \"Kicking the Footy with God\", released by The Bedroom Philosopher on his 2005 debut album In Bed with My Doona. In 1996, Ablett was named in the AFL Team of the Century on the interchange bench, alongside Jack Dyer and Greg Williams.", "In 1996, Ablett was named in the AFL Team of the Century on the interchange bench, alongside Jack Dyer and Greg Williams. In 2001, Ablett was named in the Geelong Team of the Century, on a half forward flank.", "In 2001, Ablett was named in the Geelong Team of the Century, on a half forward flank. In 2005, after many years of controversy and debate (see below), he was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame.", "In 2005, after many years of controversy and debate (see below), he was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame. The following year, he was honoured yet again when he was voted as the Greatest Geelong player of all-time ahead of Graham Farmer.", "The following year, he was honoured yet again when he was voted as the Greatest Geelong player of all-time ahead of Graham Farmer. In 2006, Ablett was honoured with the naming of a terrace in his name within the newly renovated Skilled Stadium.", "In 2006, Ablett was honoured with the naming of a terrace in his name within the newly renovated Skilled Stadium. Ablett once had a set of gates named in his honour, but he was upgraded to a terrace at the beginning of the 2006 AFL season.", "Ablett once had a set of gates named in his honour, but he was upgraded to a terrace at the beginning of the 2006 AFL season. Induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame Despite his footballing achievements on the field, Ablett's induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame was initially delayed.", "Induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame Despite his footballing achievements on the field, Ablett's induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame was initially delayed. Despite Ablett's undoubted footballing credentials, his well-publicised contribution to the death of Alisha Horan was responsible for the Australian Football Hall of Fame committee's reluctance to induct him.", "Despite Ablett's undoubted footballing credentials, his well-publicised contribution to the death of Alisha Horan was responsible for the Australian Football Hall of Fame committee's reluctance to induct him. In 2004, after several years of speculation over his induction, Ablett personally requested that the Geelong Football Club stop nominating him for selection, which the club agreed to.", "In 2004, after several years of speculation over his induction, Ablett personally requested that the Geelong Football Club stop nominating him for selection, which the club agreed to. However, the following year it was announced that Ablett would be inducted into the Hall of Fame as part of the 2005 intake.", "However, the following year it was announced that Ablett would be inducted into the Hall of Fame as part of the 2005 intake. Ablett did not attend the induction ceremony and instead released a statement through his then-manager, Michael Baker: \"Due to my current battle with depression I am not in a position to be able to accept this award in person.", "Ablett did not attend the induction ceremony and instead released a statement through his then-manager, Michael Baker: \"Due to my current battle with depression I am not in a position to be able to accept this award in person. I did not make this decision lightly but due to medical advice it was deemed best for my health that I do not attend tonight.", "I did not make this decision lightly but due to medical advice it was deemed best for my health that I do not attend tonight. I feel blessed to have had the opportunity to play this great game and also to have played at the elite level alongside many celebrated champions.", "I feel blessed to have had the opportunity to play this great game and also to have played at the elite level alongside many celebrated champions. Being chosen to be inducted into the Hall of Fame is one of the highest honours a player could dream of.", "Being chosen to be inducted into the Hall of Fame is one of the highest honours a player could dream of. I thank those who deem me worthy enough to be placed alongside such respected company.\" Personal life The youngest of eight children, Ablett grew up alongside four elder brothers and three elder sisters.", "Personal life The youngest of eight children, Ablett grew up alongside four elder brothers and three elder sisters. In 1985, Ablett wed his long-time girlfriend Sue, and the couple had four children – Natasha, Gary Jr., Nathan, and Alisha.", "In 1985, Ablett wed his long-time girlfriend Sue, and the couple had four children – Natasha, Gary Jr., Nathan, and Alisha. In 1986, Ablett became a born-again Christian and has been said to be slightly aggrieved at constantly being referred to as \"God\" by fans, a nickname based on his supreme football abilities.", "In 1986, Ablett became a born-again Christian and has been said to be slightly aggrieved at constantly being referred to as \"God\" by fans, a nickname based on his supreme football abilities. Ablett's faith was often highlighted in several tribunal appearances, in one case confessing and pleading guilty to striking Garry Lyon in a 1989 incident, declaring he \"wasn't prepared to lie about it or compromise the truth in [his] relationship with God\".", "Ablett's faith was often highlighted in several tribunal appearances, in one case confessing and pleading guilty to striking Garry Lyon in a 1989 incident, declaring he \"wasn't prepared to lie about it or compromise the truth in [his] relationship with God\". Ablett's public acknowledgement of his faith, in particular the influence of God in his life, during his acceptance speech for the Norm Smith Medal in the 1989 Grand Final, was also much publicised.", "Ablett's public acknowledgement of his faith, in particular the influence of God in his life, during his acceptance speech for the Norm Smith Medal in the 1989 Grand Final, was also much publicised. On 26 June 2006, Ablett was allegedly assaulted at 11:15pm while browsing through a car yard in Fyans Street, South Geelong.", "On 26 June 2006, Ablett was allegedly assaulted at 11:15pm while browsing through a car yard in Fyans Street, South Geelong. A 31-year-old Geelong man was charged with the assault.", "A 31-year-old Geelong man was charged with the assault. However, he was reported to have committed suicide on 10 July 2006 by jumping from a Melbourne high-rise apartment block the day before he was due to appear before the Geelong Magistrates court to defend the assault charges.", "However, he was reported to have committed suicide on 10 July 2006 by jumping from a Melbourne high-rise apartment block the day before he was due to appear before the Geelong Magistrates court to defend the assault charges. In December 2007, Ablett hit back at media claims that his son Nathan had walked away from his football career because of the publicity surrounding the release of a new book about his father.", "In December 2007, Ablett hit back at media claims that his son Nathan had walked away from his football career because of the publicity surrounding the release of a new book about his father. Although normally reluctant to make public comments, Ablett felt that the media intrusion into his family life had gone too far.", "Although normally reluctant to make public comments, Ablett felt that the media intrusion into his family life had gone too far. As part of a series of books, \"Legends of Australian Sport\", Ablett contributed to a book regarding himself. It was the first time he revealed intimate details regarding his life publicly.", "It was the first time he revealed intimate details regarding his life publicly. In September 2020, Ablett released a 27-minute YouTube video discussing his belief in the rapture as being forthcoming.", "In September 2020, Ablett released a 27-minute YouTube video discussing his belief in the rapture as being forthcoming. In this video, he declared that the COVID-19 pandemic had been manufactured and released by the Illuminati and Freemasons in order to depopulate Earth, create a cashless society and \"put Lucifer on the throne of the world\".", "In this video, he declared that the COVID-19 pandemic had been manufactured and released by the Illuminati and Freemasons in order to depopulate Earth, create a cashless society and \"put Lucifer on the throne of the world\". A footballing family Two of Ablett's brothers played in the Victorian Football League – Kevin Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and Geelong, and Geoff Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and St Kilda.", "A footballing family Two of Ablett's brothers played in the Victorian Football League – Kevin Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and Geelong, and Geoff Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and St Kilda. Ablett's eldest son, Gary Jr., has followed in his footsteps to play for Geelong.", "Ablett's eldest son, Gary Jr., has followed in his footsteps to play for Geelong. In 2007 and 2009, Ablett Jr. won the Cats' best and fairest award, emulating a feat established by his father in his first season with the Cats back in 1984; he also won the Brownlow Medal in 2009 and 2013.", "In 2007 and 2009, Ablett Jr. won the Cats' best and fairest award, emulating a feat established by his father in his first season with the Cats back in 1984; he also won the Brownlow Medal in 2009 and 2013. Another son, Nathan, was drafted in 2004 (48th pick) by Geelong under the father-son rule.", "Another son, Nathan, was drafted in 2004 (48th pick) by Geelong under the father-son rule. Nathan initially refused to play AFL Football because of his father's experience with the media, but, with encouragement from the club, was signed ahead of the 2005 AFL Season and established himself in the full forward role Gary Sr. made his own.", "Nathan initially refused to play AFL Football because of his father's experience with the media, but, with encouragement from the club, was signed ahead of the 2005 AFL Season and established himself in the full forward role Gary Sr. made his own. On 29 September 2007, both Gary Jr. and Nathan contributed to Geelong winning its first flag in 44 years, capturing the premiership that proved elusive to Gary Snr in his 12 years at the club.", "On 29 September 2007, both Gary Jr. and Nathan contributed to Geelong winning its first flag in 44 years, capturing the premiership that proved elusive to Gary Snr in his 12 years at the club. Nathan retired suddenly before the 2008 season, but he and his brother Gary Jr. were members of the Gold Coast Football Club's inaugural team for the 2011 season.", "Nathan retired suddenly before the 2008 season, but he and his brother Gary Jr. were members of the Gold Coast Football Club's inaugural team for the 2011 season. In addition to his sons, Ablett has a nephew, Luke Ablett, who played for the Sydney Swans and won a premiership with them in 2005.", "In addition to his sons, Ablett has a nephew, Luke Ablett, who played for the Sydney Swans and won a premiership with them in 2005. Two other nephews, from his sister's marriage to Hawthorn legend Michael Tuck, also played in the AFL – Richmond's Shane Tuck and Travis Tuck, who played for Hawthorn.", "Two other nephews, from his sister's marriage to Hawthorn legend Michael Tuck, also played in the AFL – Richmond's Shane Tuck and Travis Tuck, who played for Hawthorn. Criminal offences Ablett had well-documented off-field problems, particularly with illegal drug use, and depression in the wake of the Alisha Horan death.", "Criminal offences Ablett had well-documented off-field problems, particularly with illegal drug use, and depression in the wake of the Alisha Horan death. In 1990, Ablett was placed on a $10,000 good behaviour bond after he pleaded guilty to repeatedly hitting a man he found sitting in a car with his estranged wife.", "In 1990, Ablett was placed on a $10,000 good behaviour bond after he pleaded guilty to repeatedly hitting a man he found sitting in a car with his estranged wife. In 2000, Ablett was investigated, charged and convicted of four drug offences as a result of nineteen-year-old Geelong woman Alisha Horan dying of a drug overdose (involving heroin, ecstasy and amphetamines) while in Ablett's hotel room.", "In 2000, Ablett was investigated, charged and convicted of four drug offences as a result of nineteen-year-old Geelong woman Alisha Horan dying of a drug overdose (involving heroin, ecstasy and amphetamines) while in Ablett's hotel room. After a prolonged period of refusing to answer police questions and refusing to answer questions at an April 2001 inquest (on the grounds that he may incriminate himself) – Ablett later admitted to providing Horan with heroin and ecstasy.", "After a prolonged period of refusing to answer police questions and refusing to answer questions at an April 2001 inquest (on the grounds that he may incriminate himself) – Ablett later admitted to providing Horan with heroin and ecstasy. Horan had found a small quantity of heroin in Ablett's coat pocket and asked him what it was.", "Horan had found a small quantity of heroin in Ablett's coat pocket and asked him what it was. Rather than admit that it was heroin, Ablett told her it was cocaine, which they both then ingested, leading to Horan's overdose.", "Rather than admit that it was heroin, Ablett told her it was cocaine, which they both then ingested, leading to Horan's overdose. Ablett wasn't charged with manslaughter, but pleaded guilty to four lesser charges, was convicted, and fined $1500. Statistics |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "Statistics |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1982 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 35 || 6 || 11 || 13 || 47 || 21 || 68 || 26 || || 1.5 || 2.2 || 7.8 || 3.5 || 11.3 || 4.3 || |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1982 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 35 || 6 || 11 || 13 || 47 || 21 || 68 || 26 || || 1.5 || 2.2 || 7.8 || 3.5 || 11.3 || 4.3 || |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1984 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 33 || 28 || 238 || 61 || 299 || 86 || || 2.2 || 1.9 || 15.9 || 4.1 || 19.9 || 5.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1984 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 33 || 28 || 238 || 61 || 299 || 86 || || 2.2 || 1.9 || 15.9 || 4.1 || 19.9 || 5.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1985 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 20 || 82 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 67 || 274 || 62 || 336 || 135 || || 4.1 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.4 || 13.7 || 3.1 || 16.8 || 6.8 || |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1985 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 20 || 82 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 67 || 274 || 62 || 336 || 135 || || 4.1 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.4 || 13.7 || 3.1 || 16.8 || 6.8 || |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1986 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 65 || 49 || 185 || 39 || 224 || 101 || || 4.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.3 || 12.3 || 2.6 || 14.9 || 6.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1986 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 65 || 49 || 185 || 39 || 224 || 101 || || 4.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.3 || 12.3 || 2.6 || 14.9 || 6.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1987 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 53 || 38 || 200 || 46 || 246 || 86 || 19 || 3.1 || 2.2 || 11.8 || 2.7 || 14.5 || 5.1 || 1.1 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1987 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 53 || 38 || 200 || 46 || 246 || 86 || 19 || 3.1 || 2.2 || 11.8 || 2.7 || 14.5 || 5.1 || 1.1 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1988 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 82 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 62 || 253 || 42 || 295 || 117 || 19 || 3.9 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.0 || 12.0 || 2.0 || 14.0 || 5.6 || 0.9 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1988 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 82 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 62 || 253 || 42 || 295 || 117 || 19 || 3.9 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.0 || 12.0 || 2.0 || 14.0 || 5.6 || 0.9 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1989 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 23 || 87 || 54 || 378 || 68 || 446 || 151 || 29 || 3.8 || 2.3 || 16.4 || 3.0 || 19.4 || 6.6 || 1.3 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1989 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 23 || 87 || 54 || 378 || 68 || 446 || 151 || 29 || 3.8 || 2.3 || 16.4 || 3.0 || 19.4 || 6.6 || 1.3 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1990 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 75 || 43 || 224 || 47 || 271 || 100 || 21 || 4.4 || 2.5 || 13.2 || 2.8 || 15.9 || 5.9 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1990 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 75 || 43 || 224 || 47 || 271 || 100 || 21 || 4.4 || 2.5 || 13.2 || 2.8 || 15.9 || 5.9 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1991 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 12 || 28 || 27 || 144 || 21 || 165 || 55 || 20 || 2.3 || 2.3 || 12.0 || 1.8 || 13.8 || 4.6 || 1.7 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1991 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 12 || 28 || 27 || 144 || 21 || 165 || 55 || 20 || 2.3 || 2.3 || 12.0 || 1.8 || 13.8 || 4.6 || 1.7 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1992 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 72 || 54 || 324 || 61 || 385 || 118 || 33 || 3.4 || 2.6 || 15.4 || 2.9 || 18.3 || 5.6 || 1.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1992 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 72 || 54 || 324 || 61 || 385 || 118 || 33 || 3.4 || 2.6 || 15.4 || 2.9 || 18.3 || 5.6 || 1.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1993 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 124 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 60 || 233 || 13 || 246 || 111 || 10 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 7.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.5 || 13.7 || 0.8 || 14.5 || 6.5 || 0.6 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1993 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 124 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 60 || 233 || 13 || 246 || 111 || 10 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 7.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.5 || 13.7 || 0.8 || 14.5 || 6.5 || 0.6 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1994 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 25 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 129 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 79 || 263 || 30 || 293 || 130 || 15 || 5.2 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.2 || 10.5 || 1.2 || 11.7 || 5.2 || 0.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1994 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 25 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 129 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 79 || 263 || 30 || 293 || 130 || 15 || 5.2 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.2 || 10.5 || 1.2 || 11.7 || 5.2 || 0.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1995 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 22 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 122 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 85 || 264 || 19 || 283 || 148 || 18 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 5.5 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.9 || 12.0 || 0.9 || 12.9 || 6.7 || 0.8 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1995 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 22 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 122 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 85 || 264 || 19 || 283 || 148 || 18 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 5.5 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.9 || 12.0 || 0.9 || 12.9 || 6.7 || 0.8 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1996 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 69 || 31 || 159 || 31 || 190 || 71 || 13 || 4.1 || 1.8 || 9.4 || 1.8 || 11.2 || 4.2 || 0.8 |- class=\"sortbottom\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1996 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 69 || 31 || 159 || 31 || 190 || 71 || 13 || 4.1 || 1.8 || 9.4 || 1.8 || 11.2 || 4.2 || 0.8 |- class=\"sortbottom\" ! colspan=3| Career ! 248 !", "colspan=3| Career ! 248 ! 248 ! 1031 ! 690 ! 3186 ! 561 ! 3747 ! 1435 ! 197 ! 4.2 ! 2.8 ! 12.8 ! 2.3 ! 15.1 ! 5.8 !", "2.8 ! 12.8 ! 2.3 ! 15.1 ! 5.8 ! 5.8 ! 1.0 |} Honours and achievements Team McClelland Trophy (): 1992 Individual Norm Smith Medal: 1989 3× Coleman Medal: 1993, 1994, 1995 4× All-Australian team: 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Carji Greeves Medal: 1984 Leigh Matthews Trophy (AFL MVP Award): 1993 9× Geelong leading goalkicker: 1985, 1986, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 Geelong Team of the Century Geelong captain: 1995–1996 2× Alex Jesaulenko Medal: 1985, 1994 Geelong F.C.", "1.0 |} Honours and achievements Team McClelland Trophy (): 1992 Individual Norm Smith Medal: 1989 3× Coleman Medal: 1993, 1994, 1995 4× All-Australian team: 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Carji Greeves Medal: 1984 Leigh Matthews Trophy (AFL MVP Award): 1993 9× Geelong leading goalkicker: 1985, 1986, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 Geelong Team of the Century Geelong captain: 1995–1996 2× Alex Jesaulenko Medal: 1985, 1994 Geelong F.C. Hall of Fame Australian Sports Medal: 2000 Centenary Medal: 2001 Australian Football League Team of the Century 1897-1996 VFL/AFL players with 1,000 goals 8× State of Origin (Victoria): 1984, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 (c) Australian Football Media Association Player of the Year: 1993Australian Football Hall of Fame: 2005 Inductee5th on all-time leading goal-kickersAll-time leading goal kicker for Geelong F.C.", "Hall of Fame Australian Sports Medal: 2000 Centenary Medal: 2001 Australian Football League Team of the Century 1897-1996 VFL/AFL players with 1,000 goals 8× State of Origin (Victoria): 1984, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 (c) Australian Football Media Association Player of the Year: 1993Australian Football Hall of Fame: 2005 Inductee5th on all-time leading goal-kickersAll-time leading goal kicker for Geelong F.C. (1021 goals)Only player to have won Coleman Medal and kicked 100 goals in three consecutive seasons (1993–1995)Oldest player to kick 100 goals in a season (33 years old in 1995)Most goals in an AFL/VFL Grand Final (9 goals in 1989 Grand Final)Most goals in an AFL/VFL finals series (27 goals in 1989)Highest goals-per-game ratio in Geelong F.C.", "(1021 goals)Only player to have won Coleman Medal and kicked 100 goals in three consecutive seasons (1993–1995)Oldest player to kick 100 goals in a season (33 years old in 1995)Most goals in an AFL/VFL Grand Final (9 goals in 1989 Grand Final)Most goals in an AFL/VFL finals series (27 goals in 1989)Highest goals-per-game ratio in Geelong F.C. history (4.22 goals per game)4-time runner-up in Carji Greeves Medal (1985, 1993, 1994, 1995)3-time third-place getter in Carji Greeves Medal (1986, 1989, 1990)''' See also After the siren kicks in Australian rules football Alf Williamson Notes References Bibliography External links Gary Ablett's profile at AustralianFootball.com 1961 births Gary All-Australians (AFL) Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees Carji Greeves Medal winners Coleman Medal winners Geelong Football Club players Hawthorn Football Club players Leigh Matthews Trophy winners Living people Norm Smith Medal winners Sportspeople from Geelong Victorian State of Origin players Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia) Myrtleford Football Club players Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal Recipients of the Centenary Medal Australian Christians" ]

[ "Gary Ablett Sr.", "The early years at Geelong (1984-1988)", "What did he do at Geelong?", "He debuted for the Cats in Round 7 and after just nine games on the wing, Ablett was selected to his first State of Origin game for Victoria.", "How did he do for the Cats?", "Playing mostly on the half forward flank, Ablett won the club's goalkicking award for the following two seasons with 82 and 65 goals respectively.", "When did he start playing for the Cats?", "Ablett signed a one-year contract for the 1984 season", "What else was notable about his time with the Cats?", "was awarded the Carji Greeves Medal as the Geelong Football Club's \"best and fairest\" player of the year.", "Did he win any other honors?", "Although he missed out on State honours and failed to place within the top three in the club best and fairest award, Ablett finished with 82 goals", "How long did he play with the Cats?", "With his contract expiring at the conclusion of the 1987 season, Ablett shocked the VFL by signing a new five-year contract with his former club, Hawthorn.", "How did the public respond to this?", "After a \"cooling-off\" period, however, Ablett opted to remain with Geelong by agreeing to a lucrative five-year contract that tied him to the club for the long-term." ]

[ "\"What Did I Do to You?\" is a song recorded by British singer Lisa Stansfield for her 1989 album, Affection. It was written by Stansfield, Ian Devaney and Andy Morris, and produced by Devaney and Morris. The song was released as the fourth European single on 30 April 1990. It included three previously unreleased songs written by Stansfield, Devaney and Morris: \"My Apple Heart,\" \"Lay Me Down\" and \"Something's Happenin'.\" \"What Did I Do to You?\" was remixed by Mark Saunders and by the Grammy Award-winning American house music DJ and producer, David Morales. The single became a top forty hit in the European countries reaching number eighteen in Finland, number twenty in Ireland and number twenty-five in the United Kingdom. \"What Did I Do to You?\" was also released in Japan.\n\nIn 2014, the remixes of \"What Did I Do to You?\" were included on the deluxe 2CD + DVD re-release of Affection and on People Hold On ... The Remix Anthology. They were also featured on The Collection 1989–2003 box set (2014), including previously unreleased Red Zone Mix by David Morales.\n\nCritical reception\nThe song received positive reviews from music critics. Matthew Hocter from Albumism viewed it as a \"upbeat offering\". David Giles from Music Week said it is \"beautifully performed\" by Stansfield. A reviewer from Reading Eagle wrote that \"What Did I Do to You?\" \"would be right at home on the \"Saturday Night Fever\" soundtrack.\"\n\nMusic video\nA music video was produced to promote the single, directed by Philip Richardson, who had previously directed the videos for \"All Around the World\" and \"Live Together\". It features Stansfield with her kiss curls, dressed in a white outfit and performing with her band on a stage in front of a jumping audience. The video was later published on Stansfield's official YouTube channel in November 2009. It has amassed more than 1,6 million views as of October 2021.\n\nTrack listings\n\n European/UK 7\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix Edit) – 4:20\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n European/UK/Japanese CD single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix Edit) – 4:20\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 5:19\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 4:17\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n UK 10\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix) – 5:52\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 5:19\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 4:17\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n European/UK 12\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Morales Mix) – 7:59\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 4:22\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 3:19\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:15\n\n UK 12\" promotional single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Morales Mix) – 7:59\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Anti Poll Tax Dub) – 6:31\n\n Other remixes\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Red Zone Mix) – 7:45\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nLisa Stansfield songs\n1990 singles\nSongs written by Lisa Stansfield\n1989 songs\nArista Records singles\nSongs written by Ian Devaney\nSongs written by Andy Morris (musician)", "\"What Would Steve Do?\" is the second single released by Mumm-Ra on Columbia Records, which was released on February 19, 2007. It is a re-recorded version of the self-release they did in April 2006. It reached #40 in the UK Singles Chart, making it their highest charting single.\n\nTrack listings\nAll songs written by Mumm-Ra.\n\nCD\n\"What Would Steve Do?\"\n\"Cute As\"\n\"Without You\"\n\n7\"\n\"What Would Steve Do?\"\n\"What Would Steve Do? (Floorboard Mix)\"\n\nGatefold 7\"\n\"What Would Steve Do?\"\n\"Cute As\"\n\nReferences\n\n2007 singles\nMumm-Ra (band) songs\n2006 songs\nColumbia Records singles" ]

[ "Gary Ablett Sr. (born 1 October 1961), is a former professional Australian rules footballer who represented and in the Australian Football League (AFL). Nicknamed \"God\", Ablett is widely regarded as one of Australian football's greatest players, and was especially renowned for his high-flying spectacular marks and his prolific goalkicking.", "Nicknamed \"God\", Ablett is widely regarded as one of Australian football's greatest players, and was especially renowned for his high-flying spectacular marks and his prolific goalkicking. After playing for several country teams in and around his hometown of Drouin, Victoria, Ablett was recruited by Hawthorn and made his Victorian Football League (VFL) debut in 1982.", "After playing for several country teams in and around his hometown of Drouin, Victoria, Ablett was recruited by Hawthorn and made his Victorian Football League (VFL) debut in 1982. However, he struggled to adjust to city life and retreated to Myrtleford the following year.", "However, he struggled to adjust to city life and retreated to Myrtleford the following year. The Geelong Football Club managed to lure him back to professional football in 1984, and by the late 80s, he had become one of the VFL's biggest stars.", "The Geelong Football Club managed to lure him back to professional football in 1984, and by the late 80s, he had become one of the VFL's biggest stars. His 1989 VFL Grand Final appearance, during which he kicked a grand final record nine goals for a losing side, is regarded as one of football's greatest individual performances, earning him the Norm Smith Medal.", "His 1989 VFL Grand Final appearance, during which he kicked a grand final record nine goals for a losing side, is regarded as one of football's greatest individual performances, earning him the Norm Smith Medal. At the beginning of the 1991 season, Ablett shocked the football world by abruptly announcing his retirement from the game, but made a comeback midway through the year.", "At the beginning of the 1991 season, Ablett shocked the football world by abruptly announcing his retirement from the game, but made a comeback midway through the year. He went on to appear in the 1992, 1994, and 1995 grand finals, before officially retiring after the 1996 season.", "He went on to appear in the 1992, 1994, and 1995 grand finals, before officially retiring after the 1996 season. Ablett's individual accolades and achievements include an induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame, an AFL Team of the Century selection, the 1993 AFL Players Association MVP award (now known as the Leigh Matthews Trophy), and three Coleman Medals.", "Ablett's individual accolades and achievements include an induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame, an AFL Team of the Century selection, the 1993 AFL Players Association MVP award (now known as the Leigh Matthews Trophy), and three Coleman Medals. He remains Geelong's all-time leading goalkicker, with 1021 goals; and, in 2006, was voted by past and present Geelong Football Club players as the greatest Geelong footballer of all time.", "He remains Geelong's all-time leading goalkicker, with 1021 goals; and, in 2006, was voted by past and present Geelong Football Club players as the greatest Geelong footballer of all time. Early life Born in Drouin to Alfred and Colleen Ablett, Gary Ablett grew up in Gippsland, Victoria alongside his four elder brothers and three sisters.", "Early life Born in Drouin to Alfred and Colleen Ablett, Gary Ablett grew up in Gippsland, Victoria alongside his four elder brothers and three sisters. Ablett displayed a love for sport at an early age, winning the state school high jump at 10 years of age.", "Ablett displayed a love for sport at an early age, winning the state school high jump at 10 years of age. He was also awarded both club and competition best and fairest awards for Drouin at the under-11s, under-12s and under-14s levels.", "He was also awarded both club and competition best and fairest awards for Drouin at the under-11s, under-12s and under-14s levels. After his interest waned in attending school, Ablett dropped out of high school at 15 to become a bricklayer's labourer.", "After his interest waned in attending school, Ablett dropped out of high school at 15 to become a bricklayer's labourer. He also began to concentrate on his football and joined his brothers in the Drouin senior team at just 16 years of age.", "He also began to concentrate on his football and joined his brothers in the Drouin senior team at just 16 years of age. After appearing in several country league representative games, the Hawthorn Football Club, which had already signed Gary's elder brothers Geoff and Kevin onto their lists, invited him to play reserves football.", "After appearing in several country league representative games, the Hawthorn Football Club, which had already signed Gary's elder brothers Geoff and Kevin onto their lists, invited him to play reserves football. Career AFL The Hawthorn experience (1981–1983) After signing a reserves contract and featuring in six reserves games for Hawthorn, Ablett retreated back to his home in Drouin.", "Career AFL The Hawthorn experience (1981–1983) After signing a reserves contract and featuring in six reserves games for Hawthorn, Ablett retreated back to his home in Drouin. He returned to Hawthorn in 1982 and made his senior VFL debut versus Geelong in Round 2, kicking 1 goal and helping the Hawks defeat the Cats by 19 points.", "He returned to Hawthorn in 1982 and made his senior VFL debut versus Geelong in Round 2, kicking 1 goal and helping the Hawks defeat the Cats by 19 points. He played a further five games for Hawthorn that year for a total of six games and ten goals.", "He played a further five games for Hawthorn that year for a total of six games and ten goals. Ablett claimed difficulty coping with city life in Melbourne and his continual absenteeism from training sessions forced Hawthorn coach, Allan Jeans into parting ways with the talented, but wayward young half forward.", "Ablett claimed difficulty coping with city life in Melbourne and his continual absenteeism from training sessions forced Hawthorn coach, Allan Jeans into parting ways with the talented, but wayward young half forward. In 1983, he moved with his young family to the country town of Myrtleford.", "In 1983, he moved with his young family to the country town of Myrtleford. Ablett spent the year playing under the tutelage of his cousin Len Ablett for Myrtleford in the Ovens and Murray Football League. Ablett's footballing ability soon came on notice again, this time to the Geelong Football Club and their long-time recruiting officer Bill McMaster.", "Ablett's footballing ability soon came on notice again, this time to the Geelong Football Club and their long-time recruiting officer Bill McMaster. McMaster convinced Ablett to give the game another shot, this time in the confines of the rural city of Geelong.", "McMaster convinced Ablett to give the game another shot, this time in the confines of the rural city of Geelong. After protracted negotiations with Hawthorn, Geelong finally paid a $60,000 transfer for Ablett in 1984.", "After protracted negotiations with Hawthorn, Geelong finally paid a $60,000 transfer for Ablett in 1984. The early years at Geelong (1984–1988) Ablett signed a one-year contract for the 1984 season with Geelong, and he began his first season under the guidance of Tom Hafey.", "The early years at Geelong (1984–1988) Ablett signed a one-year contract for the 1984 season with Geelong, and he began his first season under the guidance of Tom Hafey. He debuted for the Cats in Round 7 and after just nine games on the wing, Ablett was selected to his first State of Origin game for Victoria.", "He debuted for the Cats in Round 7 and after just nine games on the wing, Ablett was selected to his first State of Origin game for Victoria. Ablett earned best-on-ground honours after kicking 8 goals from the half-forward flank.", "Ablett earned best-on-ground honours after kicking 8 goals from the half-forward flank. He played 15 games and kicked 33 goals in the 1984 season, and was awarded the Carji Greeves Medal as the Geelong Football Club's \"best and fairest\" player of the year.", "He played 15 games and kicked 33 goals in the 1984 season, and was awarded the Carji Greeves Medal as the Geelong Football Club's \"best and fairest\" player of the year. Following his first season with Geelong, Ablett signed a new three-year contract with the club.", "Following his first season with Geelong, Ablett signed a new three-year contract with the club. Playing mostly on the half forward flank, Ablett won the club's goalkicking award for the following two seasons with 82 and 65 goals respectively.", "Playing mostly on the half forward flank, Ablett won the club's goalkicking award for the following two seasons with 82 and 65 goals respectively. Although Ablett had developed a reputation for his laconic, lazy attitude to training under coach John Devine, this did not prevent him from earning top three placings in the best and fairest awards from 1985 to 1987.", "Although Ablett had developed a reputation for his laconic, lazy attitude to training under coach John Devine, this did not prevent him from earning top three placings in the best and fairest awards from 1985 to 1987. With his contract expiring at the conclusion of the 1987 season, Ablett shocked the VFL by signing a new five-year contract with his former club, Hawthorn.", "With his contract expiring at the conclusion of the 1987 season, Ablett shocked the VFL by signing a new five-year contract with his former club, Hawthorn. After a \"cooling-off\" period, however, Ablett opted to remain with Geelong by agreeing to a lucrative five-year contract that tied him to the club for the long-term.", "After a \"cooling-off\" period, however, Ablett opted to remain with Geelong by agreeing to a lucrative five-year contract that tied him to the club for the long-term. Ablett began the 1988 season with 59 goals after just 11 games, placing him second on the goalkicking list behind Hawthorn's Jason Dunstall.", "Ablett began the 1988 season with 59 goals after just 11 games, placing him second on the goalkicking list behind Hawthorn's Jason Dunstall. In these games, he kicked 10 goals against Richmond in the Anzac Day game, and 11 against Brisbane—one shy of breaking the ground record of 12 goals at Carrara.", "In these games, he kicked 10 goals against Richmond in the Anzac Day game, and 11 against Brisbane—one shy of breaking the ground record of 12 goals at Carrara. Although he missed out on State honours and failed to place within the top three in the club best and fairest award, Ablett finished with 82 goals during the season for the second time in his career.", "Although he missed out on State honours and failed to place within the top three in the club best and fairest award, Ablett finished with 82 goals during the season for the second time in his career. A September to remember (1989–1990) The 1989 season was marked by the arrival of Ablett's third coach, former North Melbourne Brownlow Medallist Malcolm Blight.", "A September to remember (1989–1990) The 1989 season was marked by the arrival of Ablett's third coach, former North Melbourne Brownlow Medallist Malcolm Blight. Ablett helped the Cats reach the finals on the back of a ten match winning streak to end the regular season.", "Ablett helped the Cats reach the finals on the back of a ten match winning streak to end the regular season. In a 134-point victory against Richmond, Ablett scored 14 goals, breaking a 22-year club record, and moving club legend and former club premiership coach Bobby Davis to laud Ablett as the equal of the legendary Graham 'Polly' Farmer, the finest footballers he had seen at Geelong.", "In a 134-point victory against Richmond, Ablett scored 14 goals, breaking a 22-year club record, and moving club legend and former club premiership coach Bobby Davis to laud Ablett as the equal of the legendary Graham 'Polly' Farmer, the finest footballers he had seen at Geelong. His season lowlight occurred in Round 12 when he was suspended for 3 matches after he controversially felled the Melbourne captain, Gary Lyon behind the play.", "His season lowlight occurred in Round 12 when he was suspended for 3 matches after he controversially felled the Melbourne captain, Gary Lyon behind the play. In his first ever final, the Qualifying Final at the MCG versus Essendon, Gary Ablett kicked three goals, but this was not enough.", "In his first ever final, the Qualifying Final at the MCG versus Essendon, Gary Ablett kicked three goals, but this was not enough. The Bombers humbled Geelong by 76 points to force the Cats into a sudden-death Semi Final showdown with Melbourne. The Cats posted a 63-point win against the Demons.", "The Cats posted a 63-point win against the Demons. Ablett kicked seven goals, and helped set up another meeting with Essendon in the Preliminary Final. Ablett kicked 8 goals this time, as the Cats crushed Essendon by 94 points to advance to their first grand final since 1967.", "Ablett kicked 8 goals this time, as the Cats crushed Essendon by 94 points to advance to their first grand final since 1967. Against the reigning premiers Hawthorn in the 1989 VFL Grand Final, Ablett asserted himself from the opening bounce, leading out from full forward, marking the first centre clearance kick and slotting through the game's first goal.", "Against the reigning premiers Hawthorn in the 1989 VFL Grand Final, Ablett asserted himself from the opening bounce, leading out from full forward, marking the first centre clearance kick and slotting through the game's first goal. By half-time, Ablett had kicked four goals, but the Cats trailed at the main break by 37 points.", "By half-time, Ablett had kicked four goals, but the Cats trailed at the main break by 37 points. Ablett kicked a further five goals in the second half, which saw an injury-depleted Hawthorn's lead reduced to just 6 points with less than a minute to go.", "Ablett kicked a further five goals in the second half, which saw an injury-depleted Hawthorn's lead reduced to just 6 points with less than a minute to go. However, the Cats fell short, and Hawthorn held on to defeat Geelong in one of the toughest grand finals of the modern era, winning by 6 points.", "However, the Cats fell short, and Hawthorn held on to defeat Geelong in one of the toughest grand finals of the modern era, winning by 6 points. Ablett's performance in kicking 9 goals earned him the Norm Smith Medal, and in doing so became only the second member of the losing team in VFL/AFL history to be awarded the honour – a performance regarded by many as unrivalled on football's biggest stage.", "Ablett's performance in kicking 9 goals earned him the Norm Smith Medal, and in doing so became only the second member of the losing team in VFL/AFL history to be awarded the honour – a performance regarded by many as unrivalled on football's biggest stage. Ablett's 9 goals also saw him equal Gordon Coventry's goals record set in the 1928 Grand Final.", "Ablett's 9 goals also saw him equal Gordon Coventry's goals record set in the 1928 Grand Final. Shock retirement and return (1991–1992) On 1 February 1991, Ablett, aged 29, stunned most football fans when he announced his retirement, citing personal reasons and a loss of enjoyment for the game.", "Shock retirement and return (1991–1992) On 1 February 1991, Ablett, aged 29, stunned most football fans when he announced his retirement, citing personal reasons and a loss of enjoyment for the game. His previous season in 1990 was marred by injury, dipping motivation, and personal issues, including a separation from his wife.", "His previous season in 1990 was marred by injury, dipping motivation, and personal issues, including a separation from his wife. He was eventually encouraged to reverse his decision and he made his return in Round 12 for the Geelong reserves team.", "He was eventually encouraged to reverse his decision and he made his return in Round 12 for the Geelong reserves team. This generated enormous media interest and drew an abnormally large crowd for the curtain-raiser game at Princes Park.", "This generated enormous media interest and drew an abnormally large crowd for the curtain-raiser game at Princes Park. Ablett was named in the senior side for the following game against , which drew a crowd of over 40,000 to the MCG.", "Ablett was named in the senior side for the following game against , which drew a crowd of over 40,000 to the MCG. He had ten possessions and kicked two goals, one of them an important steadier for the Cats in the last quarter after the Demons had closed to within 24 points.", "He had ten possessions and kicked two goals, one of them an important steadier for the Cats in the last quarter after the Demons had closed to within 24 points. Due to his late season start and lack of conditioning, it was probably no surprise that Ablett failed to recapture his best form, ending his season on a sour note when he was suspended for striking St Kilda rover Nathan Burke in the first week of the finals, and he subsequently missed Geelong's finals defeats to Hawthorn and West Coast.", "Due to his late season start and lack of conditioning, it was probably no surprise that Ablett failed to recapture his best form, ending his season on a sour note when he was suspended for striking St Kilda rover Nathan Burke in the first week of the finals, and he subsequently missed Geelong's finals defeats to Hawthorn and West Coast. Ablett put the disappointment of 1991 behind him, and he dedicated himself to improving his fitness base ahead of the 1992 season.", "Ablett put the disappointment of 1991 behind him, and he dedicated himself to improving his fitness base ahead of the 1992 season. A consistent first half of the year helped the Cats achieve an 11–3 record, eventually earning them a spot in the grand final—this time against the West Coast Eagles.", "A consistent first half of the year helped the Cats achieve an 11–3 record, eventually earning them a spot in the grand final—this time against the West Coast Eagles. After establishing a two-goal lead at half-time, the Cats failed to sustain their momentum during the second half, eventually going down by 28 points to the fast-finishing Eagles.", "After establishing a two-goal lead at half-time, the Cats failed to sustain their momentum during the second half, eventually going down by 28 points to the fast-finishing Eagles. Ablett, who finished with 3 goals, had again failed to finish the year with the same good form in which he had begun it.", "Ablett, who finished with 3 goals, had again failed to finish the year with the same good form in which he had begun it. One special season (1993) Before the 1993 season, Ablett was encouraged by his coach, Malcolm Blight, to move from his customary roaming half-forward position to full-forward, in an effort to prolong his career.", "One special season (1993) Before the 1993 season, Ablett was encouraged by his coach, Malcolm Blight, to move from his customary roaming half-forward position to full-forward, in an effort to prolong his career. The move up forward proved to be a master-stroke, with Ablett thriving in his goal-kicking role, reaching the 50-goal mark in just six games, equalling the sixty-year record of South Melbourne legend Bob Pratt.", "The move up forward proved to be a master-stroke, with Ablett thriving in his goal-kicking role, reaching the 50-goal mark in just six games, equalling the sixty-year record of South Melbourne legend Bob Pratt. He brought up his maiden century of goals in the season just eight games later, one game slower than record-holder Pratt, and became the first Geelong player to kick 100 goals in a season since Larry Donohue in 1976.", "He brought up his maiden century of goals in the season just eight games later, one game slower than record-holder Pratt, and became the first Geelong player to kick 100 goals in a season since Larry Donohue in 1976. Although the Cats did not make the Finals, Ablett's new-found dominance up forward was highlighted during the season with his bags of ten or more goals on five occasions, including a 14-goal performance against Essendon in Round 6.", "Although the Cats did not make the Finals, Ablett's new-found dominance up forward was highlighted during the season with his bags of ten or more goals on five occasions, including a 14-goal performance against Essendon in Round 6. His end-of-season total of 124 goals, achieved in just 17 appearances, earned him his first Coleman Medal as the League's leading goal-scorer, the Leigh Matthews Trophy, the AFMA Player of the Year Award, and a top-ten placing in the Brownlow Medal.", "His end-of-season total of 124 goals, achieved in just 17 appearances, earned him his first Coleman Medal as the League's leading goal-scorer, the Leigh Matthews Trophy, the AFMA Player of the Year Award, and a top-ten placing in the Brownlow Medal. 1993 to 1996 Ablett continued his dominance as a full-forward in 1994 and 1995 by winning the Coleman Medal in each year.", "1993 to 1996 Ablett continued his dominance as a full-forward in 1994 and 1995 by winning the Coleman Medal in each year. Ablett is the only player in VFL/AFL history to kick 100 goals and win the Coleman Medal in three successive seasons. In addition to his explosive pace and skills, Ablett was also an accomplished aerialist with strong hands.", "In addition to his explosive pace and skills, Ablett was also an accomplished aerialist with strong hands. A highlight was the 1994 Mark of the Year over Collingwood's Gary Pert on Mother's Day at the MCG, a mark which is captured in Jamie Cooper's painting the Game That Made Australia, commissioned by the AFL in 2008 to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the sport.", "A highlight was the 1994 Mark of the Year over Collingwood's Gary Pert on Mother's Day at the MCG, a mark which is captured in Jamie Cooper's painting the Game That Made Australia, commissioned by the AFL in 2008 to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the sport. There is still debate over whether he had enough control of the ball to be paid a mark.", "There is still debate over whether he had enough control of the ball to be paid a mark. In early 1996, Ablett was suspended for five games for striking St Kilda's 172 cm Kristian Bardsley with a raised forearm.", "In early 1996, Ablett was suspended for five games for striking St Kilda's 172 cm Kristian Bardsley with a raised forearm. He later remarked that his lengthy suspension was the \"beginning of the end\", and he finished out the season with 69 goals in 17 games.", "He later remarked that his lengthy suspension was the \"beginning of the end\", and he finished out the season with 69 goals in 17 games. His last AFL appearance was against North Melbourne in a Qualifying Final in 1996. Ablett managed to kick only one goal in a disappointing 60-point loss.", "Ablett managed to kick only one goal in a disappointing 60-point loss. In October 1996, he missed Geelong's first training session and was fined $10,000. On 22 November 1996, Ablett was admitted to hospital with a severe bout of gastro. On 28 November, Ablett faced traffic charges.", "On 28 November, Ablett faced traffic charges. 1997 end of career Ablett was ready to start the serious training with the club by the first week of January. By February, it was reported that he was still under pressure to improve his fitness. In March, Geelong confirmed that Ablett would play in 1997.", "In March, Geelong confirmed that Ablett would play in 1997. On Sunday, 31 March 1997, Ablett played in the reserves against Richmond. Gary booted 7 goals but injured his knee. Three days later, on 3 April, he underwent arthroscopic surgery. In early June, Ablett had still not recovered; he faced knee surgery.", "In early June, Ablett had still not recovered; he faced knee surgery. During the preliminary finals in September, he announced his retirement from football. State of Origin Ablett had a prolific State of Origin career, kicking 43 goals in 11 games.", "State of Origin Ablett had a prolific State of Origin career, kicking 43 goals in 11 games. He was first selected to play for Victoria in 1984, against Western Australia, only nine games into his career at Geelong, kicking 8 goals in a best-on-ground performance.", "He was first selected to play for Victoria in 1984, against Western Australia, only nine games into his career at Geelong, kicking 8 goals in a best-on-ground performance. He performed well again the following year, kicking 4 goals against South Australia.", "He performed well again the following year, kicking 4 goals against South Australia. In the following few years Ablett was largely out of the side, apart from 1987, when he kicked 2 goals against South Australia. Ablett again performed at the highest level in 1990, kicking 6 goals, against Western Australia in Perth.", "Ablett again performed at the highest level in 1990, kicking 6 goals, against Western Australia in Perth. After returning from retirement midway through 1991, and after only several games, Ablett was controversially selected for Victoria, kicking 2 goals.", "After returning from retirement midway through 1991, and after only several games, Ablett was controversially selected for Victoria, kicking 2 goals. In 1992 Ablett performed well, kicking 3 goals and being named among the best players, against Western Australia.", "In 1992 Ablett performed well, kicking 3 goals and being named among the best players, against Western Australia. In 1993, he kicked 4 goals, against a combined New South Wales–Australian Capital Territory side, and in the same year Ablett again performed on the big stage, kicking 5 goals in the State of Origin Carnival Grand Final.", "In 1993, he kicked 4 goals, against a combined New South Wales–Australian Capital Territory side, and in the same year Ablett again performed on the big stage, kicking 5 goals in the State of Origin Carnival Grand Final. In 1994, he kicked 4 goals, against South Australia, in what has been regarded as \"one of the greatest Australian football games of all time\" and followed up that performance with 4 goals against South Australia in 1995.", "In 1994, he kicked 4 goals, against South Australia, in what has been regarded as \"one of the greatest Australian football games of all time\" and followed up that performance with 4 goals against South Australia in 1995. On representing Victoria, Ablett has said \"I've always found it a tremendous honour to represent your state, in a State of Origin game\".", "On representing Victoria, Ablett has said \"I've always found it a tremendous honour to represent your state, in a State of Origin game\". Legacy Ablett combined strength, speed, and skill to produce many spectacular highlights and goal-kicking feats. A noted big game player, Ablett kicked 43 goals in 11 State appearances.", "A noted big game player, Ablett kicked 43 goals in 11 State appearances. More significantly, he booted 64 goals over the course of his 16 finals – an average of four goals a game. His haul of 27 goals in the 1989 finals series is a record that still stands.", "His haul of 27 goals in the 1989 finals series is a record that still stands. He was awarded the Norm Smith Medal for his performance in the 1989 Grand Final, where he was adjudged best player afield.", "He was awarded the Norm Smith Medal for his performance in the 1989 Grand Final, where he was adjudged best player afield. In doing so, he became one of only four players (the others being Maurice Rioli −1982, Nathan Buckley −2002, and Chris Judd −2005) to win the medal playing for the losing side.", "In doing so, he became one of only four players (the others being Maurice Rioli −1982, Nathan Buckley −2002, and Chris Judd −2005) to win the medal playing for the losing side. In 1996, Ablett joined Gordon Coventry, Doug Wade, Jason Dunstall and Tony Lockett as the only players in league history to kick 1000 VFL/AFL goals.", "In 1996, Ablett joined Gordon Coventry, Doug Wade, Jason Dunstall and Tony Lockett as the only players in league history to kick 1000 VFL/AFL goals. Martin Flanagan's representation of Australian football pioneer Tom Wills in his 1996 novel The Call is modeled on Ablett.", "Martin Flanagan's representation of Australian football pioneer Tom Wills in his 1996 novel The Call is modeled on Ablett. According to Flanagan, Wills and Ablett polarised opinion in similar ways, and displayed a lack of insight into their actions—they simply did what came naturally to them, \"like a lot of artists\".", "According to Flanagan, Wills and Ablett polarised opinion in similar ways, and displayed a lack of insight into their actions—they simply did what came naturally to them, \"like a lot of artists\". Ablett is the subject of the song \"Kicking the Footy with God\", released by The Bedroom Philosopher on his 2005 debut album In Bed with My Doona.", "Ablett is the subject of the song \"Kicking the Footy with God\", released by The Bedroom Philosopher on his 2005 debut album In Bed with My Doona. In 1996, Ablett was named in the AFL Team of the Century on the interchange bench, alongside Jack Dyer and Greg Williams.", "In 1996, Ablett was named in the AFL Team of the Century on the interchange bench, alongside Jack Dyer and Greg Williams. In 2001, Ablett was named in the Geelong Team of the Century, on a half forward flank.", "In 2001, Ablett was named in the Geelong Team of the Century, on a half forward flank. In 2005, after many years of controversy and debate (see below), he was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame.", "In 2005, after many years of controversy and debate (see below), he was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame. The following year, he was honoured yet again when he was voted as the Greatest Geelong player of all-time ahead of Graham Farmer.", "The following year, he was honoured yet again when he was voted as the Greatest Geelong player of all-time ahead of Graham Farmer. In 2006, Ablett was honoured with the naming of a terrace in his name within the newly renovated Skilled Stadium.", "In 2006, Ablett was honoured with the naming of a terrace in his name within the newly renovated Skilled Stadium. Ablett once had a set of gates named in his honour, but he was upgraded to a terrace at the beginning of the 2006 AFL season.", "Ablett once had a set of gates named in his honour, but he was upgraded to a terrace at the beginning of the 2006 AFL season. Induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame Despite his footballing achievements on the field, Ablett's induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame was initially delayed.", "Induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame Despite his footballing achievements on the field, Ablett's induction into the Australian Football Hall of Fame was initially delayed. Despite Ablett's undoubted footballing credentials, his well-publicised contribution to the death of Alisha Horan was responsible for the Australian Football Hall of Fame committee's reluctance to induct him.", "Despite Ablett's undoubted footballing credentials, his well-publicised contribution to the death of Alisha Horan was responsible for the Australian Football Hall of Fame committee's reluctance to induct him. In 2004, after several years of speculation over his induction, Ablett personally requested that the Geelong Football Club stop nominating him for selection, which the club agreed to.", "In 2004, after several years of speculation over his induction, Ablett personally requested that the Geelong Football Club stop nominating him for selection, which the club agreed to. However, the following year it was announced that Ablett would be inducted into the Hall of Fame as part of the 2005 intake.", "However, the following year it was announced that Ablett would be inducted into the Hall of Fame as part of the 2005 intake. Ablett did not attend the induction ceremony and instead released a statement through his then-manager, Michael Baker: \"Due to my current battle with depression I am not in a position to be able to accept this award in person.", "Ablett did not attend the induction ceremony and instead released a statement through his then-manager, Michael Baker: \"Due to my current battle with depression I am not in a position to be able to accept this award in person. I did not make this decision lightly but due to medical advice it was deemed best for my health that I do not attend tonight.", "I did not make this decision lightly but due to medical advice it was deemed best for my health that I do not attend tonight. I feel blessed to have had the opportunity to play this great game and also to have played at the elite level alongside many celebrated champions.", "I feel blessed to have had the opportunity to play this great game and also to have played at the elite level alongside many celebrated champions. Being chosen to be inducted into the Hall of Fame is one of the highest honours a player could dream of.", "Being chosen to be inducted into the Hall of Fame is one of the highest honours a player could dream of. I thank those who deem me worthy enough to be placed alongside such respected company.\" Personal life The youngest of eight children, Ablett grew up alongside four elder brothers and three elder sisters.", "Personal life The youngest of eight children, Ablett grew up alongside four elder brothers and three elder sisters. In 1985, Ablett wed his long-time girlfriend Sue, and the couple had four children – Natasha, Gary Jr., Nathan, and Alisha.", "In 1985, Ablett wed his long-time girlfriend Sue, and the couple had four children – Natasha, Gary Jr., Nathan, and Alisha. In 1986, Ablett became a born-again Christian and has been said to be slightly aggrieved at constantly being referred to as \"God\" by fans, a nickname based on his supreme football abilities.", "In 1986, Ablett became a born-again Christian and has been said to be slightly aggrieved at constantly being referred to as \"God\" by fans, a nickname based on his supreme football abilities. Ablett's faith was often highlighted in several tribunal appearances, in one case confessing and pleading guilty to striking Garry Lyon in a 1989 incident, declaring he \"wasn't prepared to lie about it or compromise the truth in [his] relationship with God\".", "Ablett's faith was often highlighted in several tribunal appearances, in one case confessing and pleading guilty to striking Garry Lyon in a 1989 incident, declaring he \"wasn't prepared to lie about it or compromise the truth in [his] relationship with God\". Ablett's public acknowledgement of his faith, in particular the influence of God in his life, during his acceptance speech for the Norm Smith Medal in the 1989 Grand Final, was also much publicised.", "Ablett's public acknowledgement of his faith, in particular the influence of God in his life, during his acceptance speech for the Norm Smith Medal in the 1989 Grand Final, was also much publicised. On 26 June 2006, Ablett was allegedly assaulted at 11:15pm while browsing through a car yard in Fyans Street, South Geelong.", "On 26 June 2006, Ablett was allegedly assaulted at 11:15pm while browsing through a car yard in Fyans Street, South Geelong. A 31-year-old Geelong man was charged with the assault.", "A 31-year-old Geelong man was charged with the assault. However, he was reported to have committed suicide on 10 July 2006 by jumping from a Melbourne high-rise apartment block the day before he was due to appear before the Geelong Magistrates court to defend the assault charges.", "However, he was reported to have committed suicide on 10 July 2006 by jumping from a Melbourne high-rise apartment block the day before he was due to appear before the Geelong Magistrates court to defend the assault charges. In December 2007, Ablett hit back at media claims that his son Nathan had walked away from his football career because of the publicity surrounding the release of a new book about his father.", "In December 2007, Ablett hit back at media claims that his son Nathan had walked away from his football career because of the publicity surrounding the release of a new book about his father. Although normally reluctant to make public comments, Ablett felt that the media intrusion into his family life had gone too far.", "Although normally reluctant to make public comments, Ablett felt that the media intrusion into his family life had gone too far. As part of a series of books, \"Legends of Australian Sport\", Ablett contributed to a book regarding himself. It was the first time he revealed intimate details regarding his life publicly.", "It was the first time he revealed intimate details regarding his life publicly. In September 2020, Ablett released a 27-minute YouTube video discussing his belief in the rapture as being forthcoming.", "In September 2020, Ablett released a 27-minute YouTube video discussing his belief in the rapture as being forthcoming. In this video, he declared that the COVID-19 pandemic had been manufactured and released by the Illuminati and Freemasons in order to depopulate Earth, create a cashless society and \"put Lucifer on the throne of the world\".", "In this video, he declared that the COVID-19 pandemic had been manufactured and released by the Illuminati and Freemasons in order to depopulate Earth, create a cashless society and \"put Lucifer on the throne of the world\". A footballing family Two of Ablett's brothers played in the Victorian Football League – Kevin Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and Geelong, and Geoff Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and St Kilda.", "A footballing family Two of Ablett's brothers played in the Victorian Football League – Kevin Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and Geelong, and Geoff Ablett, who played for Hawthorn, Richmond and St Kilda. Ablett's eldest son, Gary Jr., has followed in his footsteps to play for Geelong.", "Ablett's eldest son, Gary Jr., has followed in his footsteps to play for Geelong. In 2007 and 2009, Ablett Jr. won the Cats' best and fairest award, emulating a feat established by his father in his first season with the Cats back in 1984; he also won the Brownlow Medal in 2009 and 2013.", "In 2007 and 2009, Ablett Jr. won the Cats' best and fairest award, emulating a feat established by his father in his first season with the Cats back in 1984; he also won the Brownlow Medal in 2009 and 2013. Another son, Nathan, was drafted in 2004 (48th pick) by Geelong under the father-son rule.", "Another son, Nathan, was drafted in 2004 (48th pick) by Geelong under the father-son rule. Nathan initially refused to play AFL Football because of his father's experience with the media, but, with encouragement from the club, was signed ahead of the 2005 AFL Season and established himself in the full forward role Gary Sr. made his own.", "Nathan initially refused to play AFL Football because of his father's experience with the media, but, with encouragement from the club, was signed ahead of the 2005 AFL Season and established himself in the full forward role Gary Sr. made his own. On 29 September 2007, both Gary Jr. and Nathan contributed to Geelong winning its first flag in 44 years, capturing the premiership that proved elusive to Gary Snr in his 12 years at the club.", "On 29 September 2007, both Gary Jr. and Nathan contributed to Geelong winning its first flag in 44 years, capturing the premiership that proved elusive to Gary Snr in his 12 years at the club. Nathan retired suddenly before the 2008 season, but he and his brother Gary Jr. were members of the Gold Coast Football Club's inaugural team for the 2011 season.", "Nathan retired suddenly before the 2008 season, but he and his brother Gary Jr. were members of the Gold Coast Football Club's inaugural team for the 2011 season. In addition to his sons, Ablett has a nephew, Luke Ablett, who played for the Sydney Swans and won a premiership with them in 2005.", "In addition to his sons, Ablett has a nephew, Luke Ablett, who played for the Sydney Swans and won a premiership with them in 2005. Two other nephews, from his sister's marriage to Hawthorn legend Michael Tuck, also played in the AFL – Richmond's Shane Tuck and Travis Tuck, who played for Hawthorn.", "Two other nephews, from his sister's marriage to Hawthorn legend Michael Tuck, also played in the AFL – Richmond's Shane Tuck and Travis Tuck, who played for Hawthorn. Criminal offences Ablett had well-documented off-field problems, particularly with illegal drug use, and depression in the wake of the Alisha Horan death.", "Criminal offences Ablett had well-documented off-field problems, particularly with illegal drug use, and depression in the wake of the Alisha Horan death. In 1990, Ablett was placed on a $10,000 good behaviour bond after he pleaded guilty to repeatedly hitting a man he found sitting in a car with his estranged wife.", "In 1990, Ablett was placed on a $10,000 good behaviour bond after he pleaded guilty to repeatedly hitting a man he found sitting in a car with his estranged wife. In 2000, Ablett was investigated, charged and convicted of four drug offences as a result of nineteen-year-old Geelong woman Alisha Horan dying of a drug overdose (involving heroin, ecstasy and amphetamines) while in Ablett's hotel room.", "In 2000, Ablett was investigated, charged and convicted of four drug offences as a result of nineteen-year-old Geelong woman Alisha Horan dying of a drug overdose (involving heroin, ecstasy and amphetamines) while in Ablett's hotel room. After a prolonged period of refusing to answer police questions and refusing to answer questions at an April 2001 inquest (on the grounds that he may incriminate himself) – Ablett later admitted to providing Horan with heroin and ecstasy.", "After a prolonged period of refusing to answer police questions and refusing to answer questions at an April 2001 inquest (on the grounds that he may incriminate himself) – Ablett later admitted to providing Horan with heroin and ecstasy. Horan had found a small quantity of heroin in Ablett's coat pocket and asked him what it was.", "Horan had found a small quantity of heroin in Ablett's coat pocket and asked him what it was. Rather than admit that it was heroin, Ablett told her it was cocaine, which they both then ingested, leading to Horan's overdose.", "Rather than admit that it was heroin, Ablett told her it was cocaine, which they both then ingested, leading to Horan's overdose. Ablett wasn't charged with manslaughter, but pleaded guilty to four lesser charges, was convicted, and fined $1500. Statistics |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "Statistics |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1982 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 35 || 6 || 11 || 13 || 47 || 21 || 68 || 26 || || 1.5 || 2.2 || 7.8 || 3.5 || 11.3 || 4.3 || |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1982 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 35 || 6 || 11 || 13 || 47 || 21 || 68 || 26 || || 1.5 || 2.2 || 7.8 || 3.5 || 11.3 || 4.3 || |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1984 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 33 || 28 || 238 || 61 || 299 || 86 || || 2.2 || 1.9 || 15.9 || 4.1 || 19.9 || 5.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1984 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 33 || 28 || 238 || 61 || 299 || 86 || || 2.2 || 1.9 || 15.9 || 4.1 || 19.9 || 5.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1985 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 20 || 82 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 67 || 274 || 62 || 336 || 135 || || 4.1 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.4 || 13.7 || 3.1 || 16.8 || 6.8 || |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1985 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 20 || 82 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 67 || 274 || 62 || 336 || 135 || || 4.1 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.4 || 13.7 || 3.1 || 16.8 || 6.8 || |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1986 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 65 || 49 || 185 || 39 || 224 || 101 || || 4.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.3 || 12.3 || 2.6 || 14.9 || 6.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1986 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 15 || 65 || 49 || 185 || 39 || 224 || 101 || || 4.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.3 || 12.3 || 2.6 || 14.9 || 6.7 || |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1987 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 53 || 38 || 200 || 46 || 246 || 86 || 19 || 3.1 || 2.2 || 11.8 || 2.7 || 14.5 || 5.1 || 1.1 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1987 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 53 || 38 || 200 || 46 || 246 || 86 || 19 || 3.1 || 2.2 || 11.8 || 2.7 || 14.5 || 5.1 || 1.1 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1988 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 82 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 62 || 253 || 42 || 295 || 117 || 19 || 3.9 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.0 || 12.0 || 2.0 || 14.0 || 5.6 || 0.9 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1988 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 82 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 62 || 253 || 42 || 295 || 117 || 19 || 3.9 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.0 || 12.0 || 2.0 || 14.0 || 5.6 || 0.9 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1989 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 23 || 87 || 54 || 378 || 68 || 446 || 151 || 29 || 3.8 || 2.3 || 16.4 || 3.0 || 19.4 || 6.6 || 1.3 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1989 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 23 || 87 || 54 || 378 || 68 || 446 || 151 || 29 || 3.8 || 2.3 || 16.4 || 3.0 || 19.4 || 6.6 || 1.3 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1990 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 75 || 43 || 224 || 47 || 271 || 100 || 21 || 4.4 || 2.5 || 13.2 || 2.8 || 15.9 || 5.9 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1990 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 75 || 43 || 224 || 47 || 271 || 100 || 21 || 4.4 || 2.5 || 13.2 || 2.8 || 15.9 || 5.9 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1991 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 12 || 28 || 27 || 144 || 21 || 165 || 55 || 20 || 2.3 || 2.3 || 12.0 || 1.8 || 13.8 || 4.6 || 1.7 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1991 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 12 || 28 || 27 || 144 || 21 || 165 || 55 || 20 || 2.3 || 2.3 || 12.0 || 1.8 || 13.8 || 4.6 || 1.7 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1992 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 72 || 54 || 324 || 61 || 385 || 118 || 33 || 3.4 || 2.6 || 15.4 || 2.9 || 18.3 || 5.6 || 1.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1992 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 21 || 72 || 54 || 324 || 61 || 385 || 118 || 33 || 3.4 || 2.6 || 15.4 || 2.9 || 18.3 || 5.6 || 1.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1993 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 124 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 60 || 233 || 13 || 246 || 111 || 10 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 7.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.5 || 13.7 || 0.8 || 14.5 || 6.5 || 0.6 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1993 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 124 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 60 || 233 || 13 || 246 || 111 || 10 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 7.3 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.5 || 13.7 || 0.8 || 14.5 || 6.5 || 0.6 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1994 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 25 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 129 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 79 || 263 || 30 || 293 || 130 || 15 || 5.2 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.2 || 10.5 || 1.2 || 11.7 || 5.2 || 0.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1994 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 25 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 129 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 79 || 263 || 30 || 293 || 130 || 15 || 5.2 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.2 || 10.5 || 1.2 || 11.7 || 5.2 || 0.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1995 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 22 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 122 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 85 || 264 || 19 || 283 || 148 || 18 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 5.5 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.9 || 12.0 || 0.9 || 12.9 || 6.7 || 0.8 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1995 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 22 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 122 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 85 || 264 || 19 || 283 || 148 || 18 || bgcolor=\"CFECEC\"| 5.5 || bgcolor=\"DD6E81\"| 3.9 || 12.0 || 0.9 || 12.9 || 6.7 || 0.8 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1996 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 69 || 31 || 159 || 31 || 190 || 71 || 13 || 4.1 || 1.8 || 9.4 || 1.8 || 11.2 || 4.2 || 0.8 |- class=\"sortbottom\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1996 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 5 || 17 || 69 || 31 || 159 || 31 || 190 || 71 || 13 || 4.1 || 1.8 || 9.4 || 1.8 || 11.2 || 4.2 || 0.8 |- class=\"sortbottom\" ! colspan=3| Career ! 248 !", "colspan=3| Career ! 248 ! 248 ! 1031 ! 690 ! 3186 ! 561 ! 3747 ! 1435 ! 197 ! 4.2 ! 2.8 ! 12.8 ! 2.3 ! 15.1 ! 5.8 !", "2.8 ! 12.8 ! 2.3 ! 15.1 ! 5.8 ! 5.8 ! 1.0 |} Honours and achievements Team McClelland Trophy (): 1992 Individual Norm Smith Medal: 1989 3× Coleman Medal: 1993, 1994, 1995 4× All-Australian team: 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Carji Greeves Medal: 1984 Leigh Matthews Trophy (AFL MVP Award): 1993 9× Geelong leading goalkicker: 1985, 1986, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 Geelong Team of the Century Geelong captain: 1995–1996 2× Alex Jesaulenko Medal: 1985, 1994 Geelong F.C.", "1.0 |} Honours and achievements Team McClelland Trophy (): 1992 Individual Norm Smith Medal: 1989 3× Coleman Medal: 1993, 1994, 1995 4× All-Australian team: 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Carji Greeves Medal: 1984 Leigh Matthews Trophy (AFL MVP Award): 1993 9× Geelong leading goalkicker: 1985, 1986, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 Geelong Team of the Century Geelong captain: 1995–1996 2× Alex Jesaulenko Medal: 1985, 1994 Geelong F.C. Hall of Fame Australian Sports Medal: 2000 Centenary Medal: 2001 Australian Football League Team of the Century 1897-1996 VFL/AFL players with 1,000 goals 8× State of Origin (Victoria): 1984, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 (c) Australian Football Media Association Player of the Year: 1993Australian Football Hall of Fame: 2005 Inductee5th on all-time leading goal-kickersAll-time leading goal kicker for Geelong F.C.", "Hall of Fame Australian Sports Medal: 2000 Centenary Medal: 2001 Australian Football League Team of the Century 1897-1996 VFL/AFL players with 1,000 goals 8× State of Origin (Victoria): 1984, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 (c) Australian Football Media Association Player of the Year: 1993Australian Football Hall of Fame: 2005 Inductee5th on all-time leading goal-kickersAll-time leading goal kicker for Geelong F.C. (1021 goals)Only player to have won Coleman Medal and kicked 100 goals in three consecutive seasons (1993–1995)Oldest player to kick 100 goals in a season (33 years old in 1995)Most goals in an AFL/VFL Grand Final (9 goals in 1989 Grand Final)Most goals in an AFL/VFL finals series (27 goals in 1989)Highest goals-per-game ratio in Geelong F.C.", "(1021 goals)Only player to have won Coleman Medal and kicked 100 goals in three consecutive seasons (1993–1995)Oldest player to kick 100 goals in a season (33 years old in 1995)Most goals in an AFL/VFL Grand Final (9 goals in 1989 Grand Final)Most goals in an AFL/VFL finals series (27 goals in 1989)Highest goals-per-game ratio in Geelong F.C. history (4.22 goals per game)4-time runner-up in Carji Greeves Medal (1985, 1993, 1994, 1995)3-time third-place getter in Carji Greeves Medal (1986, 1989, 1990)''' See also After the siren kicks in Australian rules football Alf Williamson Notes References Bibliography External links Gary Ablett's profile at AustralianFootball.com 1961 births Gary All-Australians (AFL) Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees Carji Greeves Medal winners Coleman Medal winners Geelong Football Club players Hawthorn Football Club players Leigh Matthews Trophy winners Living people Norm Smith Medal winners Sportspeople from Geelong Victorian State of Origin players Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia) Myrtleford Football Club players Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal Recipients of the Centenary Medal Australian Christians" ]

[ "Live (band)", "Songs from Black Mountain, Radiant Sea and live DVD: 2005-2008" ]

[ "\"Escobar '97\" produced by the TrackMasters is a 1997 single by Nas on the soundtrack Men in Black: The Album.\n\nIt samples the track \"Move Me No Mountain\" by Love Unlimited from the album In Heat as well as a line from Snoop Doggy Dogg's \"Gin & Juice\".\n\nThis song is also labeled as the 'Death of Escobar', where Nas dropped his alter ego of \"drug lord Escobar\" and adopted himself as just Nas.\n\nReferences \n\n1997 singles\n1997 songs\nNas songs\nSongs written by Nas\nSongs written by Samuel Barnes (songwriter)\nSongs written by Jean-Claude Olivier\nSongs written by Jerry Ragovoy\nSongs written by Aaron Schroeder\nSongs written for films\nSong recordings produced by Trackmasters\nSongs from Men in Black (franchise)", "Broken Down is an acoustic album from American pop punk band Mest. On November 13, 2013 a Kickstarter was started by Tony Lovato, and was successfully funded December 11. Much of the songs are acoustic renditions of songs from almost all their albums except \"Mo' Money, Mo' 40z\" and Not What You Expected.\n\nTrack listing\n \"Lost Broken Confused\"\n \"Last Kiss\"\n \"Rooftops\"\n \"2000 Miles\"\n \"Fuct Up Kid\"\n \"Drawing Board\"\n \"As His Black Heart Dies\"\n \"Jaded\"\n \"Keeps Me Movin On\"\n \"Wasting My Time\"\n \"Mother's Prayer\"\n \"Walking on Broken Glass\"\n \"Hotel Room\"\n \"Take Me Away\"\n\n Tracks 6, 10 and 13 are acoustic versions of songs from Wasting Time\n Tracks 5, 9 and 11 are acoustic versions of songs from Destination Unknown\n Tracks 1, 3, 4, 8 and 12 are acoustic versions of songs from Mest\n Tracks 2, 7 and 14 are acoustic versions of songs from Photographs\n\nReferences\n\nMest albums\n2014 albums" ]

[ "Live (, often typeset as LĪVE or +LĪVE+) is an American rock band formed in York, Pennsylvania in 1984, consisting of Ed Kowalczyk (lead vocals, rhythm guitar), Chad Taylor (lead guitar, backing vocals), Patrick Dahlheimer (bass), and Chad Gracey (drums). The band started to gain attention following their single \"Operation Spirit (The Tyranny of Tradition)\", the video for which got regular airplay on MTV, and the moderate success of their second album, Mental Jewelry.", "The band started to gain attention following their single \"Operation Spirit (The Tyranny of Tradition)\", the video for which got regular airplay on MTV, and the moderate success of their second album, Mental Jewelry. Their biggest success came in 1994, with their third album, Throwing Copper, which sold eight million copies in the U.S.", "Their biggest success came in 1994, with their third album, Throwing Copper, which sold eight million copies in the U.S. The band had a string of hit singles in the mid-1990s, including \"Lightning Crashes\", which stayed at the top of the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart for ten consecutive weeks and the Modern Rock Tracks (now Alternative Songs) chart for nine weeks from February 25 to April 22, 1995.", "The band had a string of hit singles in the mid-1990s, including \"Lightning Crashes\", which stayed at the top of the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart for ten consecutive weeks and the Modern Rock Tracks (now Alternative Songs) chart for nine weeks from February 25 to April 22, 1995. The band has sold over twenty million albums worldwide.", "The band has sold over twenty million albums worldwide. When touring, Live has used additional musicians, including Ed Kowalczyk's younger brother Adam, British keyboardist Michael \"Railo\" Railton, rhythm guitarist Christopher Thorn of Blind Melon, and guitarist Zak Loy of Alpha Rev.", "When touring, Live has used additional musicians, including Ed Kowalczyk's younger brother Adam, British keyboardist Michael \"Railo\" Railton, rhythm guitarist Christopher Thorn of Blind Melon, and guitarist Zak Loy of Alpha Rev. In 2009, Ed Kowalczyk left the band; he was replaced by singer Chris Shinn and the band released the album The Turn in October 2014.", "In 2009, Ed Kowalczyk left the band; he was replaced by singer Chris Shinn and the band released the album The Turn in October 2014. Kowalczyk rejoined in December 2016 and in 2018, they released a new EP, Local 717.", "Kowalczyk rejoined in December 2016 and in 2018, they released a new EP, Local 717. History Early history, The Death of a Dictionary, and Mental Jewelry: 1984–1992 Live started in the early 1980s under the name First Aid, as a trio of Taylor, Dahlheimer, and Gracey.", "History Early history, The Death of a Dictionary, and Mental Jewelry: 1984–1992 Live started in the early 1980s under the name First Aid, as a trio of Taylor, Dahlheimer, and Gracey. Kowalczyk joined in 1984, when the group lost a talent show.", "Kowalczyk joined in 1984, when the group lost a talent show. They went through various different names, including Action Front, Paisley Blues, and Club Fungus, before settling on Public Affection in January 1987. Gracey picked the name based on a comment by his girlfriend at the time.", "Gracey picked the name based on a comment by his girlfriend at the time. When the band graduated from high school, they recorded a self-released cassette of original songs, titled The Death of a Dictionary, in 1989.", "When the band graduated from high school, they recorded a self-released cassette of original songs, titled The Death of a Dictionary, in 1989. In 1990, they released an EP of demos produced by Jay Healy, titled Divided Mind, Divided Planet, via their \"Black Coffee\" mailing list.", "In 1990, they released an EP of demos produced by Jay Healy, titled Divided Mind, Divided Planet, via their \"Black Coffee\" mailing list. They played regular concerts at CBGB in New York City, which helped earn them a contract with Radioactive Records in 1991.", "They played regular concerts at CBGB in New York City, which helped earn them a contract with Radioactive Records in 1991. In June that year, the band changed its name to Live. Under the new name, the band entered the studio with producer Jerry Harrison (of Talking Heads) and recorded the EP Four Songs.", "Under the new name, the band entered the studio with producer Jerry Harrison (of Talking Heads) and recorded the EP Four Songs. The single \"Operation Spirit (The Tyranny of Tradition)\" went to number nine on the Modern Rock chart and was followed by their debut album, 1991's Mental Jewelry, which Harrison again produced.", "The single \"Operation Spirit (The Tyranny of Tradition)\" went to number nine on the Modern Rock chart and was followed by their debut album, 1991's Mental Jewelry, which Harrison again produced. Pat Dalheimer said, \"So important to have somebody else in the room to help us, especially with arrangements.", "Pat Dalheimer said, \"So important to have somebody else in the room to help us, especially with arrangements. I mean, we were still learning how to write songs...Jerry just seemed to know everything...this guy's a wizard!\"", "I mean, we were still learning how to write songs...Jerry just seemed to know everything...this guy's a wizard!\" Some of the album's lyrics, written by Kowalczyk, were inspired by Indian philosopher and writer Jiddu Krishnamurti.", "Some of the album's lyrics, written by Kowalczyk, were inspired by Indian philosopher and writer Jiddu Krishnamurti. Throwing Copper and mainstream success: 1993–1996 After appearances on the MTV 120 Minutes tour, at Woodstock '94, and on Peter Gabriel's WOMAD tour, Live's second album, Throwing Copper, achieved mainstream success.", "Throwing Copper and mainstream success: 1993–1996 After appearances on the MTV 120 Minutes tour, at Woodstock '94, and on Peter Gabriel's WOMAD tour, Live's second album, Throwing Copper, achieved mainstream success. The record featured the singles \"I Alone\", \"All Over You\", and the number-one US Modern Rock hits \"Selling the Drama\" and \"Lightning Crashes\".", "The record featured the singles \"I Alone\", \"All Over You\", and the number-one US Modern Rock hits \"Selling the Drama\" and \"Lightning Crashes\". \"Lightning Crashes\" also stayed at the top of the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart for ten consecutive weeks.", "\"Lightning Crashes\" also stayed at the top of the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart for ten consecutive weeks. The band appeared on NBC's Saturday Night Live, where they played \"I Alone\" and \"Selling the Drama\", and they performed for the first time in the UK, on The Word.", "The band appeared on NBC's Saturday Night Live, where they played \"I Alone\" and \"Selling the Drama\", and they performed for the first time in the UK, on The Word. The success of these singles eventually gained Throwing Copper the number one position on the Billboard 200 album chart on May 6, 1995, its 52nd week on the chart.", "The success of these singles eventually gained Throwing Copper the number one position on the Billboard 200 album chart on May 6, 1995, its 52nd week on the chart. It was the third longest gap between an album first charting and reaching number one, behind Fleetwood Mac's eponymous album in 1976 (58 weeks) and Paula Abdul's Forever Your Girl in 1989 (64 weeks).", "It was the third longest gap between an album first charting and reaching number one, behind Fleetwood Mac's eponymous album in 1976 (58 weeks) and Paula Abdul's Forever Your Girl in 1989 (64 weeks). It is Live's best-selling album to date, having sold eight million copies in the US alone.", "It is Live's best-selling album to date, having sold eight million copies in the US alone. Secret Samadhi and The Distance to Here: 1997–2000 The success of Throwing Copper helped 1997's Secret Samadhi (co-produced by the band and Jay Healy) to reach the number one position in its debut on the US album chart.", "Secret Samadhi and The Distance to Here: 1997–2000 The success of Throwing Copper helped 1997's Secret Samadhi (co-produced by the band and Jay Healy) to reach the number one position in its debut on the US album chart. It took its name from Samadhi, a state of Hindu meditation.", "It took its name from Samadhi, a state of Hindu meditation. The album contained four Modern Rock hit singles, but failed to match its predecessor's success, with sales reaching two million. The band performed \"Lakini's Juice\" and \"Heropsychodreamer\" from the album on Saturday Night Live.", "The band performed \"Lakini's Juice\" and \"Heropsychodreamer\" from the album on Saturday Night Live. Jerry Harrison returned as co-producer for 1999's The Distance to Here, which entered the US album chart at number four and featured the hit single \"The Dolphin's Cry\".", "Jerry Harrison returned as co-producer for 1999's The Distance to Here, which entered the US album chart at number four and featured the hit single \"The Dolphin's Cry\". In 2000, Live embarked on a co-headlining tour with Counting Crows.", "In 2000, Live embarked on a co-headlining tour with Counting Crows. On that tour, Counting Crows' lead singer, Adam Duritz, often joined Live for their performance of \"The Dolphin's Cry\", while Kowalczyk sang a verse of \"Hanginaround\" with Counting Crows.", "On that tour, Counting Crows' lead singer, Adam Duritz, often joined Live for their performance of \"The Dolphin's Cry\", while Kowalczyk sang a verse of \"Hanginaround\" with Counting Crows. V, Birds of Pray, and Awake: The Best of Live: 2001–2004 On September 18, 2001, the experimental V (originally to be called Ecstatic Fanatic) was released to mixed reviews.", "V, Birds of Pray, and Awake: The Best of Live: 2001–2004 On September 18, 2001, the experimental V (originally to be called Ecstatic Fanatic) was released to mixed reviews. The first single was \"Simple Creed\", which featured a rap by Tricky, but the events of 9/11, which occurred a week before V was released, meant that the melancholic \"Overcome\" received significant airplay and became the album's selling point.", "The first single was \"Simple Creed\", which featured a rap by Tricky, but the events of 9/11, which occurred a week before V was released, meant that the melancholic \"Overcome\" received significant airplay and became the album's selling point. V reached number 22 in the US.", "V reached number 22 in the US. Also in 2001, Live contributed a live version of the song \"I Alone\" to the charity album Live in the X Lounge IV.", "Also in 2001, Live contributed a live version of the song \"I Alone\" to the charity album Live in the X Lounge IV. In May 2003, the band released the Jim Wirt-produced Birds of Pray, which reached number 28 on the US album chart, boosted by the unexpected success of the single \"Heaven\", Live's first U.S.", "In May 2003, the band released the Jim Wirt-produced Birds of Pray, which reached number 28 on the US album chart, boosted by the unexpected success of the single \"Heaven\", Live's first U.S. Hot 100 hit single since \"The Dolphin's Cry\".", "Hot 100 hit single since \"The Dolphin's Cry\". In November 2004, Live released a greatest hits compilation, Awake: The Best of Live.", "In November 2004, Live released a greatest hits compilation, Awake: The Best of Live. Awake included \"We Deal in Dreams\", a previously unreleased song from the Throwing Copper sessions, a cover version of Johnny Cash's \"I Walk the Line\", and a new version of their song \"Run Away\", with Shelby Lynne sharing lead vocals with Kowalczyk.", "Awake included \"We Deal in Dreams\", a previously unreleased song from the Throwing Copper sessions, a cover version of Johnny Cash's \"I Walk the Line\", and a new version of their song \"Run Away\", with Shelby Lynne sharing lead vocals with Kowalczyk. A deluxe version of the album included a DVD with 22 music videos and an interview with Kowalczyk.", "A deluxe version of the album included a DVD with 22 music videos and an interview with Kowalczyk. Songs from Black Mountain, Radiant Sea, and live DVD: 2005–2008 In 2005, Live signed to Sony BMG Music Entertainment's Epic label. They released the album Songs from Black Mountain in June 2006.", "They released the album Songs from Black Mountain in June 2006. The record peaked at number 52 on the Billboard 200 album chart, and reached number three on the Billboard Independent album chart. The first single was \"The River\".", "The first single was \"The River\". On season five of American Idol, finalist Chris Daughtry was accused of performing Live's version of Johnny Cash's \"I Walk the Line\" and claiming it as his own interpretation. A week later, Daughtry acknowledged this was true and said that Live was one of his favorite bands.", "A week later, Daughtry acknowledged this was true and said that Live was one of his favorite bands. In May 2006, Live appeared on The Howard Stern Show to address this issue.", "In May 2006, Live appeared on The Howard Stern Show to address this issue. On August 2, 2008, Daughtry and Live performed the band's interpretation of \"I Walk the Line\" together at the Toms River Fest in Toms River, New Jersey.", "On August 2, 2008, Daughtry and Live performed the band's interpretation of \"I Walk the Line\" together at the Toms River Fest in Toms River, New Jersey. On September 14, 2007, Live released Radiant Sea: A Collection of Bootleg Rarities and Two New Songs, their first album since 1989 on their own Action Front Records label.", "On September 14, 2007, Live released Radiant Sea: A Collection of Bootleg Rarities and Two New Songs, their first album since 1989 on their own Action Front Records label. The new songs were \"Beautiful Invisible\" and \"Radiant Sea\".", "The new songs were \"Beautiful Invisible\" and \"Radiant Sea\". Live recorded their first concert DVD in the Netherlands during two shows at the Paradiso on June 30 and July 1, 2008. Live at the Paradiso – Amsterdam was released on November 11, 2008, on DVD and CD.", "Live at the Paradiso – Amsterdam was released on November 11, 2008, on DVD and CD. Also in 2008, the band headlined a US tour that also featured Blues Traveler and Collective Soul. An unreleased Live song, \"Hold Me Up\", features in the 2008 Kevin Smith film Zack and Miri Make a Porno.", "An unreleased Live song, \"Hold Me Up\", features in the 2008 Kevin Smith film Zack and Miri Make a Porno. Smith said, \"I first heard (the song) in '95 when we were putting together the Mallrats soundtrack.", "Smith said, \"I first heard (the song) in '95 when we were putting together the Mallrats soundtrack. It was actually in the film for the first test screening, but Live decided they wanted to hold onto it as a potential single off their next album ... When I was editing Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back ...", "When I was editing Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back ... I put in a request for it...again, I was denied. Third time, apparently, was the charm. Needed a song for that sequence in Zack and Miri and remembered the Live track. This time, the band signed off on us using the track.", "This time, the band signed off on us using the track. Took 13 years, but was worth the wait!\" In spite of Smith's endorsement, the song does not appear on the movie's soundtrack album.", "In spite of Smith's endorsement, the song does not appear on the movie's soundtrack album. Kowalczyk's departure and The Gracious Few After a concert in July 2009, Live announced that the band would take a two-year hiatus to work on other projects.", "Kowalczyk's departure and The Gracious Few After a concert in July 2009, Live announced that the band would take a two-year hiatus to work on other projects. Kowalczyk recorded his solo album Alive, and the other band members formed a group with Kevin Martin and Sean Hennesy of Candlebox, called The Gracious Few.", "Kowalczyk recorded his solo album Alive, and the other band members formed a group with Kevin Martin and Sean Hennesy of Candlebox, called The Gracious Few. That band proceeded to record a self-titled debut album in California for release in September 2010.", "That band proceeded to record a self-titled debut album in California for release in September 2010. On November 30, 2009, Taylor revealed that the \"hiatus\" could become a permanent split.", "On November 30, 2009, Taylor revealed that the \"hiatus\" could become a permanent split. Chris Shinn era and The Turn: 2012–2016 On June 8, 2011, Taylor revealed that he, Dahlheimer, and Gracey would restart the band without Kowalczyk.", "Chris Shinn era and The Turn: 2012–2016 On June 8, 2011, Taylor revealed that he, Dahlheimer, and Gracey would restart the band without Kowalczyk. He made no mention of any new lead singer, but said, \"We'll have to begin addressing the hole left by our singer's departure\".", "He made no mention of any new lead singer, but said, \"We'll have to begin addressing the hole left by our singer's departure\". He added that, \"I need to feel Live once again without the constraints that were placed on it over the last few years.", "He added that, \"I need to feel Live once again without the constraints that were placed on it over the last few years. Chad [Gracey], Patrick, and I invested most of our lives to writing, recording, and performing the songs of Live.", "Chad [Gracey], Patrick, and I invested most of our lives to writing, recording, and performing the songs of Live. We deserve a chance to reconnect with the fans to say goodbye to the old era and hello to the new.\" Kowalczyk disapproved of their decision.", "Kowalczyk disapproved of their decision. Kowalczyk disapproved of their decision. He complained that \"they obfuscate that it's not the real band. They don't say that it's not the original lineup. They just kind of go out and surprise people, and it's really sort of lame\".", "They just kind of go out and surprise people, and it's really sort of lame\". On January 24, 2012, Taylor, Dahlheimer, and Gracey announced that they were leading members in a project to renovate a four-story building at 210 York Street in York. The building housed a technology company, creating sixty new jobs.", "The building housed a technology company, creating sixty new jobs. It also included a brand new recording studio. Live returned from their nearly three-year hiatus on March 12, 2012, with Chris Shinn, formerly of Unified Theory, as their new lead singer.", "Live returned from their nearly three-year hiatus on March 12, 2012, with Chris Shinn, formerly of Unified Theory, as their new lead singer. The new lineup performed before an invited audience at the Strand-Capitol Performing Arts Center in York.", "The new lineup performed before an invited audience at the Strand-Capitol Performing Arts Center in York. They performed with new touring members, including Gracious Few bandmate Sean Hennesy on rhythm guitar and Alexander Lefever on keyboards. In July 2012, Live commenced more legal proceedings against Kowalczyk for misuse of the band's name while promoting his live performances.", "In July 2012, Live commenced more legal proceedings against Kowalczyk for misuse of the band's name while promoting his live performances. Live's first major tour with Shinn was as part of the Summerland Tour 2013, playing 35 shows across the US. Other featured bands were Everclear, Filter, and Sponge.", "Other featured bands were Everclear, Filter, and Sponge. Live's first album to feature Shinn, The Turn, was released on October 28, 2014. The record's first single, \"The Way Around Is Through\", was uploaded to YouTube on September 10, 2014, and officially released on September 16.", "The record's first single, \"The Way Around Is Through\", was uploaded to YouTube on September 10, 2014, and officially released on September 16. During 2014–2015, Kowalczyk embarked on a worldwide tour, playing acoustic \"unplugged\" shows celebrating the twentieth anniversary of the release of Throwing Copper.", "During 2014–2015, Kowalczyk embarked on a worldwide tour, playing acoustic \"unplugged\" shows celebrating the twentieth anniversary of the release of Throwing Copper. Zak Loy accompanied Kowalczyk on this tour, playing guitar, mandolin, pedal steel, and singing backing vocals.", "Zak Loy accompanied Kowalczyk on this tour, playing guitar, mandolin, pedal steel, and singing backing vocals. Kowalczyk's return: 2016–present On October 24, 2016, Chad Taylor and Ed Kowalczyk, along with singer Zoe LaBelle, took part in an interview for WVYC.", "Kowalczyk's return: 2016–present On October 24, 2016, Chad Taylor and Ed Kowalczyk, along with singer Zoe LaBelle, took part in an interview for WVYC. Although the primary reason for the interview was to promote new music by LaBelle that Taylor had worked on, it marked the first time that the two former bandmates had publicly appeared together since 2009.", "Although the primary reason for the interview was to promote new music by LaBelle that Taylor had worked on, it marked the first time that the two former bandmates had publicly appeared together since 2009. Fueling speculation over a possible reunion, the Live Facebook page returned on November 16, 2016, with an early picture of the band's original lineup and a new logo.", "Fueling speculation over a possible reunion, the Live Facebook page returned on November 16, 2016, with an early picture of the band's original lineup and a new logo. On the same day, Ed Kowalczyk's Facebook page was also updated with a new profile picture and cover photo, both displaying the same logo from the band's page.", "On the same day, Ed Kowalczyk's Facebook page was also updated with a new profile picture and cover photo, both displaying the same logo from the band's page. Despite the changes on Facebook, Live's website remained black until December 9, when a countdown was posted suggesting new information would be released on December 12.", "Despite the changes on Facebook, Live's website remained black until December 9, when a countdown was posted suggesting new information would be released on December 12. Later that day, Live's Twitter and Facebook pages announced that the band's original lineup had reunited with tour dates in 2017.", "Later that day, Live's Twitter and Facebook pages announced that the band's original lineup had reunited with tour dates in 2017. In autumn 2018, they released the singles \"Love Lounge\" and \"Be a Giver, Man\". On October 12, they released their new EP, Local 717.", "On October 12, they released their new EP, Local 717. Band members Current members Chad Taylor – lead guitar, backing vocals (1989–2009, 2012–present) Patrick Dahlheimer – bass (1989–2009, 2012–present) Chad Gracey – drums (1989–2009, 2012–present) Ed Kowalczyk – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1989–2009, 2016–present) Current touring members Zak Loy – rhythm guitar, mandolin, backing vocals (2016–present) Clint Simmons – percussion (2019–present) Former members Chris Shinn – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (2012–2016) Former touring musicians Christopher Thorn – rhythm guitar (1998) Adam Kowalczyk – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1999–2009) Michael \"Railo\" Railton – keyboards (1999–2002 & 2008) Sean Hennesy – rhythm guitar (2012) Alexander Lefever – keyboards (2012) Robin Diaz – additional drums (2017–2019) Timeline Discography The Death of a Dictionary (1989, as Public Affection) Mental Jewelry (1991) Throwing Copper (1994) Secret Samadhi (1997) The Distance to Here (1999) V (2001) Birds of Pray (2003) Songs from Black Mountain (2006) The Turn (2014) See also List of alternative rock artists List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. alternative rock chart List of artists who reached number one on the U.S.", "Band members Current members Chad Taylor – lead guitar, backing vocals (1989–2009, 2012–present) Patrick Dahlheimer – bass (1989–2009, 2012–present) Chad Gracey – drums (1989–2009, 2012–present) Ed Kowalczyk – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1989–2009, 2016–present) Current touring members Zak Loy – rhythm guitar, mandolin, backing vocals (2016–present) Clint Simmons – percussion (2019–present) Former members Chris Shinn – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (2012–2016) Former touring musicians Christopher Thorn – rhythm guitar (1998) Adam Kowalczyk – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1999–2009) Michael \"Railo\" Railton – keyboards (1999–2002 & 2008) Sean Hennesy – rhythm guitar (2012) Alexander Lefever – keyboards (2012) Robin Diaz – additional drums (2017–2019) Timeline Discography The Death of a Dictionary (1989, as Public Affection) Mental Jewelry (1991) Throwing Copper (1994) Secret Samadhi (1997) The Distance to Here (1999) V (2001) Birds of Pray (2003) Songs from Black Mountain (2006) The Turn (2014) See also List of alternative rock artists List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. alternative rock chart List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Mainstream Rock chart List of Epic Records artists List of hard rock musicians List of post-grunge bands References External links YouTube 1984 establishments in Pennsylvania 2009 disestablishments in Pennsylvania 2011 establishments in Pennsylvania Alternative rock groups from Pennsylvania American post-grunge musical groups Epic Records artists Hard rock musical groups from Pennsylvania Musical groups established in 1984 Musical groups disestablished in 2009 Musical groups reestablished in 2011 Musical groups from Pennsylvania Musical quartets Musicians from York, Pennsylvania Sony BMG artists Vanguard Records artists York, Pennsylvania" ]

[ "Live (band)", "Songs from Black Mountain, Radiant Sea and live DVD: 2005-2008", "What are Songs from Black Mountain?", "The River" ]

[ "The Sea Girl is a children's book written by Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen.\n\nPlot\nThere is a country that is land and a country that is the sea. A young boy falls in love with a girl. He comes from the earth, she from the sea. What is the land? What is the sea? Each explains the universe to the other. But how will they do to come together?\n\nChildren's novels\n1958 novels\n20th-century Portuguese novels\n1958 children's books\nPortuguese children's literature", "The Libyan Sea (Greek , Latin Libycum Mare, Arabic البحر الليبي) is the portion of the Mediterranean Sea north of the African coast of ancient Libya, i.e. Cyrenaica, and Marmarica\n(the coast of what is now eastern Libya and western Egypt, between Tobruk and Alexandria). This designation was used by ancient Geographers describing the southern Mediterranean, but the term is also used by modern travel Writers and cartographers. The southern coastline of Crete which borders the Libyan Sea includes the Asterousia Mountains and Mesara Plain; this area is the locus of considerable ancient Bronze Age settlement including the sites of Kommos, Hagia Triada and Phaistos. \n\nNot counting Crete, other islands in the Libyan Sea are Gavdos, Gavdopoula, Koufonisi and Chrysi.\n\nTo the east is the Levantine Sea, to the north the Ionian Sea, and to the west the Strait of Sicily. \n\nThe Libyan Sea is also known as South Cretan Sea.\n\nSee also\nAsterousia Mountains\nGulf of Sidra\n\nReferences\n\nSeas of the Mediterranean Sea\n\nMarginal seas of the Mediterranean" ]

[ "Live (, often typeset as LĪVE or +LĪVE+) is an American rock band formed in York, Pennsylvania in 1984, consisting of Ed Kowalczyk (lead vocals, rhythm guitar), Chad Taylor (lead guitar, backing vocals), Patrick Dahlheimer (bass), and Chad Gracey (drums). The band started to gain attention following their single \"Operation Spirit (The Tyranny of Tradition)\", the video for which got regular airplay on MTV, and the moderate success of their second album, Mental Jewelry.", "The band started to gain attention following their single \"Operation Spirit (The Tyranny of Tradition)\", the video for which got regular airplay on MTV, and the moderate success of their second album, Mental Jewelry. Their biggest success came in 1994, with their third album, Throwing Copper, which sold eight million copies in the U.S.", "Their biggest success came in 1994, with their third album, Throwing Copper, which sold eight million copies in the U.S. The band had a string of hit singles in the mid-1990s, including \"Lightning Crashes\", which stayed at the top of the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart for ten consecutive weeks and the Modern Rock Tracks (now Alternative Songs) chart for nine weeks from February 25 to April 22, 1995.", "The band had a string of hit singles in the mid-1990s, including \"Lightning Crashes\", which stayed at the top of the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart for ten consecutive weeks and the Modern Rock Tracks (now Alternative Songs) chart for nine weeks from February 25 to April 22, 1995. The band has sold over twenty million albums worldwide.", "The band has sold over twenty million albums worldwide. When touring, Live has used additional musicians, including Ed Kowalczyk's younger brother Adam, British keyboardist Michael \"Railo\" Railton, rhythm guitarist Christopher Thorn of Blind Melon, and guitarist Zak Loy of Alpha Rev.", "When touring, Live has used additional musicians, including Ed Kowalczyk's younger brother Adam, British keyboardist Michael \"Railo\" Railton, rhythm guitarist Christopher Thorn of Blind Melon, and guitarist Zak Loy of Alpha Rev. In 2009, Ed Kowalczyk left the band; he was replaced by singer Chris Shinn and the band released the album The Turn in October 2014.", "In 2009, Ed Kowalczyk left the band; he was replaced by singer Chris Shinn and the band released the album The Turn in October 2014. Kowalczyk rejoined in December 2016 and in 2018, they released a new EP, Local 717.", "Kowalczyk rejoined in December 2016 and in 2018, they released a new EP, Local 717. History Early history, The Death of a Dictionary, and Mental Jewelry: 1984–1992 Live started in the early 1980s under the name First Aid, as a trio of Taylor, Dahlheimer, and Gracey.", "History Early history, The Death of a Dictionary, and Mental Jewelry: 1984–1992 Live started in the early 1980s under the name First Aid, as a trio of Taylor, Dahlheimer, and Gracey. Kowalczyk joined in 1984, when the group lost a talent show.", "Kowalczyk joined in 1984, when the group lost a talent show. They went through various different names, including Action Front, Paisley Blues, and Club Fungus, before settling on Public Affection in January 1987. Gracey picked the name based on a comment by his girlfriend at the time.", "Gracey picked the name based on a comment by his girlfriend at the time. When the band graduated from high school, they recorded a self-released cassette of original songs, titled The Death of a Dictionary, in 1989.", "When the band graduated from high school, they recorded a self-released cassette of original songs, titled The Death of a Dictionary, in 1989. In 1990, they released an EP of demos produced by Jay Healy, titled Divided Mind, Divided Planet, via their \"Black Coffee\" mailing list.", "In 1990, they released an EP of demos produced by Jay Healy, titled Divided Mind, Divided Planet, via their \"Black Coffee\" mailing list. They played regular concerts at CBGB in New York City, which helped earn them a contract with Radioactive Records in 1991.", "They played regular concerts at CBGB in New York City, which helped earn them a contract with Radioactive Records in 1991. In June that year, the band changed its name to Live. Under the new name, the band entered the studio with producer Jerry Harrison (of Talking Heads) and recorded the EP Four Songs.", "Under the new name, the band entered the studio with producer Jerry Harrison (of Talking Heads) and recorded the EP Four Songs. The single \"Operation Spirit (The Tyranny of Tradition)\" went to number nine on the Modern Rock chart and was followed by their debut album, 1991's Mental Jewelry, which Harrison again produced.", "The single \"Operation Spirit (The Tyranny of Tradition)\" went to number nine on the Modern Rock chart and was followed by their debut album, 1991's Mental Jewelry, which Harrison again produced. Pat Dalheimer said, \"So important to have somebody else in the room to help us, especially with arrangements.", "Pat Dalheimer said, \"So important to have somebody else in the room to help us, especially with arrangements. I mean, we were still learning how to write songs...Jerry just seemed to know everything...this guy's a wizard!\"", "I mean, we were still learning how to write songs...Jerry just seemed to know everything...this guy's a wizard!\" Some of the album's lyrics, written by Kowalczyk, were inspired by Indian philosopher and writer Jiddu Krishnamurti.", "Some of the album's lyrics, written by Kowalczyk, were inspired by Indian philosopher and writer Jiddu Krishnamurti. Throwing Copper and mainstream success: 1993–1996 After appearances on the MTV 120 Minutes tour, at Woodstock '94, and on Peter Gabriel's WOMAD tour, Live's second album, Throwing Copper, achieved mainstream success.", "Throwing Copper and mainstream success: 1993–1996 After appearances on the MTV 120 Minutes tour, at Woodstock '94, and on Peter Gabriel's WOMAD tour, Live's second album, Throwing Copper, achieved mainstream success. The record featured the singles \"I Alone\", \"All Over You\", and the number-one US Modern Rock hits \"Selling the Drama\" and \"Lightning Crashes\".", "The record featured the singles \"I Alone\", \"All Over You\", and the number-one US Modern Rock hits \"Selling the Drama\" and \"Lightning Crashes\". \"Lightning Crashes\" also stayed at the top of the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart for ten consecutive weeks.", "\"Lightning Crashes\" also stayed at the top of the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart for ten consecutive weeks. The band appeared on NBC's Saturday Night Live, where they played \"I Alone\" and \"Selling the Drama\", and they performed for the first time in the UK, on The Word.", "The band appeared on NBC's Saturday Night Live, where they played \"I Alone\" and \"Selling the Drama\", and they performed for the first time in the UK, on The Word. The success of these singles eventually gained Throwing Copper the number one position on the Billboard 200 album chart on May 6, 1995, its 52nd week on the chart.", "The success of these singles eventually gained Throwing Copper the number one position on the Billboard 200 album chart on May 6, 1995, its 52nd week on the chart. It was the third longest gap between an album first charting and reaching number one, behind Fleetwood Mac's eponymous album in 1976 (58 weeks) and Paula Abdul's Forever Your Girl in 1989 (64 weeks).", "It was the third longest gap between an album first charting and reaching number one, behind Fleetwood Mac's eponymous album in 1976 (58 weeks) and Paula Abdul's Forever Your Girl in 1989 (64 weeks). It is Live's best-selling album to date, having sold eight million copies in the US alone.", "It is Live's best-selling album to date, having sold eight million copies in the US alone. Secret Samadhi and The Distance to Here: 1997–2000 The success of Throwing Copper helped 1997's Secret Samadhi (co-produced by the band and Jay Healy) to reach the number one position in its debut on the US album chart.", "Secret Samadhi and The Distance to Here: 1997–2000 The success of Throwing Copper helped 1997's Secret Samadhi (co-produced by the band and Jay Healy) to reach the number one position in its debut on the US album chart. It took its name from Samadhi, a state of Hindu meditation.", "It took its name from Samadhi, a state of Hindu meditation. The album contained four Modern Rock hit singles, but failed to match its predecessor's success, with sales reaching two million. The band performed \"Lakini's Juice\" and \"Heropsychodreamer\" from the album on Saturday Night Live.", "The band performed \"Lakini's Juice\" and \"Heropsychodreamer\" from the album on Saturday Night Live. Jerry Harrison returned as co-producer for 1999's The Distance to Here, which entered the US album chart at number four and featured the hit single \"The Dolphin's Cry\".", "Jerry Harrison returned as co-producer for 1999's The Distance to Here, which entered the US album chart at number four and featured the hit single \"The Dolphin's Cry\". In 2000, Live embarked on a co-headlining tour with Counting Crows.", "In 2000, Live embarked on a co-headlining tour with Counting Crows. On that tour, Counting Crows' lead singer, Adam Duritz, often joined Live for their performance of \"The Dolphin's Cry\", while Kowalczyk sang a verse of \"Hanginaround\" with Counting Crows.", "On that tour, Counting Crows' lead singer, Adam Duritz, often joined Live for their performance of \"The Dolphin's Cry\", while Kowalczyk sang a verse of \"Hanginaround\" with Counting Crows. V, Birds of Pray, and Awake: The Best of Live: 2001–2004 On September 18, 2001, the experimental V (originally to be called Ecstatic Fanatic) was released to mixed reviews.", "V, Birds of Pray, and Awake: The Best of Live: 2001–2004 On September 18, 2001, the experimental V (originally to be called Ecstatic Fanatic) was released to mixed reviews. The first single was \"Simple Creed\", which featured a rap by Tricky, but the events of 9/11, which occurred a week before V was released, meant that the melancholic \"Overcome\" received significant airplay and became the album's selling point.", "The first single was \"Simple Creed\", which featured a rap by Tricky, but the events of 9/11, which occurred a week before V was released, meant that the melancholic \"Overcome\" received significant airplay and became the album's selling point. V reached number 22 in the US.", "V reached number 22 in the US. Also in 2001, Live contributed a live version of the song \"I Alone\" to the charity album Live in the X Lounge IV.", "Also in 2001, Live contributed a live version of the song \"I Alone\" to the charity album Live in the X Lounge IV. In May 2003, the band released the Jim Wirt-produced Birds of Pray, which reached number 28 on the US album chart, boosted by the unexpected success of the single \"Heaven\", Live's first U.S.", "In May 2003, the band released the Jim Wirt-produced Birds of Pray, which reached number 28 on the US album chart, boosted by the unexpected success of the single \"Heaven\", Live's first U.S. Hot 100 hit single since \"The Dolphin's Cry\".", "Hot 100 hit single since \"The Dolphin's Cry\". In November 2004, Live released a greatest hits compilation, Awake: The Best of Live.", "In November 2004, Live released a greatest hits compilation, Awake: The Best of Live. Awake included \"We Deal in Dreams\", a previously unreleased song from the Throwing Copper sessions, a cover version of Johnny Cash's \"I Walk the Line\", and a new version of their song \"Run Away\", with Shelby Lynne sharing lead vocals with Kowalczyk.", "Awake included \"We Deal in Dreams\", a previously unreleased song from the Throwing Copper sessions, a cover version of Johnny Cash's \"I Walk the Line\", and a new version of their song \"Run Away\", with Shelby Lynne sharing lead vocals with Kowalczyk. A deluxe version of the album included a DVD with 22 music videos and an interview with Kowalczyk.", "A deluxe version of the album included a DVD with 22 music videos and an interview with Kowalczyk. Songs from Black Mountain, Radiant Sea, and live DVD: 2005–2008 In 2005, Live signed to Sony BMG Music Entertainment's Epic label. They released the album Songs from Black Mountain in June 2006.", "They released the album Songs from Black Mountain in June 2006. The record peaked at number 52 on the Billboard 200 album chart, and reached number three on the Billboard Independent album chart. The first single was \"The River\".", "The first single was \"The River\". On season five of American Idol, finalist Chris Daughtry was accused of performing Live's version of Johnny Cash's \"I Walk the Line\" and claiming it as his own interpretation. A week later, Daughtry acknowledged this was true and said that Live was one of his favorite bands.", "A week later, Daughtry acknowledged this was true and said that Live was one of his favorite bands. In May 2006, Live appeared on The Howard Stern Show to address this issue.", "In May 2006, Live appeared on The Howard Stern Show to address this issue. On August 2, 2008, Daughtry and Live performed the band's interpretation of \"I Walk the Line\" together at the Toms River Fest in Toms River, New Jersey.", "On August 2, 2008, Daughtry and Live performed the band's interpretation of \"I Walk the Line\" together at the Toms River Fest in Toms River, New Jersey. On September 14, 2007, Live released Radiant Sea: A Collection of Bootleg Rarities and Two New Songs, their first album since 1989 on their own Action Front Records label.", "On September 14, 2007, Live released Radiant Sea: A Collection of Bootleg Rarities and Two New Songs, their first album since 1989 on their own Action Front Records label. The new songs were \"Beautiful Invisible\" and \"Radiant Sea\".", "The new songs were \"Beautiful Invisible\" and \"Radiant Sea\". Live recorded their first concert DVD in the Netherlands during two shows at the Paradiso on June 30 and July 1, 2008. Live at the Paradiso – Amsterdam was released on November 11, 2008, on DVD and CD.", "Live at the Paradiso – Amsterdam was released on November 11, 2008, on DVD and CD. Also in 2008, the band headlined a US tour that also featured Blues Traveler and Collective Soul. An unreleased Live song, \"Hold Me Up\", features in the 2008 Kevin Smith film Zack and Miri Make a Porno.", "An unreleased Live song, \"Hold Me Up\", features in the 2008 Kevin Smith film Zack and Miri Make a Porno. Smith said, \"I first heard (the song) in '95 when we were putting together the Mallrats soundtrack.", "Smith said, \"I first heard (the song) in '95 when we were putting together the Mallrats soundtrack. It was actually in the film for the first test screening, but Live decided they wanted to hold onto it as a potential single off their next album ... When I was editing Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back ...", "When I was editing Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back ... I put in a request for it...again, I was denied. Third time, apparently, was the charm. Needed a song for that sequence in Zack and Miri and remembered the Live track. This time, the band signed off on us using the track.", "This time, the band signed off on us using the track. Took 13 years, but was worth the wait!\" In spite of Smith's endorsement, the song does not appear on the movie's soundtrack album.", "In spite of Smith's endorsement, the song does not appear on the movie's soundtrack album. Kowalczyk's departure and The Gracious Few After a concert in July 2009, Live announced that the band would take a two-year hiatus to work on other projects.", "Kowalczyk's departure and The Gracious Few After a concert in July 2009, Live announced that the band would take a two-year hiatus to work on other projects. Kowalczyk recorded his solo album Alive, and the other band members formed a group with Kevin Martin and Sean Hennesy of Candlebox, called The Gracious Few.", "Kowalczyk recorded his solo album Alive, and the other band members formed a group with Kevin Martin and Sean Hennesy of Candlebox, called The Gracious Few. That band proceeded to record a self-titled debut album in California for release in September 2010.", "That band proceeded to record a self-titled debut album in California for release in September 2010. On November 30, 2009, Taylor revealed that the \"hiatus\" could become a permanent split.", "On November 30, 2009, Taylor revealed that the \"hiatus\" could become a permanent split. Chris Shinn era and The Turn: 2012–2016 On June 8, 2011, Taylor revealed that he, Dahlheimer, and Gracey would restart the band without Kowalczyk.", "Chris Shinn era and The Turn: 2012–2016 On June 8, 2011, Taylor revealed that he, Dahlheimer, and Gracey would restart the band without Kowalczyk. He made no mention of any new lead singer, but said, \"We'll have to begin addressing the hole left by our singer's departure\".", "He made no mention of any new lead singer, but said, \"We'll have to begin addressing the hole left by our singer's departure\". He added that, \"I need to feel Live once again without the constraints that were placed on it over the last few years.", "He added that, \"I need to feel Live once again without the constraints that were placed on it over the last few years. Chad [Gracey], Patrick, and I invested most of our lives to writing, recording, and performing the songs of Live.", "Chad [Gracey], Patrick, and I invested most of our lives to writing, recording, and performing the songs of Live. We deserve a chance to reconnect with the fans to say goodbye to the old era and hello to the new.\" Kowalczyk disapproved of their decision.", "Kowalczyk disapproved of their decision. Kowalczyk disapproved of their decision. He complained that \"they obfuscate that it's not the real band. They don't say that it's not the original lineup. They just kind of go out and surprise people, and it's really sort of lame\".", "They just kind of go out and surprise people, and it's really sort of lame\". On January 24, 2012, Taylor, Dahlheimer, and Gracey announced that they were leading members in a project to renovate a four-story building at 210 York Street in York. The building housed a technology company, creating sixty new jobs.", "The building housed a technology company, creating sixty new jobs. It also included a brand new recording studio. Live returned from their nearly three-year hiatus on March 12, 2012, with Chris Shinn, formerly of Unified Theory, as their new lead singer.", "Live returned from their nearly three-year hiatus on March 12, 2012, with Chris Shinn, formerly of Unified Theory, as their new lead singer. The new lineup performed before an invited audience at the Strand-Capitol Performing Arts Center in York.", "The new lineup performed before an invited audience at the Strand-Capitol Performing Arts Center in York. They performed with new touring members, including Gracious Few bandmate Sean Hennesy on rhythm guitar and Alexander Lefever on keyboards. In July 2012, Live commenced more legal proceedings against Kowalczyk for misuse of the band's name while promoting his live performances.", "In July 2012, Live commenced more legal proceedings against Kowalczyk for misuse of the band's name while promoting his live performances. Live's first major tour with Shinn was as part of the Summerland Tour 2013, playing 35 shows across the US. Other featured bands were Everclear, Filter, and Sponge.", "Other featured bands were Everclear, Filter, and Sponge. Live's first album to feature Shinn, The Turn, was released on October 28, 2014. The record's first single, \"The Way Around Is Through\", was uploaded to YouTube on September 10, 2014, and officially released on September 16.", "The record's first single, \"The Way Around Is Through\", was uploaded to YouTube on September 10, 2014, and officially released on September 16. During 2014–2015, Kowalczyk embarked on a worldwide tour, playing acoustic \"unplugged\" shows celebrating the twentieth anniversary of the release of Throwing Copper.", "During 2014–2015, Kowalczyk embarked on a worldwide tour, playing acoustic \"unplugged\" shows celebrating the twentieth anniversary of the release of Throwing Copper. Zak Loy accompanied Kowalczyk on this tour, playing guitar, mandolin, pedal steel, and singing backing vocals.", "Zak Loy accompanied Kowalczyk on this tour, playing guitar, mandolin, pedal steel, and singing backing vocals. Kowalczyk's return: 2016–present On October 24, 2016, Chad Taylor and Ed Kowalczyk, along with singer Zoe LaBelle, took part in an interview for WVYC.", "Kowalczyk's return: 2016–present On October 24, 2016, Chad Taylor and Ed Kowalczyk, along with singer Zoe LaBelle, took part in an interview for WVYC. Although the primary reason for the interview was to promote new music by LaBelle that Taylor had worked on, it marked the first time that the two former bandmates had publicly appeared together since 2009.", "Although the primary reason for the interview was to promote new music by LaBelle that Taylor had worked on, it marked the first time that the two former bandmates had publicly appeared together since 2009. Fueling speculation over a possible reunion, the Live Facebook page returned on November 16, 2016, with an early picture of the band's original lineup and a new logo.", "Fueling speculation over a possible reunion, the Live Facebook page returned on November 16, 2016, with an early picture of the band's original lineup and a new logo. On the same day, Ed Kowalczyk's Facebook page was also updated with a new profile picture and cover photo, both displaying the same logo from the band's page.", "On the same day, Ed Kowalczyk's Facebook page was also updated with a new profile picture and cover photo, both displaying the same logo from the band's page. Despite the changes on Facebook, Live's website remained black until December 9, when a countdown was posted suggesting new information would be released on December 12.", "Despite the changes on Facebook, Live's website remained black until December 9, when a countdown was posted suggesting new information would be released on December 12. Later that day, Live's Twitter and Facebook pages announced that the band's original lineup had reunited with tour dates in 2017.", "Later that day, Live's Twitter and Facebook pages announced that the band's original lineup had reunited with tour dates in 2017. In autumn 2018, they released the singles \"Love Lounge\" and \"Be a Giver, Man\". On October 12, they released their new EP, Local 717.", "On October 12, they released their new EP, Local 717. Band members Current members Chad Taylor – lead guitar, backing vocals (1989–2009, 2012–present) Patrick Dahlheimer – bass (1989–2009, 2012–present) Chad Gracey – drums (1989–2009, 2012–present) Ed Kowalczyk – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1989–2009, 2016–present) Current touring members Zak Loy – rhythm guitar, mandolin, backing vocals (2016–present) Clint Simmons – percussion (2019–present) Former members Chris Shinn – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (2012–2016) Former touring musicians Christopher Thorn – rhythm guitar (1998) Adam Kowalczyk – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1999–2009) Michael \"Railo\" Railton – keyboards (1999–2002 & 2008) Sean Hennesy – rhythm guitar (2012) Alexander Lefever – keyboards (2012) Robin Diaz – additional drums (2017–2019) Timeline Discography The Death of a Dictionary (1989, as Public Affection) Mental Jewelry (1991) Throwing Copper (1994) Secret Samadhi (1997) The Distance to Here (1999) V (2001) Birds of Pray (2003) Songs from Black Mountain (2006) The Turn (2014) See also List of alternative rock artists List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. alternative rock chart List of artists who reached number one on the U.S.", "Band members Current members Chad Taylor – lead guitar, backing vocals (1989–2009, 2012–present) Patrick Dahlheimer – bass (1989–2009, 2012–present) Chad Gracey – drums (1989–2009, 2012–present) Ed Kowalczyk – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1989–2009, 2016–present) Current touring members Zak Loy – rhythm guitar, mandolin, backing vocals (2016–present) Clint Simmons – percussion (2019–present) Former members Chris Shinn – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (2012–2016) Former touring musicians Christopher Thorn – rhythm guitar (1998) Adam Kowalczyk – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1999–2009) Michael \"Railo\" Railton – keyboards (1999–2002 & 2008) Sean Hennesy – rhythm guitar (2012) Alexander Lefever – keyboards (2012) Robin Diaz – additional drums (2017–2019) Timeline Discography The Death of a Dictionary (1989, as Public Affection) Mental Jewelry (1991) Throwing Copper (1994) Secret Samadhi (1997) The Distance to Here (1999) V (2001) Birds of Pray (2003) Songs from Black Mountain (2006) The Turn (2014) See also List of alternative rock artists List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. alternative rock chart List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Mainstream Rock chart List of Epic Records artists List of hard rock musicians List of post-grunge bands References External links YouTube 1984 establishments in Pennsylvania 2009 disestablishments in Pennsylvania 2011 establishments in Pennsylvania Alternative rock groups from Pennsylvania American post-grunge musical groups Epic Records artists Hard rock musical groups from Pennsylvania Musical groups established in 1984 Musical groups disestablished in 2009 Musical groups reestablished in 2011 Musical groups from Pennsylvania Musical quartets Musicians from York, Pennsylvania Sony BMG artists Vanguard Records artists York, Pennsylvania" ]

[ "Live (band)", "Songs from Black Mountain, Radiant Sea and live DVD: 2005-2008", "What are Songs from Black Mountain?", "The River", "What is Raidant Sea?", "first album" ]

[ "Rising in the East is a live DVD of Judas Priest, released on 15 November 2005, performing a concert in Tokyo's Nippon Budokan, filmed on 19 May 2005. It is the first straight-to-DVD release.\n\nRelease \nIn unconfirmed reports, the DVD was to be pushed back to January 2006, but other sources still listed the release date for 15 November 2005. Former website Play.com showed a cover image that was completely different from what is displayed.\n\nInformation \nThe band filmed two sold-out performances on 18 & 19 May 2005 in Tokyo in which the latter footage was used instead. Glenn Tipton explains that the band decided to film their performances at the Budokan \"because it's a special venue. It's world-renowned. We thought it was an ideal choice. We filmed both nights but we ended up using the second night only for this DVD. We wanted it to be as live and as real as possible, and when you start taking from different shows there isn't continuity. We wanted it to be one show and that's exactly what it is.\" Rob Halford says that the display of Rising in the East to the fans \"is the first time seeing us reunited for a full-length show in the DVD format. I think the DVD compounds all the great things that Priest fans and metal fans all around the world love about the band. Priest is still a powerful, physical, full-on experience in the live domain. What this DVD is intended to do is give longtime Priest fans another great memory to add to their collection, and it's also an opportunity for new Priest fans to explore all the great things we're achieving three decades later.\"\n\nTrack listing\n\nEncores\n\nPersonnel\nRob Halford – vocals\nK.K. Downing – electric guitar\nGlenn Tipton – guitar\nIan Hill – bass guitar\nScott Travis – drums\n\nSales and certifications\n\n|-\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n[ Rising in the East] at Allmusic\n\nJudas Priest video albums\n2005 video albums\nLive video albums\n2005 live albums", "This is a list of Where on Earth is Carmen Sandiego? episodes. The show ran for a total of four seasons from 1994 to 1999. The first three seasons ran their episodes weekly, while the fourth season had a season premiere in September 1996, a 1996 Halloween special, then a three-part episode that aired mid-1998, and the final four episodes airing late 1998 to early 1999.\n\nThe episodes were aired out of their production order and intended broadcast order. As a result, episodes from one production season would sometimes air before all of the episodes from the previous season had aired, leaving the seasons without well-defined start or end dates, and using airdate alone to determine what season an episode belongs to is impossible. However, the seasons can be distinguished by their different intros and outros, and by their bookends around commercial breaks, and the order in which they appear on the DVD releases matches what is known about the production codes, implying that the DVD order is correct.\n\nSeries overview \nThis list goes by the original, intended production season DVD order, and ignores the order of broadcast.\n\nEpisodes\n\nSeason 1 (1994)\n\nSeason 2 (1995)\n\nSeason 3 (1995)\n\nSeason 4 (1996–99)\n\nReferences \n\nCarmen Sandiego\nWhere on Earth is Carmen Sandiego?\njhgfds" ]

[ "Live (, often typeset as LĪVE or +LĪVE+) is an American rock band formed in York, Pennsylvania in 1984, consisting of Ed Kowalczyk (lead vocals, rhythm guitar), Chad Taylor (lead guitar, backing vocals), Patrick Dahlheimer (bass), and Chad Gracey (drums). The band started to gain attention following their single \"Operation Spirit (The Tyranny of Tradition)\", the video for which got regular airplay on MTV, and the moderate success of their second album, Mental Jewelry.", "The band started to gain attention following their single \"Operation Spirit (The Tyranny of Tradition)\", the video for which got regular airplay on MTV, and the moderate success of their second album, Mental Jewelry. Their biggest success came in 1994, with their third album, Throwing Copper, which sold eight million copies in the U.S.", "Their biggest success came in 1994, with their third album, Throwing Copper, which sold eight million copies in the U.S. The band had a string of hit singles in the mid-1990s, including \"Lightning Crashes\", which stayed at the top of the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart for ten consecutive weeks and the Modern Rock Tracks (now Alternative Songs) chart for nine weeks from February 25 to April 22, 1995.", "The band had a string of hit singles in the mid-1990s, including \"Lightning Crashes\", which stayed at the top of the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart for ten consecutive weeks and the Modern Rock Tracks (now Alternative Songs) chart for nine weeks from February 25 to April 22, 1995. The band has sold over twenty million albums worldwide.", "The band has sold over twenty million albums worldwide. When touring, Live has used additional musicians, including Ed Kowalczyk's younger brother Adam, British keyboardist Michael \"Railo\" Railton, rhythm guitarist Christopher Thorn of Blind Melon, and guitarist Zak Loy of Alpha Rev.", "When touring, Live has used additional musicians, including Ed Kowalczyk's younger brother Adam, British keyboardist Michael \"Railo\" Railton, rhythm guitarist Christopher Thorn of Blind Melon, and guitarist Zak Loy of Alpha Rev. In 2009, Ed Kowalczyk left the band; he was replaced by singer Chris Shinn and the band released the album The Turn in October 2014.", "In 2009, Ed Kowalczyk left the band; he was replaced by singer Chris Shinn and the band released the album The Turn in October 2014. Kowalczyk rejoined in December 2016 and in 2018, they released a new EP, Local 717.", "Kowalczyk rejoined in December 2016 and in 2018, they released a new EP, Local 717. History Early history, The Death of a Dictionary, and Mental Jewelry: 1984–1992 Live started in the early 1980s under the name First Aid, as a trio of Taylor, Dahlheimer, and Gracey.", "History Early history, The Death of a Dictionary, and Mental Jewelry: 1984–1992 Live started in the early 1980s under the name First Aid, as a trio of Taylor, Dahlheimer, and Gracey. Kowalczyk joined in 1984, when the group lost a talent show.", "Kowalczyk joined in 1984, when the group lost a talent show. They went through various different names, including Action Front, Paisley Blues, and Club Fungus, before settling on Public Affection in January 1987. Gracey picked the name based on a comment by his girlfriend at the time.", "Gracey picked the name based on a comment by his girlfriend at the time. When the band graduated from high school, they recorded a self-released cassette of original songs, titled The Death of a Dictionary, in 1989.", "When the band graduated from high school, they recorded a self-released cassette of original songs, titled The Death of a Dictionary, in 1989. In 1990, they released an EP of demos produced by Jay Healy, titled Divided Mind, Divided Planet, via their \"Black Coffee\" mailing list.", "In 1990, they released an EP of demos produced by Jay Healy, titled Divided Mind, Divided Planet, via their \"Black Coffee\" mailing list. They played regular concerts at CBGB in New York City, which helped earn them a contract with Radioactive Records in 1991.", "They played regular concerts at CBGB in New York City, which helped earn them a contract with Radioactive Records in 1991. In June that year, the band changed its name to Live. Under the new name, the band entered the studio with producer Jerry Harrison (of Talking Heads) and recorded the EP Four Songs.", "Under the new name, the band entered the studio with producer Jerry Harrison (of Talking Heads) and recorded the EP Four Songs. The single \"Operation Spirit (The Tyranny of Tradition)\" went to number nine on the Modern Rock chart and was followed by their debut album, 1991's Mental Jewelry, which Harrison again produced.", "The single \"Operation Spirit (The Tyranny of Tradition)\" went to number nine on the Modern Rock chart and was followed by their debut album, 1991's Mental Jewelry, which Harrison again produced. Pat Dalheimer said, \"So important to have somebody else in the room to help us, especially with arrangements.", "Pat Dalheimer said, \"So important to have somebody else in the room to help us, especially with arrangements. I mean, we were still learning how to write songs...Jerry just seemed to know everything...this guy's a wizard!\"", "I mean, we were still learning how to write songs...Jerry just seemed to know everything...this guy's a wizard!\" Some of the album's lyrics, written by Kowalczyk, were inspired by Indian philosopher and writer Jiddu Krishnamurti.", "Some of the album's lyrics, written by Kowalczyk, were inspired by Indian philosopher and writer Jiddu Krishnamurti. Throwing Copper and mainstream success: 1993–1996 After appearances on the MTV 120 Minutes tour, at Woodstock '94, and on Peter Gabriel's WOMAD tour, Live's second album, Throwing Copper, achieved mainstream success.", "Throwing Copper and mainstream success: 1993–1996 After appearances on the MTV 120 Minutes tour, at Woodstock '94, and on Peter Gabriel's WOMAD tour, Live's second album, Throwing Copper, achieved mainstream success. The record featured the singles \"I Alone\", \"All Over You\", and the number-one US Modern Rock hits \"Selling the Drama\" and \"Lightning Crashes\".", "The record featured the singles \"I Alone\", \"All Over You\", and the number-one US Modern Rock hits \"Selling the Drama\" and \"Lightning Crashes\". \"Lightning Crashes\" also stayed at the top of the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart for ten consecutive weeks.", "\"Lightning Crashes\" also stayed at the top of the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart for ten consecutive weeks. The band appeared on NBC's Saturday Night Live, where they played \"I Alone\" and \"Selling the Drama\", and they performed for the first time in the UK, on The Word.", "The band appeared on NBC's Saturday Night Live, where they played \"I Alone\" and \"Selling the Drama\", and they performed for the first time in the UK, on The Word. The success of these singles eventually gained Throwing Copper the number one position on the Billboard 200 album chart on May 6, 1995, its 52nd week on the chart.", "The success of these singles eventually gained Throwing Copper the number one position on the Billboard 200 album chart on May 6, 1995, its 52nd week on the chart. It was the third longest gap between an album first charting and reaching number one, behind Fleetwood Mac's eponymous album in 1976 (58 weeks) and Paula Abdul's Forever Your Girl in 1989 (64 weeks).", "It was the third longest gap between an album first charting and reaching number one, behind Fleetwood Mac's eponymous album in 1976 (58 weeks) and Paula Abdul's Forever Your Girl in 1989 (64 weeks). It is Live's best-selling album to date, having sold eight million copies in the US alone.", "It is Live's best-selling album to date, having sold eight million copies in the US alone. Secret Samadhi and The Distance to Here: 1997–2000 The success of Throwing Copper helped 1997's Secret Samadhi (co-produced by the band and Jay Healy) to reach the number one position in its debut on the US album chart.", "Secret Samadhi and The Distance to Here: 1997–2000 The success of Throwing Copper helped 1997's Secret Samadhi (co-produced by the band and Jay Healy) to reach the number one position in its debut on the US album chart. It took its name from Samadhi, a state of Hindu meditation.", "It took its name from Samadhi, a state of Hindu meditation. The album contained four Modern Rock hit singles, but failed to match its predecessor's success, with sales reaching two million. The band performed \"Lakini's Juice\" and \"Heropsychodreamer\" from the album on Saturday Night Live.", "The band performed \"Lakini's Juice\" and \"Heropsychodreamer\" from the album on Saturday Night Live. Jerry Harrison returned as co-producer for 1999's The Distance to Here, which entered the US album chart at number four and featured the hit single \"The Dolphin's Cry\".", "Jerry Harrison returned as co-producer for 1999's The Distance to Here, which entered the US album chart at number four and featured the hit single \"The Dolphin's Cry\". In 2000, Live embarked on a co-headlining tour with Counting Crows.", "In 2000, Live embarked on a co-headlining tour with Counting Crows. On that tour, Counting Crows' lead singer, Adam Duritz, often joined Live for their performance of \"The Dolphin's Cry\", while Kowalczyk sang a verse of \"Hanginaround\" with Counting Crows.", "On that tour, Counting Crows' lead singer, Adam Duritz, often joined Live for their performance of \"The Dolphin's Cry\", while Kowalczyk sang a verse of \"Hanginaround\" with Counting Crows. V, Birds of Pray, and Awake: The Best of Live: 2001–2004 On September 18, 2001, the experimental V (originally to be called Ecstatic Fanatic) was released to mixed reviews.", "V, Birds of Pray, and Awake: The Best of Live: 2001–2004 On September 18, 2001, the experimental V (originally to be called Ecstatic Fanatic) was released to mixed reviews. The first single was \"Simple Creed\", which featured a rap by Tricky, but the events of 9/11, which occurred a week before V was released, meant that the melancholic \"Overcome\" received significant airplay and became the album's selling point.", "The first single was \"Simple Creed\", which featured a rap by Tricky, but the events of 9/11, which occurred a week before V was released, meant that the melancholic \"Overcome\" received significant airplay and became the album's selling point. V reached number 22 in the US.", "V reached number 22 in the US. Also in 2001, Live contributed a live version of the song \"I Alone\" to the charity album Live in the X Lounge IV.", "Also in 2001, Live contributed a live version of the song \"I Alone\" to the charity album Live in the X Lounge IV. In May 2003, the band released the Jim Wirt-produced Birds of Pray, which reached number 28 on the US album chart, boosted by the unexpected success of the single \"Heaven\", Live's first U.S.", "In May 2003, the band released the Jim Wirt-produced Birds of Pray, which reached number 28 on the US album chart, boosted by the unexpected success of the single \"Heaven\", Live's first U.S. Hot 100 hit single since \"The Dolphin's Cry\".", "Hot 100 hit single since \"The Dolphin's Cry\". In November 2004, Live released a greatest hits compilation, Awake: The Best of Live.", "In November 2004, Live released a greatest hits compilation, Awake: The Best of Live. Awake included \"We Deal in Dreams\", a previously unreleased song from the Throwing Copper sessions, a cover version of Johnny Cash's \"I Walk the Line\", and a new version of their song \"Run Away\", with Shelby Lynne sharing lead vocals with Kowalczyk.", "Awake included \"We Deal in Dreams\", a previously unreleased song from the Throwing Copper sessions, a cover version of Johnny Cash's \"I Walk the Line\", and a new version of their song \"Run Away\", with Shelby Lynne sharing lead vocals with Kowalczyk. A deluxe version of the album included a DVD with 22 music videos and an interview with Kowalczyk.", "A deluxe version of the album included a DVD with 22 music videos and an interview with Kowalczyk. Songs from Black Mountain, Radiant Sea, and live DVD: 2005–2008 In 2005, Live signed to Sony BMG Music Entertainment's Epic label. They released the album Songs from Black Mountain in June 2006.", "They released the album Songs from Black Mountain in June 2006. The record peaked at number 52 on the Billboard 200 album chart, and reached number three on the Billboard Independent album chart. The first single was \"The River\".", "The first single was \"The River\". On season five of American Idol, finalist Chris Daughtry was accused of performing Live's version of Johnny Cash's \"I Walk the Line\" and claiming it as his own interpretation. A week later, Daughtry acknowledged this was true and said that Live was one of his favorite bands.", "A week later, Daughtry acknowledged this was true and said that Live was one of his favorite bands. In May 2006, Live appeared on The Howard Stern Show to address this issue.", "In May 2006, Live appeared on The Howard Stern Show to address this issue. On August 2, 2008, Daughtry and Live performed the band's interpretation of \"I Walk the Line\" together at the Toms River Fest in Toms River, New Jersey.", "On August 2, 2008, Daughtry and Live performed the band's interpretation of \"I Walk the Line\" together at the Toms River Fest in Toms River, New Jersey. On September 14, 2007, Live released Radiant Sea: A Collection of Bootleg Rarities and Two New Songs, their first album since 1989 on their own Action Front Records label.", "On September 14, 2007, Live released Radiant Sea: A Collection of Bootleg Rarities and Two New Songs, their first album since 1989 on their own Action Front Records label. The new songs were \"Beautiful Invisible\" and \"Radiant Sea\".", "The new songs were \"Beautiful Invisible\" and \"Radiant Sea\". Live recorded their first concert DVD in the Netherlands during two shows at the Paradiso on June 30 and July 1, 2008. Live at the Paradiso – Amsterdam was released on November 11, 2008, on DVD and CD.", "Live at the Paradiso – Amsterdam was released on November 11, 2008, on DVD and CD. Also in 2008, the band headlined a US tour that also featured Blues Traveler and Collective Soul. An unreleased Live song, \"Hold Me Up\", features in the 2008 Kevin Smith film Zack and Miri Make a Porno.", "An unreleased Live song, \"Hold Me Up\", features in the 2008 Kevin Smith film Zack and Miri Make a Porno. Smith said, \"I first heard (the song) in '95 when we were putting together the Mallrats soundtrack.", "Smith said, \"I first heard (the song) in '95 when we were putting together the Mallrats soundtrack. It was actually in the film for the first test screening, but Live decided they wanted to hold onto it as a potential single off their next album ... When I was editing Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back ...", "When I was editing Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back ... I put in a request for it...again, I was denied. Third time, apparently, was the charm. Needed a song for that sequence in Zack and Miri and remembered the Live track. This time, the band signed off on us using the track.", "This time, the band signed off on us using the track. Took 13 years, but was worth the wait!\" In spite of Smith's endorsement, the song does not appear on the movie's soundtrack album.", "In spite of Smith's endorsement, the song does not appear on the movie's soundtrack album. Kowalczyk's departure and The Gracious Few After a concert in July 2009, Live announced that the band would take a two-year hiatus to work on other projects.", "Kowalczyk's departure and The Gracious Few After a concert in July 2009, Live announced that the band would take a two-year hiatus to work on other projects. Kowalczyk recorded his solo album Alive, and the other band members formed a group with Kevin Martin and Sean Hennesy of Candlebox, called The Gracious Few.", "Kowalczyk recorded his solo album Alive, and the other band members formed a group with Kevin Martin and Sean Hennesy of Candlebox, called The Gracious Few. That band proceeded to record a self-titled debut album in California for release in September 2010.", "That band proceeded to record a self-titled debut album in California for release in September 2010. On November 30, 2009, Taylor revealed that the \"hiatus\" could become a permanent split.", "On November 30, 2009, Taylor revealed that the \"hiatus\" could become a permanent split. Chris Shinn era and The Turn: 2012–2016 On June 8, 2011, Taylor revealed that he, Dahlheimer, and Gracey would restart the band without Kowalczyk.", "Chris Shinn era and The Turn: 2012–2016 On June 8, 2011, Taylor revealed that he, Dahlheimer, and Gracey would restart the band without Kowalczyk. He made no mention of any new lead singer, but said, \"We'll have to begin addressing the hole left by our singer's departure\".", "He made no mention of any new lead singer, but said, \"We'll have to begin addressing the hole left by our singer's departure\". He added that, \"I need to feel Live once again without the constraints that were placed on it over the last few years.", "He added that, \"I need to feel Live once again without the constraints that were placed on it over the last few years. Chad [Gracey], Patrick, and I invested most of our lives to writing, recording, and performing the songs of Live.", "Chad [Gracey], Patrick, and I invested most of our lives to writing, recording, and performing the songs of Live. We deserve a chance to reconnect with the fans to say goodbye to the old era and hello to the new.\" Kowalczyk disapproved of their decision.", "Kowalczyk disapproved of their decision. Kowalczyk disapproved of their decision. He complained that \"they obfuscate that it's not the real band. They don't say that it's not the original lineup. They just kind of go out and surprise people, and it's really sort of lame\".", "They just kind of go out and surprise people, and it's really sort of lame\". On January 24, 2012, Taylor, Dahlheimer, and Gracey announced that they were leading members in a project to renovate a four-story building at 210 York Street in York. The building housed a technology company, creating sixty new jobs.", "The building housed a technology company, creating sixty new jobs. It also included a brand new recording studio. Live returned from their nearly three-year hiatus on March 12, 2012, with Chris Shinn, formerly of Unified Theory, as their new lead singer.", "Live returned from their nearly three-year hiatus on March 12, 2012, with Chris Shinn, formerly of Unified Theory, as their new lead singer. The new lineup performed before an invited audience at the Strand-Capitol Performing Arts Center in York.", "The new lineup performed before an invited audience at the Strand-Capitol Performing Arts Center in York. They performed with new touring members, including Gracious Few bandmate Sean Hennesy on rhythm guitar and Alexander Lefever on keyboards. In July 2012, Live commenced more legal proceedings against Kowalczyk for misuse of the band's name while promoting his live performances.", "In July 2012, Live commenced more legal proceedings against Kowalczyk for misuse of the band's name while promoting his live performances. Live's first major tour with Shinn was as part of the Summerland Tour 2013, playing 35 shows across the US. Other featured bands were Everclear, Filter, and Sponge.", "Other featured bands were Everclear, Filter, and Sponge. Live's first album to feature Shinn, The Turn, was released on October 28, 2014. The record's first single, \"The Way Around Is Through\", was uploaded to YouTube on September 10, 2014, and officially released on September 16.", "The record's first single, \"The Way Around Is Through\", was uploaded to YouTube on September 10, 2014, and officially released on September 16. During 2014–2015, Kowalczyk embarked on a worldwide tour, playing acoustic \"unplugged\" shows celebrating the twentieth anniversary of the release of Throwing Copper.", "During 2014–2015, Kowalczyk embarked on a worldwide tour, playing acoustic \"unplugged\" shows celebrating the twentieth anniversary of the release of Throwing Copper. Zak Loy accompanied Kowalczyk on this tour, playing guitar, mandolin, pedal steel, and singing backing vocals.", "Zak Loy accompanied Kowalczyk on this tour, playing guitar, mandolin, pedal steel, and singing backing vocals. Kowalczyk's return: 2016–present On October 24, 2016, Chad Taylor and Ed Kowalczyk, along with singer Zoe LaBelle, took part in an interview for WVYC.", "Kowalczyk's return: 2016–present On October 24, 2016, Chad Taylor and Ed Kowalczyk, along with singer Zoe LaBelle, took part in an interview for WVYC. Although the primary reason for the interview was to promote new music by LaBelle that Taylor had worked on, it marked the first time that the two former bandmates had publicly appeared together since 2009.", "Although the primary reason for the interview was to promote new music by LaBelle that Taylor had worked on, it marked the first time that the two former bandmates had publicly appeared together since 2009. Fueling speculation over a possible reunion, the Live Facebook page returned on November 16, 2016, with an early picture of the band's original lineup and a new logo.", "Fueling speculation over a possible reunion, the Live Facebook page returned on November 16, 2016, with an early picture of the band's original lineup and a new logo. On the same day, Ed Kowalczyk's Facebook page was also updated with a new profile picture and cover photo, both displaying the same logo from the band's page.", "On the same day, Ed Kowalczyk's Facebook page was also updated with a new profile picture and cover photo, both displaying the same logo from the band's page. Despite the changes on Facebook, Live's website remained black until December 9, when a countdown was posted suggesting new information would be released on December 12.", "Despite the changes on Facebook, Live's website remained black until December 9, when a countdown was posted suggesting new information would be released on December 12. Later that day, Live's Twitter and Facebook pages announced that the band's original lineup had reunited with tour dates in 2017.", "Later that day, Live's Twitter and Facebook pages announced that the band's original lineup had reunited with tour dates in 2017. In autumn 2018, they released the singles \"Love Lounge\" and \"Be a Giver, Man\". On October 12, they released their new EP, Local 717.", "On October 12, they released their new EP, Local 717. Band members Current members Chad Taylor – lead guitar, backing vocals (1989–2009, 2012–present) Patrick Dahlheimer – bass (1989–2009, 2012–present) Chad Gracey – drums (1989–2009, 2012–present) Ed Kowalczyk – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1989–2009, 2016–present) Current touring members Zak Loy – rhythm guitar, mandolin, backing vocals (2016–present) Clint Simmons – percussion (2019–present) Former members Chris Shinn – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (2012–2016) Former touring musicians Christopher Thorn – rhythm guitar (1998) Adam Kowalczyk – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1999–2009) Michael \"Railo\" Railton – keyboards (1999–2002 & 2008) Sean Hennesy – rhythm guitar (2012) Alexander Lefever – keyboards (2012) Robin Diaz – additional drums (2017–2019) Timeline Discography The Death of a Dictionary (1989, as Public Affection) Mental Jewelry (1991) Throwing Copper (1994) Secret Samadhi (1997) The Distance to Here (1999) V (2001) Birds of Pray (2003) Songs from Black Mountain (2006) The Turn (2014) See also List of alternative rock artists List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. alternative rock chart List of artists who reached number one on the U.S.", "Band members Current members Chad Taylor – lead guitar, backing vocals (1989–2009, 2012–present) Patrick Dahlheimer – bass (1989–2009, 2012–present) Chad Gracey – drums (1989–2009, 2012–present) Ed Kowalczyk – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1989–2009, 2016–present) Current touring members Zak Loy – rhythm guitar, mandolin, backing vocals (2016–present) Clint Simmons – percussion (2019–present) Former members Chris Shinn – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (2012–2016) Former touring musicians Christopher Thorn – rhythm guitar (1998) Adam Kowalczyk – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1999–2009) Michael \"Railo\" Railton – keyboards (1999–2002 & 2008) Sean Hennesy – rhythm guitar (2012) Alexander Lefever – keyboards (2012) Robin Diaz – additional drums (2017–2019) Timeline Discography The Death of a Dictionary (1989, as Public Affection) Mental Jewelry (1991) Throwing Copper (1994) Secret Samadhi (1997) The Distance to Here (1999) V (2001) Birds of Pray (2003) Songs from Black Mountain (2006) The Turn (2014) See also List of alternative rock artists List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. alternative rock chart List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Mainstream Rock chart List of Epic Records artists List of hard rock musicians List of post-grunge bands References External links YouTube 1984 establishments in Pennsylvania 2009 disestablishments in Pennsylvania 2011 establishments in Pennsylvania Alternative rock groups from Pennsylvania American post-grunge musical groups Epic Records artists Hard rock musical groups from Pennsylvania Musical groups established in 1984 Musical groups disestablished in 2009 Musical groups reestablished in 2011 Musical groups from Pennsylvania Musical quartets Musicians from York, Pennsylvania Sony BMG artists Vanguard Records artists York, Pennsylvania" ]

[ "Live (band)", "Songs from Black Mountain, Radiant Sea and live DVD: 2005-2008", "What are Songs from Black Mountain?", "The River", "What is Raidant Sea?", "first album", "What is important about this dvd?", "first concert DVD" ]

[ "\"What Else Is There?\" is the third single from the Norwegian duo Röyksopp's second album The Understanding. It features the vocals of Karin Dreijer from the Swedish electronica duo The Knife. The album was released in the UK with the help of Astralwerks.\n\nThe single was used in an O2 television advertisement in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia during 2008. It was also used in the 2006 film Cashback and the 2007 film, Meet Bill. Trentemøller's remix of \"What Else is There?\" was featured in an episode of the HBO show Entourage.\n\nThe song was covered by extreme metal band Enslaved as a bonus track for their album E.\n\nThe song was listed as the 375th best song of the 2000s by Pitchfork Media.\n\nOfficial versions\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Album Version) – 5:17\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Radio Edit) – 3:38\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Jacques Lu Cont Radio Mix) – 3:46\n\"What Else Is There?\" (The Emperor Machine Vocal Version) – 8:03\n\"What Else Is There?\" (The Emperor Machine Dub Version) – 7:51\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Thin White Duke Mix) – 8:25\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Thin White Duke Edit) – 4:50\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Thin White Duke Remix) (Radio Edit) – 3:06\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Trentemøller Remix) – 7:42\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Vitalic Remix) – 5:14\n\nResponse\nThe single was officially released on 5 December 2005 in the UK. The single had a limited release on 21 November 2005 to promote the upcoming album. On the UK Singles Chart, it peaked at number 32, while on the UK Dance Chart, it reached number one.\n\nMusic video\nThe music video was directed by Martin de Thurah. It features Norwegian model Marianne Schröder who is shown lip-syncing Dreijer's voice. Schröder is depicted as a floating woman traveling across stormy landscapes and within empty houses. Dreijer makes a cameo appearance as a woman wearing an Elizabethan ruff while dining alone at a festive table.\n\nMovie spots\n\nThe song is also featured in the movie Meet Bill as characters played by Jessica Alba and Aaron Eckhart smoke marijuana while listening to it. It is also part of the end credits music of the film Cashback.\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\n2005 singles\nRöyksopp songs\nAstralwerks singles\nSongs written by Svein Berge\nSongs written by Torbjørn Brundtland\n2004 songs\nSongs written by Roger Greenaway\nSongs written by Olof Dreijer\nSongs written by Karin Dreijer", "\"The Hardest Thing\" is the third single released from American boy band 98 Degrees's second studio album, 98 Degrees and Rising (1998). \"The Hardest Thing\" peaked at number five in the United States, number 10 in Canada, number 29 in the United Kingdom, and number 31 in Ireland. It also experienced moderate success in Oceania, peaking at number 24 in Australia and number five in New Zealand. The single was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of 500,000 units.\n\nSong meaning\nThe song is about a man who is torn between two women that he loves: one being his significant other and the other being his mistress. This is apparent when Doctor Zhivago is referenced in the second verse of the song. In the end, the man chooses to say goodbye to his mistress because it is only fair to his significant other, who has always trusted him. This becomes clear in the first verse of the song when he says, \"I've got somewhere else to be, promises to keep/Someone else who loves me and trusts me fast asleep.\" However, as he is saying goodbye to the mistress, he has to hide his true feelings (love) from her; hence, the title of the song: \"The Hardest Thing\". As he says goodbye to his mistress, he thinks, \"It's the hardest thing I'll ever have to do to look you in the eye and tell you I don't love you.\" However, he knows that their love is real and that they will (hopefully) meet again when the time is right: \"I know that we'll meet again/Fate has a place and time/So you can get on with your life.\"\n\nMusic video\nThe music video takes place inside a boxing arena. Nick Lachey, the protagonist in the video, is the gentleman who is torn between two ladies. Nick is a boxer in the video, and his mistress is a show girl. His significant other is not in the video.\n\nTrack listings\nUS CD single\n \"The Hardest Thing\" (radio version) – 3:47\n \"Because of You\" (Hex Hector Dance Mix) – 3:07\n \"Invisible Man\" – 4:42\n\nUK 12-inch vinyl\nA1. \"The Hardest Thing\" (Love to Infinity Master Mix) – 6:35\nB1. \"The Hardest Thing\" (album version] – 4:34\n\nUK maxi-CD\n \"The Hardest Thing\" (radio version) – 3:47\n \"The Hardest Thing\" (album version) – 4:34\n \"The Hardest Thing\" (Love to Infinity Master Mix) – 6:35\n \"The Hardest Thing\" (music video) – 3:31\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\n1990s ballads\n1998 songs\n1999 singles\n98 Degrees songs\nSongs about infidelity\nSongs written by David Frank (musician)\nSongs written by Steve Kipner\nUniversal Records singles" ]

[ "Live (, often typeset as LĪVE or +LĪVE+) is an American rock band formed in York, Pennsylvania in 1984, consisting of Ed Kowalczyk (lead vocals, rhythm guitar), Chad Taylor (lead guitar, backing vocals), Patrick Dahlheimer (bass), and Chad Gracey (drums). The band started to gain attention following their single \"Operation Spirit (The Tyranny of Tradition)\", the video for which got regular airplay on MTV, and the moderate success of their second album, Mental Jewelry.", "The band started to gain attention following their single \"Operation Spirit (The Tyranny of Tradition)\", the video for which got regular airplay on MTV, and the moderate success of their second album, Mental Jewelry. Their biggest success came in 1994, with their third album, Throwing Copper, which sold eight million copies in the U.S.", "Their biggest success came in 1994, with their third album, Throwing Copper, which sold eight million copies in the U.S. The band had a string of hit singles in the mid-1990s, including \"Lightning Crashes\", which stayed at the top of the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart for ten consecutive weeks and the Modern Rock Tracks (now Alternative Songs) chart for nine weeks from February 25 to April 22, 1995.", "The band had a string of hit singles in the mid-1990s, including \"Lightning Crashes\", which stayed at the top of the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart for ten consecutive weeks and the Modern Rock Tracks (now Alternative Songs) chart for nine weeks from February 25 to April 22, 1995. The band has sold over twenty million albums worldwide.", "The band has sold over twenty million albums worldwide. When touring, Live has used additional musicians, including Ed Kowalczyk's younger brother Adam, British keyboardist Michael \"Railo\" Railton, rhythm guitarist Christopher Thorn of Blind Melon, and guitarist Zak Loy of Alpha Rev.", "When touring, Live has used additional musicians, including Ed Kowalczyk's younger brother Adam, British keyboardist Michael \"Railo\" Railton, rhythm guitarist Christopher Thorn of Blind Melon, and guitarist Zak Loy of Alpha Rev. In 2009, Ed Kowalczyk left the band; he was replaced by singer Chris Shinn and the band released the album The Turn in October 2014.", "In 2009, Ed Kowalczyk left the band; he was replaced by singer Chris Shinn and the band released the album The Turn in October 2014. Kowalczyk rejoined in December 2016 and in 2018, they released a new EP, Local 717.", "Kowalczyk rejoined in December 2016 and in 2018, they released a new EP, Local 717. History Early history, The Death of a Dictionary, and Mental Jewelry: 1984–1992 Live started in the early 1980s under the name First Aid, as a trio of Taylor, Dahlheimer, and Gracey.", "History Early history, The Death of a Dictionary, and Mental Jewelry: 1984–1992 Live started in the early 1980s under the name First Aid, as a trio of Taylor, Dahlheimer, and Gracey. Kowalczyk joined in 1984, when the group lost a talent show.", "Kowalczyk joined in 1984, when the group lost a talent show. They went through various different names, including Action Front, Paisley Blues, and Club Fungus, before settling on Public Affection in January 1987. Gracey picked the name based on a comment by his girlfriend at the time.", "Gracey picked the name based on a comment by his girlfriend at the time. When the band graduated from high school, they recorded a self-released cassette of original songs, titled The Death of a Dictionary, in 1989.", "When the band graduated from high school, they recorded a self-released cassette of original songs, titled The Death of a Dictionary, in 1989. In 1990, they released an EP of demos produced by Jay Healy, titled Divided Mind, Divided Planet, via their \"Black Coffee\" mailing list.", "In 1990, they released an EP of demos produced by Jay Healy, titled Divided Mind, Divided Planet, via their \"Black Coffee\" mailing list. They played regular concerts at CBGB in New York City, which helped earn them a contract with Radioactive Records in 1991.", "They played regular concerts at CBGB in New York City, which helped earn them a contract with Radioactive Records in 1991. In June that year, the band changed its name to Live. Under the new name, the band entered the studio with producer Jerry Harrison (of Talking Heads) and recorded the EP Four Songs.", "Under the new name, the band entered the studio with producer Jerry Harrison (of Talking Heads) and recorded the EP Four Songs. The single \"Operation Spirit (The Tyranny of Tradition)\" went to number nine on the Modern Rock chart and was followed by their debut album, 1991's Mental Jewelry, which Harrison again produced.", "The single \"Operation Spirit (The Tyranny of Tradition)\" went to number nine on the Modern Rock chart and was followed by their debut album, 1991's Mental Jewelry, which Harrison again produced. Pat Dalheimer said, \"So important to have somebody else in the room to help us, especially with arrangements.", "Pat Dalheimer said, \"So important to have somebody else in the room to help us, especially with arrangements. I mean, we were still learning how to write songs...Jerry just seemed to know everything...this guy's a wizard!\"", "I mean, we were still learning how to write songs...Jerry just seemed to know everything...this guy's a wizard!\" Some of the album's lyrics, written by Kowalczyk, were inspired by Indian philosopher and writer Jiddu Krishnamurti.", "Some of the album's lyrics, written by Kowalczyk, were inspired by Indian philosopher and writer Jiddu Krishnamurti. Throwing Copper and mainstream success: 1993–1996 After appearances on the MTV 120 Minutes tour, at Woodstock '94, and on Peter Gabriel's WOMAD tour, Live's second album, Throwing Copper, achieved mainstream success.", "Throwing Copper and mainstream success: 1993–1996 After appearances on the MTV 120 Minutes tour, at Woodstock '94, and on Peter Gabriel's WOMAD tour, Live's second album, Throwing Copper, achieved mainstream success. The record featured the singles \"I Alone\", \"All Over You\", and the number-one US Modern Rock hits \"Selling the Drama\" and \"Lightning Crashes\".", "The record featured the singles \"I Alone\", \"All Over You\", and the number-one US Modern Rock hits \"Selling the Drama\" and \"Lightning Crashes\". \"Lightning Crashes\" also stayed at the top of the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart for ten consecutive weeks.", "\"Lightning Crashes\" also stayed at the top of the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart for ten consecutive weeks. The band appeared on NBC's Saturday Night Live, where they played \"I Alone\" and \"Selling the Drama\", and they performed for the first time in the UK, on The Word.", "The band appeared on NBC's Saturday Night Live, where they played \"I Alone\" and \"Selling the Drama\", and they performed for the first time in the UK, on The Word. The success of these singles eventually gained Throwing Copper the number one position on the Billboard 200 album chart on May 6, 1995, its 52nd week on the chart.", "The success of these singles eventually gained Throwing Copper the number one position on the Billboard 200 album chart on May 6, 1995, its 52nd week on the chart. It was the third longest gap between an album first charting and reaching number one, behind Fleetwood Mac's eponymous album in 1976 (58 weeks) and Paula Abdul's Forever Your Girl in 1989 (64 weeks).", "It was the third longest gap between an album first charting and reaching number one, behind Fleetwood Mac's eponymous album in 1976 (58 weeks) and Paula Abdul's Forever Your Girl in 1989 (64 weeks). It is Live's best-selling album to date, having sold eight million copies in the US alone.", "It is Live's best-selling album to date, having sold eight million copies in the US alone. Secret Samadhi and The Distance to Here: 1997–2000 The success of Throwing Copper helped 1997's Secret Samadhi (co-produced by the band and Jay Healy) to reach the number one position in its debut on the US album chart.", "Secret Samadhi and The Distance to Here: 1997–2000 The success of Throwing Copper helped 1997's Secret Samadhi (co-produced by the band and Jay Healy) to reach the number one position in its debut on the US album chart. It took its name from Samadhi, a state of Hindu meditation.", "It took its name from Samadhi, a state of Hindu meditation. The album contained four Modern Rock hit singles, but failed to match its predecessor's success, with sales reaching two million. The band performed \"Lakini's Juice\" and \"Heropsychodreamer\" from the album on Saturday Night Live.", "The band performed \"Lakini's Juice\" and \"Heropsychodreamer\" from the album on Saturday Night Live. Jerry Harrison returned as co-producer for 1999's The Distance to Here, which entered the US album chart at number four and featured the hit single \"The Dolphin's Cry\".", "Jerry Harrison returned as co-producer for 1999's The Distance to Here, which entered the US album chart at number four and featured the hit single \"The Dolphin's Cry\". In 2000, Live embarked on a co-headlining tour with Counting Crows.", "In 2000, Live embarked on a co-headlining tour with Counting Crows. On that tour, Counting Crows' lead singer, Adam Duritz, often joined Live for their performance of \"The Dolphin's Cry\", while Kowalczyk sang a verse of \"Hanginaround\" with Counting Crows.", "On that tour, Counting Crows' lead singer, Adam Duritz, often joined Live for their performance of \"The Dolphin's Cry\", while Kowalczyk sang a verse of \"Hanginaround\" with Counting Crows. V, Birds of Pray, and Awake: The Best of Live: 2001–2004 On September 18, 2001, the experimental V (originally to be called Ecstatic Fanatic) was released to mixed reviews.", "V, Birds of Pray, and Awake: The Best of Live: 2001–2004 On September 18, 2001, the experimental V (originally to be called Ecstatic Fanatic) was released to mixed reviews. The first single was \"Simple Creed\", which featured a rap by Tricky, but the events of 9/11, which occurred a week before V was released, meant that the melancholic \"Overcome\" received significant airplay and became the album's selling point.", "The first single was \"Simple Creed\", which featured a rap by Tricky, but the events of 9/11, which occurred a week before V was released, meant that the melancholic \"Overcome\" received significant airplay and became the album's selling point. V reached number 22 in the US.", "V reached number 22 in the US. Also in 2001, Live contributed a live version of the song \"I Alone\" to the charity album Live in the X Lounge IV.", "Also in 2001, Live contributed a live version of the song \"I Alone\" to the charity album Live in the X Lounge IV. In May 2003, the band released the Jim Wirt-produced Birds of Pray, which reached number 28 on the US album chart, boosted by the unexpected success of the single \"Heaven\", Live's first U.S.", "In May 2003, the band released the Jim Wirt-produced Birds of Pray, which reached number 28 on the US album chart, boosted by the unexpected success of the single \"Heaven\", Live's first U.S. Hot 100 hit single since \"The Dolphin's Cry\".", "Hot 100 hit single since \"The Dolphin's Cry\". In November 2004, Live released a greatest hits compilation, Awake: The Best of Live.", "In November 2004, Live released a greatest hits compilation, Awake: The Best of Live. Awake included \"We Deal in Dreams\", a previously unreleased song from the Throwing Copper sessions, a cover version of Johnny Cash's \"I Walk the Line\", and a new version of their song \"Run Away\", with Shelby Lynne sharing lead vocals with Kowalczyk.", "Awake included \"We Deal in Dreams\", a previously unreleased song from the Throwing Copper sessions, a cover version of Johnny Cash's \"I Walk the Line\", and a new version of their song \"Run Away\", with Shelby Lynne sharing lead vocals with Kowalczyk. A deluxe version of the album included a DVD with 22 music videos and an interview with Kowalczyk.", "A deluxe version of the album included a DVD with 22 music videos and an interview with Kowalczyk. Songs from Black Mountain, Radiant Sea, and live DVD: 2005–2008 In 2005, Live signed to Sony BMG Music Entertainment's Epic label. They released the album Songs from Black Mountain in June 2006.", "They released the album Songs from Black Mountain in June 2006. The record peaked at number 52 on the Billboard 200 album chart, and reached number three on the Billboard Independent album chart. The first single was \"The River\".", "The first single was \"The River\". On season five of American Idol, finalist Chris Daughtry was accused of performing Live's version of Johnny Cash's \"I Walk the Line\" and claiming it as his own interpretation. A week later, Daughtry acknowledged this was true and said that Live was one of his favorite bands.", "A week later, Daughtry acknowledged this was true and said that Live was one of his favorite bands. In May 2006, Live appeared on The Howard Stern Show to address this issue.", "In May 2006, Live appeared on The Howard Stern Show to address this issue. On August 2, 2008, Daughtry and Live performed the band's interpretation of \"I Walk the Line\" together at the Toms River Fest in Toms River, New Jersey.", "On August 2, 2008, Daughtry and Live performed the band's interpretation of \"I Walk the Line\" together at the Toms River Fest in Toms River, New Jersey. On September 14, 2007, Live released Radiant Sea: A Collection of Bootleg Rarities and Two New Songs, their first album since 1989 on their own Action Front Records label.", "On September 14, 2007, Live released Radiant Sea: A Collection of Bootleg Rarities and Two New Songs, their first album since 1989 on their own Action Front Records label. The new songs were \"Beautiful Invisible\" and \"Radiant Sea\".", "The new songs were \"Beautiful Invisible\" and \"Radiant Sea\". Live recorded their first concert DVD in the Netherlands during two shows at the Paradiso on June 30 and July 1, 2008. Live at the Paradiso – Amsterdam was released on November 11, 2008, on DVD and CD.", "Live at the Paradiso – Amsterdam was released on November 11, 2008, on DVD and CD. Also in 2008, the band headlined a US tour that also featured Blues Traveler and Collective Soul. An unreleased Live song, \"Hold Me Up\", features in the 2008 Kevin Smith film Zack and Miri Make a Porno.", "An unreleased Live song, \"Hold Me Up\", features in the 2008 Kevin Smith film Zack and Miri Make a Porno. Smith said, \"I first heard (the song) in '95 when we were putting together the Mallrats soundtrack.", "Smith said, \"I first heard (the song) in '95 when we were putting together the Mallrats soundtrack. It was actually in the film for the first test screening, but Live decided they wanted to hold onto it as a potential single off their next album ... When I was editing Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back ...", "When I was editing Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back ... I put in a request for it...again, I was denied. Third time, apparently, was the charm. Needed a song for that sequence in Zack and Miri and remembered the Live track. This time, the band signed off on us using the track.", "This time, the band signed off on us using the track. Took 13 years, but was worth the wait!\" In spite of Smith's endorsement, the song does not appear on the movie's soundtrack album.", "In spite of Smith's endorsement, the song does not appear on the movie's soundtrack album. Kowalczyk's departure and The Gracious Few After a concert in July 2009, Live announced that the band would take a two-year hiatus to work on other projects.", "Kowalczyk's departure and The Gracious Few After a concert in July 2009, Live announced that the band would take a two-year hiatus to work on other projects. Kowalczyk recorded his solo album Alive, and the other band members formed a group with Kevin Martin and Sean Hennesy of Candlebox, called The Gracious Few.", "Kowalczyk recorded his solo album Alive, and the other band members formed a group with Kevin Martin and Sean Hennesy of Candlebox, called The Gracious Few. That band proceeded to record a self-titled debut album in California for release in September 2010.", "That band proceeded to record a self-titled debut album in California for release in September 2010. On November 30, 2009, Taylor revealed that the \"hiatus\" could become a permanent split.", "On November 30, 2009, Taylor revealed that the \"hiatus\" could become a permanent split. Chris Shinn era and The Turn: 2012–2016 On June 8, 2011, Taylor revealed that he, Dahlheimer, and Gracey would restart the band without Kowalczyk.", "Chris Shinn era and The Turn: 2012–2016 On June 8, 2011, Taylor revealed that he, Dahlheimer, and Gracey would restart the band without Kowalczyk. He made no mention of any new lead singer, but said, \"We'll have to begin addressing the hole left by our singer's departure\".", "He made no mention of any new lead singer, but said, \"We'll have to begin addressing the hole left by our singer's departure\". He added that, \"I need to feel Live once again without the constraints that were placed on it over the last few years.", "He added that, \"I need to feel Live once again without the constraints that were placed on it over the last few years. Chad [Gracey], Patrick, and I invested most of our lives to writing, recording, and performing the songs of Live.", "Chad [Gracey], Patrick, and I invested most of our lives to writing, recording, and performing the songs of Live. We deserve a chance to reconnect with the fans to say goodbye to the old era and hello to the new.\" Kowalczyk disapproved of their decision.", "Kowalczyk disapproved of their decision. Kowalczyk disapproved of their decision. He complained that \"they obfuscate that it's not the real band. They don't say that it's not the original lineup. They just kind of go out and surprise people, and it's really sort of lame\".", "They just kind of go out and surprise people, and it's really sort of lame\". On January 24, 2012, Taylor, Dahlheimer, and Gracey announced that they were leading members in a project to renovate a four-story building at 210 York Street in York. The building housed a technology company, creating sixty new jobs.", "The building housed a technology company, creating sixty new jobs. It also included a brand new recording studio. Live returned from their nearly three-year hiatus on March 12, 2012, with Chris Shinn, formerly of Unified Theory, as their new lead singer.", "Live returned from their nearly three-year hiatus on March 12, 2012, with Chris Shinn, formerly of Unified Theory, as their new lead singer. The new lineup performed before an invited audience at the Strand-Capitol Performing Arts Center in York.", "The new lineup performed before an invited audience at the Strand-Capitol Performing Arts Center in York. They performed with new touring members, including Gracious Few bandmate Sean Hennesy on rhythm guitar and Alexander Lefever on keyboards. In July 2012, Live commenced more legal proceedings against Kowalczyk for misuse of the band's name while promoting his live performances.", "In July 2012, Live commenced more legal proceedings against Kowalczyk for misuse of the band's name while promoting his live performances. Live's first major tour with Shinn was as part of the Summerland Tour 2013, playing 35 shows across the US. Other featured bands were Everclear, Filter, and Sponge.", "Other featured bands were Everclear, Filter, and Sponge. Live's first album to feature Shinn, The Turn, was released on October 28, 2014. The record's first single, \"The Way Around Is Through\", was uploaded to YouTube on September 10, 2014, and officially released on September 16.", "The record's first single, \"The Way Around Is Through\", was uploaded to YouTube on September 10, 2014, and officially released on September 16. During 2014–2015, Kowalczyk embarked on a worldwide tour, playing acoustic \"unplugged\" shows celebrating the twentieth anniversary of the release of Throwing Copper.", "During 2014–2015, Kowalczyk embarked on a worldwide tour, playing acoustic \"unplugged\" shows celebrating the twentieth anniversary of the release of Throwing Copper. Zak Loy accompanied Kowalczyk on this tour, playing guitar, mandolin, pedal steel, and singing backing vocals.", "Zak Loy accompanied Kowalczyk on this tour, playing guitar, mandolin, pedal steel, and singing backing vocals. Kowalczyk's return: 2016–present On October 24, 2016, Chad Taylor and Ed Kowalczyk, along with singer Zoe LaBelle, took part in an interview for WVYC.", "Kowalczyk's return: 2016–present On October 24, 2016, Chad Taylor and Ed Kowalczyk, along with singer Zoe LaBelle, took part in an interview for WVYC. Although the primary reason for the interview was to promote new music by LaBelle that Taylor had worked on, it marked the first time that the two former bandmates had publicly appeared together since 2009.", "Although the primary reason for the interview was to promote new music by LaBelle that Taylor had worked on, it marked the first time that the two former bandmates had publicly appeared together since 2009. Fueling speculation over a possible reunion, the Live Facebook page returned on November 16, 2016, with an early picture of the band's original lineup and a new logo.", "Fueling speculation over a possible reunion, the Live Facebook page returned on November 16, 2016, with an early picture of the band's original lineup and a new logo. On the same day, Ed Kowalczyk's Facebook page was also updated with a new profile picture and cover photo, both displaying the same logo from the band's page.", "On the same day, Ed Kowalczyk's Facebook page was also updated with a new profile picture and cover photo, both displaying the same logo from the band's page. Despite the changes on Facebook, Live's website remained black until December 9, when a countdown was posted suggesting new information would be released on December 12.", "Despite the changes on Facebook, Live's website remained black until December 9, when a countdown was posted suggesting new information would be released on December 12. Later that day, Live's Twitter and Facebook pages announced that the band's original lineup had reunited with tour dates in 2017.", "Later that day, Live's Twitter and Facebook pages announced that the band's original lineup had reunited with tour dates in 2017. In autumn 2018, they released the singles \"Love Lounge\" and \"Be a Giver, Man\". On October 12, they released their new EP, Local 717.", "On October 12, they released their new EP, Local 717. Band members Current members Chad Taylor – lead guitar, backing vocals (1989–2009, 2012–present) Patrick Dahlheimer – bass (1989–2009, 2012–present) Chad Gracey – drums (1989–2009, 2012–present) Ed Kowalczyk – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1989–2009, 2016–present) Current touring members Zak Loy – rhythm guitar, mandolin, backing vocals (2016–present) Clint Simmons – percussion (2019–present) Former members Chris Shinn – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (2012–2016) Former touring musicians Christopher Thorn – rhythm guitar (1998) Adam Kowalczyk – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1999–2009) Michael \"Railo\" Railton – keyboards (1999–2002 & 2008) Sean Hennesy – rhythm guitar (2012) Alexander Lefever – keyboards (2012) Robin Diaz – additional drums (2017–2019) Timeline Discography The Death of a Dictionary (1989, as Public Affection) Mental Jewelry (1991) Throwing Copper (1994) Secret Samadhi (1997) The Distance to Here (1999) V (2001) Birds of Pray (2003) Songs from Black Mountain (2006) The Turn (2014) See also List of alternative rock artists List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. alternative rock chart List of artists who reached number one on the U.S.", "Band members Current members Chad Taylor – lead guitar, backing vocals (1989–2009, 2012–present) Patrick Dahlheimer – bass (1989–2009, 2012–present) Chad Gracey – drums (1989–2009, 2012–present) Ed Kowalczyk – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1989–2009, 2016–present) Current touring members Zak Loy – rhythm guitar, mandolin, backing vocals (2016–present) Clint Simmons – percussion (2019–present) Former members Chris Shinn – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (2012–2016) Former touring musicians Christopher Thorn – rhythm guitar (1998) Adam Kowalczyk – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1999–2009) Michael \"Railo\" Railton – keyboards (1999–2002 & 2008) Sean Hennesy – rhythm guitar (2012) Alexander Lefever – keyboards (2012) Robin Diaz – additional drums (2017–2019) Timeline Discography The Death of a Dictionary (1989, as Public Affection) Mental Jewelry (1991) Throwing Copper (1994) Secret Samadhi (1997) The Distance to Here (1999) V (2001) Birds of Pray (2003) Songs from Black Mountain (2006) The Turn (2014) See also List of alternative rock artists List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. alternative rock chart List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Mainstream Rock chart List of Epic Records artists List of hard rock musicians List of post-grunge bands References External links YouTube 1984 establishments in Pennsylvania 2009 disestablishments in Pennsylvania 2011 establishments in Pennsylvania Alternative rock groups from Pennsylvania American post-grunge musical groups Epic Records artists Hard rock musical groups from Pennsylvania Musical groups established in 1984 Musical groups disestablished in 2009 Musical groups reestablished in 2011 Musical groups from Pennsylvania Musical quartets Musicians from York, Pennsylvania Sony BMG artists Vanguard Records artists York, Pennsylvania" ]

[ "Vampire Weekend", "Departure of Batmanglij, Columbia Records and LP4 (2014 - present)", "who left", "Rostam Batmanglij announced his departure from the band on Twitter." ]

[ "Why may refer to:\n\n Causality, a consequential relationship between two events\n Reason (argument), a premise in support of an argument, for what reason or purpose\n Grounding (metaphysics), a topic in metaphysics regarding how things exist in virtue of more fundamental things.\n Why?, one of the Five Ws used in journalism\n\nMusic\n\nArtists\n Why? (American band), a hip hop/indie rock band formed in Oakland, California, in 2004\n Yoni Wolf, formerly known by the stage name Why?\n Why?, a 1990s UK folk band, two members of which later formed Quench in 2001\n Why (Canadian band), a rock band formed in Winnipeg, Manitoba, in 1993\n\nAlbums\n Why? (Discharge album)\n Why? (Ginger Baker album)\n Why? (Jacob Whitesides album)\n Why (Prudence Liew album)\n Why? (They Might Be Giants album)\n Why (Taeyeon EP)\n Why (Baby V.O.X)\n Why, by Moahni Moahna\n\nSongs\n \"Why\" (3T song), featuring Michael Jackson\n \"Why\" (Andy Gibb song)\n \"Why\" (Annie Lennox song), covered by DJ Sammy, Kelly Clarkson, Lara Fabian, Allison Crowe, and others\n \"Why?\" (Bronski Beat song)\n \"Why\" (The Byrds song), B-side to the single \"Eight Miles High\"\n \"Why\" (Carly Simon song)\n \"Why\" (Cathy Dennis song)\n \"Why\" (Frankie Avalon song), covered by Anthony Newley and by Donny Osmond\n \"Why\" (Gabrielle song)\n \"Why?\" (Geir Rönning song)\n \"Why\" (Glamma Kid song)\n \"Why\" (Jadakiss song)\n \"Why\" (Jason Aldean song)\n \"Why\" (Jieqiong song)\n \"Why\" (Lionel Richie song)\n \"Why?\" (Marika Gombitová song)\n \"Why\" (Mary J. Blige song), featuring Rick Ross\n \"Why\" (Miliyah Kato song)\n \"Why?\" (Mis-Teeq song)\n \"Why\" (Rascal Flatts song)\n \"Why\" (Sabrina Carpenter song)\n \"Why\" (Sonique song)\n \"Why\" (Taeyeon song)\n \"Why\" (Tony Sheridan song), with The Beatles\n \"Why (Must We Fall in Love)\", a song by Diana Ross & The Supremes\n \"Why, Why, Why\", a song by Billy Currington\n \"Why\", by 4Minute from Best of 4Minute\n \"Why\", by Air Supply from Mumbo Jumbo\n \"Why?\", by Aminé from OnePointFive\n \"Why\", by Antique from Die for You\n \"Why\", by Average White Band from Cut the Cake\n \"Why\" by Avril Lavigne, B-side to the single \"Complicated\"\n \"Why\", by Ayaka from the single \"Clap & Love\"/\"Why\" and the theme song of the PSP game Crisis Core: Final Fantasy VII\n \"Why\", by Bazzi from Cosmic\n \"Why\", by Basshunter from Bass Generation\n \"Why\", by Busted from A Present for Everyone\n \"Why, Pt. 2\", by Collective Soul from Blender\n \"Why\", by Crossfade from Falling Away\n \"Why?\", by Des'ree from Dream Soldier\n \"Why! ...\", by Enigma from Le Roi Est Mort, Vive Le Roi!\n \"Why\", by Fleetwood Mac from Mystery to Me\n \"Why\", by Frankie Valli from Closeup\n \"Why\", by Godsmack from Awake\n \"Why\", by Helloween from Master of the Rings\n \"Why\", by Irene Cara from Anyone Can See\n \"Why\", by Jamie Walters from Jamie Walters\n \"Why\", by Jason Aldean, also covered by Shannon Brown from Corn Fed\n \"Why\", by Jocelyn Enriquez from All My Life\n \"Why\", by Joe Satriani from The Extremist\n \"Why\", by Limp Bizkit from Greatest Hitz\n \"Why?\", by Lonnie Mack from The Wham of that Memphis Man\n \"Why\", by Mario from Go!\n \"Why\", by Melanie Chisholm from Northern Star\n \"Why\", by Natalie Imbruglia from Left of the Middle\n \"Why\", by Ne-Yo from Non-Fiction\n \"Why\", by NF from The Search\n \"Why\", by Rooney\n \"Why?\", by Secondhand Serenade from A Twist In My Story\n \"Why\", by Shawn Mendes from Shawn Mendes\n \"Why\", by Stabbing Westward from Wither Blister Burn & Peel\n \"Why\", by Swift from Thoughts Are Thought\n \"Why?\", by Tracy Chapman from Tracy Chapman\n \"Why\", by Uriah Heep from Demons and Wizards\n \"Why?\", by Vanilla Ninja from Vanilla Ninja\n \"Why\", by Wide Mouth Mason from Where I Started\n \"Why\", by Yoko Ono from Yoko Ono/Plastic Ono Band\n \"Why?\", by Z-Ro from The Life of Joseph W. McVey\n \"Why\", written by Buddy Feyne, notably performed by Nat King Cole\n \"Why\", from the musical Tick, tick... BOOM!\n \"Why\", from the television series Fraggle Rock\n \"Why? (The King of Love Is Dead)\", by Nina Simone from 'Nuff Said!\n \"Why (What's Goin' On?)\", a song by The Roots from The Tipping Point \"Why, Why, Why\", a song by Eddie Rabbitt from Songs from Rabbittland \"Why? Why? Why? (Is It So Hard)\", a song by Paul Revere & The Raiders from The Spirit of '67Other media\n Why (board game), a game based on the television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents Why? (film), a 1987 Czech film\n Why? (1971 film), a 1971 short starring O. J. Simpson and Tim Buckley\n Why? (book), a children's book by Tomie dePaola\n \"Why?\", an episode of the TV series As Time Goes By Why? with Hannibal Buress'', a Comedy Central television series\n\nPlaces\n Why, Arizona, an unincorporated community in the United States\n Why, Lakes, South Sudan\n\nSurname\n Alby Why (1899–1969), Australian rugby league footballer\n Jack Why (1903–1944), Australian rugby league footballer\n\nTransport\n Whyteleafe railway station, Surrey, National Rail station code\n\nOther uses\n Why the lucky stiff, or simply why or _why, a computer programmer and artist\n World Hunger Year (WHY), a charity organization\n Why?, a satirical wiki and subproject of Uncyclopedia\n\nSee also\n Wai (disambiguation)\n Wye (disambiguation)\n Y (disambiguation)", "Tell Me Why may refer to:\n\nBooks \n Tell Me Why (magazine), a British children's magazine relaunched as World of Wonder\n Tell Me Why, a 2009 book by Eric Walters\n\nMusic\n\nAlbums\n Tell Me Why (Archie Roach album), 2019\n Tell Me Why (Bobby Vinton album), 1964, or the title song\n Tell Me Why (Jann Browne album), 1990, or the title song\n Tell Me Why (Wynonna Judd album) 1993, or the title song\n Tell Me Why, a 2002 EP and its title song by Pocket Venus\n\nSongs\n \"Tell Me Why\" (1951 song), song written by Al Alberts and Marty Gold, popularized by The Four Aces and by Eddie Fisher\n \"Tell Me Why\" (1956 song), song written by Titus Turner, popularized by Marie Knight, and later by Elvis Presley\n \"Tell Me Why\" (Beatles song), 1964\n \"Tell Me Why\" (Declan Galbraith song), 2002\n \"Tell Me Why\" (Earl Thomas Conley song), 1981\n \"Tell Me Why\" (Echobelly song)\n \"Tell Me Why\" (Exposé song), 1989\n \"Tell Me Why\" (Genesis song), 1991\n \"Tell Me Why\" (Jann Browne song), 1990\n \"Tell Me Why\" (M.I.A. song), 2010\n \"Tell Me Why\" (Monica Anghel and Marcel Pavel song), 2002\n \"Tell Me Why\" (Neil Young song), 1970\n \"Tell Me Why\" (Spice Girls song), 2000\n \"Tell Me Why\" (Supermode song), 2006\n \"Tell Me Why\" (Wah Wah Collective song), 2013\n \"Tell Me Why\" (Wynonna Judd song), 1993\n \"Tell Me Why (The Riddle)\", a 2000 song by Paul van Dyk and Saint Etienne\n \"Tell Me Why\", by the Bee Gees from 2 Years On\n \"Tell Me Why\", by Berlin from Pleasure Victim\n \"Tell Me Why\", by Eddie Cochran from Singin' to My Baby, adapted from\n \"Tell Me Why\", written by Mitchell Parish, Michael Edwards, and Sigmund Spaeth, adapted from\n \"Tell Me Why\", composed by Roy L. Burtch, lyrics by Fred Mower, c. 1899\n \"Tell Me Why\", by Gorky Park from Moscow Calling\n \"Tell Me Why\", by John Cale from Walking on Locusts\n \"Tell Me Why\", by Jonas Brothers from JONAS\n \"Tell Me Why\", by The Kid Laroi from F*ck Love\n \"Tell Me Why\", by Musical Youth\n \"Tell Me Why\", by Norman Fox & The Rob-Roys, and covered in 1961 by Dion and the Belmonts\n \"Tell Me Why\", by the Penpals from Berserk\n \"Tell Me Why\", by P.O.D. from When Angels & Serpents Dance\n \"Tell Me Why\", by Prezioso & Marvin\n \"Tell Me Why\", by Taylor Swift from Fearless\n \"Tell Me Why\", by Three Days Grace from Human\n \"Tell Me Why\", by Will Smith featuring Mary J. Blige from Smith's album Lost and Found\n \"Tell Me Why\", from the musical A Man of No Importance\n\nOthers\n Tell Me Why (video game), a video game by Dontnod Entertainment\n\nSee also\n Tell Me (disambiguation)" ]

[ "Vampire Weekend is an American rock band playing mainly post-punk pop from New York City, formed in 2006 and currently signed to Columbia Records. The band was formed by lead vocalist and guitarist Ezra Koenig, multi-instrumentalist Rostam Batmanglij, drummer Chris Tomson, and bassist Chris Baio. Batmanglij departed the group in early 2016.", "Batmanglij departed the group in early 2016. The band's eponymous first album Vampire Weekend (2008)—which included charting singles \"A-Punk\" and \"Oxford Comma\"—showcased a blend of indie pop, Afropop influences, and chamber music elements.", "The band's eponymous first album Vampire Weekend (2008)—which included charting singles \"A-Punk\" and \"Oxford Comma\"—showcased a blend of indie pop, Afropop influences, and chamber music elements. Their following album, Contra (2010), was similarly acclaimed and garnered strong commercial success; it featured the single \"Holiday\".", "Their following album, Contra (2010), was similarly acclaimed and garnered strong commercial success; it featured the single \"Holiday\". Their subsequent studio albums Modern Vampires of the City (2013) and Father of the Bride (2019) each won the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album in their respective years.", "Their subsequent studio albums Modern Vampires of the City (2013) and Father of the Bride (2019) each won the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album in their respective years. History Formation and early years (2006–2007) The band members met while enrolled at Columbia University, beginning with a rap collaboration between Koenig and Tomson named \"L'Homme Run\".", "History Formation and early years (2006–2007) The band members met while enrolled at Columbia University, beginning with a rap collaboration between Koenig and Tomson named \"L'Homme Run\". They bonded over a shared love of punk rock and African music.", "They bonded over a shared love of punk rock and African music. Koenig toured with The Dirty Projectors during a period of experimentation with African music, inspiring the band to incorporate world sounds into their earliest work.", "Koenig toured with The Dirty Projectors during a period of experimentation with African music, inspiring the band to incorporate world sounds into their earliest work. The band chose the name \"Vampire Weekend\" from the title of a short film project Koenig worked on during the summer between freshman and sophomore years in college.", "The band chose the name \"Vampire Weekend\" from the title of a short film project Koenig worked on during the summer between freshman and sophomore years in college. While home for the summer, Koenig watched the 1987 vampire film The Lost Boys and was inspired to make a Northeastern version of the film in which a man named Walcott travels to Cape Cod to warn the mayor that vampires are attacking the United States.", "While home for the summer, Koenig watched the 1987 vampire film The Lost Boys and was inspired to make a Northeastern version of the film in which a man named Walcott travels to Cape Cod to warn the mayor that vampires are attacking the United States. Koenig abandoned the project after two days.", "Koenig abandoned the project after two days. The band began playing shows around Columbia University, starting with a battle of the bands at Lerner Hall in 2006. After graduating from college, the band self-produced their debut album while simultaneously working full-time jobs, Tomson as a music archivist and Koenig as a middle school English teacher.", "After graduating from college, the band self-produced their debut album while simultaneously working full-time jobs, Tomson as a music archivist and Koenig as a middle school English teacher. In 2007, Vampire Weekend's song \"Cape Cod Kwassa Kwassa\" was ranked 67th on Rolling Stone'''s list of the \"100 Best Songs of the Year\".", "In 2007, Vampire Weekend's song \"Cape Cod Kwassa Kwassa\" was ranked 67th on Rolling Stone'''s list of the \"100 Best Songs of the Year\". In November 2007, they toured the UK with The Shins.", "In November 2007, they toured the UK with The Shins. The then-nascent influence of blog hype and internet buzz played a role in their success and led to a large prerelease following sufficient to support them performing on three tours before their debut album was released.", "The then-nascent influence of blog hype and internet buzz played a role in their success and led to a large prerelease following sufficient to support them performing on three tours before their debut album was released. They were declared \"The Year's Best New Band\" by Spin magazine in the March 2008 issue, and were the first band to be shot for the cover of the magazine before releasing their debut album.", "They were declared \"The Year's Best New Band\" by Spin magazine in the March 2008 issue, and were the first band to be shot for the cover of the magazine before releasing their debut album. The band made a television appearance on The Late Show with David Letterman on February 1, 2008, and on March 8, 2008, performed on Saturday Night Live.", "The band made a television appearance on The Late Show with David Letterman on February 1, 2008, and on March 8, 2008, performed on Saturday Night Live. Four songs from the band's first album also made the Triple J Hottest 100, 2008.", "Four songs from the band's first album also made the Triple J Hottest 100, 2008. The internet hype had its backlash, however, as critics reacted against a perceived image of Vampire Weekend as privileged, upper-class Ivy League graduates stealing from foreign musicians.", "The internet hype had its backlash, however, as critics reacted against a perceived image of Vampire Weekend as privileged, upper-class Ivy League graduates stealing from foreign musicians. One critic went so far as to call Vampire Weekend the \"whitest band in the world,\" to which they took exception, given their Ukrainian, Persian, Italian, and Hungarian heritages.", "One critic went so far as to call Vampire Weekend the \"whitest band in the world,\" to which they took exception, given their Ukrainian, Persian, Italian, and Hungarian heritages. Koenig responded in a November 2009 interview by saying, \"Nobody in our band is a WASP.\"", "Koenig responded in a November 2009 interview by saying, \"Nobody in our band is a WASP.\" Furthermore, the backlash involving their social backgrounds was largely unfounded, as Koenig explained in the interview that the band members got into Columbia on scholarship and used student loans; he himself was still paying off student loans in 2009.", "Furthermore, the backlash involving their social backgrounds was largely unfounded, as Koenig explained in the interview that the band members got into Columbia on scholarship and used student loans; he himself was still paying off student loans in 2009. Vampire Weekend (2007–2009) The band's first album, Vampire Weekend, was released January 29, 2008 and is ranked number 430 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.", "Vampire Weekend (2007–2009) The band's first album, Vampire Weekend, was released January 29, 2008 and is ranked number 430 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. It featured a blend of Afropop influences, indie pop, and chamber music elements.", "It featured a blend of Afropop influences, indie pop, and chamber music elements. A success in the US and UK, it peaked at number 15 on the UK Albums Chart and number 17 on the Billboard 200.", "A success in the US and UK, it peaked at number 15 on the UK Albums Chart and number 17 on the Billboard 200. Four singles were released from the album; while \"A-Punk\" peaked at number 25 on the Billboard Modern rock chart and number 55 on the UK Singles Chart, \"Oxford Comma\" peaked at number 38 in the UK.", "Four singles were released from the album; while \"A-Punk\" peaked at number 25 on the Billboard Modern rock chart and number 55 on the UK Singles Chart, \"Oxford Comma\" peaked at number 38 in the UK. \"A-Punk\" was ranked the 4th on Rolling Stone's Readers' Rock List: Best Songs of 2008.", "\"A-Punk\" was ranked the 4th on Rolling Stone's Readers' Rock List: Best Songs of 2008. \"A-Punk\" was also used to open the Will Ferrell/John C. Reilly feature Step Brothers, and featured in the UK television show The Inbetweeners and the video games Guitar Hero 5, Just Dance 2 and Lego Rock Band.", "\"A-Punk\" was also used to open the Will Ferrell/John C. Reilly feature Step Brothers, and featured in the UK television show The Inbetweeners and the video games Guitar Hero 5, Just Dance 2 and Lego Rock Band. Contra (2009–2010) The band's second album, Contra, was released on January 11, 2010 in the UK and the following day in the US, after being pushed back from the original release date for the fall of 2009.", "Contra (2009–2010) The band's second album, Contra, was released on January 11, 2010 in the UK and the following day in the US, after being pushed back from the original release date for the fall of 2009. The album's first single, \"Horchata\", was released on October 5, 2009.", "The album's first single, \"Horchata\", was released on October 5, 2009. The album's second single, \"Cousins\", was released as a single on November 17, 2009.", "The album's second single, \"Cousins\", was released as a single on November 17, 2009. Initial copies of the CD and LP sold at independent record stores in the US included a 3-track bonus CD containing two \"melts\", which featured bits of album tracks and a remix.", "Initial copies of the CD and LP sold at independent record stores in the US included a 3-track bonus CD containing two \"melts\", which featured bits of album tracks and a remix. It is the band's first album to reach number one on the Billboard 200, and the 12th independently distributed album in history to reach the number one spot on the Billboard 200 since Nielsen Soundscan began recording data in 1991, while also being the first independent artist to have done so without ever having signed with a major label, after already established rock bands Radiohead and Pearl Jam and before Arcade Fire's The Suburbs.", "It is the band's first album to reach number one on the Billboard 200, and the 12th independently distributed album in history to reach the number one spot on the Billboard 200 since Nielsen Soundscan began recording data in 1991, while also being the first independent artist to have done so without ever having signed with a major label, after already established rock bands Radiohead and Pearl Jam and before Arcade Fire's The Suburbs. The album sold 124,000 copies in its first week and was awarded Gold by the RIAA on November 21, 2011 which means it has sold over 500,000 units in the US alone.", "The album sold 124,000 copies in its first week and was awarded Gold by the RIAA on November 21, 2011 which means it has sold over 500,000 units in the US alone. In 2010, it was awarded a diamond certification from the Independent Music Companies Association which indicated sales of at least 250,000 copies throughout Europe.", "In 2010, it was awarded a diamond certification from the Independent Music Companies Association which indicated sales of at least 250,000 copies throughout Europe. On January 9, 2010, the band did an acoustic show for MTV Unplugged. The following month, the band toured Europe and Canada with Canadian electro duo Fan Death as their support.", "The following month, the band toured Europe and Canada with Canadian electro duo Fan Death as their support. The video for their next single \"Giving Up the Gun\" was also released on February 18, 2010 which included cameos from Joe Jonas, Lil Jon, RZA, and Jake Gyllenhaal.", "The video for their next single \"Giving Up the Gun\" was also released on February 18, 2010 which included cameos from Joe Jonas, Lil Jon, RZA, and Jake Gyllenhaal. They also played festivals across the USA such as Coachella, Bonnaroo, Austin City Limits Music Festival, All Points West, and the Groovin' The Moo festival in Australia.", "They also played festivals across the USA such as Coachella, Bonnaroo, Austin City Limits Music Festival, All Points West, and the Groovin' The Moo festival in Australia. Their third single, \"Holiday\", was released on June 7, 2010.", "Their third single, \"Holiday\", was released on June 7, 2010. On June 25, 2010, the band played the Pyramid Stage at Glastonbury Festival, in Pilton, Somerset, UK.", "On June 25, 2010, the band played the Pyramid Stage at Glastonbury Festival, in Pilton, Somerset, UK. The band were also on the main stage at T in the Park 2010 at Balado Kinross, Scotland, on June 8, and played the Oxegen Festival in Ireland on July 9.", "The band were also on the main stage at T in the Park 2010 at Balado Kinross, Scotland, on June 8, and played the Oxegen Festival in Ireland on July 9. They also headlined the Latitude Festival in Suffolk, UK on July 18.", "They also headlined the Latitude Festival in Suffolk, UK on July 18. On July 16, the band headlined the Main Stage at the Festival Internacional de Benicàssim. In the summer of 2010 the band played at the Utopia stage on Peace and Love, Sweden's biggest Festival.", "In the summer of 2010 the band played at the Utopia stage on Peace and Love, Sweden's biggest Festival. On July 30, 2010, the band played at Jisan Valley Rock Festival in South Korea. In 2010, Vampire Weekend embarked on a North American tour with Beach House and Dum Dum Girls.", "In 2010, Vampire Weekend embarked on a North American tour with Beach House and Dum Dum Girls. The tour started off on August 27, 2010, in Vancouver, British Columbia at the Malkin Bowl.", "The tour started off on August 27, 2010, in Vancouver, British Columbia at the Malkin Bowl. Koenig mentioned to the audience that before this concert, the band had the longest \"vacation period\" that they had had in a while.Contra was nominated for a Grammy for Best Alternative Music Album, but lost to The Black Keys's Brothers.", "Koenig mentioned to the audience that before this concert, the band had the longest \"vacation period\" that they had had in a while.Contra was nominated for a Grammy for Best Alternative Music Album, but lost to The Black Keys's Brothers. Modern Vampires of the City (2010–2014) On November 11, 2011, it was revealed that Vampire Weekend had been in the studio, writing and recording material for their third album.", "Modern Vampires of the City (2010–2014) On November 11, 2011, it was revealed that Vampire Weekend had been in the studio, writing and recording material for their third album. On April 26, 2012, Rolling Stone reported that the new album could be released by the end of the year.", "On April 26, 2012, Rolling Stone reported that the new album could be released by the end of the year. Koenig said, \"We do have a ton of stuff.", "Koenig said, \"We do have a ton of stuff. It would be cool if it was [released] this year...We just never want to be in a position [where] when we put out something, we feel could've benefited from more time.\"", "It would be cool if it was [released] this year...We just never want to be in a position [where] when we put out something, we feel could've benefited from more time.\" Until its release, the band was discreet about the details of the next album, stating that a band \"can give a bunch of interviews when they're working on stuff\" but they \"don't want something [they] said six months ago to influence how people hear it when it's done.\"", "Until its release, the band was discreet about the details of the next album, stating that a band \"can give a bunch of interviews when they're working on stuff\" but they \"don't want something [they] said six months ago to influence how people hear it when it's done.\" In January 2012, President Barack Obama added Vampire Weekend to a short list of musical artists that he sought support from for his re-election campaign.", "In January 2012, President Barack Obama added Vampire Weekend to a short list of musical artists that he sought support from for his re-election campaign. Vampire Weekend made it onto this list with Jay-Z, John Legend, and Alicia Keys.Modern Vampires of the City was released in May 2013, and written and recorded in various locations including SlowDeath Studios in New York, Echo Park \"Back House\" in Los Angeles, Vox Recording Studios in Hollywood, Rostam Batmanglij's New York apartment and a guest house on Martha's Vineyard.", "Vampire Weekend made it onto this list with Jay-Z, John Legend, and Alicia Keys.Modern Vampires of the City was released in May 2013, and written and recorded in various locations including SlowDeath Studios in New York, Echo Park \"Back House\" in Los Angeles, Vox Recording Studios in Hollywood, Rostam Batmanglij's New York apartment and a guest house on Martha's Vineyard. The album was co-produced by Batmanglij and Ariel Rechtshaid.", "The album was co-produced by Batmanglij and Ariel Rechtshaid. After Batmanglij produced the first two albums himself, this marked the first time the band worked with an outside producer on any of their records.", "After Batmanglij produced the first two albums himself, this marked the first time the band worked with an outside producer on any of their records. In an interview for the February 2013 edition of Q (released in mid-January), Koenig described the upcoming album as \"darker and more organic\" and \"very much the last of a trilogy.\"", "In an interview for the February 2013 edition of Q (released in mid-January), Koenig described the upcoming album as \"darker and more organic\" and \"very much the last of a trilogy.\" Said Koenig, \"Things that we might have found boring in the past, we've started to find more fresh.", "Said Koenig, \"Things that we might have found boring in the past, we've started to find more fresh. This album has more piano and acoustic guitar and organ.\"", "This album has more piano and acoustic guitar and organ.\" Modern Vampires of the City also continued the use of digital voice modulation as heard in the songs \"Diane Young\" and \"Ya Hey\", a technique first used in the song \"California English\" on Contra The album was recorded and co-produced by Ariel Rechtshaid in his Los Angeles Studio (alongside Batmanglij).", "Modern Vampires of the City also continued the use of digital voice modulation as heard in the songs \"Diane Young\" and \"Ya Hey\", a technique first used in the song \"California English\" on Contra The album was recorded and co-produced by Ariel Rechtshaid in his Los Angeles Studio (alongside Batmanglij). The band discussed the album with The FADER and appeared on the cover of the magazine's 84th issue.", "The band discussed the album with The FADER and appeared on the cover of the magazine's 84th issue. On March 16, 2013, the band played the closing show at Stubbs on the last day of the SXSW festival in Austin, Texas.", "On March 16, 2013, the band played the closing show at Stubbs on the last day of the SXSW festival in Austin, Texas. In the show they played two new songs from the upcoming album: \"Diane Young\" and \"Ya Hey\".", "In the show they played two new songs from the upcoming album: \"Diane Young\" and \"Ya Hey\". On March 18, 2013, Vampire Weekend released a double-sided single, \"Diane Young\"/\"Step\".", "On March 18, 2013, Vampire Weekend released a double-sided single, \"Diane Young\"/\"Step\". On May 11, 2013, Vampire Weekend were featured as the musical guest on Saturday Night Live with Kristen Wiig hosting, their third time on the show.", "On May 11, 2013, Vampire Weekend were featured as the musical guest on Saturday Night Live with Kristen Wiig hosting, their third time on the show. Released on May 14, 2013, the album debuted at No.", "Released on May 14, 2013, the album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard chart, marking the second time Vampire Weekend has achieved the feat: its second album Contra also debuted at No. 1 in 2010, making them the first independent rock band to enter the charts at No. 1 with two consecutive releases.", "1 with two consecutive releases. 1 with two consecutive releases. Modern Vampires of the City also shattered the previous record for first week vinyl sales, moving nearly 10,000 units on vinyl alone and debuting at No. 1 on the Soundscan Vinyl Charts.", "1 on the Soundscan Vinyl Charts. Additionally, the band charted #1 at Indie, Alternative, Digital and the top 200. In 2014, Modern Vampires of the City won a Grammy for Best Alternative Music Album.", "In 2014, Modern Vampires of the City won a Grammy for Best Alternative Music Album. To promote the album, XL Recordings released \"Diane Young\" and \"Step\" as a double A-sided single on March 19, 2013.", "To promote the album, XL Recordings released \"Diane Young\" and \"Step\" as a double A-sided single on March 19, 2013. Modern Vampires of the City was released by XL on May 14. and Vampire Weekend played several concerts and music festivals shortly after, eventually embarking on a larger supporting tour throughout late 2013, beginning with a show at the Mann Center for the Performing Arts in Philadelphia on September 19.", "Modern Vampires of the City was released by XL on May 14. and Vampire Weekend played several concerts and music festivals shortly after, eventually embarking on a larger supporting tour throughout late 2013, beginning with a show at the Mann Center for the Performing Arts in Philadelphia on September 19. John Gentile of Rolling Stone reported that the band headlined \"some of their largest venues to date\" on the tour.", "John Gentile of Rolling Stone reported that the band headlined \"some of their largest venues to date\" on the tour. In the album's first week of release, it debuted number one on the Billboard 200 and sold 134,000 copies in the United States.", "In the album's first week of release, it debuted number one on the Billboard 200 and sold 134,000 copies in the United States. It was Vampire Weekend's second consecutive number-one record on the chart, as well as the nineteenth independently distributed album to top the Billboard 200 in the Nielsen SoundScan era (1991–present).", "It was Vampire Weekend's second consecutive number-one record on the chart, as well as the nineteenth independently distributed album to top the Billboard 200 in the Nielsen SoundScan era (1991–present). The record entered the British album charts at number three with first-week sales of 27,805 copies, becoming the group's third consecutive top-twenty album in the United Kingdom.", "The record entered the British album charts at number three with first-week sales of 27,805 copies, becoming the group's third consecutive top-twenty album in the United Kingdom. By December 2014, it had been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America and sold 505,000 copies in the US.", "By December 2014, it had been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America and sold 505,000 copies in the US. In 2014, it was awarded a diamond certification from the Independent Music Companies Association, which indicated sales of at least 200,000 copies throughout Europe.", "In 2014, it was awarded a diamond certification from the Independent Music Companies Association, which indicated sales of at least 200,000 copies throughout Europe. On September 2020, Modern Vampires of the City was put by Rolling Stone in their new list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, ranking at position 328.", "On September 2020, Modern Vampires of the City was put by Rolling Stone in their new list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, ranking at position 328. Departure of Batmanglij and Father of the Bride (2014–2019) After remaining quiet following the conclusion of their Modern Vampires tour, which wrapped up in September 2014, it was revealed on January 26, 2016 that Rostam Batmanglij had departed the band.", "Departure of Batmanglij and Father of the Bride (2014–2019) After remaining quiet following the conclusion of their Modern Vampires tour, which wrapped up in September 2014, it was revealed on January 26, 2016 that Rostam Batmanglij had departed the band. He noted that he and Koenig would continue to collaborate.", "He noted that he and Koenig would continue to collaborate. Later the same day, Koenig announced that Vampire Weekend was in the studio working on their upcoming fourth album, with Batmanglij contributing to the record. The album's working title was revealed to be Mitsubishi Macchiato.", "The album's working title was revealed to be Mitsubishi Macchiato. In January 2016, the band performed in Iowa for a Bernie Sanders rally two days before the Iowa primaries.", "In January 2016, the band performed in Iowa for a Bernie Sanders rally two days before the Iowa primaries. The band members Rostam Batmanglij and Chris Baio were replaced by David Longstreth and Nat Baldwin (both from Dirty Projectors) and an all female a cappella group from the University of Iowa, due to Batmanglij's departure from the band and Baio being on tour with his side project.", "The band members Rostam Batmanglij and Chris Baio were replaced by David Longstreth and Nat Baldwin (both from Dirty Projectors) and an all female a cappella group from the University of Iowa, due to Batmanglij's departure from the band and Baio being on tour with his side project. Lead vocalist Ezra Koenig expressed his support for the candidate in various ways through social media and on his Beats 1 show \"Time Crisis\".", "Lead vocalist Ezra Koenig expressed his support for the candidate in various ways through social media and on his Beats 1 show \"Time Crisis\". In April 2016, the band briefly performed at a rally for presidential candidate Bernie Sanders in Washington Square Park.", "In April 2016, the band briefly performed at a rally for presidential candidate Bernie Sanders in Washington Square Park. Koenig has been a well-known supporter of Sanders, after discussions on his Beats 1 radio show, Time Crisis. The band performed live with Dave Longstreth of the Dirty Projectors, which marked their first performance as a trio.", "The band performed live with Dave Longstreth of the Dirty Projectors, which marked their first performance as a trio. In late 2016, Koenig was reportedly in talks to sign the band with Columbia Records, as he reportedly \"hit it off\" with executive Rob Stringer.", "In late 2016, Koenig was reportedly in talks to sign the band with Columbia Records, as he reportedly \"hit it off\" with executive Rob Stringer. Initially, this news was regarded a rumor, until the band's website revamp in 2018, in which a Sony Music copyright appeared on the site.", "Initially, this news was regarded a rumor, until the band's website revamp in 2018, in which a Sony Music copyright appeared on the site. In March 2017, Koenig revealed in an elaborate Instagram update that during 2016 he had spent countless hours researching and writing music in libraries with grad students.", "In March 2017, Koenig revealed in an elaborate Instagram update that during 2016 he had spent countless hours researching and writing music in libraries with grad students. Additionally, he revealed that the album, given the working title of \"Mitsubishi Macchiato\", would feature a more 'spring-time' vibe and one of the songs would be entitled Flower Moon.", "Additionally, he revealed that the album, given the working title of \"Mitsubishi Macchiato\", would feature a more 'spring-time' vibe and one of the songs would be entitled Flower Moon. Koenig revealed that LP4 would be partially inspired by the songwriting of country singer, Kacey Musgraves, after he attended one of her shows in September 2016.", "Koenig revealed that LP4 would be partially inspired by the songwriting of country singer, Kacey Musgraves, after he attended one of her shows in September 2016. In an interview with Stereogum, he stated, \"I’m the type of person who has spent hours poring over the avant-garde poetic lyrics of certain songwriters, and there was something that felt so good [about how] from the first verse, you knew who was singing, who they were singing to, what kind of situation they were in.", "In an interview with Stereogum, he stated, \"I’m the type of person who has spent hours poring over the avant-garde poetic lyrics of certain songwriters, and there was something that felt so good [about how] from the first verse, you knew who was singing, who they were singing to, what kind of situation they were in. After the show I realized there’s not a ton of Vampire Weekend songs where you could listen to the first verse and immediately answer the question of who’s singing and who are they singing to.” Furthermore, in a September 2017 interview with Zane Lowe, Ezra briefly spoke about LP4 and stated that it was \"about 80% done.\"", "After the show I realized there’s not a ton of Vampire Weekend songs where you could listen to the first verse and immediately answer the question of who’s singing and who are they singing to.” Furthermore, in a September 2017 interview with Zane Lowe, Ezra briefly spoke about LP4 and stated that it was \"about 80% done.\" He mentioned that the album would feature lead producer Ariel Rechtshaid with additional \"guest appearances\", one of which being Batmanglij.", "He mentioned that the album would feature lead producer Ariel Rechtshaid with additional \"guest appearances\", one of which being Batmanglij. Lowe pushed Koenig for a release date, citing Q1 2018 as a likely candidate.", "Lowe pushed Koenig for a release date, citing Q1 2018 as a likely candidate. In a December 2017 interview, Koenig noted that Batmanglij was involved in a few songs, some of which was material that they had started working on long ago, and that their method of collaboration had not changed despite the latter's departure from the band.", "In a December 2017 interview, Koenig noted that Batmanglij was involved in a few songs, some of which was material that they had started working on long ago, and that their method of collaboration had not changed despite the latter's departure from the band. Vampire Weekend's first gigs since the hiatus took place in Ojai, California on June 16 & 17.", "Vampire Weekend's first gigs since the hiatus took place in Ojai, California on June 16 & 17. On January 31, 2018, it was announced that the band would be headlining the UK music festival End of the Road.", "On January 31, 2018, it was announced that the band would be headlining the UK music festival End of the Road. The festival ran from August 31 to September 3 and marked Vampire Weekend's first return to a festival stage in 4 years.", "The festival ran from August 31 to September 3 and marked Vampire Weekend's first return to a festival stage in 4 years. On July 21, they performed in Byron Bay for the Australian festival, Splendour in the Grass.", "On July 21, they performed in Byron Bay for the Australian festival, Splendour in the Grass. Additionally, it was announced that they would headline the 2018 Fuji Rock Festival, scheduled for July 27 to 29.", "Additionally, it was announced that they would headline the 2018 Fuji Rock Festival, scheduled for July 27 to 29. For their live shows, the core trio of Koenig, Baio, and Tomson has been augmented by Greta Morgan on keyboards, guitar, and vocals, Brian Robert Jones on guitar, Garrett Ray on percussion, drums, and vocals, and Will Canzoneri on keyboards and vocals.", "For their live shows, the core trio of Koenig, Baio, and Tomson has been augmented by Greta Morgan on keyboards, guitar, and vocals, Brian Robert Jones on guitar, Garrett Ray on percussion, drums, and vocals, and Will Canzoneri on keyboards and vocals. During their August 4, 2018 performance at Lollapalooza, where the band played fan favorite \"A-Punk\" three times in a row, Koenig announced that Vampire Weekend's 4th album was done.", "During their August 4, 2018 performance at Lollapalooza, where the band played fan favorite \"A-Punk\" three times in a row, Koenig announced that Vampire Weekend's 4th album was done. On January 17, 2019, Koenig announced the abbreviation of the band's fourth album title as FOTB, and revealed that the album would consist of 18 songs, running at approximately 59 minutes.", "On January 17, 2019, Koenig announced the abbreviation of the band's fourth album title as FOTB, and revealed that the album would consist of 18 songs, running at approximately 59 minutes. Additionally, he announced that the album would be promoted by three monthly two-song releases, beginning the following week.", "Additionally, he announced that the album would be promoted by three monthly two-song releases, beginning the following week. On January 24, the songs \"Harmony Hall\" and \"2021\" were released, and Koenig confirmed the title of the album as Father of the Bride.", "On January 24, the songs \"Harmony Hall\" and \"2021\" were released, and Koenig confirmed the title of the album as Father of the Bride. He also said that the record would feature an array of collaborators, including Batmanglij, marking the first time the band has included guest vocalists in an album.", "He also said that the record would feature an array of collaborators, including Batmanglij, marking the first time the band has included guest vocalists in an album. In an interview with Rolling Stone, Koenig said, \"We've had three albums of the same voice over and over again.", "In an interview with Rolling Stone, Koenig said, \"We've had three albums of the same voice over and over again. I like the idea of opening up our world a little bit.\"", "I like the idea of opening up our world a little bit.\" He also confirmed that \"2021\" features a Haruomi Hosono sample, and said that he planned to start work on Vampire Weekend's fifth album. The band's current touring approach is influenced by Phish, the Grateful Dead and other jam bands.", "The band's current touring approach is influenced by Phish, the Grateful Dead and other jam bands. Contemporary fans mirror these influences in their Deadhead inspired creation of unofficial merchandise including shirts, shorts, tie-dyes, and bucket hats.", "Contemporary fans mirror these influences in their Deadhead inspired creation of unofficial merchandise including shirts, shorts, tie-dyes, and bucket hats. At the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards, the band received three nominations: Album of the Year and Best Alternative Music Album for Father of the Bride and Best Rock Song for \"Harmony Hall\".", "At the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards, the band received three nominations: Album of the Year and Best Alternative Music Album for Father of the Bride and Best Rock Song for \"Harmony Hall\". They won for Best Alternative Music Album (their second win in the category).", "They won for Best Alternative Music Album (their second win in the category). In 2020, the Live in Florida EP featuring songs from the Father of the Bride Tour was released. On February 4, 2021, Vampire Weekend released the 40:42 EP featuring reinterpretations of their song \"2021\" from Father of the Bride.", "On February 4, 2021, Vampire Weekend released the 40:42 EP featuring reinterpretations of their song \"2021\" from Father of the Bride. Two artists were commissioned to expand the song into twenty-minute and twenty-one-second versions.", "Two artists were commissioned to expand the song into twenty-minute and twenty-one-second versions. Band members Current members Ezra Koenig – lead vocals, guitar, piano (2006–present) Chris Baio – bass, backing vocals, occasional piano (2006–present) Chris Tomson – drums, percussion, occasional guitar, backing vocals (2006–present) Touring members Will Canzoneri – keyboards, backing vocals (2018–present) Brian Robert Jones – guitar, backing vocals (2018–present) Greta Morgan – keyboards, guitar, percussion, backing vocals (2018–present) Garrett Ray – percussion, drums, backing vocals (2018–present) Former members Rostam Batmanglij – keyboards, guitar, backing vocals, production, programmer, percussion, occasional lead vocals (2006–2016) Timeline Contra lawsuit In 2010, the band, along with their record company XL Recordings and photographer Tod Scott Brody, were sued by Kirsten Kennis, the model on the cover of Contra, over the use of her image.", "Band members Current members Ezra Koenig – lead vocals, guitar, piano (2006–present) Chris Baio – bass, backing vocals, occasional piano (2006–present) Chris Tomson – drums, percussion, occasional guitar, backing vocals (2006–present) Touring members Will Canzoneri – keyboards, backing vocals (2018–present) Brian Robert Jones – guitar, backing vocals (2018–present) Greta Morgan – keyboards, guitar, percussion, backing vocals (2018–present) Garrett Ray – percussion, drums, backing vocals (2018–present) Former members Rostam Batmanglij – keyboards, guitar, backing vocals, production, programmer, percussion, occasional lead vocals (2006–2016) Timeline Contra lawsuit In 2010, the band, along with their record company XL Recordings and photographer Tod Scott Brody, were sued by Kirsten Kennis, the model on the cover of Contra, over the use of her image. Kennis's accusations were that the band used her image without her permission.", "Kennis's accusations were that the band used her image without her permission. Vampire Weekend settled with Kennis in 2011.", "Vampire Weekend settled with Kennis in 2011. Other contributions Vampire Weekend contributed a cover of \"Exit Music (For a Film)\" for Stereogum Presents... OKX: A Tribute to OK Computer (2007), a free tribute album celebrating 10 years of Radiohead's album OK Computer.", "Other contributions Vampire Weekend contributed a cover of \"Exit Music (For a Film)\" for Stereogum Presents... OKX: A Tribute to OK Computer (2007), a free tribute album celebrating 10 years of Radiohead's album OK Computer. They have also covered \"Everywhere\" by Fleetwood Mac, \"Ça Plane Pour Moi\" by Plastic Bertrand, \"I'm Goin' Down\" by Bruce Springsteen, \"Have I the Right?\"", "They have also covered \"Everywhere\" by Fleetwood Mac, \"Ça Plane Pour Moi\" by Plastic Bertrand, \"I'm Goin' Down\" by Bruce Springsteen, \"Have I the Right?\" by The Honeycombs, \"Blurred Lines\" by Robin Thicke, \"Fight For This Love\" by Cheryl Cole, and \"Ruby Soho\" by Rancid.", "by The Honeycombs, \"Blurred Lines\" by Robin Thicke, \"Fight For This Love\" by Cheryl Cole, and \"Ruby Soho\" by Rancid. The band also contributed the song \"Ottoman\" to the soundtrack to the 2008 film Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist.", "The band also contributed the song \"Ottoman\" to the soundtrack to the 2008 film Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist. That song was then sampled by alternative hip-hop artist Kid Cudi. Two tracks from their debut record also appeared in the 2009 comedy I Love You, Man.", "Two tracks from their debut record also appeared in the 2009 comedy I Love You, Man. A new song, \"Jonathan Low\", was released on June 8, 2010, appearing on the soundtrack to the third installment of the Twilight Saga films, Eclipse.", "A new song, \"Jonathan Low\", was released on June 8, 2010, appearing on the soundtrack to the third installment of the Twilight Saga films, Eclipse. Their song \"Worship You\" appeared as a soundtrack in EA Sports football video game, FIFA 14.", "Their song \"Worship You\" appeared as a soundtrack in EA Sports football video game, FIFA 14. In 2014, Vampire Weekend contributed a cover of \"Con te Partiro\" by Andrea Bocelli on the Valentine's Day compilation, Sweetheart 2014.", "In 2014, Vampire Weekend contributed a cover of \"Con te Partiro\" by Andrea Bocelli on the Valentine's Day compilation, Sweetheart 2014. Vampire Weekend also contributed a cover of Bruce Springsteen's \"I'm Goin' Down\" on the Girls Vol. 2 Soundtrack.", "2 Soundtrack. 2 Soundtrack. Discography Studio albums Vampire Weekend (2008) Contra (2010) Modern Vampires of the City (2013) Father of the Bride'' (2019) Awards and nominations References External links 2006 establishments in New York City Musical quartets American musical trios Musical groups from New York City Grammy Award winners Indie rock musical groups from New York (state) Musical groups established in 2006 Columbia Records artists XL Recordings artists Alternative rock groups from New York (state)" ]

[ "Vampire Weekend", "Departure of Batmanglij, Columbia Records and LP4 (2014 - present)", "who left", "Rostam Batmanglij announced his departure from the band on Twitter.", "why", "collaborate." ]

[ "What You Want may refer to:\n\nSongs\n\"What You Want\" (Evanescence song), 2011\n\"What You Want\" (Jay Sean song), 2017\n\"What You Want\" (Mase song), 1998\nWhat You Want (Belly song), 2018, featuring The Weeknd\n\"What You Want (Baby I Want You)\", by The Music Explosion in 1968\n\"What You Want\", by My Bloody Valentine from their 1991 album Loveless\n\"What You Want\", by Nuno Bettencourt from his 1997 album Schizophonic\n\"What You Want\", by The Wannadies from their 1997 album The Wannadies\n\"What You Want\", from the musical Legally Blonde\n\"What You Want\", by Mandy Moore from her 1999 album So Real\n\"What You Want\", by The Roots from their 1999 live album The Roots Come Alive\n\"What You Want\", by DMX, the alternate radio title of his 2000 single What These Bitches Want\n\"What You Want\", by LL Cool J from his 2006 album Todd Smith\n\"What You Want\", by Tenth Avenue North from their 2016 album Followers\n\nOther\nWhat You Want (EP), a 2004 EP by the John Butler Trio\n\"What You Want\" (Danny Phantom), an episode of the television series Danny Phantom\n\nSee also\n\"What Ya Want\", song by Eve\nWhat You Want Is Now, debut full-length album by the Christian rock band House of Heroes\n Whatcha Want, album by Michael Monroe\n \"So What'cha Want\", single by Beastie Boys", "\"What Do You Want from Me?\" is a 2007 song recorded by Cascada. It was released in Germany on 7 March 2008 and was released on 24 March 2008 for the UK.\n\nBackground and writing\n\"What Do You Want From Me?\" was leaked online in advance of the Perfect Day album release, and was speculated to be title \"Tell Me Why\". In late 2007, All Around the World announced \"What Do You Want From Me?\" would be the U.K. follow-up to \"What Hurts the Most\".\n\nThis track and \"Everytime We Touch\" share a similar chord structure.\n\nMusic video \n\nCascada's UK music label, All Around the World, released the music video on 19 January 2008, on their official site. In the video, Natalie and 3 friends are seen at a beach-side house, on the beach, and at a late night party, singing and dancing. In all scenes, she is continuously being followed or somehow connected by a young man, hence the song title \"What Do You Want From Me?\".\n\nTrack listing\nGerman release\n\"What Do You Want From Me?\" (Radio Edit)\n\"What Do You Want From Me?\" (Extended Mix)\n\"What Do You Want From Me?\" (S & H Project Radio Edit)\n\"What Do You Want From Me?\" (DJ Gollum Radio Edit)\n\nUK release\n\"What Do You Want From Me?\" (Radio Edit)\n\"What Do You Want From Me?\" (K-Klass Classic Radio Edit)\n\"What Do You Want From Me?\" (Original/Extended Mix)\n\"What Do You Want From Me?\" (Hypasonic Mix)\n\"What Do You Want From Me?\" (K-Klass Mix)\n\"What Do You Want From Me?\" (Manox Remix)\n\"What Do You Want From Me?\" (Fugitive's Freedom Mix)\n\nOfficial remixes\n\"What Do You Want From Me\" (Radio Edit) 2:50\n\"What Do You Want From Me\" (Extended Mix) 4:46\n\"What Do You Want From Me\" (K-Klass Remix) 6:28\n\"What Do You Want From Me\" (K-Klass Radio Edit) 3:34\n\"What Do You Want From Me\" (Flip and Fill Remix) 6:07\n\"What Do You Want From Me\" (Hypasonic Remix) 6:07\n\"What Do You Want From Me\" (Fugitives Freedom Remix) 5:22\n\"What Do You Want From Me\" (Manox Remix) 6:02\n\"What Do You Want From Me\" (Manox Radio Edit) 3:31\n\"What Do You Want From Me\" (Fugitives Freedom Radio Edit) 3:57\n\"What Do You Want From Me\" (Ti-Mo Vs Stefan Rio Remix) 5:08\n\"What Do You Want From Me\" (Ti-Mo Vs Stefan Rio Radio Edit) 3:43\n\"What Do You Want From Me\" (DJ Cyrus Remix) 5:35\n\"What Do You Want From Me\" (DJ Cyrus Radio Edit) 3:33\n\"What Do You Want From Me\" (Club Mix) 4:59\n\"What Do You Want From Me\" (Alex K Remix) 4:20\n\"What Do You Want From Me\" (Original Mix) 4:44\n\"What Do You Want From Me\" (S & H Project Radio Edit) 3:34\n\"What Do You Want From Me\" (S & H Project Remix) 5:47\n\"What Do You Want From Me\" (DJ Gollum Radio Edit) 3:35\n\"What Do You Want From Me\" (DJ Gollum Remix) 5:24\n\"What Do You Want From Me\" (Basslovers United Radio Edit) 3:40\n\"What Do You Want From Me\" (Basslovers United Extended Mix)\n\"What Do You Want From Me\" (Studio Acapella With Out Effects)\n\"What Do You Want From Me\" (Scotty-Donk Project 2010 Remix)\n\nCharts\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\nCascada songs\n2008 singles\nSongs written by Yanou\nSongs written by DJ Manian\n2008 songs" ]

[ "Vampire Weekend is an American rock band playing mainly post-punk pop from New York City, formed in 2006 and currently signed to Columbia Records. The band was formed by lead vocalist and guitarist Ezra Koenig, multi-instrumentalist Rostam Batmanglij, drummer Chris Tomson, and bassist Chris Baio. Batmanglij departed the group in early 2016.", "Batmanglij departed the group in early 2016. The band's eponymous first album Vampire Weekend (2008)—which included charting singles \"A-Punk\" and \"Oxford Comma\"—showcased a blend of indie pop, Afropop influences, and chamber music elements.", "The band's eponymous first album Vampire Weekend (2008)—which included charting singles \"A-Punk\" and \"Oxford Comma\"—showcased a blend of indie pop, Afropop influences, and chamber music elements. Their following album, Contra (2010), was similarly acclaimed and garnered strong commercial success; it featured the single \"Holiday\".", "Their following album, Contra (2010), was similarly acclaimed and garnered strong commercial success; it featured the single \"Holiday\". Their subsequent studio albums Modern Vampires of the City (2013) and Father of the Bride (2019) each won the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album in their respective years.", "Their subsequent studio albums Modern Vampires of the City (2013) and Father of the Bride (2019) each won the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album in their respective years. History Formation and early years (2006–2007) The band members met while enrolled at Columbia University, beginning with a rap collaboration between Koenig and Tomson named \"L'Homme Run\".", "History Formation and early years (2006–2007) The band members met while enrolled at Columbia University, beginning with a rap collaboration between Koenig and Tomson named \"L'Homme Run\". They bonded over a shared love of punk rock and African music.", "They bonded over a shared love of punk rock and African music. Koenig toured with The Dirty Projectors during a period of experimentation with African music, inspiring the band to incorporate world sounds into their earliest work.", "Koenig toured with The Dirty Projectors during a period of experimentation with African music, inspiring the band to incorporate world sounds into their earliest work. The band chose the name \"Vampire Weekend\" from the title of a short film project Koenig worked on during the summer between freshman and sophomore years in college.", "The band chose the name \"Vampire Weekend\" from the title of a short film project Koenig worked on during the summer between freshman and sophomore years in college. While home for the summer, Koenig watched the 1987 vampire film The Lost Boys and was inspired to make a Northeastern version of the film in which a man named Walcott travels to Cape Cod to warn the mayor that vampires are attacking the United States.", "While home for the summer, Koenig watched the 1987 vampire film The Lost Boys and was inspired to make a Northeastern version of the film in which a man named Walcott travels to Cape Cod to warn the mayor that vampires are attacking the United States. Koenig abandoned the project after two days.", "Koenig abandoned the project after two days. The band began playing shows around Columbia University, starting with a battle of the bands at Lerner Hall in 2006. After graduating from college, the band self-produced their debut album while simultaneously working full-time jobs, Tomson as a music archivist and Koenig as a middle school English teacher.", "After graduating from college, the band self-produced their debut album while simultaneously working full-time jobs, Tomson as a music archivist and Koenig as a middle school English teacher. In 2007, Vampire Weekend's song \"Cape Cod Kwassa Kwassa\" was ranked 67th on Rolling Stone'''s list of the \"100 Best Songs of the Year\".", "In 2007, Vampire Weekend's song \"Cape Cod Kwassa Kwassa\" was ranked 67th on Rolling Stone'''s list of the \"100 Best Songs of the Year\". In November 2007, they toured the UK with The Shins.", "In November 2007, they toured the UK with The Shins. The then-nascent influence of blog hype and internet buzz played a role in their success and led to a large prerelease following sufficient to support them performing on three tours before their debut album was released.", "The then-nascent influence of blog hype and internet buzz played a role in their success and led to a large prerelease following sufficient to support them performing on three tours before their debut album was released. They were declared \"The Year's Best New Band\" by Spin magazine in the March 2008 issue, and were the first band to be shot for the cover of the magazine before releasing their debut album.", "They were declared \"The Year's Best New Band\" by Spin magazine in the March 2008 issue, and were the first band to be shot for the cover of the magazine before releasing their debut album. The band made a television appearance on The Late Show with David Letterman on February 1, 2008, and on March 8, 2008, performed on Saturday Night Live.", "The band made a television appearance on The Late Show with David Letterman on February 1, 2008, and on March 8, 2008, performed on Saturday Night Live. Four songs from the band's first album also made the Triple J Hottest 100, 2008.", "Four songs from the band's first album also made the Triple J Hottest 100, 2008. The internet hype had its backlash, however, as critics reacted against a perceived image of Vampire Weekend as privileged, upper-class Ivy League graduates stealing from foreign musicians.", "The internet hype had its backlash, however, as critics reacted against a perceived image of Vampire Weekend as privileged, upper-class Ivy League graduates stealing from foreign musicians. One critic went so far as to call Vampire Weekend the \"whitest band in the world,\" to which they took exception, given their Ukrainian, Persian, Italian, and Hungarian heritages.", "One critic went so far as to call Vampire Weekend the \"whitest band in the world,\" to which they took exception, given their Ukrainian, Persian, Italian, and Hungarian heritages. Koenig responded in a November 2009 interview by saying, \"Nobody in our band is a WASP.\"", "Koenig responded in a November 2009 interview by saying, \"Nobody in our band is a WASP.\" Furthermore, the backlash involving their social backgrounds was largely unfounded, as Koenig explained in the interview that the band members got into Columbia on scholarship and used student loans; he himself was still paying off student loans in 2009.", "Furthermore, the backlash involving their social backgrounds was largely unfounded, as Koenig explained in the interview that the band members got into Columbia on scholarship and used student loans; he himself was still paying off student loans in 2009. Vampire Weekend (2007–2009) The band's first album, Vampire Weekend, was released January 29, 2008 and is ranked number 430 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.", "Vampire Weekend (2007–2009) The band's first album, Vampire Weekend, was released January 29, 2008 and is ranked number 430 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. It featured a blend of Afropop influences, indie pop, and chamber music elements.", "It featured a blend of Afropop influences, indie pop, and chamber music elements. A success in the US and UK, it peaked at number 15 on the UK Albums Chart and number 17 on the Billboard 200.", "A success in the US and UK, it peaked at number 15 on the UK Albums Chart and number 17 on the Billboard 200. Four singles were released from the album; while \"A-Punk\" peaked at number 25 on the Billboard Modern rock chart and number 55 on the UK Singles Chart, \"Oxford Comma\" peaked at number 38 in the UK.", "Four singles were released from the album; while \"A-Punk\" peaked at number 25 on the Billboard Modern rock chart and number 55 on the UK Singles Chart, \"Oxford Comma\" peaked at number 38 in the UK. \"A-Punk\" was ranked the 4th on Rolling Stone's Readers' Rock List: Best Songs of 2008.", "\"A-Punk\" was ranked the 4th on Rolling Stone's Readers' Rock List: Best Songs of 2008. \"A-Punk\" was also used to open the Will Ferrell/John C. Reilly feature Step Brothers, and featured in the UK television show The Inbetweeners and the video games Guitar Hero 5, Just Dance 2 and Lego Rock Band.", "\"A-Punk\" was also used to open the Will Ferrell/John C. Reilly feature Step Brothers, and featured in the UK television show The Inbetweeners and the video games Guitar Hero 5, Just Dance 2 and Lego Rock Band. Contra (2009–2010) The band's second album, Contra, was released on January 11, 2010 in the UK and the following day in the US, after being pushed back from the original release date for the fall of 2009.", "Contra (2009–2010) The band's second album, Contra, was released on January 11, 2010 in the UK and the following day in the US, after being pushed back from the original release date for the fall of 2009. The album's first single, \"Horchata\", was released on October 5, 2009.", "The album's first single, \"Horchata\", was released on October 5, 2009. The album's second single, \"Cousins\", was released as a single on November 17, 2009.", "The album's second single, \"Cousins\", was released as a single on November 17, 2009. Initial copies of the CD and LP sold at independent record stores in the US included a 3-track bonus CD containing two \"melts\", which featured bits of album tracks and a remix.", "Initial copies of the CD and LP sold at independent record stores in the US included a 3-track bonus CD containing two \"melts\", which featured bits of album tracks and a remix. It is the band's first album to reach number one on the Billboard 200, and the 12th independently distributed album in history to reach the number one spot on the Billboard 200 since Nielsen Soundscan began recording data in 1991, while also being the first independent artist to have done so without ever having signed with a major label, after already established rock bands Radiohead and Pearl Jam and before Arcade Fire's The Suburbs.", "It is the band's first album to reach number one on the Billboard 200, and the 12th independently distributed album in history to reach the number one spot on the Billboard 200 since Nielsen Soundscan began recording data in 1991, while also being the first independent artist to have done so without ever having signed with a major label, after already established rock bands Radiohead and Pearl Jam and before Arcade Fire's The Suburbs. The album sold 124,000 copies in its first week and was awarded Gold by the RIAA on November 21, 2011 which means it has sold over 500,000 units in the US alone.", "The album sold 124,000 copies in its first week and was awarded Gold by the RIAA on November 21, 2011 which means it has sold over 500,000 units in the US alone. In 2010, it was awarded a diamond certification from the Independent Music Companies Association which indicated sales of at least 250,000 copies throughout Europe.", "In 2010, it was awarded a diamond certification from the Independent Music Companies Association which indicated sales of at least 250,000 copies throughout Europe. On January 9, 2010, the band did an acoustic show for MTV Unplugged. The following month, the band toured Europe and Canada with Canadian electro duo Fan Death as their support.", "The following month, the band toured Europe and Canada with Canadian electro duo Fan Death as their support. The video for their next single \"Giving Up the Gun\" was also released on February 18, 2010 which included cameos from Joe Jonas, Lil Jon, RZA, and Jake Gyllenhaal.", "The video for their next single \"Giving Up the Gun\" was also released on February 18, 2010 which included cameos from Joe Jonas, Lil Jon, RZA, and Jake Gyllenhaal. They also played festivals across the USA such as Coachella, Bonnaroo, Austin City Limits Music Festival, All Points West, and the Groovin' The Moo festival in Australia.", "They also played festivals across the USA such as Coachella, Bonnaroo, Austin City Limits Music Festival, All Points West, and the Groovin' The Moo festival in Australia. Their third single, \"Holiday\", was released on June 7, 2010.", "Their third single, \"Holiday\", was released on June 7, 2010. On June 25, 2010, the band played the Pyramid Stage at Glastonbury Festival, in Pilton, Somerset, UK.", "On June 25, 2010, the band played the Pyramid Stage at Glastonbury Festival, in Pilton, Somerset, UK. The band were also on the main stage at T in the Park 2010 at Balado Kinross, Scotland, on June 8, and played the Oxegen Festival in Ireland on July 9.", "The band were also on the main stage at T in the Park 2010 at Balado Kinross, Scotland, on June 8, and played the Oxegen Festival in Ireland on July 9. They also headlined the Latitude Festival in Suffolk, UK on July 18.", "They also headlined the Latitude Festival in Suffolk, UK on July 18. On July 16, the band headlined the Main Stage at the Festival Internacional de Benicàssim. In the summer of 2010 the band played at the Utopia stage on Peace and Love, Sweden's biggest Festival.", "In the summer of 2010 the band played at the Utopia stage on Peace and Love, Sweden's biggest Festival. On July 30, 2010, the band played at Jisan Valley Rock Festival in South Korea. In 2010, Vampire Weekend embarked on a North American tour with Beach House and Dum Dum Girls.", "In 2010, Vampire Weekend embarked on a North American tour with Beach House and Dum Dum Girls. The tour started off on August 27, 2010, in Vancouver, British Columbia at the Malkin Bowl.", "The tour started off on August 27, 2010, in Vancouver, British Columbia at the Malkin Bowl. Koenig mentioned to the audience that before this concert, the band had the longest \"vacation period\" that they had had in a while.Contra was nominated for a Grammy for Best Alternative Music Album, but lost to The Black Keys's Brothers.", "Koenig mentioned to the audience that before this concert, the band had the longest \"vacation period\" that they had had in a while.Contra was nominated for a Grammy for Best Alternative Music Album, but lost to The Black Keys's Brothers. Modern Vampires of the City (2010–2014) On November 11, 2011, it was revealed that Vampire Weekend had been in the studio, writing and recording material for their third album.", "Modern Vampires of the City (2010–2014) On November 11, 2011, it was revealed that Vampire Weekend had been in the studio, writing and recording material for their third album. On April 26, 2012, Rolling Stone reported that the new album could be released by the end of the year.", "On April 26, 2012, Rolling Stone reported that the new album could be released by the end of the year. Koenig said, \"We do have a ton of stuff.", "Koenig said, \"We do have a ton of stuff. It would be cool if it was [released] this year...We just never want to be in a position [where] when we put out something, we feel could've benefited from more time.\"", "It would be cool if it was [released] this year...We just never want to be in a position [where] when we put out something, we feel could've benefited from more time.\" Until its release, the band was discreet about the details of the next album, stating that a band \"can give a bunch of interviews when they're working on stuff\" but they \"don't want something [they] said six months ago to influence how people hear it when it's done.\"", "Until its release, the band was discreet about the details of the next album, stating that a band \"can give a bunch of interviews when they're working on stuff\" but they \"don't want something [they] said six months ago to influence how people hear it when it's done.\" In January 2012, President Barack Obama added Vampire Weekend to a short list of musical artists that he sought support from for his re-election campaign.", "In January 2012, President Barack Obama added Vampire Weekend to a short list of musical artists that he sought support from for his re-election campaign. Vampire Weekend made it onto this list with Jay-Z, John Legend, and Alicia Keys.Modern Vampires of the City was released in May 2013, and written and recorded in various locations including SlowDeath Studios in New York, Echo Park \"Back House\" in Los Angeles, Vox Recording Studios in Hollywood, Rostam Batmanglij's New York apartment and a guest house on Martha's Vineyard.", "Vampire Weekend made it onto this list with Jay-Z, John Legend, and Alicia Keys.Modern Vampires of the City was released in May 2013, and written and recorded in various locations including SlowDeath Studios in New York, Echo Park \"Back House\" in Los Angeles, Vox Recording Studios in Hollywood, Rostam Batmanglij's New York apartment and a guest house on Martha's Vineyard. The album was co-produced by Batmanglij and Ariel Rechtshaid.", "The album was co-produced by Batmanglij and Ariel Rechtshaid. After Batmanglij produced the first two albums himself, this marked the first time the band worked with an outside producer on any of their records.", "After Batmanglij produced the first two albums himself, this marked the first time the band worked with an outside producer on any of their records. In an interview for the February 2013 edition of Q (released in mid-January), Koenig described the upcoming album as \"darker and more organic\" and \"very much the last of a trilogy.\"", "In an interview for the February 2013 edition of Q (released in mid-January), Koenig described the upcoming album as \"darker and more organic\" and \"very much the last of a trilogy.\" Said Koenig, \"Things that we might have found boring in the past, we've started to find more fresh.", "Said Koenig, \"Things that we might have found boring in the past, we've started to find more fresh. This album has more piano and acoustic guitar and organ.\"", "This album has more piano and acoustic guitar and organ.\" Modern Vampires of the City also continued the use of digital voice modulation as heard in the songs \"Diane Young\" and \"Ya Hey\", a technique first used in the song \"California English\" on Contra The album was recorded and co-produced by Ariel Rechtshaid in his Los Angeles Studio (alongside Batmanglij).", "Modern Vampires of the City also continued the use of digital voice modulation as heard in the songs \"Diane Young\" and \"Ya Hey\", a technique first used in the song \"California English\" on Contra The album was recorded and co-produced by Ariel Rechtshaid in his Los Angeles Studio (alongside Batmanglij). The band discussed the album with The FADER and appeared on the cover of the magazine's 84th issue.", "The band discussed the album with The FADER and appeared on the cover of the magazine's 84th issue. On March 16, 2013, the band played the closing show at Stubbs on the last day of the SXSW festival in Austin, Texas.", "On March 16, 2013, the band played the closing show at Stubbs on the last day of the SXSW festival in Austin, Texas. In the show they played two new songs from the upcoming album: \"Diane Young\" and \"Ya Hey\".", "In the show they played two new songs from the upcoming album: \"Diane Young\" and \"Ya Hey\". On March 18, 2013, Vampire Weekend released a double-sided single, \"Diane Young\"/\"Step\".", "On March 18, 2013, Vampire Weekend released a double-sided single, \"Diane Young\"/\"Step\". On May 11, 2013, Vampire Weekend were featured as the musical guest on Saturday Night Live with Kristen Wiig hosting, their third time on the show.", "On May 11, 2013, Vampire Weekend were featured as the musical guest on Saturday Night Live with Kristen Wiig hosting, their third time on the show. Released on May 14, 2013, the album debuted at No.", "Released on May 14, 2013, the album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard chart, marking the second time Vampire Weekend has achieved the feat: its second album Contra also debuted at No. 1 in 2010, making them the first independent rock band to enter the charts at No. 1 with two consecutive releases.", "1 with two consecutive releases. 1 with two consecutive releases. Modern Vampires of the City also shattered the previous record for first week vinyl sales, moving nearly 10,000 units on vinyl alone and debuting at No. 1 on the Soundscan Vinyl Charts.", "1 on the Soundscan Vinyl Charts. Additionally, the band charted #1 at Indie, Alternative, Digital and the top 200. In 2014, Modern Vampires of the City won a Grammy for Best Alternative Music Album.", "In 2014, Modern Vampires of the City won a Grammy for Best Alternative Music Album. To promote the album, XL Recordings released \"Diane Young\" and \"Step\" as a double A-sided single on March 19, 2013.", "To promote the album, XL Recordings released \"Diane Young\" and \"Step\" as a double A-sided single on March 19, 2013. Modern Vampires of the City was released by XL on May 14. and Vampire Weekend played several concerts and music festivals shortly after, eventually embarking on a larger supporting tour throughout late 2013, beginning with a show at the Mann Center for the Performing Arts in Philadelphia on September 19.", "Modern Vampires of the City was released by XL on May 14. and Vampire Weekend played several concerts and music festivals shortly after, eventually embarking on a larger supporting tour throughout late 2013, beginning with a show at the Mann Center for the Performing Arts in Philadelphia on September 19. John Gentile of Rolling Stone reported that the band headlined \"some of their largest venues to date\" on the tour.", "John Gentile of Rolling Stone reported that the band headlined \"some of their largest venues to date\" on the tour. In the album's first week of release, it debuted number one on the Billboard 200 and sold 134,000 copies in the United States.", "In the album's first week of release, it debuted number one on the Billboard 200 and sold 134,000 copies in the United States. It was Vampire Weekend's second consecutive number-one record on the chart, as well as the nineteenth independently distributed album to top the Billboard 200 in the Nielsen SoundScan era (1991–present).", "It was Vampire Weekend's second consecutive number-one record on the chart, as well as the nineteenth independently distributed album to top the Billboard 200 in the Nielsen SoundScan era (1991–present). The record entered the British album charts at number three with first-week sales of 27,805 copies, becoming the group's third consecutive top-twenty album in the United Kingdom.", "The record entered the British album charts at number three with first-week sales of 27,805 copies, becoming the group's third consecutive top-twenty album in the United Kingdom. By December 2014, it had been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America and sold 505,000 copies in the US.", "By December 2014, it had been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America and sold 505,000 copies in the US. In 2014, it was awarded a diamond certification from the Independent Music Companies Association, which indicated sales of at least 200,000 copies throughout Europe.", "In 2014, it was awarded a diamond certification from the Independent Music Companies Association, which indicated sales of at least 200,000 copies throughout Europe. On September 2020, Modern Vampires of the City was put by Rolling Stone in their new list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, ranking at position 328.", "On September 2020, Modern Vampires of the City was put by Rolling Stone in their new list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, ranking at position 328. Departure of Batmanglij and Father of the Bride (2014–2019) After remaining quiet following the conclusion of their Modern Vampires tour, which wrapped up in September 2014, it was revealed on January 26, 2016 that Rostam Batmanglij had departed the band.", "Departure of Batmanglij and Father of the Bride (2014–2019) After remaining quiet following the conclusion of their Modern Vampires tour, which wrapped up in September 2014, it was revealed on January 26, 2016 that Rostam Batmanglij had departed the band. He noted that he and Koenig would continue to collaborate.", "He noted that he and Koenig would continue to collaborate. Later the same day, Koenig announced that Vampire Weekend was in the studio working on their upcoming fourth album, with Batmanglij contributing to the record. The album's working title was revealed to be Mitsubishi Macchiato.", "The album's working title was revealed to be Mitsubishi Macchiato. In January 2016, the band performed in Iowa for a Bernie Sanders rally two days before the Iowa primaries.", "In January 2016, the band performed in Iowa for a Bernie Sanders rally two days before the Iowa primaries. The band members Rostam Batmanglij and Chris Baio were replaced by David Longstreth and Nat Baldwin (both from Dirty Projectors) and an all female a cappella group from the University of Iowa, due to Batmanglij's departure from the band and Baio being on tour with his side project.", "The band members Rostam Batmanglij and Chris Baio were replaced by David Longstreth and Nat Baldwin (both from Dirty Projectors) and an all female a cappella group from the University of Iowa, due to Batmanglij's departure from the band and Baio being on tour with his side project. Lead vocalist Ezra Koenig expressed his support for the candidate in various ways through social media and on his Beats 1 show \"Time Crisis\".", "Lead vocalist Ezra Koenig expressed his support for the candidate in various ways through social media and on his Beats 1 show \"Time Crisis\". In April 2016, the band briefly performed at a rally for presidential candidate Bernie Sanders in Washington Square Park.", "In April 2016, the band briefly performed at a rally for presidential candidate Bernie Sanders in Washington Square Park. Koenig has been a well-known supporter of Sanders, after discussions on his Beats 1 radio show, Time Crisis. The band performed live with Dave Longstreth of the Dirty Projectors, which marked their first performance as a trio.", "The band performed live with Dave Longstreth of the Dirty Projectors, which marked their first performance as a trio. In late 2016, Koenig was reportedly in talks to sign the band with Columbia Records, as he reportedly \"hit it off\" with executive Rob Stringer.", "In late 2016, Koenig was reportedly in talks to sign the band with Columbia Records, as he reportedly \"hit it off\" with executive Rob Stringer. Initially, this news was regarded a rumor, until the band's website revamp in 2018, in which a Sony Music copyright appeared on the site.", "Initially, this news was regarded a rumor, until the band's website revamp in 2018, in which a Sony Music copyright appeared on the site. In March 2017, Koenig revealed in an elaborate Instagram update that during 2016 he had spent countless hours researching and writing music in libraries with grad students.", "In March 2017, Koenig revealed in an elaborate Instagram update that during 2016 he had spent countless hours researching and writing music in libraries with grad students. Additionally, he revealed that the album, given the working title of \"Mitsubishi Macchiato\", would feature a more 'spring-time' vibe and one of the songs would be entitled Flower Moon.", "Additionally, he revealed that the album, given the working title of \"Mitsubishi Macchiato\", would feature a more 'spring-time' vibe and one of the songs would be entitled Flower Moon. Koenig revealed that LP4 would be partially inspired by the songwriting of country singer, Kacey Musgraves, after he attended one of her shows in September 2016.", "Koenig revealed that LP4 would be partially inspired by the songwriting of country singer, Kacey Musgraves, after he attended one of her shows in September 2016. In an interview with Stereogum, he stated, \"I’m the type of person who has spent hours poring over the avant-garde poetic lyrics of certain songwriters, and there was something that felt so good [about how] from the first verse, you knew who was singing, who they were singing to, what kind of situation they were in.", "In an interview with Stereogum, he stated, \"I’m the type of person who has spent hours poring over the avant-garde poetic lyrics of certain songwriters, and there was something that felt so good [about how] from the first verse, you knew who was singing, who they were singing to, what kind of situation they were in. After the show I realized there’s not a ton of Vampire Weekend songs where you could listen to the first verse and immediately answer the question of who’s singing and who are they singing to.” Furthermore, in a September 2017 interview with Zane Lowe, Ezra briefly spoke about LP4 and stated that it was \"about 80% done.\"", "After the show I realized there’s not a ton of Vampire Weekend songs where you could listen to the first verse and immediately answer the question of who’s singing and who are they singing to.” Furthermore, in a September 2017 interview with Zane Lowe, Ezra briefly spoke about LP4 and stated that it was \"about 80% done.\" He mentioned that the album would feature lead producer Ariel Rechtshaid with additional \"guest appearances\", one of which being Batmanglij.", "He mentioned that the album would feature lead producer Ariel Rechtshaid with additional \"guest appearances\", one of which being Batmanglij. Lowe pushed Koenig for a release date, citing Q1 2018 as a likely candidate.", "Lowe pushed Koenig for a release date, citing Q1 2018 as a likely candidate. In a December 2017 interview, Koenig noted that Batmanglij was involved in a few songs, some of which was material that they had started working on long ago, and that their method of collaboration had not changed despite the latter's departure from the band.", "In a December 2017 interview, Koenig noted that Batmanglij was involved in a few songs, some of which was material that they had started working on long ago, and that their method of collaboration had not changed despite the latter's departure from the band. Vampire Weekend's first gigs since the hiatus took place in Ojai, California on June 16 & 17.", "Vampire Weekend's first gigs since the hiatus took place in Ojai, California on June 16 & 17. On January 31, 2018, it was announced that the band would be headlining the UK music festival End of the Road.", "On January 31, 2018, it was announced that the band would be headlining the UK music festival End of the Road. The festival ran from August 31 to September 3 and marked Vampire Weekend's first return to a festival stage in 4 years.", "The festival ran from August 31 to September 3 and marked Vampire Weekend's first return to a festival stage in 4 years. On July 21, they performed in Byron Bay for the Australian festival, Splendour in the Grass.", "On July 21, they performed in Byron Bay for the Australian festival, Splendour in the Grass. Additionally, it was announced that they would headline the 2018 Fuji Rock Festival, scheduled for July 27 to 29.", "Additionally, it was announced that they would headline the 2018 Fuji Rock Festival, scheduled for July 27 to 29. For their live shows, the core trio of Koenig, Baio, and Tomson has been augmented by Greta Morgan on keyboards, guitar, and vocals, Brian Robert Jones on guitar, Garrett Ray on percussion, drums, and vocals, and Will Canzoneri on keyboards and vocals.", "For their live shows, the core trio of Koenig, Baio, and Tomson has been augmented by Greta Morgan on keyboards, guitar, and vocals, Brian Robert Jones on guitar, Garrett Ray on percussion, drums, and vocals, and Will Canzoneri on keyboards and vocals. During their August 4, 2018 performance at Lollapalooza, where the band played fan favorite \"A-Punk\" three times in a row, Koenig announced that Vampire Weekend's 4th album was done.", "During their August 4, 2018 performance at Lollapalooza, where the band played fan favorite \"A-Punk\" three times in a row, Koenig announced that Vampire Weekend's 4th album was done. On January 17, 2019, Koenig announced the abbreviation of the band's fourth album title as FOTB, and revealed that the album would consist of 18 songs, running at approximately 59 minutes.", "On January 17, 2019, Koenig announced the abbreviation of the band's fourth album title as FOTB, and revealed that the album would consist of 18 songs, running at approximately 59 minutes. Additionally, he announced that the album would be promoted by three monthly two-song releases, beginning the following week.", "Additionally, he announced that the album would be promoted by three monthly two-song releases, beginning the following week. On January 24, the songs \"Harmony Hall\" and \"2021\" were released, and Koenig confirmed the title of the album as Father of the Bride.", "On January 24, the songs \"Harmony Hall\" and \"2021\" were released, and Koenig confirmed the title of the album as Father of the Bride. He also said that the record would feature an array of collaborators, including Batmanglij, marking the first time the band has included guest vocalists in an album.", "He also said that the record would feature an array of collaborators, including Batmanglij, marking the first time the band has included guest vocalists in an album. In an interview with Rolling Stone, Koenig said, \"We've had three albums of the same voice over and over again.", "In an interview with Rolling Stone, Koenig said, \"We've had three albums of the same voice over and over again. I like the idea of opening up our world a little bit.\"", "I like the idea of opening up our world a little bit.\" He also confirmed that \"2021\" features a Haruomi Hosono sample, and said that he planned to start work on Vampire Weekend's fifth album. The band's current touring approach is influenced by Phish, the Grateful Dead and other jam bands.", "The band's current touring approach is influenced by Phish, the Grateful Dead and other jam bands. Contemporary fans mirror these influences in their Deadhead inspired creation of unofficial merchandise including shirts, shorts, tie-dyes, and bucket hats.", "Contemporary fans mirror these influences in their Deadhead inspired creation of unofficial merchandise including shirts, shorts, tie-dyes, and bucket hats. At the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards, the band received three nominations: Album of the Year and Best Alternative Music Album for Father of the Bride and Best Rock Song for \"Harmony Hall\".", "At the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards, the band received three nominations: Album of the Year and Best Alternative Music Album for Father of the Bride and Best Rock Song for \"Harmony Hall\". They won for Best Alternative Music Album (their second win in the category).", "They won for Best Alternative Music Album (their second win in the category). In 2020, the Live in Florida EP featuring songs from the Father of the Bride Tour was released. On February 4, 2021, Vampire Weekend released the 40:42 EP featuring reinterpretations of their song \"2021\" from Father of the Bride.", "On February 4, 2021, Vampire Weekend released the 40:42 EP featuring reinterpretations of their song \"2021\" from Father of the Bride. Two artists were commissioned to expand the song into twenty-minute and twenty-one-second versions.", "Two artists were commissioned to expand the song into twenty-minute and twenty-one-second versions. Band members Current members Ezra Koenig – lead vocals, guitar, piano (2006–present) Chris Baio – bass, backing vocals, occasional piano (2006–present) Chris Tomson – drums, percussion, occasional guitar, backing vocals (2006–present) Touring members Will Canzoneri – keyboards, backing vocals (2018–present) Brian Robert Jones – guitar, backing vocals (2018–present) Greta Morgan – keyboards, guitar, percussion, backing vocals (2018–present) Garrett Ray – percussion, drums, backing vocals (2018–present) Former members Rostam Batmanglij – keyboards, guitar, backing vocals, production, programmer, percussion, occasional lead vocals (2006–2016) Timeline Contra lawsuit In 2010, the band, along with their record company XL Recordings and photographer Tod Scott Brody, were sued by Kirsten Kennis, the model on the cover of Contra, over the use of her image.", "Band members Current members Ezra Koenig – lead vocals, guitar, piano (2006–present) Chris Baio – bass, backing vocals, occasional piano (2006–present) Chris Tomson – drums, percussion, occasional guitar, backing vocals (2006–present) Touring members Will Canzoneri – keyboards, backing vocals (2018–present) Brian Robert Jones – guitar, backing vocals (2018–present) Greta Morgan – keyboards, guitar, percussion, backing vocals (2018–present) Garrett Ray – percussion, drums, backing vocals (2018–present) Former members Rostam Batmanglij – keyboards, guitar, backing vocals, production, programmer, percussion, occasional lead vocals (2006–2016) Timeline Contra lawsuit In 2010, the band, along with their record company XL Recordings and photographer Tod Scott Brody, were sued by Kirsten Kennis, the model on the cover of Contra, over the use of her image. Kennis's accusations were that the band used her image without her permission.", "Kennis's accusations were that the band used her image without her permission. Vampire Weekend settled with Kennis in 2011.", "Vampire Weekend settled with Kennis in 2011. Other contributions Vampire Weekend contributed a cover of \"Exit Music (For a Film)\" for Stereogum Presents... OKX: A Tribute to OK Computer (2007), a free tribute album celebrating 10 years of Radiohead's album OK Computer.", "Other contributions Vampire Weekend contributed a cover of \"Exit Music (For a Film)\" for Stereogum Presents... OKX: A Tribute to OK Computer (2007), a free tribute album celebrating 10 years of Radiohead's album OK Computer. They have also covered \"Everywhere\" by Fleetwood Mac, \"Ça Plane Pour Moi\" by Plastic Bertrand, \"I'm Goin' Down\" by Bruce Springsteen, \"Have I the Right?\"", "They have also covered \"Everywhere\" by Fleetwood Mac, \"Ça Plane Pour Moi\" by Plastic Bertrand, \"I'm Goin' Down\" by Bruce Springsteen, \"Have I the Right?\" by The Honeycombs, \"Blurred Lines\" by Robin Thicke, \"Fight For This Love\" by Cheryl Cole, and \"Ruby Soho\" by Rancid.", "by The Honeycombs, \"Blurred Lines\" by Robin Thicke, \"Fight For This Love\" by Cheryl Cole, and \"Ruby Soho\" by Rancid. The band also contributed the song \"Ottoman\" to the soundtrack to the 2008 film Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist.", "The band also contributed the song \"Ottoman\" to the soundtrack to the 2008 film Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist. That song was then sampled by alternative hip-hop artist Kid Cudi. Two tracks from their debut record also appeared in the 2009 comedy I Love You, Man.", "Two tracks from their debut record also appeared in the 2009 comedy I Love You, Man. A new song, \"Jonathan Low\", was released on June 8, 2010, appearing on the soundtrack to the third installment of the Twilight Saga films, Eclipse.", "A new song, \"Jonathan Low\", was released on June 8, 2010, appearing on the soundtrack to the third installment of the Twilight Saga films, Eclipse. Their song \"Worship You\" appeared as a soundtrack in EA Sports football video game, FIFA 14.", "Their song \"Worship You\" appeared as a soundtrack in EA Sports football video game, FIFA 14. In 2014, Vampire Weekend contributed a cover of \"Con te Partiro\" by Andrea Bocelli on the Valentine's Day compilation, Sweetheart 2014.", "In 2014, Vampire Weekend contributed a cover of \"Con te Partiro\" by Andrea Bocelli on the Valentine's Day compilation, Sweetheart 2014. Vampire Weekend also contributed a cover of Bruce Springsteen's \"I'm Goin' Down\" on the Girls Vol. 2 Soundtrack.", "2 Soundtrack. 2 Soundtrack. Discography Studio albums Vampire Weekend (2008) Contra (2010) Modern Vampires of the City (2013) Father of the Bride'' (2019) Awards and nominations References External links 2006 establishments in New York City Musical quartets American musical trios Musical groups from New York City Grammy Award winners Indie rock musical groups from New York (state) Musical groups established in 2006 Columbia Records artists XL Recordings artists Alternative rock groups from New York (state)" ]

[ "Vampire Weekend", "Departure of Batmanglij, Columbia Records and LP4 (2014 - present)", "who left", "Rostam Batmanglij announced his departure from the band on Twitter.", "why", "collaborate.", "What did he want", "Batmanglij contributing to the record. The album's working title was revealed to be Mitsubishi Macchiato.", "What did he move on to", "Koenig revealed in an elaborate Instragram update that during 2016 he had spent countless hours researching and writing music in libraries with grad students.", "When was it realesed", "Initially, this news was regarded a rumour, until the band's website revamp in 2018, in which a Sony Music copyright appeared on the site.", "What did he try to do next", "Additionally, he revealed that the album would feature a more 'spring-time' vibe and one of the songs would be entitled Flower Moon." ]

[ "\"What Did I Do to You?\" is a song recorded by British singer Lisa Stansfield for her 1989 album, Affection. It was written by Stansfield, Ian Devaney and Andy Morris, and produced by Devaney and Morris. The song was released as the fourth European single on 30 April 1990. It included three previously unreleased songs written by Stansfield, Devaney and Morris: \"My Apple Heart,\" \"Lay Me Down\" and \"Something's Happenin'.\" \"What Did I Do to You?\" was remixed by Mark Saunders and by the Grammy Award-winning American house music DJ and producer, David Morales. The single became a top forty hit in the European countries reaching number eighteen in Finland, number twenty in Ireland and number twenty-five in the United Kingdom. \"What Did I Do to You?\" was also released in Japan.\n\nIn 2014, the remixes of \"What Did I Do to You?\" were included on the deluxe 2CD + DVD re-release of Affection and on People Hold On ... The Remix Anthology. They were also featured on The Collection 1989–2003 box set (2014), including previously unreleased Red Zone Mix by David Morales.\n\nCritical reception\nThe song received positive reviews from music critics. Matthew Hocter from Albumism viewed it as a \"upbeat offering\". David Giles from Music Week said it is \"beautifully performed\" by Stansfield. A reviewer from Reading Eagle wrote that \"What Did I Do to You?\" \"would be right at home on the \"Saturday Night Fever\" soundtrack.\"\n\nMusic video\nA music video was produced to promote the single, directed by Philip Richardson, who had previously directed the videos for \"All Around the World\" and \"Live Together\". It features Stansfield with her kiss curls, dressed in a white outfit and performing with her band on a stage in front of a jumping audience. The video was later published on Stansfield's official YouTube channel in November 2009. It has amassed more than 1,6 million views as of October 2021.\n\nTrack listings\n\n European/UK 7\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix Edit) – 4:20\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n European/UK/Japanese CD single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix Edit) – 4:20\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 5:19\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 4:17\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n UK 10\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix) – 5:52\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 5:19\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 4:17\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n European/UK 12\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Morales Mix) – 7:59\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 4:22\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 3:19\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:15\n\n UK 12\" promotional single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Morales Mix) – 7:59\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Anti Poll Tax Dub) – 6:31\n\n Other remixes\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Red Zone Mix) – 7:45\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nLisa Stansfield songs\n1990 singles\nSongs written by Lisa Stansfield\n1989 songs\nArista Records singles\nSongs written by Ian Devaney\nSongs written by Andy Morris (musician)", "\"What Would Steve Do?\" is the second single released by Mumm-Ra on Columbia Records, which was released on February 19, 2007. It is a re-recorded version of the self-release they did in April 2006. It reached #40 in the UK Singles Chart, making it their highest charting single.\n\nTrack listings\nAll songs written by Mumm-Ra.\n\nCD\n\"What Would Steve Do?\"\n\"Cute As\"\n\"Without You\"\n\n7\"\n\"What Would Steve Do?\"\n\"What Would Steve Do? (Floorboard Mix)\"\n\nGatefold 7\"\n\"What Would Steve Do?\"\n\"Cute As\"\n\nReferences\n\n2007 singles\nMumm-Ra (band) songs\n2006 songs\nColumbia Records singles" ]

[ "Vampire Weekend is an American rock band playing mainly post-punk pop from New York City, formed in 2006 and currently signed to Columbia Records. The band was formed by lead vocalist and guitarist Ezra Koenig, multi-instrumentalist Rostam Batmanglij, drummer Chris Tomson, and bassist Chris Baio. Batmanglij departed the group in early 2016.", "Batmanglij departed the group in early 2016. The band's eponymous first album Vampire Weekend (2008)—which included charting singles \"A-Punk\" and \"Oxford Comma\"—showcased a blend of indie pop, Afropop influences, and chamber music elements.", "The band's eponymous first album Vampire Weekend (2008)—which included charting singles \"A-Punk\" and \"Oxford Comma\"—showcased a blend of indie pop, Afropop influences, and chamber music elements. Their following album, Contra (2010), was similarly acclaimed and garnered strong commercial success; it featured the single \"Holiday\".", "Their following album, Contra (2010), was similarly acclaimed and garnered strong commercial success; it featured the single \"Holiday\". Their subsequent studio albums Modern Vampires of the City (2013) and Father of the Bride (2019) each won the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album in their respective years.", "Their subsequent studio albums Modern Vampires of the City (2013) and Father of the Bride (2019) each won the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album in their respective years. History Formation and early years (2006–2007) The band members met while enrolled at Columbia University, beginning with a rap collaboration between Koenig and Tomson named \"L'Homme Run\".", "History Formation and early years (2006–2007) The band members met while enrolled at Columbia University, beginning with a rap collaboration between Koenig and Tomson named \"L'Homme Run\". They bonded over a shared love of punk rock and African music.", "They bonded over a shared love of punk rock and African music. Koenig toured with The Dirty Projectors during a period of experimentation with African music, inspiring the band to incorporate world sounds into their earliest work.", "Koenig toured with The Dirty Projectors during a period of experimentation with African music, inspiring the band to incorporate world sounds into their earliest work. The band chose the name \"Vampire Weekend\" from the title of a short film project Koenig worked on during the summer between freshman and sophomore years in college.", "The band chose the name \"Vampire Weekend\" from the title of a short film project Koenig worked on during the summer between freshman and sophomore years in college. While home for the summer, Koenig watched the 1987 vampire film The Lost Boys and was inspired to make a Northeastern version of the film in which a man named Walcott travels to Cape Cod to warn the mayor that vampires are attacking the United States.", "While home for the summer, Koenig watched the 1987 vampire film The Lost Boys and was inspired to make a Northeastern version of the film in which a man named Walcott travels to Cape Cod to warn the mayor that vampires are attacking the United States. Koenig abandoned the project after two days.", "Koenig abandoned the project after two days. The band began playing shows around Columbia University, starting with a battle of the bands at Lerner Hall in 2006. After graduating from college, the band self-produced their debut album while simultaneously working full-time jobs, Tomson as a music archivist and Koenig as a middle school English teacher.", "After graduating from college, the band self-produced their debut album while simultaneously working full-time jobs, Tomson as a music archivist and Koenig as a middle school English teacher. In 2007, Vampire Weekend's song \"Cape Cod Kwassa Kwassa\" was ranked 67th on Rolling Stone'''s list of the \"100 Best Songs of the Year\".", "In 2007, Vampire Weekend's song \"Cape Cod Kwassa Kwassa\" was ranked 67th on Rolling Stone'''s list of the \"100 Best Songs of the Year\". In November 2007, they toured the UK with The Shins.", "In November 2007, they toured the UK with The Shins. The then-nascent influence of blog hype and internet buzz played a role in their success and led to a large prerelease following sufficient to support them performing on three tours before their debut album was released.", "The then-nascent influence of blog hype and internet buzz played a role in their success and led to a large prerelease following sufficient to support them performing on three tours before their debut album was released. They were declared \"The Year's Best New Band\" by Spin magazine in the March 2008 issue, and were the first band to be shot for the cover of the magazine before releasing their debut album.", "They were declared \"The Year's Best New Band\" by Spin magazine in the March 2008 issue, and were the first band to be shot for the cover of the magazine before releasing their debut album. The band made a television appearance on The Late Show with David Letterman on February 1, 2008, and on March 8, 2008, performed on Saturday Night Live.", "The band made a television appearance on The Late Show with David Letterman on February 1, 2008, and on March 8, 2008, performed on Saturday Night Live. Four songs from the band's first album also made the Triple J Hottest 100, 2008.", "Four songs from the band's first album also made the Triple J Hottest 100, 2008. The internet hype had its backlash, however, as critics reacted against a perceived image of Vampire Weekend as privileged, upper-class Ivy League graduates stealing from foreign musicians.", "The internet hype had its backlash, however, as critics reacted against a perceived image of Vampire Weekend as privileged, upper-class Ivy League graduates stealing from foreign musicians. One critic went so far as to call Vampire Weekend the \"whitest band in the world,\" to which they took exception, given their Ukrainian, Persian, Italian, and Hungarian heritages.", "One critic went so far as to call Vampire Weekend the \"whitest band in the world,\" to which they took exception, given their Ukrainian, Persian, Italian, and Hungarian heritages. Koenig responded in a November 2009 interview by saying, \"Nobody in our band is a WASP.\"", "Koenig responded in a November 2009 interview by saying, \"Nobody in our band is a WASP.\" Furthermore, the backlash involving their social backgrounds was largely unfounded, as Koenig explained in the interview that the band members got into Columbia on scholarship and used student loans; he himself was still paying off student loans in 2009.", "Furthermore, the backlash involving their social backgrounds was largely unfounded, as Koenig explained in the interview that the band members got into Columbia on scholarship and used student loans; he himself was still paying off student loans in 2009. Vampire Weekend (2007–2009) The band's first album, Vampire Weekend, was released January 29, 2008 and is ranked number 430 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.", "Vampire Weekend (2007–2009) The band's first album, Vampire Weekend, was released January 29, 2008 and is ranked number 430 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. It featured a blend of Afropop influences, indie pop, and chamber music elements.", "It featured a blend of Afropop influences, indie pop, and chamber music elements. A success in the US and UK, it peaked at number 15 on the UK Albums Chart and number 17 on the Billboard 200.", "A success in the US and UK, it peaked at number 15 on the UK Albums Chart and number 17 on the Billboard 200. Four singles were released from the album; while \"A-Punk\" peaked at number 25 on the Billboard Modern rock chart and number 55 on the UK Singles Chart, \"Oxford Comma\" peaked at number 38 in the UK.", "Four singles were released from the album; while \"A-Punk\" peaked at number 25 on the Billboard Modern rock chart and number 55 on the UK Singles Chart, \"Oxford Comma\" peaked at number 38 in the UK. \"A-Punk\" was ranked the 4th on Rolling Stone's Readers' Rock List: Best Songs of 2008.", "\"A-Punk\" was ranked the 4th on Rolling Stone's Readers' Rock List: Best Songs of 2008. \"A-Punk\" was also used to open the Will Ferrell/John C. Reilly feature Step Brothers, and featured in the UK television show The Inbetweeners and the video games Guitar Hero 5, Just Dance 2 and Lego Rock Band.", "\"A-Punk\" was also used to open the Will Ferrell/John C. Reilly feature Step Brothers, and featured in the UK television show The Inbetweeners and the video games Guitar Hero 5, Just Dance 2 and Lego Rock Band. Contra (2009–2010) The band's second album, Contra, was released on January 11, 2010 in the UK and the following day in the US, after being pushed back from the original release date for the fall of 2009.", "Contra (2009–2010) The band's second album, Contra, was released on January 11, 2010 in the UK and the following day in the US, after being pushed back from the original release date for the fall of 2009. The album's first single, \"Horchata\", was released on October 5, 2009.", "The album's first single, \"Horchata\", was released on October 5, 2009. The album's second single, \"Cousins\", was released as a single on November 17, 2009.", "The album's second single, \"Cousins\", was released as a single on November 17, 2009. Initial copies of the CD and LP sold at independent record stores in the US included a 3-track bonus CD containing two \"melts\", which featured bits of album tracks and a remix.", "Initial copies of the CD and LP sold at independent record stores in the US included a 3-track bonus CD containing two \"melts\", which featured bits of album tracks and a remix. It is the band's first album to reach number one on the Billboard 200, and the 12th independently distributed album in history to reach the number one spot on the Billboard 200 since Nielsen Soundscan began recording data in 1991, while also being the first independent artist to have done so without ever having signed with a major label, after already established rock bands Radiohead and Pearl Jam and before Arcade Fire's The Suburbs.", "It is the band's first album to reach number one on the Billboard 200, and the 12th independently distributed album in history to reach the number one spot on the Billboard 200 since Nielsen Soundscan began recording data in 1991, while also being the first independent artist to have done so without ever having signed with a major label, after already established rock bands Radiohead and Pearl Jam and before Arcade Fire's The Suburbs. The album sold 124,000 copies in its first week and was awarded Gold by the RIAA on November 21, 2011 which means it has sold over 500,000 units in the US alone.", "The album sold 124,000 copies in its first week and was awarded Gold by the RIAA on November 21, 2011 which means it has sold over 500,000 units in the US alone. In 2010, it was awarded a diamond certification from the Independent Music Companies Association which indicated sales of at least 250,000 copies throughout Europe.", "In 2010, it was awarded a diamond certification from the Independent Music Companies Association which indicated sales of at least 250,000 copies throughout Europe. On January 9, 2010, the band did an acoustic show for MTV Unplugged. The following month, the band toured Europe and Canada with Canadian electro duo Fan Death as their support.", "The following month, the band toured Europe and Canada with Canadian electro duo Fan Death as their support. The video for their next single \"Giving Up the Gun\" was also released on February 18, 2010 which included cameos from Joe Jonas, Lil Jon, RZA, and Jake Gyllenhaal.", "The video for their next single \"Giving Up the Gun\" was also released on February 18, 2010 which included cameos from Joe Jonas, Lil Jon, RZA, and Jake Gyllenhaal. They also played festivals across the USA such as Coachella, Bonnaroo, Austin City Limits Music Festival, All Points West, and the Groovin' The Moo festival in Australia.", "They also played festivals across the USA such as Coachella, Bonnaroo, Austin City Limits Music Festival, All Points West, and the Groovin' The Moo festival in Australia. Their third single, \"Holiday\", was released on June 7, 2010.", "Their third single, \"Holiday\", was released on June 7, 2010. On June 25, 2010, the band played the Pyramid Stage at Glastonbury Festival, in Pilton, Somerset, UK.", "On June 25, 2010, the band played the Pyramid Stage at Glastonbury Festival, in Pilton, Somerset, UK. The band were also on the main stage at T in the Park 2010 at Balado Kinross, Scotland, on June 8, and played the Oxegen Festival in Ireland on July 9.", "The band were also on the main stage at T in the Park 2010 at Balado Kinross, Scotland, on June 8, and played the Oxegen Festival in Ireland on July 9. They also headlined the Latitude Festival in Suffolk, UK on July 18.", "They also headlined the Latitude Festival in Suffolk, UK on July 18. On July 16, the band headlined the Main Stage at the Festival Internacional de Benicàssim. In the summer of 2010 the band played at the Utopia stage on Peace and Love, Sweden's biggest Festival.", "In the summer of 2010 the band played at the Utopia stage on Peace and Love, Sweden's biggest Festival. On July 30, 2010, the band played at Jisan Valley Rock Festival in South Korea. In 2010, Vampire Weekend embarked on a North American tour with Beach House and Dum Dum Girls.", "In 2010, Vampire Weekend embarked on a North American tour with Beach House and Dum Dum Girls. The tour started off on August 27, 2010, in Vancouver, British Columbia at the Malkin Bowl.", "The tour started off on August 27, 2010, in Vancouver, British Columbia at the Malkin Bowl. Koenig mentioned to the audience that before this concert, the band had the longest \"vacation period\" that they had had in a while.Contra was nominated for a Grammy for Best Alternative Music Album, but lost to The Black Keys's Brothers.", "Koenig mentioned to the audience that before this concert, the band had the longest \"vacation period\" that they had had in a while.Contra was nominated for a Grammy for Best Alternative Music Album, but lost to The Black Keys's Brothers. Modern Vampires of the City (2010–2014) On November 11, 2011, it was revealed that Vampire Weekend had been in the studio, writing and recording material for their third album.", "Modern Vampires of the City (2010–2014) On November 11, 2011, it was revealed that Vampire Weekend had been in the studio, writing and recording material for their third album. On April 26, 2012, Rolling Stone reported that the new album could be released by the end of the year.", "On April 26, 2012, Rolling Stone reported that the new album could be released by the end of the year. Koenig said, \"We do have a ton of stuff.", "Koenig said, \"We do have a ton of stuff. It would be cool if it was [released] this year...We just never want to be in a position [where] when we put out something, we feel could've benefited from more time.\"", "It would be cool if it was [released] this year...We just never want to be in a position [where] when we put out something, we feel could've benefited from more time.\" Until its release, the band was discreet about the details of the next album, stating that a band \"can give a bunch of interviews when they're working on stuff\" but they \"don't want something [they] said six months ago to influence how people hear it when it's done.\"", "Until its release, the band was discreet about the details of the next album, stating that a band \"can give a bunch of interviews when they're working on stuff\" but they \"don't want something [they] said six months ago to influence how people hear it when it's done.\" In January 2012, President Barack Obama added Vampire Weekend to a short list of musical artists that he sought support from for his re-election campaign.", "In January 2012, President Barack Obama added Vampire Weekend to a short list of musical artists that he sought support from for his re-election campaign. Vampire Weekend made it onto this list with Jay-Z, John Legend, and Alicia Keys.Modern Vampires of the City was released in May 2013, and written and recorded in various locations including SlowDeath Studios in New York, Echo Park \"Back House\" in Los Angeles, Vox Recording Studios in Hollywood, Rostam Batmanglij's New York apartment and a guest house on Martha's Vineyard.", "Vampire Weekend made it onto this list with Jay-Z, John Legend, and Alicia Keys.Modern Vampires of the City was released in May 2013, and written and recorded in various locations including SlowDeath Studios in New York, Echo Park \"Back House\" in Los Angeles, Vox Recording Studios in Hollywood, Rostam Batmanglij's New York apartment and a guest house on Martha's Vineyard. The album was co-produced by Batmanglij and Ariel Rechtshaid.", "The album was co-produced by Batmanglij and Ariel Rechtshaid. After Batmanglij produced the first two albums himself, this marked the first time the band worked with an outside producer on any of their records.", "After Batmanglij produced the first two albums himself, this marked the first time the band worked with an outside producer on any of their records. In an interview for the February 2013 edition of Q (released in mid-January), Koenig described the upcoming album as \"darker and more organic\" and \"very much the last of a trilogy.\"", "In an interview for the February 2013 edition of Q (released in mid-January), Koenig described the upcoming album as \"darker and more organic\" and \"very much the last of a trilogy.\" Said Koenig, \"Things that we might have found boring in the past, we've started to find more fresh.", "Said Koenig, \"Things that we might have found boring in the past, we've started to find more fresh. This album has more piano and acoustic guitar and organ.\"", "This album has more piano and acoustic guitar and organ.\" Modern Vampires of the City also continued the use of digital voice modulation as heard in the songs \"Diane Young\" and \"Ya Hey\", a technique first used in the song \"California English\" on Contra The album was recorded and co-produced by Ariel Rechtshaid in his Los Angeles Studio (alongside Batmanglij).", "Modern Vampires of the City also continued the use of digital voice modulation as heard in the songs \"Diane Young\" and \"Ya Hey\", a technique first used in the song \"California English\" on Contra The album was recorded and co-produced by Ariel Rechtshaid in his Los Angeles Studio (alongside Batmanglij). The band discussed the album with The FADER and appeared on the cover of the magazine's 84th issue.", "The band discussed the album with The FADER and appeared on the cover of the magazine's 84th issue. On March 16, 2013, the band played the closing show at Stubbs on the last day of the SXSW festival in Austin, Texas.", "On March 16, 2013, the band played the closing show at Stubbs on the last day of the SXSW festival in Austin, Texas. In the show they played two new songs from the upcoming album: \"Diane Young\" and \"Ya Hey\".", "In the show they played two new songs from the upcoming album: \"Diane Young\" and \"Ya Hey\". On March 18, 2013, Vampire Weekend released a double-sided single, \"Diane Young\"/\"Step\".", "On March 18, 2013, Vampire Weekend released a double-sided single, \"Diane Young\"/\"Step\". On May 11, 2013, Vampire Weekend were featured as the musical guest on Saturday Night Live with Kristen Wiig hosting, their third time on the show.", "On May 11, 2013, Vampire Weekend were featured as the musical guest on Saturday Night Live with Kristen Wiig hosting, their third time on the show. Released on May 14, 2013, the album debuted at No.", "Released on May 14, 2013, the album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard chart, marking the second time Vampire Weekend has achieved the feat: its second album Contra also debuted at No. 1 in 2010, making them the first independent rock band to enter the charts at No. 1 with two consecutive releases.", "1 with two consecutive releases. 1 with two consecutive releases. Modern Vampires of the City also shattered the previous record for first week vinyl sales, moving nearly 10,000 units on vinyl alone and debuting at No. 1 on the Soundscan Vinyl Charts.", "1 on the Soundscan Vinyl Charts. Additionally, the band charted #1 at Indie, Alternative, Digital and the top 200. In 2014, Modern Vampires of the City won a Grammy for Best Alternative Music Album.", "In 2014, Modern Vampires of the City won a Grammy for Best Alternative Music Album. To promote the album, XL Recordings released \"Diane Young\" and \"Step\" as a double A-sided single on March 19, 2013.", "To promote the album, XL Recordings released \"Diane Young\" and \"Step\" as a double A-sided single on March 19, 2013. Modern Vampires of the City was released by XL on May 14. and Vampire Weekend played several concerts and music festivals shortly after, eventually embarking on a larger supporting tour throughout late 2013, beginning with a show at the Mann Center for the Performing Arts in Philadelphia on September 19.", "Modern Vampires of the City was released by XL on May 14. and Vampire Weekend played several concerts and music festivals shortly after, eventually embarking on a larger supporting tour throughout late 2013, beginning with a show at the Mann Center for the Performing Arts in Philadelphia on September 19. John Gentile of Rolling Stone reported that the band headlined \"some of their largest venues to date\" on the tour.", "John Gentile of Rolling Stone reported that the band headlined \"some of their largest venues to date\" on the tour. In the album's first week of release, it debuted number one on the Billboard 200 and sold 134,000 copies in the United States.", "In the album's first week of release, it debuted number one on the Billboard 200 and sold 134,000 copies in the United States. It was Vampire Weekend's second consecutive number-one record on the chart, as well as the nineteenth independently distributed album to top the Billboard 200 in the Nielsen SoundScan era (1991–present).", "It was Vampire Weekend's second consecutive number-one record on the chart, as well as the nineteenth independently distributed album to top the Billboard 200 in the Nielsen SoundScan era (1991–present). The record entered the British album charts at number three with first-week sales of 27,805 copies, becoming the group's third consecutive top-twenty album in the United Kingdom.", "The record entered the British album charts at number three with first-week sales of 27,805 copies, becoming the group's third consecutive top-twenty album in the United Kingdom. By December 2014, it had been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America and sold 505,000 copies in the US.", "By December 2014, it had been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America and sold 505,000 copies in the US. In 2014, it was awarded a diamond certification from the Independent Music Companies Association, which indicated sales of at least 200,000 copies throughout Europe.", "In 2014, it was awarded a diamond certification from the Independent Music Companies Association, which indicated sales of at least 200,000 copies throughout Europe. On September 2020, Modern Vampires of the City was put by Rolling Stone in their new list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, ranking at position 328.", "On September 2020, Modern Vampires of the City was put by Rolling Stone in their new list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, ranking at position 328. Departure of Batmanglij and Father of the Bride (2014–2019) After remaining quiet following the conclusion of their Modern Vampires tour, which wrapped up in September 2014, it was revealed on January 26, 2016 that Rostam Batmanglij had departed the band.", "Departure of Batmanglij and Father of the Bride (2014–2019) After remaining quiet following the conclusion of their Modern Vampires tour, which wrapped up in September 2014, it was revealed on January 26, 2016 that Rostam Batmanglij had departed the band. He noted that he and Koenig would continue to collaborate.", "He noted that he and Koenig would continue to collaborate. Later the same day, Koenig announced that Vampire Weekend was in the studio working on their upcoming fourth album, with Batmanglij contributing to the record. The album's working title was revealed to be Mitsubishi Macchiato.", "The album's working title was revealed to be Mitsubishi Macchiato. In January 2016, the band performed in Iowa for a Bernie Sanders rally two days before the Iowa primaries.", "In January 2016, the band performed in Iowa for a Bernie Sanders rally two days before the Iowa primaries. The band members Rostam Batmanglij and Chris Baio were replaced by David Longstreth and Nat Baldwin (both from Dirty Projectors) and an all female a cappella group from the University of Iowa, due to Batmanglij's departure from the band and Baio being on tour with his side project.", "The band members Rostam Batmanglij and Chris Baio were replaced by David Longstreth and Nat Baldwin (both from Dirty Projectors) and an all female a cappella group from the University of Iowa, due to Batmanglij's departure from the band and Baio being on tour with his side project. Lead vocalist Ezra Koenig expressed his support for the candidate in various ways through social media and on his Beats 1 show \"Time Crisis\".", "Lead vocalist Ezra Koenig expressed his support for the candidate in various ways through social media and on his Beats 1 show \"Time Crisis\". In April 2016, the band briefly performed at a rally for presidential candidate Bernie Sanders in Washington Square Park.", "In April 2016, the band briefly performed at a rally for presidential candidate Bernie Sanders in Washington Square Park. Koenig has been a well-known supporter of Sanders, after discussions on his Beats 1 radio show, Time Crisis. The band performed live with Dave Longstreth of the Dirty Projectors, which marked their first performance as a trio.", "The band performed live with Dave Longstreth of the Dirty Projectors, which marked their first performance as a trio. In late 2016, Koenig was reportedly in talks to sign the band with Columbia Records, as he reportedly \"hit it off\" with executive Rob Stringer.", "In late 2016, Koenig was reportedly in talks to sign the band with Columbia Records, as he reportedly \"hit it off\" with executive Rob Stringer. Initially, this news was regarded a rumor, until the band's website revamp in 2018, in which a Sony Music copyright appeared on the site.", "Initially, this news was regarded a rumor, until the band's website revamp in 2018, in which a Sony Music copyright appeared on the site. In March 2017, Koenig revealed in an elaborate Instagram update that during 2016 he had spent countless hours researching and writing music in libraries with grad students.", "In March 2017, Koenig revealed in an elaborate Instagram update that during 2016 he had spent countless hours researching and writing music in libraries with grad students. Additionally, he revealed that the album, given the working title of \"Mitsubishi Macchiato\", would feature a more 'spring-time' vibe and one of the songs would be entitled Flower Moon.", "Additionally, he revealed that the album, given the working title of \"Mitsubishi Macchiato\", would feature a more 'spring-time' vibe and one of the songs would be entitled Flower Moon. Koenig revealed that LP4 would be partially inspired by the songwriting of country singer, Kacey Musgraves, after he attended one of her shows in September 2016.", "Koenig revealed that LP4 would be partially inspired by the songwriting of country singer, Kacey Musgraves, after he attended one of her shows in September 2016. In an interview with Stereogum, he stated, \"I’m the type of person who has spent hours poring over the avant-garde poetic lyrics of certain songwriters, and there was something that felt so good [about how] from the first verse, you knew who was singing, who they were singing to, what kind of situation they were in.", "In an interview with Stereogum, he stated, \"I’m the type of person who has spent hours poring over the avant-garde poetic lyrics of certain songwriters, and there was something that felt so good [about how] from the first verse, you knew who was singing, who they were singing to, what kind of situation they were in. After the show I realized there’s not a ton of Vampire Weekend songs where you could listen to the first verse and immediately answer the question of who’s singing and who are they singing to.” Furthermore, in a September 2017 interview with Zane Lowe, Ezra briefly spoke about LP4 and stated that it was \"about 80% done.\"", "After the show I realized there’s not a ton of Vampire Weekend songs where you could listen to the first verse and immediately answer the question of who’s singing and who are they singing to.” Furthermore, in a September 2017 interview with Zane Lowe, Ezra briefly spoke about LP4 and stated that it was \"about 80% done.\" He mentioned that the album would feature lead producer Ariel Rechtshaid with additional \"guest appearances\", one of which being Batmanglij.", "He mentioned that the album would feature lead producer Ariel Rechtshaid with additional \"guest appearances\", one of which being Batmanglij. Lowe pushed Koenig for a release date, citing Q1 2018 as a likely candidate.", "Lowe pushed Koenig for a release date, citing Q1 2018 as a likely candidate. In a December 2017 interview, Koenig noted that Batmanglij was involved in a few songs, some of which was material that they had started working on long ago, and that their method of collaboration had not changed despite the latter's departure from the band.", "In a December 2017 interview, Koenig noted that Batmanglij was involved in a few songs, some of which was material that they had started working on long ago, and that their method of collaboration had not changed despite the latter's departure from the band. Vampire Weekend's first gigs since the hiatus took place in Ojai, California on June 16 & 17.", "Vampire Weekend's first gigs since the hiatus took place in Ojai, California on June 16 & 17. On January 31, 2018, it was announced that the band would be headlining the UK music festival End of the Road.", "On January 31, 2018, it was announced that the band would be headlining the UK music festival End of the Road. The festival ran from August 31 to September 3 and marked Vampire Weekend's first return to a festival stage in 4 years.", "The festival ran from August 31 to September 3 and marked Vampire Weekend's first return to a festival stage in 4 years. On July 21, they performed in Byron Bay for the Australian festival, Splendour in the Grass.", "On July 21, they performed in Byron Bay for the Australian festival, Splendour in the Grass. Additionally, it was announced that they would headline the 2018 Fuji Rock Festival, scheduled for July 27 to 29.", "Additionally, it was announced that they would headline the 2018 Fuji Rock Festival, scheduled for July 27 to 29. For their live shows, the core trio of Koenig, Baio, and Tomson has been augmented by Greta Morgan on keyboards, guitar, and vocals, Brian Robert Jones on guitar, Garrett Ray on percussion, drums, and vocals, and Will Canzoneri on keyboards and vocals.", "For their live shows, the core trio of Koenig, Baio, and Tomson has been augmented by Greta Morgan on keyboards, guitar, and vocals, Brian Robert Jones on guitar, Garrett Ray on percussion, drums, and vocals, and Will Canzoneri on keyboards and vocals. During their August 4, 2018 performance at Lollapalooza, where the band played fan favorite \"A-Punk\" three times in a row, Koenig announced that Vampire Weekend's 4th album was done.", "During their August 4, 2018 performance at Lollapalooza, where the band played fan favorite \"A-Punk\" three times in a row, Koenig announced that Vampire Weekend's 4th album was done. On January 17, 2019, Koenig announced the abbreviation of the band's fourth album title as FOTB, and revealed that the album would consist of 18 songs, running at approximately 59 minutes.", "On January 17, 2019, Koenig announced the abbreviation of the band's fourth album title as FOTB, and revealed that the album would consist of 18 songs, running at approximately 59 minutes. Additionally, he announced that the album would be promoted by three monthly two-song releases, beginning the following week.", "Additionally, he announced that the album would be promoted by three monthly two-song releases, beginning the following week. On January 24, the songs \"Harmony Hall\" and \"2021\" were released, and Koenig confirmed the title of the album as Father of the Bride.", "On January 24, the songs \"Harmony Hall\" and \"2021\" were released, and Koenig confirmed the title of the album as Father of the Bride. He also said that the record would feature an array of collaborators, including Batmanglij, marking the first time the band has included guest vocalists in an album.", "He also said that the record would feature an array of collaborators, including Batmanglij, marking the first time the band has included guest vocalists in an album. In an interview with Rolling Stone, Koenig said, \"We've had three albums of the same voice over and over again.", "In an interview with Rolling Stone, Koenig said, \"We've had three albums of the same voice over and over again. I like the idea of opening up our world a little bit.\"", "I like the idea of opening up our world a little bit.\" He also confirmed that \"2021\" features a Haruomi Hosono sample, and said that he planned to start work on Vampire Weekend's fifth album. The band's current touring approach is influenced by Phish, the Grateful Dead and other jam bands.", "The band's current touring approach is influenced by Phish, the Grateful Dead and other jam bands. Contemporary fans mirror these influences in their Deadhead inspired creation of unofficial merchandise including shirts, shorts, tie-dyes, and bucket hats.", "Contemporary fans mirror these influences in their Deadhead inspired creation of unofficial merchandise including shirts, shorts, tie-dyes, and bucket hats. At the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards, the band received three nominations: Album of the Year and Best Alternative Music Album for Father of the Bride and Best Rock Song for \"Harmony Hall\".", "At the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards, the band received three nominations: Album of the Year and Best Alternative Music Album for Father of the Bride and Best Rock Song for \"Harmony Hall\". They won for Best Alternative Music Album (their second win in the category).", "They won for Best Alternative Music Album (their second win in the category). In 2020, the Live in Florida EP featuring songs from the Father of the Bride Tour was released. On February 4, 2021, Vampire Weekend released the 40:42 EP featuring reinterpretations of their song \"2021\" from Father of the Bride.", "On February 4, 2021, Vampire Weekend released the 40:42 EP featuring reinterpretations of their song \"2021\" from Father of the Bride. Two artists were commissioned to expand the song into twenty-minute and twenty-one-second versions.", "Two artists were commissioned to expand the song into twenty-minute and twenty-one-second versions. Band members Current members Ezra Koenig – lead vocals, guitar, piano (2006–present) Chris Baio – bass, backing vocals, occasional piano (2006–present) Chris Tomson – drums, percussion, occasional guitar, backing vocals (2006–present) Touring members Will Canzoneri – keyboards, backing vocals (2018–present) Brian Robert Jones – guitar, backing vocals (2018–present) Greta Morgan – keyboards, guitar, percussion, backing vocals (2018–present) Garrett Ray – percussion, drums, backing vocals (2018–present) Former members Rostam Batmanglij – keyboards, guitar, backing vocals, production, programmer, percussion, occasional lead vocals (2006–2016) Timeline Contra lawsuit In 2010, the band, along with their record company XL Recordings and photographer Tod Scott Brody, were sued by Kirsten Kennis, the model on the cover of Contra, over the use of her image.", "Band members Current members Ezra Koenig – lead vocals, guitar, piano (2006–present) Chris Baio – bass, backing vocals, occasional piano (2006–present) Chris Tomson – drums, percussion, occasional guitar, backing vocals (2006–present) Touring members Will Canzoneri – keyboards, backing vocals (2018–present) Brian Robert Jones – guitar, backing vocals (2018–present) Greta Morgan – keyboards, guitar, percussion, backing vocals (2018–present) Garrett Ray – percussion, drums, backing vocals (2018–present) Former members Rostam Batmanglij – keyboards, guitar, backing vocals, production, programmer, percussion, occasional lead vocals (2006–2016) Timeline Contra lawsuit In 2010, the band, along with their record company XL Recordings and photographer Tod Scott Brody, were sued by Kirsten Kennis, the model on the cover of Contra, over the use of her image. Kennis's accusations were that the band used her image without her permission.", "Kennis's accusations were that the band used her image without her permission. Vampire Weekend settled with Kennis in 2011.", "Vampire Weekend settled with Kennis in 2011. Other contributions Vampire Weekend contributed a cover of \"Exit Music (For a Film)\" for Stereogum Presents... OKX: A Tribute to OK Computer (2007), a free tribute album celebrating 10 years of Radiohead's album OK Computer.", "Other contributions Vampire Weekend contributed a cover of \"Exit Music (For a Film)\" for Stereogum Presents... OKX: A Tribute to OK Computer (2007), a free tribute album celebrating 10 years of Radiohead's album OK Computer. They have also covered \"Everywhere\" by Fleetwood Mac, \"Ça Plane Pour Moi\" by Plastic Bertrand, \"I'm Goin' Down\" by Bruce Springsteen, \"Have I the Right?\"", "They have also covered \"Everywhere\" by Fleetwood Mac, \"Ça Plane Pour Moi\" by Plastic Bertrand, \"I'm Goin' Down\" by Bruce Springsteen, \"Have I the Right?\" by The Honeycombs, \"Blurred Lines\" by Robin Thicke, \"Fight For This Love\" by Cheryl Cole, and \"Ruby Soho\" by Rancid.", "by The Honeycombs, \"Blurred Lines\" by Robin Thicke, \"Fight For This Love\" by Cheryl Cole, and \"Ruby Soho\" by Rancid. The band also contributed the song \"Ottoman\" to the soundtrack to the 2008 film Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist.", "The band also contributed the song \"Ottoman\" to the soundtrack to the 2008 film Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist. That song was then sampled by alternative hip-hop artist Kid Cudi. Two tracks from their debut record also appeared in the 2009 comedy I Love You, Man.", "Two tracks from their debut record also appeared in the 2009 comedy I Love You, Man. A new song, \"Jonathan Low\", was released on June 8, 2010, appearing on the soundtrack to the third installment of the Twilight Saga films, Eclipse.", "A new song, \"Jonathan Low\", was released on June 8, 2010, appearing on the soundtrack to the third installment of the Twilight Saga films, Eclipse. Their song \"Worship You\" appeared as a soundtrack in EA Sports football video game, FIFA 14.", "Their song \"Worship You\" appeared as a soundtrack in EA Sports football video game, FIFA 14. In 2014, Vampire Weekend contributed a cover of \"Con te Partiro\" by Andrea Bocelli on the Valentine's Day compilation, Sweetheart 2014.", "In 2014, Vampire Weekend contributed a cover of \"Con te Partiro\" by Andrea Bocelli on the Valentine's Day compilation, Sweetheart 2014. Vampire Weekend also contributed a cover of Bruce Springsteen's \"I'm Goin' Down\" on the Girls Vol. 2 Soundtrack.", "2 Soundtrack. 2 Soundtrack. Discography Studio albums Vampire Weekend (2008) Contra (2010) Modern Vampires of the City (2013) Father of the Bride'' (2019) Awards and nominations References External links 2006 establishments in New York City Musical quartets American musical trios Musical groups from New York City Grammy Award winners Indie rock musical groups from New York (state) Musical groups established in 2006 Columbia Records artists XL Recordings artists Alternative rock groups from New York (state)" ]

[ "Vampire Weekend", "Departure of Batmanglij, Columbia Records and LP4 (2014 - present)", "who left", "Rostam Batmanglij announced his departure from the band on Twitter.", "why", "collaborate.", "What did he want", "Batmanglij contributing to the record. The album's working title was revealed to be Mitsubishi Macchiato.", "What did he move on to", "Koenig revealed in an elaborate Instragram update that during 2016 he had spent countless hours researching and writing music in libraries with grad students.", "When was it realesed", "Initially, this news was regarded a rumour, until the band's website revamp in 2018, in which a Sony Music copyright appeared on the site.", "What did he try to do next", "Additionally, he revealed that the album would feature a more 'spring-time' vibe and one of the songs would be entitled Flower Moon.", "What did they do", "Kacey Musgraves, after he attended one of her shows in September 2016. In an interview with Stereogum, he stated," ]

[ "\"What Did I Do to You?\" is a song recorded by British singer Lisa Stansfield for her 1989 album, Affection. It was written by Stansfield, Ian Devaney and Andy Morris, and produced by Devaney and Morris. The song was released as the fourth European single on 30 April 1990. It included three previously unreleased songs written by Stansfield, Devaney and Morris: \"My Apple Heart,\" \"Lay Me Down\" and \"Something's Happenin'.\" \"What Did I Do to You?\" was remixed by Mark Saunders and by the Grammy Award-winning American house music DJ and producer, David Morales. The single became a top forty hit in the European countries reaching number eighteen in Finland, number twenty in Ireland and number twenty-five in the United Kingdom. \"What Did I Do to You?\" was also released in Japan.\n\nIn 2014, the remixes of \"What Did I Do to You?\" were included on the deluxe 2CD + DVD re-release of Affection and on People Hold On ... The Remix Anthology. They were also featured on The Collection 1989–2003 box set (2014), including previously unreleased Red Zone Mix by David Morales.\n\nCritical reception\nThe song received positive reviews from music critics. Matthew Hocter from Albumism viewed it as a \"upbeat offering\". David Giles from Music Week said it is \"beautifully performed\" by Stansfield. A reviewer from Reading Eagle wrote that \"What Did I Do to You?\" \"would be right at home on the \"Saturday Night Fever\" soundtrack.\"\n\nMusic video\nA music video was produced to promote the single, directed by Philip Richardson, who had previously directed the videos for \"All Around the World\" and \"Live Together\". It features Stansfield with her kiss curls, dressed in a white outfit and performing with her band on a stage in front of a jumping audience. The video was later published on Stansfield's official YouTube channel in November 2009. It has amassed more than 1,6 million views as of October 2021.\n\nTrack listings\n\n European/UK 7\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix Edit) – 4:20\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n European/UK/Japanese CD single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix Edit) – 4:20\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 5:19\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 4:17\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n UK 10\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix) – 5:52\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 5:19\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 4:17\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n European/UK 12\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Morales Mix) – 7:59\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 4:22\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 3:19\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:15\n\n UK 12\" promotional single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Morales Mix) – 7:59\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Anti Poll Tax Dub) – 6:31\n\n Other remixes\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Red Zone Mix) – 7:45\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nLisa Stansfield songs\n1990 singles\nSongs written by Lisa Stansfield\n1989 songs\nArista Records singles\nSongs written by Ian Devaney\nSongs written by Andy Morris (musician)", "\"What Would Steve Do?\" is the second single released by Mumm-Ra on Columbia Records, which was released on February 19, 2007. It is a re-recorded version of the self-release they did in April 2006. It reached #40 in the UK Singles Chart, making it their highest charting single.\n\nTrack listings\nAll songs written by Mumm-Ra.\n\nCD\n\"What Would Steve Do?\"\n\"Cute As\"\n\"Without You\"\n\n7\"\n\"What Would Steve Do?\"\n\"What Would Steve Do? (Floorboard Mix)\"\n\nGatefold 7\"\n\"What Would Steve Do?\"\n\"Cute As\"\n\nReferences\n\n2007 singles\nMumm-Ra (band) songs\n2006 songs\nColumbia Records singles" ]

[ "Vampire Weekend is an American rock band playing mainly post-punk pop from New York City, formed in 2006 and currently signed to Columbia Records. The band was formed by lead vocalist and guitarist Ezra Koenig, multi-instrumentalist Rostam Batmanglij, drummer Chris Tomson, and bassist Chris Baio. Batmanglij departed the group in early 2016.", "Batmanglij departed the group in early 2016. The band's eponymous first album Vampire Weekend (2008)—which included charting singles \"A-Punk\" and \"Oxford Comma\"—showcased a blend of indie pop, Afropop influences, and chamber music elements.", "The band's eponymous first album Vampire Weekend (2008)—which included charting singles \"A-Punk\" and \"Oxford Comma\"—showcased a blend of indie pop, Afropop influences, and chamber music elements. Their following album, Contra (2010), was similarly acclaimed and garnered strong commercial success; it featured the single \"Holiday\".", "Their following album, Contra (2010), was similarly acclaimed and garnered strong commercial success; it featured the single \"Holiday\". Their subsequent studio albums Modern Vampires of the City (2013) and Father of the Bride (2019) each won the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album in their respective years.", "Their subsequent studio albums Modern Vampires of the City (2013) and Father of the Bride (2019) each won the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album in their respective years. History Formation and early years (2006–2007) The band members met while enrolled at Columbia University, beginning with a rap collaboration between Koenig and Tomson named \"L'Homme Run\".", "History Formation and early years (2006–2007) The band members met while enrolled at Columbia University, beginning with a rap collaboration between Koenig and Tomson named \"L'Homme Run\". They bonded over a shared love of punk rock and African music.", "They bonded over a shared love of punk rock and African music. Koenig toured with The Dirty Projectors during a period of experimentation with African music, inspiring the band to incorporate world sounds into their earliest work.", "Koenig toured with The Dirty Projectors during a period of experimentation with African music, inspiring the band to incorporate world sounds into their earliest work. The band chose the name \"Vampire Weekend\" from the title of a short film project Koenig worked on during the summer between freshman and sophomore years in college.", "The band chose the name \"Vampire Weekend\" from the title of a short film project Koenig worked on during the summer between freshman and sophomore years in college. While home for the summer, Koenig watched the 1987 vampire film The Lost Boys and was inspired to make a Northeastern version of the film in which a man named Walcott travels to Cape Cod to warn the mayor that vampires are attacking the United States.", "While home for the summer, Koenig watched the 1987 vampire film The Lost Boys and was inspired to make a Northeastern version of the film in which a man named Walcott travels to Cape Cod to warn the mayor that vampires are attacking the United States. Koenig abandoned the project after two days.", "Koenig abandoned the project after two days. The band began playing shows around Columbia University, starting with a battle of the bands at Lerner Hall in 2006. After graduating from college, the band self-produced their debut album while simultaneously working full-time jobs, Tomson as a music archivist and Koenig as a middle school English teacher.", "After graduating from college, the band self-produced their debut album while simultaneously working full-time jobs, Tomson as a music archivist and Koenig as a middle school English teacher. In 2007, Vampire Weekend's song \"Cape Cod Kwassa Kwassa\" was ranked 67th on Rolling Stone'''s list of the \"100 Best Songs of the Year\".", "In 2007, Vampire Weekend's song \"Cape Cod Kwassa Kwassa\" was ranked 67th on Rolling Stone'''s list of the \"100 Best Songs of the Year\". In November 2007, they toured the UK with The Shins.", "In November 2007, they toured the UK with The Shins. The then-nascent influence of blog hype and internet buzz played a role in their success and led to a large prerelease following sufficient to support them performing on three tours before their debut album was released.", "The then-nascent influence of blog hype and internet buzz played a role in their success and led to a large prerelease following sufficient to support them performing on three tours before their debut album was released. They were declared \"The Year's Best New Band\" by Spin magazine in the March 2008 issue, and were the first band to be shot for the cover of the magazine before releasing their debut album.", "They were declared \"The Year's Best New Band\" by Spin magazine in the March 2008 issue, and were the first band to be shot for the cover of the magazine before releasing their debut album. The band made a television appearance on The Late Show with David Letterman on February 1, 2008, and on March 8, 2008, performed on Saturday Night Live.", "The band made a television appearance on The Late Show with David Letterman on February 1, 2008, and on March 8, 2008, performed on Saturday Night Live. Four songs from the band's first album also made the Triple J Hottest 100, 2008.", "Four songs from the band's first album also made the Triple J Hottest 100, 2008. The internet hype had its backlash, however, as critics reacted against a perceived image of Vampire Weekend as privileged, upper-class Ivy League graduates stealing from foreign musicians.", "The internet hype had its backlash, however, as critics reacted against a perceived image of Vampire Weekend as privileged, upper-class Ivy League graduates stealing from foreign musicians. One critic went so far as to call Vampire Weekend the \"whitest band in the world,\" to which they took exception, given their Ukrainian, Persian, Italian, and Hungarian heritages.", "One critic went so far as to call Vampire Weekend the \"whitest band in the world,\" to which they took exception, given their Ukrainian, Persian, Italian, and Hungarian heritages. Koenig responded in a November 2009 interview by saying, \"Nobody in our band is a WASP.\"", "Koenig responded in a November 2009 interview by saying, \"Nobody in our band is a WASP.\" Furthermore, the backlash involving their social backgrounds was largely unfounded, as Koenig explained in the interview that the band members got into Columbia on scholarship and used student loans; he himself was still paying off student loans in 2009.", "Furthermore, the backlash involving their social backgrounds was largely unfounded, as Koenig explained in the interview that the band members got into Columbia on scholarship and used student loans; he himself was still paying off student loans in 2009. Vampire Weekend (2007–2009) The band's first album, Vampire Weekend, was released January 29, 2008 and is ranked number 430 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.", "Vampire Weekend (2007–2009) The band's first album, Vampire Weekend, was released January 29, 2008 and is ranked number 430 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. It featured a blend of Afropop influences, indie pop, and chamber music elements.", "It featured a blend of Afropop influences, indie pop, and chamber music elements. A success in the US and UK, it peaked at number 15 on the UK Albums Chart and number 17 on the Billboard 200.", "A success in the US and UK, it peaked at number 15 on the UK Albums Chart and number 17 on the Billboard 200. Four singles were released from the album; while \"A-Punk\" peaked at number 25 on the Billboard Modern rock chart and number 55 on the UK Singles Chart, \"Oxford Comma\" peaked at number 38 in the UK.", "Four singles were released from the album; while \"A-Punk\" peaked at number 25 on the Billboard Modern rock chart and number 55 on the UK Singles Chart, \"Oxford Comma\" peaked at number 38 in the UK. \"A-Punk\" was ranked the 4th on Rolling Stone's Readers' Rock List: Best Songs of 2008.", "\"A-Punk\" was ranked the 4th on Rolling Stone's Readers' Rock List: Best Songs of 2008. \"A-Punk\" was also used to open the Will Ferrell/John C. Reilly feature Step Brothers, and featured in the UK television show The Inbetweeners and the video games Guitar Hero 5, Just Dance 2 and Lego Rock Band.", "\"A-Punk\" was also used to open the Will Ferrell/John C. Reilly feature Step Brothers, and featured in the UK television show The Inbetweeners and the video games Guitar Hero 5, Just Dance 2 and Lego Rock Band. Contra (2009–2010) The band's second album, Contra, was released on January 11, 2010 in the UK and the following day in the US, after being pushed back from the original release date for the fall of 2009.", "Contra (2009–2010) The band's second album, Contra, was released on January 11, 2010 in the UK and the following day in the US, after being pushed back from the original release date for the fall of 2009. The album's first single, \"Horchata\", was released on October 5, 2009.", "The album's first single, \"Horchata\", was released on October 5, 2009. The album's second single, \"Cousins\", was released as a single on November 17, 2009.", "The album's second single, \"Cousins\", was released as a single on November 17, 2009. Initial copies of the CD and LP sold at independent record stores in the US included a 3-track bonus CD containing two \"melts\", which featured bits of album tracks and a remix.", "Initial copies of the CD and LP sold at independent record stores in the US included a 3-track bonus CD containing two \"melts\", which featured bits of album tracks and a remix. It is the band's first album to reach number one on the Billboard 200, and the 12th independently distributed album in history to reach the number one spot on the Billboard 200 since Nielsen Soundscan began recording data in 1991, while also being the first independent artist to have done so without ever having signed with a major label, after already established rock bands Radiohead and Pearl Jam and before Arcade Fire's The Suburbs.", "It is the band's first album to reach number one on the Billboard 200, and the 12th independently distributed album in history to reach the number one spot on the Billboard 200 since Nielsen Soundscan began recording data in 1991, while also being the first independent artist to have done so without ever having signed with a major label, after already established rock bands Radiohead and Pearl Jam and before Arcade Fire's The Suburbs. The album sold 124,000 copies in its first week and was awarded Gold by the RIAA on November 21, 2011 which means it has sold over 500,000 units in the US alone.", "The album sold 124,000 copies in its first week and was awarded Gold by the RIAA on November 21, 2011 which means it has sold over 500,000 units in the US alone. In 2010, it was awarded a diamond certification from the Independent Music Companies Association which indicated sales of at least 250,000 copies throughout Europe.", "In 2010, it was awarded a diamond certification from the Independent Music Companies Association which indicated sales of at least 250,000 copies throughout Europe. On January 9, 2010, the band did an acoustic show for MTV Unplugged. The following month, the band toured Europe and Canada with Canadian electro duo Fan Death as their support.", "The following month, the band toured Europe and Canada with Canadian electro duo Fan Death as their support. The video for their next single \"Giving Up the Gun\" was also released on February 18, 2010 which included cameos from Joe Jonas, Lil Jon, RZA, and Jake Gyllenhaal.", "The video for their next single \"Giving Up the Gun\" was also released on February 18, 2010 which included cameos from Joe Jonas, Lil Jon, RZA, and Jake Gyllenhaal. They also played festivals across the USA such as Coachella, Bonnaroo, Austin City Limits Music Festival, All Points West, and the Groovin' The Moo festival in Australia.", "They also played festivals across the USA such as Coachella, Bonnaroo, Austin City Limits Music Festival, All Points West, and the Groovin' The Moo festival in Australia. Their third single, \"Holiday\", was released on June 7, 2010.", "Their third single, \"Holiday\", was released on June 7, 2010. On June 25, 2010, the band played the Pyramid Stage at Glastonbury Festival, in Pilton, Somerset, UK.", "On June 25, 2010, the band played the Pyramid Stage at Glastonbury Festival, in Pilton, Somerset, UK. The band were also on the main stage at T in the Park 2010 at Balado Kinross, Scotland, on June 8, and played the Oxegen Festival in Ireland on July 9.", "The band were also on the main stage at T in the Park 2010 at Balado Kinross, Scotland, on June 8, and played the Oxegen Festival in Ireland on July 9. They also headlined the Latitude Festival in Suffolk, UK on July 18.", "They also headlined the Latitude Festival in Suffolk, UK on July 18. On July 16, the band headlined the Main Stage at the Festival Internacional de Benicàssim. In the summer of 2010 the band played at the Utopia stage on Peace and Love, Sweden's biggest Festival.", "In the summer of 2010 the band played at the Utopia stage on Peace and Love, Sweden's biggest Festival. On July 30, 2010, the band played at Jisan Valley Rock Festival in South Korea. In 2010, Vampire Weekend embarked on a North American tour with Beach House and Dum Dum Girls.", "In 2010, Vampire Weekend embarked on a North American tour with Beach House and Dum Dum Girls. The tour started off on August 27, 2010, in Vancouver, British Columbia at the Malkin Bowl.", "The tour started off on August 27, 2010, in Vancouver, British Columbia at the Malkin Bowl. Koenig mentioned to the audience that before this concert, the band had the longest \"vacation period\" that they had had in a while.Contra was nominated for a Grammy for Best Alternative Music Album, but lost to The Black Keys's Brothers.", "Koenig mentioned to the audience that before this concert, the band had the longest \"vacation period\" that they had had in a while.Contra was nominated for a Grammy for Best Alternative Music Album, but lost to The Black Keys's Brothers. Modern Vampires of the City (2010–2014) On November 11, 2011, it was revealed that Vampire Weekend had been in the studio, writing and recording material for their third album.", "Modern Vampires of the City (2010–2014) On November 11, 2011, it was revealed that Vampire Weekend had been in the studio, writing and recording material for their third album. On April 26, 2012, Rolling Stone reported that the new album could be released by the end of the year.", "On April 26, 2012, Rolling Stone reported that the new album could be released by the end of the year. Koenig said, \"We do have a ton of stuff.", "Koenig said, \"We do have a ton of stuff. It would be cool if it was [released] this year...We just never want to be in a position [where] when we put out something, we feel could've benefited from more time.\"", "It would be cool if it was [released] this year...We just never want to be in a position [where] when we put out something, we feel could've benefited from more time.\" Until its release, the band was discreet about the details of the next album, stating that a band \"can give a bunch of interviews when they're working on stuff\" but they \"don't want something [they] said six months ago to influence how people hear it when it's done.\"", "Until its release, the band was discreet about the details of the next album, stating that a band \"can give a bunch of interviews when they're working on stuff\" but they \"don't want something [they] said six months ago to influence how people hear it when it's done.\" In January 2012, President Barack Obama added Vampire Weekend to a short list of musical artists that he sought support from for his re-election campaign.", "In January 2012, President Barack Obama added Vampire Weekend to a short list of musical artists that he sought support from for his re-election campaign. Vampire Weekend made it onto this list with Jay-Z, John Legend, and Alicia Keys.Modern Vampires of the City was released in May 2013, and written and recorded in various locations including SlowDeath Studios in New York, Echo Park \"Back House\" in Los Angeles, Vox Recording Studios in Hollywood, Rostam Batmanglij's New York apartment and a guest house on Martha's Vineyard.", "Vampire Weekend made it onto this list with Jay-Z, John Legend, and Alicia Keys.Modern Vampires of the City was released in May 2013, and written and recorded in various locations including SlowDeath Studios in New York, Echo Park \"Back House\" in Los Angeles, Vox Recording Studios in Hollywood, Rostam Batmanglij's New York apartment and a guest house on Martha's Vineyard. The album was co-produced by Batmanglij and Ariel Rechtshaid.", "The album was co-produced by Batmanglij and Ariel Rechtshaid. After Batmanglij produced the first two albums himself, this marked the first time the band worked with an outside producer on any of their records.", "After Batmanglij produced the first two albums himself, this marked the first time the band worked with an outside producer on any of their records. In an interview for the February 2013 edition of Q (released in mid-January), Koenig described the upcoming album as \"darker and more organic\" and \"very much the last of a trilogy.\"", "In an interview for the February 2013 edition of Q (released in mid-January), Koenig described the upcoming album as \"darker and more organic\" and \"very much the last of a trilogy.\" Said Koenig, \"Things that we might have found boring in the past, we've started to find more fresh.", "Said Koenig, \"Things that we might have found boring in the past, we've started to find more fresh. This album has more piano and acoustic guitar and organ.\"", "This album has more piano and acoustic guitar and organ.\" Modern Vampires of the City also continued the use of digital voice modulation as heard in the songs \"Diane Young\" and \"Ya Hey\", a technique first used in the song \"California English\" on Contra The album was recorded and co-produced by Ariel Rechtshaid in his Los Angeles Studio (alongside Batmanglij).", "Modern Vampires of the City also continued the use of digital voice modulation as heard in the songs \"Diane Young\" and \"Ya Hey\", a technique first used in the song \"California English\" on Contra The album was recorded and co-produced by Ariel Rechtshaid in his Los Angeles Studio (alongside Batmanglij). The band discussed the album with The FADER and appeared on the cover of the magazine's 84th issue.", "The band discussed the album with The FADER and appeared on the cover of the magazine's 84th issue. On March 16, 2013, the band played the closing show at Stubbs on the last day of the SXSW festival in Austin, Texas.", "On March 16, 2013, the band played the closing show at Stubbs on the last day of the SXSW festival in Austin, Texas. In the show they played two new songs from the upcoming album: \"Diane Young\" and \"Ya Hey\".", "In the show they played two new songs from the upcoming album: \"Diane Young\" and \"Ya Hey\". On March 18, 2013, Vampire Weekend released a double-sided single, \"Diane Young\"/\"Step\".", "On March 18, 2013, Vampire Weekend released a double-sided single, \"Diane Young\"/\"Step\". On May 11, 2013, Vampire Weekend were featured as the musical guest on Saturday Night Live with Kristen Wiig hosting, their third time on the show.", "On May 11, 2013, Vampire Weekend were featured as the musical guest on Saturday Night Live with Kristen Wiig hosting, their third time on the show. Released on May 14, 2013, the album debuted at No.", "Released on May 14, 2013, the album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard chart, marking the second time Vampire Weekend has achieved the feat: its second album Contra also debuted at No. 1 in 2010, making them the first independent rock band to enter the charts at No. 1 with two consecutive releases.", "1 with two consecutive releases. 1 with two consecutive releases. Modern Vampires of the City also shattered the previous record for first week vinyl sales, moving nearly 10,000 units on vinyl alone and debuting at No. 1 on the Soundscan Vinyl Charts.", "1 on the Soundscan Vinyl Charts. Additionally, the band charted #1 at Indie, Alternative, Digital and the top 200. In 2014, Modern Vampires of the City won a Grammy for Best Alternative Music Album.", "In 2014, Modern Vampires of the City won a Grammy for Best Alternative Music Album. To promote the album, XL Recordings released \"Diane Young\" and \"Step\" as a double A-sided single on March 19, 2013.", "To promote the album, XL Recordings released \"Diane Young\" and \"Step\" as a double A-sided single on March 19, 2013. Modern Vampires of the City was released by XL on May 14. and Vampire Weekend played several concerts and music festivals shortly after, eventually embarking on a larger supporting tour throughout late 2013, beginning with a show at the Mann Center for the Performing Arts in Philadelphia on September 19.", "Modern Vampires of the City was released by XL on May 14. and Vampire Weekend played several concerts and music festivals shortly after, eventually embarking on a larger supporting tour throughout late 2013, beginning with a show at the Mann Center for the Performing Arts in Philadelphia on September 19. John Gentile of Rolling Stone reported that the band headlined \"some of their largest venues to date\" on the tour.", "John Gentile of Rolling Stone reported that the band headlined \"some of their largest venues to date\" on the tour. In the album's first week of release, it debuted number one on the Billboard 200 and sold 134,000 copies in the United States.", "In the album's first week of release, it debuted number one on the Billboard 200 and sold 134,000 copies in the United States. It was Vampire Weekend's second consecutive number-one record on the chart, as well as the nineteenth independently distributed album to top the Billboard 200 in the Nielsen SoundScan era (1991–present).", "It was Vampire Weekend's second consecutive number-one record on the chart, as well as the nineteenth independently distributed album to top the Billboard 200 in the Nielsen SoundScan era (1991–present). The record entered the British album charts at number three with first-week sales of 27,805 copies, becoming the group's third consecutive top-twenty album in the United Kingdom.", "The record entered the British album charts at number three with first-week sales of 27,805 copies, becoming the group's third consecutive top-twenty album in the United Kingdom. By December 2014, it had been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America and sold 505,000 copies in the US.", "By December 2014, it had been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America and sold 505,000 copies in the US. In 2014, it was awarded a diamond certification from the Independent Music Companies Association, which indicated sales of at least 200,000 copies throughout Europe.", "In 2014, it was awarded a diamond certification from the Independent Music Companies Association, which indicated sales of at least 200,000 copies throughout Europe. On September 2020, Modern Vampires of the City was put by Rolling Stone in their new list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, ranking at position 328.", "On September 2020, Modern Vampires of the City was put by Rolling Stone in their new list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, ranking at position 328. Departure of Batmanglij and Father of the Bride (2014–2019) After remaining quiet following the conclusion of their Modern Vampires tour, which wrapped up in September 2014, it was revealed on January 26, 2016 that Rostam Batmanglij had departed the band.", "Departure of Batmanglij and Father of the Bride (2014–2019) After remaining quiet following the conclusion of their Modern Vampires tour, which wrapped up in September 2014, it was revealed on January 26, 2016 that Rostam Batmanglij had departed the band. He noted that he and Koenig would continue to collaborate.", "He noted that he and Koenig would continue to collaborate. Later the same day, Koenig announced that Vampire Weekend was in the studio working on their upcoming fourth album, with Batmanglij contributing to the record. The album's working title was revealed to be Mitsubishi Macchiato.", "The album's working title was revealed to be Mitsubishi Macchiato. In January 2016, the band performed in Iowa for a Bernie Sanders rally two days before the Iowa primaries.", "In January 2016, the band performed in Iowa for a Bernie Sanders rally two days before the Iowa primaries. The band members Rostam Batmanglij and Chris Baio were replaced by David Longstreth and Nat Baldwin (both from Dirty Projectors) and an all female a cappella group from the University of Iowa, due to Batmanglij's departure from the band and Baio being on tour with his side project.", "The band members Rostam Batmanglij and Chris Baio were replaced by David Longstreth and Nat Baldwin (both from Dirty Projectors) and an all female a cappella group from the University of Iowa, due to Batmanglij's departure from the band and Baio being on tour with his side project. Lead vocalist Ezra Koenig expressed his support for the candidate in various ways through social media and on his Beats 1 show \"Time Crisis\".", "Lead vocalist Ezra Koenig expressed his support for the candidate in various ways through social media and on his Beats 1 show \"Time Crisis\". In April 2016, the band briefly performed at a rally for presidential candidate Bernie Sanders in Washington Square Park.", "In April 2016, the band briefly performed at a rally for presidential candidate Bernie Sanders in Washington Square Park. Koenig has been a well-known supporter of Sanders, after discussions on his Beats 1 radio show, Time Crisis. The band performed live with Dave Longstreth of the Dirty Projectors, which marked their first performance as a trio.", "The band performed live with Dave Longstreth of the Dirty Projectors, which marked their first performance as a trio. In late 2016, Koenig was reportedly in talks to sign the band with Columbia Records, as he reportedly \"hit it off\" with executive Rob Stringer.", "In late 2016, Koenig was reportedly in talks to sign the band with Columbia Records, as he reportedly \"hit it off\" with executive Rob Stringer. Initially, this news was regarded a rumor, until the band's website revamp in 2018, in which a Sony Music copyright appeared on the site.", "Initially, this news was regarded a rumor, until the band's website revamp in 2018, in which a Sony Music copyright appeared on the site. In March 2017, Koenig revealed in an elaborate Instagram update that during 2016 he had spent countless hours researching and writing music in libraries with grad students.", "In March 2017, Koenig revealed in an elaborate Instagram update that during 2016 he had spent countless hours researching and writing music in libraries with grad students. Additionally, he revealed that the album, given the working title of \"Mitsubishi Macchiato\", would feature a more 'spring-time' vibe and one of the songs would be entitled Flower Moon.", "Additionally, he revealed that the album, given the working title of \"Mitsubishi Macchiato\", would feature a more 'spring-time' vibe and one of the songs would be entitled Flower Moon. Koenig revealed that LP4 would be partially inspired by the songwriting of country singer, Kacey Musgraves, after he attended one of her shows in September 2016.", "Koenig revealed that LP4 would be partially inspired by the songwriting of country singer, Kacey Musgraves, after he attended one of her shows in September 2016. In an interview with Stereogum, he stated, \"I’m the type of person who has spent hours poring over the avant-garde poetic lyrics of certain songwriters, and there was something that felt so good [about how] from the first verse, you knew who was singing, who they were singing to, what kind of situation they were in.", "In an interview with Stereogum, he stated, \"I’m the type of person who has spent hours poring over the avant-garde poetic lyrics of certain songwriters, and there was something that felt so good [about how] from the first verse, you knew who was singing, who they were singing to, what kind of situation they were in. After the show I realized there’s not a ton of Vampire Weekend songs where you could listen to the first verse and immediately answer the question of who’s singing and who are they singing to.” Furthermore, in a September 2017 interview with Zane Lowe, Ezra briefly spoke about LP4 and stated that it was \"about 80% done.\"", "After the show I realized there’s not a ton of Vampire Weekend songs where you could listen to the first verse and immediately answer the question of who’s singing and who are they singing to.” Furthermore, in a September 2017 interview with Zane Lowe, Ezra briefly spoke about LP4 and stated that it was \"about 80% done.\" He mentioned that the album would feature lead producer Ariel Rechtshaid with additional \"guest appearances\", one of which being Batmanglij.", "He mentioned that the album would feature lead producer Ariel Rechtshaid with additional \"guest appearances\", one of which being Batmanglij. Lowe pushed Koenig for a release date, citing Q1 2018 as a likely candidate.", "Lowe pushed Koenig for a release date, citing Q1 2018 as a likely candidate. In a December 2017 interview, Koenig noted that Batmanglij was involved in a few songs, some of which was material that they had started working on long ago, and that their method of collaboration had not changed despite the latter's departure from the band.", "In a December 2017 interview, Koenig noted that Batmanglij was involved in a few songs, some of which was material that they had started working on long ago, and that their method of collaboration had not changed despite the latter's departure from the band. Vampire Weekend's first gigs since the hiatus took place in Ojai, California on June 16 & 17.", "Vampire Weekend's first gigs since the hiatus took place in Ojai, California on June 16 & 17. On January 31, 2018, it was announced that the band would be headlining the UK music festival End of the Road.", "On January 31, 2018, it was announced that the band would be headlining the UK music festival End of the Road. The festival ran from August 31 to September 3 and marked Vampire Weekend's first return to a festival stage in 4 years.", "The festival ran from August 31 to September 3 and marked Vampire Weekend's first return to a festival stage in 4 years. On July 21, they performed in Byron Bay for the Australian festival, Splendour in the Grass.", "On July 21, they performed in Byron Bay for the Australian festival, Splendour in the Grass. Additionally, it was announced that they would headline the 2018 Fuji Rock Festival, scheduled for July 27 to 29.", "Additionally, it was announced that they would headline the 2018 Fuji Rock Festival, scheduled for July 27 to 29. For their live shows, the core trio of Koenig, Baio, and Tomson has been augmented by Greta Morgan on keyboards, guitar, and vocals, Brian Robert Jones on guitar, Garrett Ray on percussion, drums, and vocals, and Will Canzoneri on keyboards and vocals.", "For their live shows, the core trio of Koenig, Baio, and Tomson has been augmented by Greta Morgan on keyboards, guitar, and vocals, Brian Robert Jones on guitar, Garrett Ray on percussion, drums, and vocals, and Will Canzoneri on keyboards and vocals. During their August 4, 2018 performance at Lollapalooza, where the band played fan favorite \"A-Punk\" three times in a row, Koenig announced that Vampire Weekend's 4th album was done.", "During their August 4, 2018 performance at Lollapalooza, where the band played fan favorite \"A-Punk\" three times in a row, Koenig announced that Vampire Weekend's 4th album was done. On January 17, 2019, Koenig announced the abbreviation of the band's fourth album title as FOTB, and revealed that the album would consist of 18 songs, running at approximately 59 minutes.", "On January 17, 2019, Koenig announced the abbreviation of the band's fourth album title as FOTB, and revealed that the album would consist of 18 songs, running at approximately 59 minutes. Additionally, he announced that the album would be promoted by three monthly two-song releases, beginning the following week.", "Additionally, he announced that the album would be promoted by three monthly two-song releases, beginning the following week. On January 24, the songs \"Harmony Hall\" and \"2021\" were released, and Koenig confirmed the title of the album as Father of the Bride.", "On January 24, the songs \"Harmony Hall\" and \"2021\" were released, and Koenig confirmed the title of the album as Father of the Bride. He also said that the record would feature an array of collaborators, including Batmanglij, marking the first time the band has included guest vocalists in an album.", "He also said that the record would feature an array of collaborators, including Batmanglij, marking the first time the band has included guest vocalists in an album. In an interview with Rolling Stone, Koenig said, \"We've had three albums of the same voice over and over again.", "In an interview with Rolling Stone, Koenig said, \"We've had three albums of the same voice over and over again. I like the idea of opening up our world a little bit.\"", "I like the idea of opening up our world a little bit.\" He also confirmed that \"2021\" features a Haruomi Hosono sample, and said that he planned to start work on Vampire Weekend's fifth album. The band's current touring approach is influenced by Phish, the Grateful Dead and other jam bands.", "The band's current touring approach is influenced by Phish, the Grateful Dead and other jam bands. Contemporary fans mirror these influences in their Deadhead inspired creation of unofficial merchandise including shirts, shorts, tie-dyes, and bucket hats.", "Contemporary fans mirror these influences in their Deadhead inspired creation of unofficial merchandise including shirts, shorts, tie-dyes, and bucket hats. At the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards, the band received three nominations: Album of the Year and Best Alternative Music Album for Father of the Bride and Best Rock Song for \"Harmony Hall\".", "At the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards, the band received three nominations: Album of the Year and Best Alternative Music Album for Father of the Bride and Best Rock Song for \"Harmony Hall\". They won for Best Alternative Music Album (their second win in the category).", "They won for Best Alternative Music Album (their second win in the category). In 2020, the Live in Florida EP featuring songs from the Father of the Bride Tour was released. On February 4, 2021, Vampire Weekend released the 40:42 EP featuring reinterpretations of their song \"2021\" from Father of the Bride.", "On February 4, 2021, Vampire Weekend released the 40:42 EP featuring reinterpretations of their song \"2021\" from Father of the Bride. Two artists were commissioned to expand the song into twenty-minute and twenty-one-second versions.", "Two artists were commissioned to expand the song into twenty-minute and twenty-one-second versions. Band members Current members Ezra Koenig – lead vocals, guitar, piano (2006–present) Chris Baio – bass, backing vocals, occasional piano (2006–present) Chris Tomson – drums, percussion, occasional guitar, backing vocals (2006–present) Touring members Will Canzoneri – keyboards, backing vocals (2018–present) Brian Robert Jones – guitar, backing vocals (2018–present) Greta Morgan – keyboards, guitar, percussion, backing vocals (2018–present) Garrett Ray – percussion, drums, backing vocals (2018–present) Former members Rostam Batmanglij – keyboards, guitar, backing vocals, production, programmer, percussion, occasional lead vocals (2006–2016) Timeline Contra lawsuit In 2010, the band, along with their record company XL Recordings and photographer Tod Scott Brody, were sued by Kirsten Kennis, the model on the cover of Contra, over the use of her image.", "Band members Current members Ezra Koenig – lead vocals, guitar, piano (2006–present) Chris Baio – bass, backing vocals, occasional piano (2006–present) Chris Tomson – drums, percussion, occasional guitar, backing vocals (2006–present) Touring members Will Canzoneri – keyboards, backing vocals (2018–present) Brian Robert Jones – guitar, backing vocals (2018–present) Greta Morgan – keyboards, guitar, percussion, backing vocals (2018–present) Garrett Ray – percussion, drums, backing vocals (2018–present) Former members Rostam Batmanglij – keyboards, guitar, backing vocals, production, programmer, percussion, occasional lead vocals (2006–2016) Timeline Contra lawsuit In 2010, the band, along with their record company XL Recordings and photographer Tod Scott Brody, were sued by Kirsten Kennis, the model on the cover of Contra, over the use of her image. Kennis's accusations were that the band used her image without her permission.", "Kennis's accusations were that the band used her image without her permission. Vampire Weekend settled with Kennis in 2011.", "Vampire Weekend settled with Kennis in 2011. Other contributions Vampire Weekend contributed a cover of \"Exit Music (For a Film)\" for Stereogum Presents... OKX: A Tribute to OK Computer (2007), a free tribute album celebrating 10 years of Radiohead's album OK Computer.", "Other contributions Vampire Weekend contributed a cover of \"Exit Music (For a Film)\" for Stereogum Presents... OKX: A Tribute to OK Computer (2007), a free tribute album celebrating 10 years of Radiohead's album OK Computer. They have also covered \"Everywhere\" by Fleetwood Mac, \"Ça Plane Pour Moi\" by Plastic Bertrand, \"I'm Goin' Down\" by Bruce Springsteen, \"Have I the Right?\"", "They have also covered \"Everywhere\" by Fleetwood Mac, \"Ça Plane Pour Moi\" by Plastic Bertrand, \"I'm Goin' Down\" by Bruce Springsteen, \"Have I the Right?\" by The Honeycombs, \"Blurred Lines\" by Robin Thicke, \"Fight For This Love\" by Cheryl Cole, and \"Ruby Soho\" by Rancid.", "by The Honeycombs, \"Blurred Lines\" by Robin Thicke, \"Fight For This Love\" by Cheryl Cole, and \"Ruby Soho\" by Rancid. The band also contributed the song \"Ottoman\" to the soundtrack to the 2008 film Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist.", "The band also contributed the song \"Ottoman\" to the soundtrack to the 2008 film Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist. That song was then sampled by alternative hip-hop artist Kid Cudi. Two tracks from their debut record also appeared in the 2009 comedy I Love You, Man.", "Two tracks from their debut record also appeared in the 2009 comedy I Love You, Man. A new song, \"Jonathan Low\", was released on June 8, 2010, appearing on the soundtrack to the third installment of the Twilight Saga films, Eclipse.", "A new song, \"Jonathan Low\", was released on June 8, 2010, appearing on the soundtrack to the third installment of the Twilight Saga films, Eclipse. Their song \"Worship You\" appeared as a soundtrack in EA Sports football video game, FIFA 14.", "Their song \"Worship You\" appeared as a soundtrack in EA Sports football video game, FIFA 14. In 2014, Vampire Weekend contributed a cover of \"Con te Partiro\" by Andrea Bocelli on the Valentine's Day compilation, Sweetheart 2014.", "In 2014, Vampire Weekend contributed a cover of \"Con te Partiro\" by Andrea Bocelli on the Valentine's Day compilation, Sweetheart 2014. Vampire Weekend also contributed a cover of Bruce Springsteen's \"I'm Goin' Down\" on the Girls Vol. 2 Soundtrack.", "2 Soundtrack. 2 Soundtrack. Discography Studio albums Vampire Weekend (2008) Contra (2010) Modern Vampires of the City (2013) Father of the Bride'' (2019) Awards and nominations References External links 2006 establishments in New York City Musical quartets American musical trios Musical groups from New York City Grammy Award winners Indie rock musical groups from New York (state) Musical groups established in 2006 Columbia Records artists XL Recordings artists Alternative rock groups from New York (state)" ]

[ "Vampire Weekend", "Departure of Batmanglij, Columbia Records and LP4 (2014 - present)", "who left", "Rostam Batmanglij announced his departure from the band on Twitter.", "why", "collaborate.", "What did he want", "Batmanglij contributing to the record. The album's working title was revealed to be Mitsubishi Macchiato.", "What did he move on to", "Koenig revealed in an elaborate Instragram update that during 2016 he had spent countless hours researching and writing music in libraries with grad students.", "When was it realesed", "Initially, this news was regarded a rumour, until the band's website revamp in 2018, in which a Sony Music copyright appeared on the site.", "What did he try to do next", "Additionally, he revealed that the album would feature a more 'spring-time' vibe and one of the songs would be entitled Flower Moon.", "What did they do", "Kacey Musgraves, after he attended one of her shows in September 2016. In an interview with Stereogum, he stated,", "What did they do", "The band's first show since their hiatus" ]

[ "was a Japanese daimyō of Iwanuma Domain in Mutsu Province of early-Edo period Japan\n\nMuneyoshi was the third son of Date Tadamune, the 2nd daimyō of Sendai Domain. His mother, Fusa, was a concubine and the daughter of Mitamura Matauemon. His childhood name was . From 1639, under his father's orders, he was raised by Suzuki Motonobu, a vassal of Sendai Domain, in Ōsaki, Shida District, as heir to the Suzuki clan. In 1649, at the time of his genpuku ceremony, he changed his name to .\n\nHowever, in 1653, the Tamura clan was revived, as requested by Megohime (Muneyoshi's grandmother, Date Masamune's wife) via her will, and Muneyoshi became Tamura Muneyoshi, with holdings totalling 10,000 koku in Iwagasaki, Kurihara, in what is now Miyagi Prefecture.\n\nIn 1658, following the death of Date Tadamune, the second daimyō of Sendai Domain. Sendai Domain was inherited by the young and impressionable Date Tsunamune, and the clan elders appointed Muneyoshi and his half-brother, Date Munekatsu as guardians. In 1660, Muneyoshi gained an additional 20,000 koku in what is now Ichinoseki, along with the courtesy title of Ukyō-no-daifu and Court rank of Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade. Munekatsu's daughter-in-law was the daughter of Tairō Sakai Tadakiyo. Through these connections, the Date Munekatsu and Tamura Muneyoshi accused Tadamune of drunkenness and debauchery, who then removed from office for misrule and was confined to a secondary clan residence in Edo.\n\nThe infant Date Tsunamura was made daimyō of Sendai under the guardianship of his uncles. In 1662, Muneyoshi transferred his seat to what is now the city of Iwanuma, Miyagi and officially became daimyō of Iwanuma Domain, a subsidiary domain of Sendai, based in what is now the city of Iwanuma, Miyagi. He received the courtesy title of Oki-no-kami in 1670. According to waka poetry written about him, Muneyoshi had a mild personality and was popular, in contrast to the events of the Date Sōdō.\n\nThe ten years during which Date Munekatsu and Tamura Muneyoshi ruled in place of the under-age Date Tsunamura were marked by violence and conflict in Sendai Domain. Events reached a climax in 1671 when Aki Muneshige, a powerful relative of the Date clan, complained to the shogunate of the mismanagement of the fief under Tsunamura and his uncles. In the ensuring Date Sōdō, Muneyoshi was relieved of his offices in 1671 and placed under house arrest. He was pardoned in 1672. In 1678, he died at the clan's Edo residence at the age of 42. He died at age 42, and his grave is at the clan mortuary temple of Tōzen-ji in Takanawa, Edo.\n\nSee also\n Tamura clan\n Date clan\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \"Ichinoseki\" at Edo 300 \n\n1637 births\n1678 deaths\nTozama daimyo\nPeople of Edo-period Japan\nDate clan\nTamura clan", "The was a Japanese samurai clan who ruled Ichinoseki Domain in Mutsu Province during the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. The family was closely related to the Date clan of Sendai Domain through intermarriage.\n\nOrigins\nThe Tamura clan claimed descent from Sakanoue no Tamuramaro, and were local gōzoku controlling Tamura shōen (later Tamura District) in what is now central Fukushima Prefecture since the Heian period.\n\nSengoku period\nThe clan rose to become a minor daimyō during the Sengoku period. In 1504, the Tamura clan moved from Moriyama to Miharu Castle in what is now Miharu, Fukushima. As a defense network, the clan set up its retainers in forty-eight subsidiary castles and outposts in the area.\n\nHowever, although the Tamura clan pledged allegiance to Toyotomi Hideyoshi at the Siege of Odawara, Hideyoshi felt that their efforts were insufficient, and dispossessed the clan in 1598, giving their territory to the Date clan. The Tamura survived as retainers to the Date.\n\nEdo period\nThe wife of Date Masamune was Megohime (1568–1653), also known as Lady Tamura, since she was the daughter and only child of Tamura Kiyoaki. Her paternal grandmother and maternal grandmother were also both daughters of Date Tanemune, making her Masamune’s second cousin. She had four children, the eldest of which (Date Tadamune) was Masamune’s successor to Sendai Domain. Although Masamune had agreed that their second son should succeed to the Tamura clan, this son (Date Munetsuna) died at the age of 16. In order to restore the Tamura clan, Date Tadamune’s son Date Muneyoshi was ordered to take the Tamura surname.\n\nThe restored Tamura clan was given 10,000 koku in Iwagasaki, Kurihara in what is now Miyagi Prefecture. When the young Date Tsunamura became daimyō of Sendai in 1660, Muneyoshi gained an additional 20,000 koku from territories in what is now Ichinoseki, Iwate. In addition, he became a guardian of Date Tsunamura together with Date Munekatsu. In 1662, Muneyoshi was transferred to the newly-created Iwanuma Domain in the Natori District, becoming daimyō of a subsidiary domain to Sendai Domain.\n\nIn 1695, his son Tamura Tatsuaki, transferred the seat of the domain to Ichinoseki Domain (30,000 koku). The clan remained at Ichinoseki until the Meiji restoration. The Ichinoseki holdings were completely surrounded by Sendai Domain.\n\nIchinoseki domain forces took part in the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei's attack on the Akita Domain in the late summer of 1868.\n\nIn the Meiji era, the former daimyō of Ichinoseki, Tamura Takaaki, was created viscount in the new kazoku peerage system.\n\nFamily Heads\nTamura Kiyoaki\n\nMain line (Ichinoseki)\n\nAs lord of Iwanuma\nTamura Muneyoshi (1637–1678)\nTamura Tatsuaki (1656–1708)\nAs lord of Ichinoseki\nTamura Takeaki (1656–1708)\n\nTamura Nobuaki (1670–1727)\nTamura Muneaki (1707–1755)\nTamura Murataka (1737–1782)\nTamura Murasuke (1763–1808)\nTamura Muneaki (1784–1827)\n\nTamura Kuniaki (1817–1840)\nTamura Kuniyuki (1820–1857)\nTamura Yukiaki (1850–1867)\nTamura Kuniyoshi (1852–1887)\nTamura Takaaki (1858–1922)\nAdmiral Tamura Hiroaki (1875-1945)\n\nSee also\n\nIchinoseki Domain\nSendai Domain\n\nNotes\n\nFurther reading\nKoyasu Nobushige (1880). Buke kazoku meiyoden 武家家族名誉伝 Volume 1. Tokyo: Koyasu Nobushige. (Accessed from National Diet Library, 13 August 2008)\nOnodera, Eikō (2005). Boshin Nanboku sensō to Tōhoku seiken. Sendai: Kita no Mori.\n\nExternal links\n 田村氏 at Harimaya.com \n\n \nJapanese clans" ]

[ "Vampire Weekend is an American rock band playing mainly post-punk pop from New York City, formed in 2006 and currently signed to Columbia Records. The band was formed by lead vocalist and guitarist Ezra Koenig, multi-instrumentalist Rostam Batmanglij, drummer Chris Tomson, and bassist Chris Baio. Batmanglij departed the group in early 2016.", "Batmanglij departed the group in early 2016. The band's eponymous first album Vampire Weekend (2008)—which included charting singles \"A-Punk\" and \"Oxford Comma\"—showcased a blend of indie pop, Afropop influences, and chamber music elements.", "The band's eponymous first album Vampire Weekend (2008)—which included charting singles \"A-Punk\" and \"Oxford Comma\"—showcased a blend of indie pop, Afropop influences, and chamber music elements. Their following album, Contra (2010), was similarly acclaimed and garnered strong commercial success; it featured the single \"Holiday\".", "Their following album, Contra (2010), was similarly acclaimed and garnered strong commercial success; it featured the single \"Holiday\". Their subsequent studio albums Modern Vampires of the City (2013) and Father of the Bride (2019) each won the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album in their respective years.", "Their subsequent studio albums Modern Vampires of the City (2013) and Father of the Bride (2019) each won the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album in their respective years. History Formation and early years (2006–2007) The band members met while enrolled at Columbia University, beginning with a rap collaboration between Koenig and Tomson named \"L'Homme Run\".", "History Formation and early years (2006–2007) The band members met while enrolled at Columbia University, beginning with a rap collaboration between Koenig and Tomson named \"L'Homme Run\". They bonded over a shared love of punk rock and African music.", "They bonded over a shared love of punk rock and African music. Koenig toured with The Dirty Projectors during a period of experimentation with African music, inspiring the band to incorporate world sounds into their earliest work.", "Koenig toured with The Dirty Projectors during a period of experimentation with African music, inspiring the band to incorporate world sounds into their earliest work. The band chose the name \"Vampire Weekend\" from the title of a short film project Koenig worked on during the summer between freshman and sophomore years in college.", "The band chose the name \"Vampire Weekend\" from the title of a short film project Koenig worked on during the summer between freshman and sophomore years in college. While home for the summer, Koenig watched the 1987 vampire film The Lost Boys and was inspired to make a Northeastern version of the film in which a man named Walcott travels to Cape Cod to warn the mayor that vampires are attacking the United States.", "While home for the summer, Koenig watched the 1987 vampire film The Lost Boys and was inspired to make a Northeastern version of the film in which a man named Walcott travels to Cape Cod to warn the mayor that vampires are attacking the United States. Koenig abandoned the project after two days.", "Koenig abandoned the project after two days. The band began playing shows around Columbia University, starting with a battle of the bands at Lerner Hall in 2006. After graduating from college, the band self-produced their debut album while simultaneously working full-time jobs, Tomson as a music archivist and Koenig as a middle school English teacher.", "After graduating from college, the band self-produced their debut album while simultaneously working full-time jobs, Tomson as a music archivist and Koenig as a middle school English teacher. In 2007, Vampire Weekend's song \"Cape Cod Kwassa Kwassa\" was ranked 67th on Rolling Stone'''s list of the \"100 Best Songs of the Year\".", "In 2007, Vampire Weekend's song \"Cape Cod Kwassa Kwassa\" was ranked 67th on Rolling Stone'''s list of the \"100 Best Songs of the Year\". In November 2007, they toured the UK with The Shins.", "In November 2007, they toured the UK with The Shins. The then-nascent influence of blog hype and internet buzz played a role in their success and led to a large prerelease following sufficient to support them performing on three tours before their debut album was released.", "The then-nascent influence of blog hype and internet buzz played a role in their success and led to a large prerelease following sufficient to support them performing on three tours before their debut album was released. They were declared \"The Year's Best New Band\" by Spin magazine in the March 2008 issue, and were the first band to be shot for the cover of the magazine before releasing their debut album.", "They were declared \"The Year's Best New Band\" by Spin magazine in the March 2008 issue, and were the first band to be shot for the cover of the magazine before releasing their debut album. The band made a television appearance on The Late Show with David Letterman on February 1, 2008, and on March 8, 2008, performed on Saturday Night Live.", "The band made a television appearance on The Late Show with David Letterman on February 1, 2008, and on March 8, 2008, performed on Saturday Night Live. Four songs from the band's first album also made the Triple J Hottest 100, 2008.", "Four songs from the band's first album also made the Triple J Hottest 100, 2008. The internet hype had its backlash, however, as critics reacted against a perceived image of Vampire Weekend as privileged, upper-class Ivy League graduates stealing from foreign musicians.", "The internet hype had its backlash, however, as critics reacted against a perceived image of Vampire Weekend as privileged, upper-class Ivy League graduates stealing from foreign musicians. One critic went so far as to call Vampire Weekend the \"whitest band in the world,\" to which they took exception, given their Ukrainian, Persian, Italian, and Hungarian heritages.", "One critic went so far as to call Vampire Weekend the \"whitest band in the world,\" to which they took exception, given their Ukrainian, Persian, Italian, and Hungarian heritages. Koenig responded in a November 2009 interview by saying, \"Nobody in our band is a WASP.\"", "Koenig responded in a November 2009 interview by saying, \"Nobody in our band is a WASP.\" Furthermore, the backlash involving their social backgrounds was largely unfounded, as Koenig explained in the interview that the band members got into Columbia on scholarship and used student loans; he himself was still paying off student loans in 2009.", "Furthermore, the backlash involving their social backgrounds was largely unfounded, as Koenig explained in the interview that the band members got into Columbia on scholarship and used student loans; he himself was still paying off student loans in 2009. Vampire Weekend (2007–2009) The band's first album, Vampire Weekend, was released January 29, 2008 and is ranked number 430 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.", "Vampire Weekend (2007–2009) The band's first album, Vampire Weekend, was released January 29, 2008 and is ranked number 430 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. It featured a blend of Afropop influences, indie pop, and chamber music elements.", "It featured a blend of Afropop influences, indie pop, and chamber music elements. A success in the US and UK, it peaked at number 15 on the UK Albums Chart and number 17 on the Billboard 200.", "A success in the US and UK, it peaked at number 15 on the UK Albums Chart and number 17 on the Billboard 200. Four singles were released from the album; while \"A-Punk\" peaked at number 25 on the Billboard Modern rock chart and number 55 on the UK Singles Chart, \"Oxford Comma\" peaked at number 38 in the UK.", "Four singles were released from the album; while \"A-Punk\" peaked at number 25 on the Billboard Modern rock chart and number 55 on the UK Singles Chart, \"Oxford Comma\" peaked at number 38 in the UK. \"A-Punk\" was ranked the 4th on Rolling Stone's Readers' Rock List: Best Songs of 2008.", "\"A-Punk\" was ranked the 4th on Rolling Stone's Readers' Rock List: Best Songs of 2008. \"A-Punk\" was also used to open the Will Ferrell/John C. Reilly feature Step Brothers, and featured in the UK television show The Inbetweeners and the video games Guitar Hero 5, Just Dance 2 and Lego Rock Band.", "\"A-Punk\" was also used to open the Will Ferrell/John C. Reilly feature Step Brothers, and featured in the UK television show The Inbetweeners and the video games Guitar Hero 5, Just Dance 2 and Lego Rock Band. Contra (2009–2010) The band's second album, Contra, was released on January 11, 2010 in the UK and the following day in the US, after being pushed back from the original release date for the fall of 2009.", "Contra (2009–2010) The band's second album, Contra, was released on January 11, 2010 in the UK and the following day in the US, after being pushed back from the original release date for the fall of 2009. The album's first single, \"Horchata\", was released on October 5, 2009.", "The album's first single, \"Horchata\", was released on October 5, 2009. The album's second single, \"Cousins\", was released as a single on November 17, 2009.", "The album's second single, \"Cousins\", was released as a single on November 17, 2009. Initial copies of the CD and LP sold at independent record stores in the US included a 3-track bonus CD containing two \"melts\", which featured bits of album tracks and a remix.", "Initial copies of the CD and LP sold at independent record stores in the US included a 3-track bonus CD containing two \"melts\", which featured bits of album tracks and a remix. It is the band's first album to reach number one on the Billboard 200, and the 12th independently distributed album in history to reach the number one spot on the Billboard 200 since Nielsen Soundscan began recording data in 1991, while also being the first independent artist to have done so without ever having signed with a major label, after already established rock bands Radiohead and Pearl Jam and before Arcade Fire's The Suburbs.", "It is the band's first album to reach number one on the Billboard 200, and the 12th independently distributed album in history to reach the number one spot on the Billboard 200 since Nielsen Soundscan began recording data in 1991, while also being the first independent artist to have done so without ever having signed with a major label, after already established rock bands Radiohead and Pearl Jam and before Arcade Fire's The Suburbs. The album sold 124,000 copies in its first week and was awarded Gold by the RIAA on November 21, 2011 which means it has sold over 500,000 units in the US alone.", "The album sold 124,000 copies in its first week and was awarded Gold by the RIAA on November 21, 2011 which means it has sold over 500,000 units in the US alone. In 2010, it was awarded a diamond certification from the Independent Music Companies Association which indicated sales of at least 250,000 copies throughout Europe.", "In 2010, it was awarded a diamond certification from the Independent Music Companies Association which indicated sales of at least 250,000 copies throughout Europe. On January 9, 2010, the band did an acoustic show for MTV Unplugged. The following month, the band toured Europe and Canada with Canadian electro duo Fan Death as their support.", "The following month, the band toured Europe and Canada with Canadian electro duo Fan Death as their support. The video for their next single \"Giving Up the Gun\" was also released on February 18, 2010 which included cameos from Joe Jonas, Lil Jon, RZA, and Jake Gyllenhaal.", "The video for their next single \"Giving Up the Gun\" was also released on February 18, 2010 which included cameos from Joe Jonas, Lil Jon, RZA, and Jake Gyllenhaal. They also played festivals across the USA such as Coachella, Bonnaroo, Austin City Limits Music Festival, All Points West, and the Groovin' The Moo festival in Australia.", "They also played festivals across the USA such as Coachella, Bonnaroo, Austin City Limits Music Festival, All Points West, and the Groovin' The Moo festival in Australia. Their third single, \"Holiday\", was released on June 7, 2010.", "Their third single, \"Holiday\", was released on June 7, 2010. On June 25, 2010, the band played the Pyramid Stage at Glastonbury Festival, in Pilton, Somerset, UK.", "On June 25, 2010, the band played the Pyramid Stage at Glastonbury Festival, in Pilton, Somerset, UK. The band were also on the main stage at T in the Park 2010 at Balado Kinross, Scotland, on June 8, and played the Oxegen Festival in Ireland on July 9.", "The band were also on the main stage at T in the Park 2010 at Balado Kinross, Scotland, on June 8, and played the Oxegen Festival in Ireland on July 9. They also headlined the Latitude Festival in Suffolk, UK on July 18.", "They also headlined the Latitude Festival in Suffolk, UK on July 18. On July 16, the band headlined the Main Stage at the Festival Internacional de Benicàssim. In the summer of 2010 the band played at the Utopia stage on Peace and Love, Sweden's biggest Festival.", "In the summer of 2010 the band played at the Utopia stage on Peace and Love, Sweden's biggest Festival. On July 30, 2010, the band played at Jisan Valley Rock Festival in South Korea. In 2010, Vampire Weekend embarked on a North American tour with Beach House and Dum Dum Girls.", "In 2010, Vampire Weekend embarked on a North American tour with Beach House and Dum Dum Girls. The tour started off on August 27, 2010, in Vancouver, British Columbia at the Malkin Bowl.", "The tour started off on August 27, 2010, in Vancouver, British Columbia at the Malkin Bowl. Koenig mentioned to the audience that before this concert, the band had the longest \"vacation period\" that they had had in a while.Contra was nominated for a Grammy for Best Alternative Music Album, but lost to The Black Keys's Brothers.", "Koenig mentioned to the audience that before this concert, the band had the longest \"vacation period\" that they had had in a while.Contra was nominated for a Grammy for Best Alternative Music Album, but lost to The Black Keys's Brothers. Modern Vampires of the City (2010–2014) On November 11, 2011, it was revealed that Vampire Weekend had been in the studio, writing and recording material for their third album.", "Modern Vampires of the City (2010–2014) On November 11, 2011, it was revealed that Vampire Weekend had been in the studio, writing and recording material for their third album. On April 26, 2012, Rolling Stone reported that the new album could be released by the end of the year.", "On April 26, 2012, Rolling Stone reported that the new album could be released by the end of the year. Koenig said, \"We do have a ton of stuff.", "Koenig said, \"We do have a ton of stuff. It would be cool if it was [released] this year...We just never want to be in a position [where] when we put out something, we feel could've benefited from more time.\"", "It would be cool if it was [released] this year...We just never want to be in a position [where] when we put out something, we feel could've benefited from more time.\" Until its release, the band was discreet about the details of the next album, stating that a band \"can give a bunch of interviews when they're working on stuff\" but they \"don't want something [they] said six months ago to influence how people hear it when it's done.\"", "Until its release, the band was discreet about the details of the next album, stating that a band \"can give a bunch of interviews when they're working on stuff\" but they \"don't want something [they] said six months ago to influence how people hear it when it's done.\" In January 2012, President Barack Obama added Vampire Weekend to a short list of musical artists that he sought support from for his re-election campaign.", "In January 2012, President Barack Obama added Vampire Weekend to a short list of musical artists that he sought support from for his re-election campaign. Vampire Weekend made it onto this list with Jay-Z, John Legend, and Alicia Keys.Modern Vampires of the City was released in May 2013, and written and recorded in various locations including SlowDeath Studios in New York, Echo Park \"Back House\" in Los Angeles, Vox Recording Studios in Hollywood, Rostam Batmanglij's New York apartment and a guest house on Martha's Vineyard.", "Vampire Weekend made it onto this list with Jay-Z, John Legend, and Alicia Keys.Modern Vampires of the City was released in May 2013, and written and recorded in various locations including SlowDeath Studios in New York, Echo Park \"Back House\" in Los Angeles, Vox Recording Studios in Hollywood, Rostam Batmanglij's New York apartment and a guest house on Martha's Vineyard. The album was co-produced by Batmanglij and Ariel Rechtshaid.", "The album was co-produced by Batmanglij and Ariel Rechtshaid. After Batmanglij produced the first two albums himself, this marked the first time the band worked with an outside producer on any of their records.", "After Batmanglij produced the first two albums himself, this marked the first time the band worked with an outside producer on any of their records. In an interview for the February 2013 edition of Q (released in mid-January), Koenig described the upcoming album as \"darker and more organic\" and \"very much the last of a trilogy.\"", "In an interview for the February 2013 edition of Q (released in mid-January), Koenig described the upcoming album as \"darker and more organic\" and \"very much the last of a trilogy.\" Said Koenig, \"Things that we might have found boring in the past, we've started to find more fresh.", "Said Koenig, \"Things that we might have found boring in the past, we've started to find more fresh. This album has more piano and acoustic guitar and organ.\"", "This album has more piano and acoustic guitar and organ.\" Modern Vampires of the City also continued the use of digital voice modulation as heard in the songs \"Diane Young\" and \"Ya Hey\", a technique first used in the song \"California English\" on Contra The album was recorded and co-produced by Ariel Rechtshaid in his Los Angeles Studio (alongside Batmanglij).", "Modern Vampires of the City also continued the use of digital voice modulation as heard in the songs \"Diane Young\" and \"Ya Hey\", a technique first used in the song \"California English\" on Contra The album was recorded and co-produced by Ariel Rechtshaid in his Los Angeles Studio (alongside Batmanglij). The band discussed the album with The FADER and appeared on the cover of the magazine's 84th issue.", "The band discussed the album with The FADER and appeared on the cover of the magazine's 84th issue. On March 16, 2013, the band played the closing show at Stubbs on the last day of the SXSW festival in Austin, Texas.", "On March 16, 2013, the band played the closing show at Stubbs on the last day of the SXSW festival in Austin, Texas. In the show they played two new songs from the upcoming album: \"Diane Young\" and \"Ya Hey\".", "In the show they played two new songs from the upcoming album: \"Diane Young\" and \"Ya Hey\". On March 18, 2013, Vampire Weekend released a double-sided single, \"Diane Young\"/\"Step\".", "On March 18, 2013, Vampire Weekend released a double-sided single, \"Diane Young\"/\"Step\". On May 11, 2013, Vampire Weekend were featured as the musical guest on Saturday Night Live with Kristen Wiig hosting, their third time on the show.", "On May 11, 2013, Vampire Weekend were featured as the musical guest on Saturday Night Live with Kristen Wiig hosting, their third time on the show. Released on May 14, 2013, the album debuted at No.", "Released on May 14, 2013, the album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard chart, marking the second time Vampire Weekend has achieved the feat: its second album Contra also debuted at No. 1 in 2010, making them the first independent rock band to enter the charts at No. 1 with two consecutive releases.", "1 with two consecutive releases. 1 with two consecutive releases. Modern Vampires of the City also shattered the previous record for first week vinyl sales, moving nearly 10,000 units on vinyl alone and debuting at No. 1 on the Soundscan Vinyl Charts.", "1 on the Soundscan Vinyl Charts. Additionally, the band charted #1 at Indie, Alternative, Digital and the top 200. In 2014, Modern Vampires of the City won a Grammy for Best Alternative Music Album.", "In 2014, Modern Vampires of the City won a Grammy for Best Alternative Music Album. To promote the album, XL Recordings released \"Diane Young\" and \"Step\" as a double A-sided single on March 19, 2013.", "To promote the album, XL Recordings released \"Diane Young\" and \"Step\" as a double A-sided single on March 19, 2013. Modern Vampires of the City was released by XL on May 14. and Vampire Weekend played several concerts and music festivals shortly after, eventually embarking on a larger supporting tour throughout late 2013, beginning with a show at the Mann Center for the Performing Arts in Philadelphia on September 19.", "Modern Vampires of the City was released by XL on May 14. and Vampire Weekend played several concerts and music festivals shortly after, eventually embarking on a larger supporting tour throughout late 2013, beginning with a show at the Mann Center for the Performing Arts in Philadelphia on September 19. John Gentile of Rolling Stone reported that the band headlined \"some of their largest venues to date\" on the tour.", "John Gentile of Rolling Stone reported that the band headlined \"some of their largest venues to date\" on the tour. In the album's first week of release, it debuted number one on the Billboard 200 and sold 134,000 copies in the United States.", "In the album's first week of release, it debuted number one on the Billboard 200 and sold 134,000 copies in the United States. It was Vampire Weekend's second consecutive number-one record on the chart, as well as the nineteenth independently distributed album to top the Billboard 200 in the Nielsen SoundScan era (1991–present).", "It was Vampire Weekend's second consecutive number-one record on the chart, as well as the nineteenth independently distributed album to top the Billboard 200 in the Nielsen SoundScan era (1991–present). The record entered the British album charts at number three with first-week sales of 27,805 copies, becoming the group's third consecutive top-twenty album in the United Kingdom.", "The record entered the British album charts at number three with first-week sales of 27,805 copies, becoming the group's third consecutive top-twenty album in the United Kingdom. By December 2014, it had been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America and sold 505,000 copies in the US.", "By December 2014, it had been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America and sold 505,000 copies in the US. In 2014, it was awarded a diamond certification from the Independent Music Companies Association, which indicated sales of at least 200,000 copies throughout Europe.", "In 2014, it was awarded a diamond certification from the Independent Music Companies Association, which indicated sales of at least 200,000 copies throughout Europe. On September 2020, Modern Vampires of the City was put by Rolling Stone in their new list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, ranking at position 328.", "On September 2020, Modern Vampires of the City was put by Rolling Stone in their new list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, ranking at position 328. Departure of Batmanglij and Father of the Bride (2014–2019) After remaining quiet following the conclusion of their Modern Vampires tour, which wrapped up in September 2014, it was revealed on January 26, 2016 that Rostam Batmanglij had departed the band.", "Departure of Batmanglij and Father of the Bride (2014–2019) After remaining quiet following the conclusion of their Modern Vampires tour, which wrapped up in September 2014, it was revealed on January 26, 2016 that Rostam Batmanglij had departed the band. He noted that he and Koenig would continue to collaborate.", "He noted that he and Koenig would continue to collaborate. Later the same day, Koenig announced that Vampire Weekend was in the studio working on their upcoming fourth album, with Batmanglij contributing to the record. The album's working title was revealed to be Mitsubishi Macchiato.", "The album's working title was revealed to be Mitsubishi Macchiato. In January 2016, the band performed in Iowa for a Bernie Sanders rally two days before the Iowa primaries.", "In January 2016, the band performed in Iowa for a Bernie Sanders rally two days before the Iowa primaries. The band members Rostam Batmanglij and Chris Baio were replaced by David Longstreth and Nat Baldwin (both from Dirty Projectors) and an all female a cappella group from the University of Iowa, due to Batmanglij's departure from the band and Baio being on tour with his side project.", "The band members Rostam Batmanglij and Chris Baio were replaced by David Longstreth and Nat Baldwin (both from Dirty Projectors) and an all female a cappella group from the University of Iowa, due to Batmanglij's departure from the band and Baio being on tour with his side project. Lead vocalist Ezra Koenig expressed his support for the candidate in various ways through social media and on his Beats 1 show \"Time Crisis\".", "Lead vocalist Ezra Koenig expressed his support for the candidate in various ways through social media and on his Beats 1 show \"Time Crisis\". In April 2016, the band briefly performed at a rally for presidential candidate Bernie Sanders in Washington Square Park.", "In April 2016, the band briefly performed at a rally for presidential candidate Bernie Sanders in Washington Square Park. Koenig has been a well-known supporter of Sanders, after discussions on his Beats 1 radio show, Time Crisis. The band performed live with Dave Longstreth of the Dirty Projectors, which marked their first performance as a trio.", "The band performed live with Dave Longstreth of the Dirty Projectors, which marked their first performance as a trio. In late 2016, Koenig was reportedly in talks to sign the band with Columbia Records, as he reportedly \"hit it off\" with executive Rob Stringer.", "In late 2016, Koenig was reportedly in talks to sign the band with Columbia Records, as he reportedly \"hit it off\" with executive Rob Stringer. Initially, this news was regarded a rumor, until the band's website revamp in 2018, in which a Sony Music copyright appeared on the site.", "Initially, this news was regarded a rumor, until the band's website revamp in 2018, in which a Sony Music copyright appeared on the site. In March 2017, Koenig revealed in an elaborate Instagram update that during 2016 he had spent countless hours researching and writing music in libraries with grad students.", "In March 2017, Koenig revealed in an elaborate Instagram update that during 2016 he had spent countless hours researching and writing music in libraries with grad students. Additionally, he revealed that the album, given the working title of \"Mitsubishi Macchiato\", would feature a more 'spring-time' vibe and one of the songs would be entitled Flower Moon.", "Additionally, he revealed that the album, given the working title of \"Mitsubishi Macchiato\", would feature a more 'spring-time' vibe and one of the songs would be entitled Flower Moon. Koenig revealed that LP4 would be partially inspired by the songwriting of country singer, Kacey Musgraves, after he attended one of her shows in September 2016.", "Koenig revealed that LP4 would be partially inspired by the songwriting of country singer, Kacey Musgraves, after he attended one of her shows in September 2016. In an interview with Stereogum, he stated, \"I’m the type of person who has spent hours poring over the avant-garde poetic lyrics of certain songwriters, and there was something that felt so good [about how] from the first verse, you knew who was singing, who they were singing to, what kind of situation they were in.", "In an interview with Stereogum, he stated, \"I’m the type of person who has spent hours poring over the avant-garde poetic lyrics of certain songwriters, and there was something that felt so good [about how] from the first verse, you knew who was singing, who they were singing to, what kind of situation they were in. After the show I realized there’s not a ton of Vampire Weekend songs where you could listen to the first verse and immediately answer the question of who’s singing and who are they singing to.” Furthermore, in a September 2017 interview with Zane Lowe, Ezra briefly spoke about LP4 and stated that it was \"about 80% done.\"", "After the show I realized there’s not a ton of Vampire Weekend songs where you could listen to the first verse and immediately answer the question of who’s singing and who are they singing to.” Furthermore, in a September 2017 interview with Zane Lowe, Ezra briefly spoke about LP4 and stated that it was \"about 80% done.\" He mentioned that the album would feature lead producer Ariel Rechtshaid with additional \"guest appearances\", one of which being Batmanglij.", "He mentioned that the album would feature lead producer Ariel Rechtshaid with additional \"guest appearances\", one of which being Batmanglij. Lowe pushed Koenig for a release date, citing Q1 2018 as a likely candidate.", "Lowe pushed Koenig for a release date, citing Q1 2018 as a likely candidate. In a December 2017 interview, Koenig noted that Batmanglij was involved in a few songs, some of which was material that they had started working on long ago, and that their method of collaboration had not changed despite the latter's departure from the band.", "In a December 2017 interview, Koenig noted that Batmanglij was involved in a few songs, some of which was material that they had started working on long ago, and that their method of collaboration had not changed despite the latter's departure from the band. Vampire Weekend's first gigs since the hiatus took place in Ojai, California on June 16 & 17.", "Vampire Weekend's first gigs since the hiatus took place in Ojai, California on June 16 & 17. On January 31, 2018, it was announced that the band would be headlining the UK music festival End of the Road.", "On January 31, 2018, it was announced that the band would be headlining the UK music festival End of the Road. The festival ran from August 31 to September 3 and marked Vampire Weekend's first return to a festival stage in 4 years.", "The festival ran from August 31 to September 3 and marked Vampire Weekend's first return to a festival stage in 4 years. On July 21, they performed in Byron Bay for the Australian festival, Splendour in the Grass.", "On July 21, they performed in Byron Bay for the Australian festival, Splendour in the Grass. Additionally, it was announced that they would headline the 2018 Fuji Rock Festival, scheduled for July 27 to 29.", "Additionally, it was announced that they would headline the 2018 Fuji Rock Festival, scheduled for July 27 to 29. For their live shows, the core trio of Koenig, Baio, and Tomson has been augmented by Greta Morgan on keyboards, guitar, and vocals, Brian Robert Jones on guitar, Garrett Ray on percussion, drums, and vocals, and Will Canzoneri on keyboards and vocals.", "For their live shows, the core trio of Koenig, Baio, and Tomson has been augmented by Greta Morgan on keyboards, guitar, and vocals, Brian Robert Jones on guitar, Garrett Ray on percussion, drums, and vocals, and Will Canzoneri on keyboards and vocals. During their August 4, 2018 performance at Lollapalooza, where the band played fan favorite \"A-Punk\" three times in a row, Koenig announced that Vampire Weekend's 4th album was done.", "During their August 4, 2018 performance at Lollapalooza, where the band played fan favorite \"A-Punk\" three times in a row, Koenig announced that Vampire Weekend's 4th album was done. On January 17, 2019, Koenig announced the abbreviation of the band's fourth album title as FOTB, and revealed that the album would consist of 18 songs, running at approximately 59 minutes.", "On January 17, 2019, Koenig announced the abbreviation of the band's fourth album title as FOTB, and revealed that the album would consist of 18 songs, running at approximately 59 minutes. Additionally, he announced that the album would be promoted by three monthly two-song releases, beginning the following week.", "Additionally, he announced that the album would be promoted by three monthly two-song releases, beginning the following week. On January 24, the songs \"Harmony Hall\" and \"2021\" were released, and Koenig confirmed the title of the album as Father of the Bride.", "On January 24, the songs \"Harmony Hall\" and \"2021\" were released, and Koenig confirmed the title of the album as Father of the Bride. He also said that the record would feature an array of collaborators, including Batmanglij, marking the first time the band has included guest vocalists in an album.", "He also said that the record would feature an array of collaborators, including Batmanglij, marking the first time the band has included guest vocalists in an album. In an interview with Rolling Stone, Koenig said, \"We've had three albums of the same voice over and over again.", "In an interview with Rolling Stone, Koenig said, \"We've had three albums of the same voice over and over again. I like the idea of opening up our world a little bit.\"", "I like the idea of opening up our world a little bit.\" He also confirmed that \"2021\" features a Haruomi Hosono sample, and said that he planned to start work on Vampire Weekend's fifth album. The band's current touring approach is influenced by Phish, the Grateful Dead and other jam bands.", "The band's current touring approach is influenced by Phish, the Grateful Dead and other jam bands. Contemporary fans mirror these influences in their Deadhead inspired creation of unofficial merchandise including shirts, shorts, tie-dyes, and bucket hats.", "Contemporary fans mirror these influences in their Deadhead inspired creation of unofficial merchandise including shirts, shorts, tie-dyes, and bucket hats. At the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards, the band received three nominations: Album of the Year and Best Alternative Music Album for Father of the Bride and Best Rock Song for \"Harmony Hall\".", "At the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards, the band received three nominations: Album of the Year and Best Alternative Music Album for Father of the Bride and Best Rock Song for \"Harmony Hall\". They won for Best Alternative Music Album (their second win in the category).", "They won for Best Alternative Music Album (their second win in the category). In 2020, the Live in Florida EP featuring songs from the Father of the Bride Tour was released. On February 4, 2021, Vampire Weekend released the 40:42 EP featuring reinterpretations of their song \"2021\" from Father of the Bride.", "On February 4, 2021, Vampire Weekend released the 40:42 EP featuring reinterpretations of their song \"2021\" from Father of the Bride. Two artists were commissioned to expand the song into twenty-minute and twenty-one-second versions.", "Two artists were commissioned to expand the song into twenty-minute and twenty-one-second versions. Band members Current members Ezra Koenig – lead vocals, guitar, piano (2006–present) Chris Baio – bass, backing vocals, occasional piano (2006–present) Chris Tomson – drums, percussion, occasional guitar, backing vocals (2006–present) Touring members Will Canzoneri – keyboards, backing vocals (2018–present) Brian Robert Jones – guitar, backing vocals (2018–present) Greta Morgan – keyboards, guitar, percussion, backing vocals (2018–present) Garrett Ray – percussion, drums, backing vocals (2018–present) Former members Rostam Batmanglij – keyboards, guitar, backing vocals, production, programmer, percussion, occasional lead vocals (2006–2016) Timeline Contra lawsuit In 2010, the band, along with their record company XL Recordings and photographer Tod Scott Brody, were sued by Kirsten Kennis, the model on the cover of Contra, over the use of her image.", "Band members Current members Ezra Koenig – lead vocals, guitar, piano (2006–present) Chris Baio – bass, backing vocals, occasional piano (2006–present) Chris Tomson – drums, percussion, occasional guitar, backing vocals (2006–present) Touring members Will Canzoneri – keyboards, backing vocals (2018–present) Brian Robert Jones – guitar, backing vocals (2018–present) Greta Morgan – keyboards, guitar, percussion, backing vocals (2018–present) Garrett Ray – percussion, drums, backing vocals (2018–present) Former members Rostam Batmanglij – keyboards, guitar, backing vocals, production, programmer, percussion, occasional lead vocals (2006–2016) Timeline Contra lawsuit In 2010, the band, along with their record company XL Recordings and photographer Tod Scott Brody, were sued by Kirsten Kennis, the model on the cover of Contra, over the use of her image. Kennis's accusations were that the band used her image without her permission.", "Kennis's accusations were that the band used her image without her permission. Vampire Weekend settled with Kennis in 2011.", "Vampire Weekend settled with Kennis in 2011. Other contributions Vampire Weekend contributed a cover of \"Exit Music (For a Film)\" for Stereogum Presents... OKX: A Tribute to OK Computer (2007), a free tribute album celebrating 10 years of Radiohead's album OK Computer.", "Other contributions Vampire Weekend contributed a cover of \"Exit Music (For a Film)\" for Stereogum Presents... OKX: A Tribute to OK Computer (2007), a free tribute album celebrating 10 years of Radiohead's album OK Computer. They have also covered \"Everywhere\" by Fleetwood Mac, \"Ça Plane Pour Moi\" by Plastic Bertrand, \"I'm Goin' Down\" by Bruce Springsteen, \"Have I the Right?\"", "They have also covered \"Everywhere\" by Fleetwood Mac, \"Ça Plane Pour Moi\" by Plastic Bertrand, \"I'm Goin' Down\" by Bruce Springsteen, \"Have I the Right?\" by The Honeycombs, \"Blurred Lines\" by Robin Thicke, \"Fight For This Love\" by Cheryl Cole, and \"Ruby Soho\" by Rancid.", "by The Honeycombs, \"Blurred Lines\" by Robin Thicke, \"Fight For This Love\" by Cheryl Cole, and \"Ruby Soho\" by Rancid. The band also contributed the song \"Ottoman\" to the soundtrack to the 2008 film Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist.", "The band also contributed the song \"Ottoman\" to the soundtrack to the 2008 film Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist. That song was then sampled by alternative hip-hop artist Kid Cudi. Two tracks from their debut record also appeared in the 2009 comedy I Love You, Man.", "Two tracks from their debut record also appeared in the 2009 comedy I Love You, Man. A new song, \"Jonathan Low\", was released on June 8, 2010, appearing on the soundtrack to the third installment of the Twilight Saga films, Eclipse.", "A new song, \"Jonathan Low\", was released on June 8, 2010, appearing on the soundtrack to the third installment of the Twilight Saga films, Eclipse. Their song \"Worship You\" appeared as a soundtrack in EA Sports football video game, FIFA 14.", "Their song \"Worship You\" appeared as a soundtrack in EA Sports football video game, FIFA 14. In 2014, Vampire Weekend contributed a cover of \"Con te Partiro\" by Andrea Bocelli on the Valentine's Day compilation, Sweetheart 2014.", "In 2014, Vampire Weekend contributed a cover of \"Con te Partiro\" by Andrea Bocelli on the Valentine's Day compilation, Sweetheart 2014. Vampire Weekend also contributed a cover of Bruce Springsteen's \"I'm Goin' Down\" on the Girls Vol. 2 Soundtrack.", "2 Soundtrack. 2 Soundtrack. Discography Studio albums Vampire Weekend (2008) Contra (2010) Modern Vampires of the City (2013) Father of the Bride'' (2019) Awards and nominations References External links 2006 establishments in New York City Musical quartets American musical trios Musical groups from New York City Grammy Award winners Indie rock musical groups from New York (state) Musical groups established in 2006 Columbia Records artists XL Recordings artists Alternative rock groups from New York (state)" ]

[ "Stewart Copeland", "The Police (1977-1986)", "What is the relation between Stewart and The police?", "1976, Copeland founded the Police with lead singer-bass guitarist Sting and guitarist Henry Padovani (who was soon replaced by Andy Summers), and they became one of the top bands", "Which song did the band release?", "The Police's early track list was mostly made of Copeland's compositions, including the band's first single \"Fall Out\" (Illegal Records, 1977) and the B side \"Nothing Achieving\"." ]

[ "American singer, songwriter and record producer R. Kelly has released 12 studio albums, 5 compilation albums and 3 collaboration albums. Kelly has sold over 100 million records, making him the most successful R&B male artist of the 1990s and also one of the best selling musical artists of all time. He is listed by Billboard as the most successful R&B/Hip Hop artist of the past 25 years (1985–2010) and also the most successful R&B artist in history.\n\nThis is a list of unreleased songs recorded by R. Kelly.\n\nSongs\n\nSee also\n\n List of songs recorded by R. Kelly\n\nReferences\n\nR. Kelly songs\n\nKelly, R", "\"She's on the Left\" is a 1988 single by Jeffrey Osborne. The single was the most successful of Osborne's solo career, reaching the number-one spot on the Black Singles chart and becoming his only number one. \"She's on the Left\" was his last release to make the Hot 100 peaking at number forty-eight. The single also became one of Osborne's most successful on the dance chart peaking at number six.\n\nReferences\n \n\n1988 singles\nJeffrey Osborne songs\nSongs written by Tony Haynes\nSongs written by Jeffrey Osborne\n1988 songs\nSongs written by Robert Brookins" ]

[ "Stewart Armstrong Copeland (born July 16, 1952) is an American musician and composer. He rose to prominence as the drummer of the British rock band The Police. He has also produced many film and video game soundtracks and written various pieces of music for ballet, opera, and orchestra.", "He has also produced many film and video game soundtracks and written various pieces of music for ballet, opera, and orchestra. His composing work includes the films Wall Street (1987), Good Burger (1997), and We Are Your Friends (2015); the television series The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, and The Amanda Show; and the video games Alone in the Dark 4 and the Spyro series.", "His composing work includes the films Wall Street (1987), Good Burger (1997), and We Are Your Friends (2015); the television series The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, and The Amanda Show; and the video games Alone in the Dark 4 and the Spyro series. According to MusicRadar, Copeland's \"distinctive drum sound and uniqueness of style has made him one of the most popular drummers to ever get behind a drumset\".", "According to MusicRadar, Copeland's \"distinctive drum sound and uniqueness of style has made him one of the most popular drummers to ever get behind a drumset\". He was ranked the 10th best drummer of all time by Rolling Stone in 2016.", "He was ranked the 10th best drummer of all time by Rolling Stone in 2016. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Police in 2003, the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 2005, and the Classic Drummer Hall of Fame in 2013.", "He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Police in 2003, the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 2005, and the Classic Drummer Hall of Fame in 2013. Early life Stewart Armstrong Copeland was born in Alexandria, Virginia, on July 16, 1952, the youngest of four children of Scottish archaeologist Lorraine Adie and Alabama-born CIA officer Miles Copeland Jr.", "Early life Stewart Armstrong Copeland was born in Alexandria, Virginia, on July 16, 1952, the youngest of four children of Scottish archaeologist Lorraine Adie and Alabama-born CIA officer Miles Copeland Jr. According to his 1989 biography and files released by the CIA in 2008, his father was a founding member of the OSS and the CIA.", "According to his 1989 biography and files released by the CIA in 2008, his father was a founding member of the OSS and the CIA. The family moved to Cairo a few months after Copeland's birth. When he was five years old, the family moved to Beirut, where he attended the American Community School.", "When he was five years old, the family moved to Beirut, where he attended the American Community School. He started taking drum lessons at age 12 and was playing drums for school dances within a year. He later moved to England, attending the American School in London and Millfield boarding school in Somerset from 1967 to 1969.", "He later moved to England, attending the American School in London and Millfield boarding school in Somerset from 1967 to 1969. He went to college in California, enrolling at Alliant International University and the University of California, Berkeley. His eldest brother, Miles Copeland III, founded I.R.S. Records and became the manager of the Police.", "Records and became the manager of the Police. He has also overseen Copeland's interests in other music projects. His other brother, the late Ian Copeland, was a pioneering booking agent who represented the Police and many others.", "His other brother, the late Ian Copeland, was a pioneering booking agent who represented the Police and many others. Career Curved Air (1975–1976) Returning to England, Copeland worked as road manager for the progressive rock band Curved Air's 1974 reunion tour, and then as drummer for the band during 1975 and 1976.", "Career Curved Air (1975–1976) Returning to England, Copeland worked as road manager for the progressive rock band Curved Air's 1974 reunion tour, and then as drummer for the band during 1975 and 1976. The band kicked off with a European tour, which started poorly.", "The band kicked off with a European tour, which started poorly. Band leader Darryl Way, a notorious perfectionist, grew impatient with the struggling of his bandmates, especially novice drummer Copeland.", "Band leader Darryl Way, a notorious perfectionist, grew impatient with the struggling of his bandmates, especially novice drummer Copeland. Then, for reasons no one could pinpoint, the musicians suddenly \"clicked\" with each other and the band caught fire, quickly becoming a popular and acclaimed live act.", "Then, for reasons no one could pinpoint, the musicians suddenly \"clicked\" with each other and the band caught fire, quickly becoming a popular and acclaimed live act. The Police (1977–1986) In early 1977, Copeland founded the Police with lead singer-bass guitarist Sting and guitarist Henry Padovani (who was soon replaced by Andy Summers), and they became one of the top bands of the late 1970s and early 1980s.", "The Police (1977–1986) In early 1977, Copeland founded the Police with lead singer-bass guitarist Sting and guitarist Henry Padovani (who was soon replaced by Andy Summers), and they became one of the top bands of the late 1970s and early 1980s. Copeland was the youngest member of the band.", "Copeland was the youngest member of the band. The Police's early track list (before their album debut) was largely Copeland compositions, including the band's first single \"Fall Out\" (Illegal Records, 1977) and the B-side \"Nothing Achieving\".", "The Police's early track list (before their album debut) was largely Copeland compositions, including the band's first single \"Fall Out\" (Illegal Records, 1977) and the B-side \"Nothing Achieving\". Though Copeland's songwriting contribution was reduced to a couple of songs per album as Sting started writing more material, he continued to co-arrange all the Police's songs together with his two bandmates.", "Though Copeland's songwriting contribution was reduced to a couple of songs per album as Sting started writing more material, he continued to co-arrange all the Police's songs together with his two bandmates. Amongst Copeland's most notable songs are \"On Any Other Day\" (where he also sang lead vocals), \"Does Everyone Stare\" (later to be used as the title of his documentary on the band Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out), \"Contact\", \"Bombs Away\", \"Darkness\" and \"Miss Gradenko\".", "Amongst Copeland's most notable songs are \"On Any Other Day\" (where he also sang lead vocals), \"Does Everyone Stare\" (later to be used as the title of his documentary on the band Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out), \"Contact\", \"Bombs Away\", \"Darkness\" and \"Miss Gradenko\". Copeland also co-wrote a number of songs with Sting, including \"Peanuts\", \"Landlord\", \"It's Alright for You\" and \"Re-Humanize Yourself\".", "Copeland also co-wrote a number of songs with Sting, including \"Peanuts\", \"Landlord\", \"It's Alright for You\" and \"Re-Humanize Yourself\". Copeland also recorded under the pseudonym Klark Kent, releasing several UK singles in 1978 with one (\"Don't Care\") entering the UK Singles Chart that year, along with an eponymous 10-inch album on green vinyl released in 1980.", "Copeland also recorded under the pseudonym Klark Kent, releasing several UK singles in 1978 with one (\"Don't Care\") entering the UK Singles Chart that year, along with an eponymous 10-inch album on green vinyl released in 1980. Recording at Nigel Gray's Surrey Sound Studio, Copeland played all the instruments and sang the lead vocals himself.", "Recording at Nigel Gray's Surrey Sound Studio, Copeland played all the instruments and sang the lead vocals himself. Kent's \"Don't Care\", which peaked at No.", "Kent's \"Don't Care\", which peaked at No. 48 UK in August 1978, actually predates the first chart single by the Police by several months (\"Can't Stand Losing You\", issued in October 1978) as \"Don't Care\" was released in early June 1978.", "48 UK in August 1978, actually predates the first chart single by the Police by several months (\"Can't Stand Losing You\", issued in October 1978) as \"Don't Care\" was released in early June 1978. In 1982, Copeland was involved in the production of a WOMAD benefit album called Music and Rhythm.", "In 1982, Copeland was involved in the production of a WOMAD benefit album called Music and Rhythm. Copeland's score for Rumble Fish secured him a Golden Globe nomination in 1983.", "Copeland's score for Rumble Fish secured him a Golden Globe nomination in 1983. The film, directed and produced by Francis Ford Coppola from the S. E. Hinton novel, also had a song released to radio on A&M Records \"Don't Box Me In\" (UK Singles Chart n. 91)—a collaboration between Copeland and singer-songwriter Stan Ridgway, leader of the band Wall of Voodoo—that received significant airplay upon release of the film that year.", "The film, directed and produced by Francis Ford Coppola from the S. E. Hinton novel, also had a song released to radio on A&M Records \"Don't Box Me In\" (UK Singles Chart n. 91)—a collaboration between Copeland and singer-songwriter Stan Ridgway, leader of the band Wall of Voodoo—that received significant airplay upon release of the film that year. The Rhythmatist record of 1985 was the result of a pilgrimage to Africa and its people, and it features local drums and percussion, with more drums, percussion, other musical instruments and occasional lead vocals added by Copeland.", "The Rhythmatist record of 1985 was the result of a pilgrimage to Africa and its people, and it features local drums and percussion, with more drums, percussion, other musical instruments and occasional lead vocals added by Copeland. The album was the official soundtrack to the movie of the same name, which was co-written by Stewart.", "The album was the official soundtrack to the movie of the same name, which was co-written by Stewart. Copeland is seen in the film playing the drums in a cage with lions surrounding him. The band attempted a reunion in 1986, but the project fell apart.", "The band attempted a reunion in 1986, but the project fell apart. Solo projects and movie soundtracks (1987–1998) After the Police disbanded, Copeland established a career composing soundtracks for movies (Airborne, Talk Radio, Wall Street, Riff Raff, Raining Stones, Surviving the Game, See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Highlander II: The Quickening, She's Having a Baby, The First Power, Fresh, Taking Care of Business, West Beirut, I am David, Riding the Bus with My Sister, Good Burger), television (The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, Star Wars: Droids, the pilot for Babylon 5 (1993), Nickelodeon's The Amanda Show, The Life and Times of Juniper Lee), operas (Holy Blood and Crescent Moon, commissioned by Cleveland Opera) and ballets (Prey' Ballet Oklahoma, Casque of Amontillado, Noah's Ark/Solcheeka, commissioned by the Seattle Symphony Orchestra, King Lear, commissioned by the San Francisco Ballet Company, Emilio).", "Solo projects and movie soundtracks (1987–1998) After the Police disbanded, Copeland established a career composing soundtracks for movies (Airborne, Talk Radio, Wall Street, Riff Raff, Raining Stones, Surviving the Game, See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Highlander II: The Quickening, She's Having a Baby, The First Power, Fresh, Taking Care of Business, West Beirut, I am David, Riding the Bus with My Sister, Good Burger), television (The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, Star Wars: Droids, the pilot for Babylon 5 (1993), Nickelodeon's The Amanda Show, The Life and Times of Juniper Lee), operas (Holy Blood and Crescent Moon, commissioned by Cleveland Opera) and ballets (Prey' Ballet Oklahoma, Casque of Amontillado, Noah's Ark/Solcheeka, commissioned by the Seattle Symphony Orchestra, King Lear, commissioned by the San Francisco Ballet Company, Emilio). In 1996, Copeland provided the score for The Leopard Son, Discovery Channel's its first commercially released full-length feature film, made by wildlife filmmaker Hugo van Lawick.", "In 1996, Copeland provided the score for The Leopard Son, Discovery Channel's its first commercially released full-length feature film, made by wildlife filmmaker Hugo van Lawick. Copeland also occasionally played drums for other artists.", "Copeland also occasionally played drums for other artists. Peter Gabriel employed Copeland to perform on his song \"Red Rain\" from his 1986 album So because of his \"hi-hat mastery\". He has also performed with Mike Rutherford and Tom Waits.", "He has also performed with Mike Rutherford and Tom Waits. That year he also teamed with Adam Ant to record the title track and video for the Anthony Michael Hall movie Out of Bounds. In 1989, Copeland formed Animal Logic with jazz bassist Stanley Clarke and singer-songwriter Deborah Holland.", "In 1989, Copeland formed Animal Logic with jazz bassist Stanley Clarke and singer-songwriter Deborah Holland. The trio had success with their first album and world tour but the follow-up recording sold poorly, and the band did not continue.", "The trio had success with their first album and world tour but the follow-up recording sold poorly, and the band did not continue. In 1993 he composed the music for Channel 4's Horse Opera and director Bob Baldwin, and in 1999, he provided the voice of an additional American soldier in the animated musical comedy war film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999).", "In 1993 he composed the music for Channel 4's Horse Opera and director Bob Baldwin, and in 1999, he provided the voice of an additional American soldier in the animated musical comedy war film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999). Spyro the Dragon soundtracks (1998–2002, 2018) He was commissioned by Insomniac Games in 1998 to make the musical score for the hit PlayStation game Spyro the Dragon.", "Spyro the Dragon soundtracks (1998–2002, 2018) He was commissioned by Insomniac Games in 1998 to make the musical score for the hit PlayStation game Spyro the Dragon. Copeland would play through the levels first to get a feel for each one before composing the soundtrack.", "Copeland would play through the levels first to get a feel for each one before composing the soundtrack. He also stayed with the project to create the musical scores for the remaining Insomniac sequels Spyro 2: Ripto's Rage! and Spyro: Year of the Dragon.", "and Spyro: Year of the Dragon. The franchise shifted over to Universal for the fourth title, Spyro: Enter the Dragonfly, which would be Copeland's last outing with the series. While the soundtracks never saw commercial release, the limited edition of the fourth game came packaged with a bonus CD, containing unused tracks.", "While the soundtracks never saw commercial release, the limited edition of the fourth game came packaged with a bonus CD, containing unused tracks. The soundtracks were very well received, and one track would later appear on the 2007 compilation album The Stewart Copeland Anthology. Copeland composed a new title theme for Spyro Reignited Trilogy.", "Copeland composed a new title theme for Spyro Reignited Trilogy. This period also saw Copeland compose the soundtrack for Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare, his only video game soundtrack outside of the Spyro franchise to date.", "This period also saw Copeland compose the soundtrack for Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare, his only video game soundtrack outside of the Spyro franchise to date. In 2000, he combined with Les Claypool of Primus (with whom he produced a track on the Primus album Antipop) and Trey Anastasio of Phish to create the band Oysterhead.", "In 2000, he combined with Les Claypool of Primus (with whom he produced a track on the Primus album Antipop) and Trey Anastasio of Phish to create the band Oysterhead. That same year, he was approached by director Adam Collis to assemble the score for the film Sunset Strip.", "That same year, he was approached by director Adam Collis to assemble the score for the film Sunset Strip. Collaborations (2002–2006) In 2002, Copeland was hired by Ray Manzarek and Robby Krieger of the Doors to play with them for a new album and tour, but after an injury sidelined Copeland, the arrangement ended in reciprocal lawsuits.", "Collaborations (2002–2006) In 2002, Copeland was hired by Ray Manzarek and Robby Krieger of the Doors to play with them for a new album and tour, but after an injury sidelined Copeland, the arrangement ended in reciprocal lawsuits. In 2005, Copeland released \"Orchestralli\", a live recording of chamber ensemble music which he had composed during a short tour of Italy in 2002.", "In 2005, Copeland released \"Orchestralli\", a live recording of chamber ensemble music which he had composed during a short tour of Italy in 2002. Also in 2005, Copeland started Gizmo, a new project with avant-garde guitarist David Fiuczynski, multi-instrumentalist Vittorio Cosma, singer Raiz and bassist Max Gazzè.", "Also in 2005, Copeland started Gizmo, a new project with avant-garde guitarist David Fiuczynski, multi-instrumentalist Vittorio Cosma, singer Raiz and bassist Max Gazzè. The band made their U.S debut on September 16, 2006, at the Modern Drummer Drum Festival.", "The band made their U.S debut on September 16, 2006, at the Modern Drummer Drum Festival. In January 2006, Copeland premiered his film about the Police called Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out at the Sundance Film Festival.", "In January 2006, Copeland premiered his film about the Police called Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out at the Sundance Film Festival. In February and March, he appeared as one of the judges on the BBC television show Just the Two of Us (a role he later reprised for a second series in January 2007).", "In February and March, he appeared as one of the judges on the BBC television show Just the Two of Us (a role he later reprised for a second series in January 2007). The Police reunion (2007–2008) At the 2007 Grammy Awards, Copeland, Andy Summers and Sting performed the song \"Roxanne\" together again as the Police.", "The Police reunion (2007–2008) At the 2007 Grammy Awards, Copeland, Andy Summers and Sting performed the song \"Roxanne\" together again as the Police. This marked the band's first public performance since 1986 (they had previously reunited only for an improvised set at Sting's wedding party in 1992 and for their induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2003).", "This marked the band's first public performance since 1986 (they had previously reunited only for an improvised set at Sting's wedding party in 1992 and for their induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2003). One day later, the band announced that in celebration of the Police's 30th anniversary, they would be embarking on what turned out to be a one-off reunion tour on May 28, 2007.", "One day later, the band announced that in celebration of the Police's 30th anniversary, they would be embarking on what turned out to be a one-off reunion tour on May 28, 2007. During the tour, Copeland also released his compilation album The Stewart Copeland Anthology, which was composed of his independent work.", "During the tour, Copeland also released his compilation album The Stewart Copeland Anthology, which was composed of his independent work. In 2007, the French government appointed Copeland (along with Police bandmates Summers and Sting) a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.", "In 2007, the French government appointed Copeland (along with Police bandmates Summers and Sting) a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. The group performed 151 dates across five continents, concluding with a final show in August 2008 at Madison Square Garden, New York.", "The group performed 151 dates across five continents, concluding with a final show in August 2008 at Madison Square Garden, New York. Projects (2008–present) In 2008, RIM commissioned Copeland to write a \"soundtrack\" for the BlackBerry Bold smart phone.", "Projects (2008–present) In 2008, RIM commissioned Copeland to write a \"soundtrack\" for the BlackBerry Bold smart phone. He created a highly percussive theme of one minute's length from which he evolved six ringtones and a softer 'alarm tone' that are preloaded on the device.", "He created a highly percussive theme of one minute's length from which he evolved six ringtones and a softer 'alarm tone' that are preloaded on the device. In March 2008, he premiered his orchestral composition \"Celeste\" at \"An Evening with Stewart Copeland\", part of the Savannah Music Festival.", "In March 2008, he premiered his orchestral composition \"Celeste\" at \"An Evening with Stewart Copeland\", part of the Savannah Music Festival. The performance featured classical violinist Daniel Hope. His appearance at Savannah included a screening of Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out and a question and answer session.", "His appearance at Savannah included a screening of Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out and a question and answer session. Also in 2008, he was commissioned by the Dallas Symphony Orchestra to create a percussion piece involving primarily Indonesian instruments.", "Also in 2008, he was commissioned by the Dallas Symphony Orchestra to create a percussion piece involving primarily Indonesian instruments. \"Gamelan D'Drum\" was first performed in Dallas on February 5, 2012, and had its European Premiere at the Royal Academy of Music in London in July 2012.", "\"Gamelan D'Drum\" was first performed in Dallas on February 5, 2012, and had its European Premiere at the Royal Academy of Music in London in July 2012. On August 21, 2009, at SummerFest 2009, Copeland unveiled the composition \"Retail Therapy\", which was commissioned by the Music Society.", "On August 21, 2009, at SummerFest 2009, Copeland unveiled the composition \"Retail Therapy\", which was commissioned by the Music Society. He performed three more original works: \"Kaya\", \"Celeste\", and \"Gene Pool\", the last accompanied by San Diego-based percussion ensemble red fish blue fish.", "He performed three more original works: \"Kaya\", \"Celeste\", and \"Gene Pool\", the last accompanied by San Diego-based percussion ensemble red fish blue fish. He attended a composer's roundtable and a question and answer discussion in conjunction with the festival.", "He attended a composer's roundtable and a question and answer discussion in conjunction with the festival. Copeland wrote the score for a theatrical presentation of Ben-Hur, which premiered on September 17, 2009, at the O2 Arena in London. He provided English-language narration of the production, which is performed in Latin and Aramaic.", "He provided English-language narration of the production, which is performed in Latin and Aramaic. His memoir Strange Things Happen: A Life with The Police, Polo, and Pygmies was released by Harper Collins in September 2009. The book chronicles events in his life from childhood through his work with the Police and to the present.", "The book chronicles events in his life from childhood through his work with the Police and to the present. In October 2009, he was a guest on Private Passions, the biographical music discussion program on BBC Radio 3. On May 24, 2011, he started a YouTube channel devoted to his videos and project updates.", "On May 24, 2011, he started a YouTube channel devoted to his videos and project updates. On this channel, he uploads performances with various musicians, including Primus, Andy Summers, Jeff Lynne, Snoop Dogg, and others in his home studio, which he refers to as the Sacred Grove.", "On this channel, he uploads performances with various musicians, including Primus, Andy Summers, Jeff Lynne, Snoop Dogg, and others in his home studio, which he refers to as the Sacred Grove. On August 24, 2011, he was a featured soloist on the Late Show with David Letterman, as part of their second \"Drum Solo Week\".", "On August 24, 2011, he was a featured soloist on the Late Show with David Letterman, as part of their second \"Drum Solo Week\". On January 10, 2012, he appeared on an episode of the A&E reality series Storage Wars to appraise a drum set for Barry Weiss, buying a Turkish cymbal from the set for $40.", "On January 10, 2012, he appeared on an episode of the A&E reality series Storage Wars to appraise a drum set for Barry Weiss, buying a Turkish cymbal from the set for $40. In July he reunited with former Animal Logic bandmate Stanley Clarke for a European tour.", "In July he reunited with former Animal Logic bandmate Stanley Clarke for a European tour. In May 2013, he and the Long Beach Opera premiered The Tale Tell Heart, an opera based on the short story by Edgar Allan Poe. On November 26, 2013, he appeared in the first episode of The Tim Ferriss Experiment.", "On November 26, 2013, he appeared in the first episode of The Tim Ferriss Experiment. In 2017, he formed the supergroup Gizmodrome with Adrian Belew, Vittorio Cosma, and Mark King and released an album of the same name.", "In 2017, he formed the supergroup Gizmodrome with Adrian Belew, Vittorio Cosma, and Mark King and released an album of the same name. On September 5, 2021, the opera Electric Saint about the life of Nikola Tesla by Copeland with libretto by Jonathan Moore premiered at the National Theater of Weimar.", "On September 5, 2021, the opera Electric Saint about the life of Nikola Tesla by Copeland with libretto by Jonathan Moore premiered at the National Theater of Weimar. Personal life Copeland grew up in Beirut. In 1974, he became romantically involved with Curved Air vocalist Sonja Kristina; they were married from 1982 to 1991.", "In 1974, he became romantically involved with Curved Air vocalist Sonja Kristina; they were married from 1982 to 1991. He adopted her son Sven from a previous relationship, and they had two sons of their own named Jordan and Scott.", "He adopted her son Sven from a previous relationship, and they had two sons of their own named Jordan and Scott. In 1981, he fathered a son named Patrick with Marina Guinness, the daughter of Irish author Desmond Guinness.", "In 1981, he fathered a son named Patrick with Marina Guinness, the daughter of Irish author Desmond Guinness. He currently lives in Los Angeles with his second wife, Fiona Dent, with whom he has three children named Eve, Grace, and Celeste.", "He currently lives in Los Angeles with his second wife, Fiona Dent, with whom he has three children named Eve, Grace, and Celeste. Copeland's hobbies include rollerskating, cycling along the beach in Santa Monica, California, filmmaking, and playing polo.", "Copeland's hobbies include rollerskating, cycling along the beach in Santa Monica, California, filmmaking, and playing polo. He is also active on his YouTube channel, where he uploads videos of himself and other musicians during jam sessions in his studio, the Sacred Grove.", "He is also active on his YouTube channel, where he uploads videos of himself and other musicians during jam sessions in his studio, the Sacred Grove. Drumming style Copeland grew up listening to a combination of Lebanese music, rock and roll, jazz, and reggae, but he selected from these styles what he needed rather than imitating them.", "Drumming style Copeland grew up listening to a combination of Lebanese music, rock and roll, jazz, and reggae, but he selected from these styles what he needed rather than imitating them. In the 1980s, when many musicians were looking for bigger sound from bigger drums, he added Octobans.", "In the 1980s, when many musicians were looking for bigger sound from bigger drums, he added Octobans. Invented by Tama Drums in 1978, Octobans consisted of eight six-inch drums in the shape of narrow tubes. He used another innovation, a splash cymbal based on a toy that he owned and that he helped Paiste design.", "He used another innovation, a splash cymbal based on a toy that he owned and that he helped Paiste design. He relied heavily on his 13\" hi-hats. Despite being left-handed, Copeland plays a right-handed drum kit, placing the hi-hats on his left and ride cymbal and floor toms on his right.", "Despite being left-handed, Copeland plays a right-handed drum kit, placing the hi-hats on his left and ride cymbal and floor toms on his right. He uses a wide dynamic range and demonstrates a proficiency of jazz-style articulation in his snare drum playing, interspersing strong back-beats with soft rim comping.", "He uses a wide dynamic range and demonstrates a proficiency of jazz-style articulation in his snare drum playing, interspersing strong back-beats with soft rim comping. During his years with the Police, he became known for engaging only the hi-hat with the bass drum to keep the beat.", "During his years with the Police, he became known for engaging only the hi-hat with the bass drum to keep the beat. In an interview with Modern Drummer, Copeland has cited Mitch Mitchell of the Jimi Hendrix Experience as a prime musical influence.", "In an interview with Modern Drummer, Copeland has cited Mitch Mitchell of the Jimi Hendrix Experience as a prime musical influence. He states that as a child, whenever he had a song or melody pop in his head, he would walk around wondering how Mitch Mitchell would drum to that particular tune.", "He states that as a child, whenever he had a song or melody pop in his head, he would walk around wondering how Mitch Mitchell would drum to that particular tune. He also named Sandy Nelson and Ginger Baker as other fundamental influences in the youth years.", "He also named Sandy Nelson and Ginger Baker as other fundamental influences in the youth years. He has stated that due to his 'enforced listening' of Buddy Rich, he considers himself 'allergic to jazz.' He is noted for his strong emphasis on the groove as a complement to the song, rather than as its core component.", "He is noted for his strong emphasis on the groove as a complement to the song, rather than as its core component. He once drove this point home at a drum clinic: Copeland announced that he would show the audience something \"that very few modern drummers can do\" and proceeded to play a simple rock beat for two minutes.", "He once drove this point home at a drum clinic: Copeland announced that he would show the audience something \"that very few modern drummers can do\" and proceeded to play a simple rock beat for two minutes. Nonetheless, his playing often incorporates spectacular fills and subtle inflections which greatly augment the groove.", "Nonetheless, his playing often incorporates spectacular fills and subtle inflections which greatly augment the groove. Compared to most of his 1980s contemporaries, his snare sound was bright and cutting. He is also one of the few rock drummers to use traditional grip rather than matched grip. He is also noted for syncopation in his drumming.", "He is also noted for syncopation in his drumming. Equipment Copeland's equipment includes Tama drums, Paiste cymbals, Remo drum heads, and Vater signature drum sticks.", "Equipment Copeland's equipment includes Tama drums, Paiste cymbals, Remo drum heads, and Vater signature drum sticks. Original live kit set-up (1984) Tama Imperialstar Mahogany Drums (9-ply) and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Midnight Blue 10x8\" Rack Tom 12x8\" Rack Tom 13x9\" Rack Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 14x5\" Pearl Chrome over Brass Snare 22x14\" Bass Drum Tama Octobans Low Pitch (x4) Cowbell Wood Blocks Cymbals – Paiste 13\" Formula 602 Medium Hi-Hats 16\" 2002 Crash 8\" 2002 Bell 7.5 Ufip Ictus Bell 8\" 2002 Splash (x2) 11\" 2002 Splash 14\" (or 16\") Rude Crash/Ride 16\" (or 18\") Rude Crash/Ride 18\" 2002 Medium 24\" Rude Ride/Crash 20\" 2002 China Simmons (x2) Pads (to his left) Assorted Percussion Stewart also used Calato Regal Tip Rock Wood Tipped Drumsticks The Police Reunion (2007–2008) tour kit Tama Starclassic Maple Drums and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Custom Police Blue Sparkle Maple Wood 10x8\" Tom 12x8\" Tom (To the left of his snare drum) 13x9\" Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 18x16\" Floor Tom 20x14\" Tama Gong Drum 22x18\" Bass Drum 14x5\" Tama SC145 Stewart Copeland Signature Snare Tama Custom Police Blue Sparkle Octobans (x4) (custom made for Copeland) Cymbals – Paiste 12\" Prototype Micro Hi-Hats 16\" Signature Full Crash 17\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Full Crash 18\" 2002 Flat Ride (prototype) 22\" Signature Blue Bell Ride 10\" Signature Splash 8\" Signature Bell 8\" Signature Prototype Splash Assorted percussion Stewart also uses his own Vater Stewart Copeland Standard Sticks.", "Original live kit set-up (1984) Tama Imperialstar Mahogany Drums (9-ply) and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Midnight Blue 10x8\" Rack Tom 12x8\" Rack Tom 13x9\" Rack Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 14x5\" Pearl Chrome over Brass Snare 22x14\" Bass Drum Tama Octobans Low Pitch (x4) Cowbell Wood Blocks Cymbals – Paiste 13\" Formula 602 Medium Hi-Hats 16\" 2002 Crash 8\" 2002 Bell 7.5 Ufip Ictus Bell 8\" 2002 Splash (x2) 11\" 2002 Splash 14\" (or 16\") Rude Crash/Ride 16\" (or 18\") Rude Crash/Ride 18\" 2002 Medium 24\" Rude Ride/Crash 20\" 2002 China Simmons (x2) Pads (to his left) Assorted Percussion Stewart also used Calato Regal Tip Rock Wood Tipped Drumsticks The Police Reunion (2007–2008) tour kit Tama Starclassic Maple Drums and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Custom Police Blue Sparkle Maple Wood 10x8\" Tom 12x8\" Tom (To the left of his snare drum) 13x9\" Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 18x16\" Floor Tom 20x14\" Tama Gong Drum 22x18\" Bass Drum 14x5\" Tama SC145 Stewart Copeland Signature Snare Tama Custom Police Blue Sparkle Octobans (x4) (custom made for Copeland) Cymbals – Paiste 12\" Prototype Micro Hi-Hats 16\" Signature Full Crash 17\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Full Crash 18\" 2002 Flat Ride (prototype) 22\" Signature Blue Bell Ride 10\" Signature Splash 8\" Signature Bell 8\" Signature Prototype Splash Assorted percussion Stewart also uses his own Vater Stewart Copeland Standard Sticks. Discography Studio albums Film scores TV series Video games See also List of drummers Membranophone (list of drums) References External links Copeland's official site 1952 births Living people A&M Records artists American expatriates in Egypt American expatriates in Lebanon American expatriates in the United Kingdom American film score composers American male film score composers American people of Scottish descent American rock drummers The Police members Curved Air members People educated at Millfield Musicians from Alexandria, Virginia Musicians from Beirut Video game composers United States International University alumni Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres 20th-century American drummers American male drummers Copeland family Oysterhead members Gizmodrome members Strontium 90 (band) members" ]

[ "Stewart Copeland", "The Police (1977-1986)", "What is the relation between Stewart and The police?", "1976, Copeland founded the Police with lead singer-bass guitarist Sting and guitarist Henry Padovani (who was soon replaced by Andy Summers), and they became one of the top bands", "Which song did the band release?", "The Police's early track list was mostly made of Copeland's compositions, including the band's first single \"Fall Out\" (Illegal Records, 1977) and the B side \"Nothing Achieving\".", "Were the songs successful?", "Though Copeland's songwriting contribution was reduced to a couple of songs per album as Sting started writing more material, he continued to co-arrange all the Police's songs", "Which of his songs were more successful than the other?", "Amongst Copeland's most notable songs are \"On Any Other Day\" (where he sang lead vocals too), \"Does Everyone Stare\" (" ]

[ "Gary Lee Conner (born Lee Gary Conner, August 22, 1962) is an American rock musician, best known as the guitarist for Screaming Trees.\n\nCareer \nOriginally from Ellensburg, Washington, Conner formed the band Explosive Generation with his brother Van Conner and Mark Pickerel in the early 1980s. That band later evolved into Screaming Trees with the addition of singer Mark Lanegan in 1985. The band moved to Seattle in the late 1980s to join that city's burgeoning alternative rock scene. Conner played on seven studio albums with Screaming Trees until the band split in 2000.\n\nConner released the album Mystery Lane in 1990, under the group name The Purple Outside. During the 1990s he made regular guest appearances on recordings by other alternative rock acts. After the demise of Screaming Trees, Conner retired from music for ten years, and re-emerged with a new band called The Microdot Gnome. That band released the album 4D Sugarcubes in 2010. Starting in 2016 he began releasing albums under his own name, most recently Revelations in Fuzz in 2021.\n\nSelected discography\nFor his work with Screaming Trees, see Screaming Trees discography.\nMystery Lane (The Purple Outside, 1990)\n4D Sugarcubes (The Microdot Gnome, 2010)\nEther Trippers (solo, 2016)\nUnicorn Curry (solo, 2018)\nRevelations in Fuzz (solo, 2021)\n\nReferences \n\nScreaming Trees members\nAmerican rock guitarists\nAmerican male guitarists\nGrunge musicians\n1962 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Kittitas County, Washington\n20th-century American guitarists\nPeople from San Bernardino County, California\n20th-century American male musicians", "Anthony Earle Peter Butler (born 13 February 1957) is a British bassist, best known for his work with Scottish rock band Big Country. He has also worked with On the Air, The Pretenders, Roger Daltrey, and Pete Townshend, among others.\n\nEarly life\nButler was born at Hammersmith Hospital in White City, London, England. His parents are of Dominican heritage.\n\nCareer\nIn the late 1970s Butler joined the short-lived band On the Air which also included drummer Mark Brzezicki and Simon Townshend (the younger brother of The Who's guitarist Pete Townshend). On the Air released two singles in 1980 and toured with the Scottish band The Skids, which was where Butler met Stuart Adamson. In 1982 Butler joined Adamson's new band Big Country with his drumming partner Mark Brzezicki, which went on to enjoy success internationally during the 1980s and 1990s, he remained in the band until the end of 2000.\n\nHe also did session work with other artists including Pete Townshend, Roger Daltrey and The Pretenders among others, and declined an invitation by Chrissie Hynde to join The Pretenders.\n\nIn 2007, to celebrate 25 years of Big Country, Butler reunited with founder members Bruce Watson and Mark Brzezicki to embark on a tour of the UK. He became lead vocalist for the first time, taking over from the deceased Stuart Adamson. The band toured during 2010–11 with Mike Peters of The Alarm on vocals. Butler left Big Country again in 2012, citing differences with his bandmates, to be replaced by former Simple Minds bassist Derek Forbes.\n\nButler moved to Cornwall with his family in the 1980s and became a further education teacher in the 2000s. As of 2017, Butler ran courses in music at Petroc College in Devon.\n\nWhile Butler did not join The Pretenders permanently, he did a couple of sessions with the Pretenders out of which came the 1982 singles \"My City Was Gone\" and \"Back on the Chain Gang.\"\n\nIn 2017/18 Butler released an autobiography and a solo album My Time.\n\nDiscography\n\nSolo albums\nTony Butler has released three solo albums:\nThe Great Unknown (1997)\nLife Goes On (2005)\nMy Time (2018)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website\nPretenders 977 Radio\n\nLiving people\n1957 births\nBig Country members\nBlack British rock musicians\nEnglish people of Dominica descent\nEnglish rock bass guitarists\nMale bass guitarists\nMusicians from London\nPeople from Shepherd's Bush\nThe Pretenders members" ]

[ "Stewart Armstrong Copeland (born July 16, 1952) is an American musician and composer. He rose to prominence as the drummer of the British rock band The Police. He has also produced many film and video game soundtracks and written various pieces of music for ballet, opera, and orchestra.", "He has also produced many film and video game soundtracks and written various pieces of music for ballet, opera, and orchestra. His composing work includes the films Wall Street (1987), Good Burger (1997), and We Are Your Friends (2015); the television series The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, and The Amanda Show; and the video games Alone in the Dark 4 and the Spyro series.", "His composing work includes the films Wall Street (1987), Good Burger (1997), and We Are Your Friends (2015); the television series The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, and The Amanda Show; and the video games Alone in the Dark 4 and the Spyro series. According to MusicRadar, Copeland's \"distinctive drum sound and uniqueness of style has made him one of the most popular drummers to ever get behind a drumset\".", "According to MusicRadar, Copeland's \"distinctive drum sound and uniqueness of style has made him one of the most popular drummers to ever get behind a drumset\". He was ranked the 10th best drummer of all time by Rolling Stone in 2016.", "He was ranked the 10th best drummer of all time by Rolling Stone in 2016. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Police in 2003, the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 2005, and the Classic Drummer Hall of Fame in 2013.", "He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Police in 2003, the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 2005, and the Classic Drummer Hall of Fame in 2013. Early life Stewart Armstrong Copeland was born in Alexandria, Virginia, on July 16, 1952, the youngest of four children of Scottish archaeologist Lorraine Adie and Alabama-born CIA officer Miles Copeland Jr.", "Early life Stewart Armstrong Copeland was born in Alexandria, Virginia, on July 16, 1952, the youngest of four children of Scottish archaeologist Lorraine Adie and Alabama-born CIA officer Miles Copeland Jr. According to his 1989 biography and files released by the CIA in 2008, his father was a founding member of the OSS and the CIA.", "According to his 1989 biography and files released by the CIA in 2008, his father was a founding member of the OSS and the CIA. The family moved to Cairo a few months after Copeland's birth. When he was five years old, the family moved to Beirut, where he attended the American Community School.", "When he was five years old, the family moved to Beirut, where he attended the American Community School. He started taking drum lessons at age 12 and was playing drums for school dances within a year. He later moved to England, attending the American School in London and Millfield boarding school in Somerset from 1967 to 1969.", "He later moved to England, attending the American School in London and Millfield boarding school in Somerset from 1967 to 1969. He went to college in California, enrolling at Alliant International University and the University of California, Berkeley. His eldest brother, Miles Copeland III, founded I.R.S. Records and became the manager of the Police.", "Records and became the manager of the Police. He has also overseen Copeland's interests in other music projects. His other brother, the late Ian Copeland, was a pioneering booking agent who represented the Police and many others.", "His other brother, the late Ian Copeland, was a pioneering booking agent who represented the Police and many others. Career Curved Air (1975–1976) Returning to England, Copeland worked as road manager for the progressive rock band Curved Air's 1974 reunion tour, and then as drummer for the band during 1975 and 1976.", "Career Curved Air (1975–1976) Returning to England, Copeland worked as road manager for the progressive rock band Curved Air's 1974 reunion tour, and then as drummer for the band during 1975 and 1976. The band kicked off with a European tour, which started poorly.", "The band kicked off with a European tour, which started poorly. Band leader Darryl Way, a notorious perfectionist, grew impatient with the struggling of his bandmates, especially novice drummer Copeland.", "Band leader Darryl Way, a notorious perfectionist, grew impatient with the struggling of his bandmates, especially novice drummer Copeland. Then, for reasons no one could pinpoint, the musicians suddenly \"clicked\" with each other and the band caught fire, quickly becoming a popular and acclaimed live act.", "Then, for reasons no one could pinpoint, the musicians suddenly \"clicked\" with each other and the band caught fire, quickly becoming a popular and acclaimed live act. The Police (1977–1986) In early 1977, Copeland founded the Police with lead singer-bass guitarist Sting and guitarist Henry Padovani (who was soon replaced by Andy Summers), and they became one of the top bands of the late 1970s and early 1980s.", "The Police (1977–1986) In early 1977, Copeland founded the Police with lead singer-bass guitarist Sting and guitarist Henry Padovani (who was soon replaced by Andy Summers), and they became one of the top bands of the late 1970s and early 1980s. Copeland was the youngest member of the band.", "Copeland was the youngest member of the band. The Police's early track list (before their album debut) was largely Copeland compositions, including the band's first single \"Fall Out\" (Illegal Records, 1977) and the B-side \"Nothing Achieving\".", "The Police's early track list (before their album debut) was largely Copeland compositions, including the band's first single \"Fall Out\" (Illegal Records, 1977) and the B-side \"Nothing Achieving\". Though Copeland's songwriting contribution was reduced to a couple of songs per album as Sting started writing more material, he continued to co-arrange all the Police's songs together with his two bandmates.", "Though Copeland's songwriting contribution was reduced to a couple of songs per album as Sting started writing more material, he continued to co-arrange all the Police's songs together with his two bandmates. Amongst Copeland's most notable songs are \"On Any Other Day\" (where he also sang lead vocals), \"Does Everyone Stare\" (later to be used as the title of his documentary on the band Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out), \"Contact\", \"Bombs Away\", \"Darkness\" and \"Miss Gradenko\".", "Amongst Copeland's most notable songs are \"On Any Other Day\" (where he also sang lead vocals), \"Does Everyone Stare\" (later to be used as the title of his documentary on the band Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out), \"Contact\", \"Bombs Away\", \"Darkness\" and \"Miss Gradenko\". Copeland also co-wrote a number of songs with Sting, including \"Peanuts\", \"Landlord\", \"It's Alright for You\" and \"Re-Humanize Yourself\".", "Copeland also co-wrote a number of songs with Sting, including \"Peanuts\", \"Landlord\", \"It's Alright for You\" and \"Re-Humanize Yourself\". Copeland also recorded under the pseudonym Klark Kent, releasing several UK singles in 1978 with one (\"Don't Care\") entering the UK Singles Chart that year, along with an eponymous 10-inch album on green vinyl released in 1980.", "Copeland also recorded under the pseudonym Klark Kent, releasing several UK singles in 1978 with one (\"Don't Care\") entering the UK Singles Chart that year, along with an eponymous 10-inch album on green vinyl released in 1980. Recording at Nigel Gray's Surrey Sound Studio, Copeland played all the instruments and sang the lead vocals himself.", "Recording at Nigel Gray's Surrey Sound Studio, Copeland played all the instruments and sang the lead vocals himself. Kent's \"Don't Care\", which peaked at No.", "Kent's \"Don't Care\", which peaked at No. 48 UK in August 1978, actually predates the first chart single by the Police by several months (\"Can't Stand Losing You\", issued in October 1978) as \"Don't Care\" was released in early June 1978.", "48 UK in August 1978, actually predates the first chart single by the Police by several months (\"Can't Stand Losing You\", issued in October 1978) as \"Don't Care\" was released in early June 1978. In 1982, Copeland was involved in the production of a WOMAD benefit album called Music and Rhythm.", "In 1982, Copeland was involved in the production of a WOMAD benefit album called Music and Rhythm. Copeland's score for Rumble Fish secured him a Golden Globe nomination in 1983.", "Copeland's score for Rumble Fish secured him a Golden Globe nomination in 1983. The film, directed and produced by Francis Ford Coppola from the S. E. Hinton novel, also had a song released to radio on A&M Records \"Don't Box Me In\" (UK Singles Chart n. 91)—a collaboration between Copeland and singer-songwriter Stan Ridgway, leader of the band Wall of Voodoo—that received significant airplay upon release of the film that year.", "The film, directed and produced by Francis Ford Coppola from the S. E. Hinton novel, also had a song released to radio on A&M Records \"Don't Box Me In\" (UK Singles Chart n. 91)—a collaboration between Copeland and singer-songwriter Stan Ridgway, leader of the band Wall of Voodoo—that received significant airplay upon release of the film that year. The Rhythmatist record of 1985 was the result of a pilgrimage to Africa and its people, and it features local drums and percussion, with more drums, percussion, other musical instruments and occasional lead vocals added by Copeland.", "The Rhythmatist record of 1985 was the result of a pilgrimage to Africa and its people, and it features local drums and percussion, with more drums, percussion, other musical instruments and occasional lead vocals added by Copeland. The album was the official soundtrack to the movie of the same name, which was co-written by Stewart.", "The album was the official soundtrack to the movie of the same name, which was co-written by Stewart. Copeland is seen in the film playing the drums in a cage with lions surrounding him. The band attempted a reunion in 1986, but the project fell apart.", "The band attempted a reunion in 1986, but the project fell apart. Solo projects and movie soundtracks (1987–1998) After the Police disbanded, Copeland established a career composing soundtracks for movies (Airborne, Talk Radio, Wall Street, Riff Raff, Raining Stones, Surviving the Game, See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Highlander II: The Quickening, She's Having a Baby, The First Power, Fresh, Taking Care of Business, West Beirut, I am David, Riding the Bus with My Sister, Good Burger), television (The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, Star Wars: Droids, the pilot for Babylon 5 (1993), Nickelodeon's The Amanda Show, The Life and Times of Juniper Lee), operas (Holy Blood and Crescent Moon, commissioned by Cleveland Opera) and ballets (Prey' Ballet Oklahoma, Casque of Amontillado, Noah's Ark/Solcheeka, commissioned by the Seattle Symphony Orchestra, King Lear, commissioned by the San Francisco Ballet Company, Emilio).", "Solo projects and movie soundtracks (1987–1998) After the Police disbanded, Copeland established a career composing soundtracks for movies (Airborne, Talk Radio, Wall Street, Riff Raff, Raining Stones, Surviving the Game, See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Highlander II: The Quickening, She's Having a Baby, The First Power, Fresh, Taking Care of Business, West Beirut, I am David, Riding the Bus with My Sister, Good Burger), television (The Equalizer, Dead Like Me, Star Wars: Droids, the pilot for Babylon 5 (1993), Nickelodeon's The Amanda Show, The Life and Times of Juniper Lee), operas (Holy Blood and Crescent Moon, commissioned by Cleveland Opera) and ballets (Prey' Ballet Oklahoma, Casque of Amontillado, Noah's Ark/Solcheeka, commissioned by the Seattle Symphony Orchestra, King Lear, commissioned by the San Francisco Ballet Company, Emilio). In 1996, Copeland provided the score for The Leopard Son, Discovery Channel's its first commercially released full-length feature film, made by wildlife filmmaker Hugo van Lawick.", "In 1996, Copeland provided the score for The Leopard Son, Discovery Channel's its first commercially released full-length feature film, made by wildlife filmmaker Hugo van Lawick. Copeland also occasionally played drums for other artists.", "Copeland also occasionally played drums for other artists. Peter Gabriel employed Copeland to perform on his song \"Red Rain\" from his 1986 album So because of his \"hi-hat mastery\". He has also performed with Mike Rutherford and Tom Waits.", "He has also performed with Mike Rutherford and Tom Waits. That year he also teamed with Adam Ant to record the title track and video for the Anthony Michael Hall movie Out of Bounds. In 1989, Copeland formed Animal Logic with jazz bassist Stanley Clarke and singer-songwriter Deborah Holland.", "In 1989, Copeland formed Animal Logic with jazz bassist Stanley Clarke and singer-songwriter Deborah Holland. The trio had success with their first album and world tour but the follow-up recording sold poorly, and the band did not continue.", "The trio had success with their first album and world tour but the follow-up recording sold poorly, and the band did not continue. In 1993 he composed the music for Channel 4's Horse Opera and director Bob Baldwin, and in 1999, he provided the voice of an additional American soldier in the animated musical comedy war film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999).", "In 1993 he composed the music for Channel 4's Horse Opera and director Bob Baldwin, and in 1999, he provided the voice of an additional American soldier in the animated musical comedy war film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999). Spyro the Dragon soundtracks (1998–2002, 2018) He was commissioned by Insomniac Games in 1998 to make the musical score for the hit PlayStation game Spyro the Dragon.", "Spyro the Dragon soundtracks (1998–2002, 2018) He was commissioned by Insomniac Games in 1998 to make the musical score for the hit PlayStation game Spyro the Dragon. Copeland would play through the levels first to get a feel for each one before composing the soundtrack.", "Copeland would play through the levels first to get a feel for each one before composing the soundtrack. He also stayed with the project to create the musical scores for the remaining Insomniac sequels Spyro 2: Ripto's Rage! and Spyro: Year of the Dragon.", "and Spyro: Year of the Dragon. The franchise shifted over to Universal for the fourth title, Spyro: Enter the Dragonfly, which would be Copeland's last outing with the series. While the soundtracks never saw commercial release, the limited edition of the fourth game came packaged with a bonus CD, containing unused tracks.", "While the soundtracks never saw commercial release, the limited edition of the fourth game came packaged with a bonus CD, containing unused tracks. The soundtracks were very well received, and one track would later appear on the 2007 compilation album The Stewart Copeland Anthology. Copeland composed a new title theme for Spyro Reignited Trilogy.", "Copeland composed a new title theme for Spyro Reignited Trilogy. This period also saw Copeland compose the soundtrack for Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare, his only video game soundtrack outside of the Spyro franchise to date.", "This period also saw Copeland compose the soundtrack for Alone in the Dark: The New Nightmare, his only video game soundtrack outside of the Spyro franchise to date. In 2000, he combined with Les Claypool of Primus (with whom he produced a track on the Primus album Antipop) and Trey Anastasio of Phish to create the band Oysterhead.", "In 2000, he combined with Les Claypool of Primus (with whom he produced a track on the Primus album Antipop) and Trey Anastasio of Phish to create the band Oysterhead. That same year, he was approached by director Adam Collis to assemble the score for the film Sunset Strip.", "That same year, he was approached by director Adam Collis to assemble the score for the film Sunset Strip. Collaborations (2002–2006) In 2002, Copeland was hired by Ray Manzarek and Robby Krieger of the Doors to play with them for a new album and tour, but after an injury sidelined Copeland, the arrangement ended in reciprocal lawsuits.", "Collaborations (2002–2006) In 2002, Copeland was hired by Ray Manzarek and Robby Krieger of the Doors to play with them for a new album and tour, but after an injury sidelined Copeland, the arrangement ended in reciprocal lawsuits. In 2005, Copeland released \"Orchestralli\", a live recording of chamber ensemble music which he had composed during a short tour of Italy in 2002.", "In 2005, Copeland released \"Orchestralli\", a live recording of chamber ensemble music which he had composed during a short tour of Italy in 2002. Also in 2005, Copeland started Gizmo, a new project with avant-garde guitarist David Fiuczynski, multi-instrumentalist Vittorio Cosma, singer Raiz and bassist Max Gazzè.", "Also in 2005, Copeland started Gizmo, a new project with avant-garde guitarist David Fiuczynski, multi-instrumentalist Vittorio Cosma, singer Raiz and bassist Max Gazzè. The band made their U.S debut on September 16, 2006, at the Modern Drummer Drum Festival.", "The band made their U.S debut on September 16, 2006, at the Modern Drummer Drum Festival. In January 2006, Copeland premiered his film about the Police called Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out at the Sundance Film Festival.", "In January 2006, Copeland premiered his film about the Police called Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out at the Sundance Film Festival. In February and March, he appeared as one of the judges on the BBC television show Just the Two of Us (a role he later reprised for a second series in January 2007).", "In February and March, he appeared as one of the judges on the BBC television show Just the Two of Us (a role he later reprised for a second series in January 2007). The Police reunion (2007–2008) At the 2007 Grammy Awards, Copeland, Andy Summers and Sting performed the song \"Roxanne\" together again as the Police.", "The Police reunion (2007–2008) At the 2007 Grammy Awards, Copeland, Andy Summers and Sting performed the song \"Roxanne\" together again as the Police. This marked the band's first public performance since 1986 (they had previously reunited only for an improvised set at Sting's wedding party in 1992 and for their induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2003).", "This marked the band's first public performance since 1986 (they had previously reunited only for an improvised set at Sting's wedding party in 1992 and for their induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2003). One day later, the band announced that in celebration of the Police's 30th anniversary, they would be embarking on what turned out to be a one-off reunion tour on May 28, 2007.", "One day later, the band announced that in celebration of the Police's 30th anniversary, they would be embarking on what turned out to be a one-off reunion tour on May 28, 2007. During the tour, Copeland also released his compilation album The Stewart Copeland Anthology, which was composed of his independent work.", "During the tour, Copeland also released his compilation album The Stewart Copeland Anthology, which was composed of his independent work. In 2007, the French government appointed Copeland (along with Police bandmates Summers and Sting) a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.", "In 2007, the French government appointed Copeland (along with Police bandmates Summers and Sting) a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. The group performed 151 dates across five continents, concluding with a final show in August 2008 at Madison Square Garden, New York.", "The group performed 151 dates across five continents, concluding with a final show in August 2008 at Madison Square Garden, New York. Projects (2008–present) In 2008, RIM commissioned Copeland to write a \"soundtrack\" for the BlackBerry Bold smart phone.", "Projects (2008–present) In 2008, RIM commissioned Copeland to write a \"soundtrack\" for the BlackBerry Bold smart phone. He created a highly percussive theme of one minute's length from which he evolved six ringtones and a softer 'alarm tone' that are preloaded on the device.", "He created a highly percussive theme of one minute's length from which he evolved six ringtones and a softer 'alarm tone' that are preloaded on the device. In March 2008, he premiered his orchestral composition \"Celeste\" at \"An Evening with Stewart Copeland\", part of the Savannah Music Festival.", "In March 2008, he premiered his orchestral composition \"Celeste\" at \"An Evening with Stewart Copeland\", part of the Savannah Music Festival. The performance featured classical violinist Daniel Hope. His appearance at Savannah included a screening of Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out and a question and answer session.", "His appearance at Savannah included a screening of Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out and a question and answer session. Also in 2008, he was commissioned by the Dallas Symphony Orchestra to create a percussion piece involving primarily Indonesian instruments.", "Also in 2008, he was commissioned by the Dallas Symphony Orchestra to create a percussion piece involving primarily Indonesian instruments. \"Gamelan D'Drum\" was first performed in Dallas on February 5, 2012, and had its European Premiere at the Royal Academy of Music in London in July 2012.", "\"Gamelan D'Drum\" was first performed in Dallas on February 5, 2012, and had its European Premiere at the Royal Academy of Music in London in July 2012. On August 21, 2009, at SummerFest 2009, Copeland unveiled the composition \"Retail Therapy\", which was commissioned by the Music Society.", "On August 21, 2009, at SummerFest 2009, Copeland unveiled the composition \"Retail Therapy\", which was commissioned by the Music Society. He performed three more original works: \"Kaya\", \"Celeste\", and \"Gene Pool\", the last accompanied by San Diego-based percussion ensemble red fish blue fish.", "He performed three more original works: \"Kaya\", \"Celeste\", and \"Gene Pool\", the last accompanied by San Diego-based percussion ensemble red fish blue fish. He attended a composer's roundtable and a question and answer discussion in conjunction with the festival.", "He attended a composer's roundtable and a question and answer discussion in conjunction with the festival. Copeland wrote the score for a theatrical presentation of Ben-Hur, which premiered on September 17, 2009, at the O2 Arena in London. He provided English-language narration of the production, which is performed in Latin and Aramaic.", "He provided English-language narration of the production, which is performed in Latin and Aramaic. His memoir Strange Things Happen: A Life with The Police, Polo, and Pygmies was released by Harper Collins in September 2009. The book chronicles events in his life from childhood through his work with the Police and to the present.", "The book chronicles events in his life from childhood through his work with the Police and to the present. In October 2009, he was a guest on Private Passions, the biographical music discussion program on BBC Radio 3. On May 24, 2011, he started a YouTube channel devoted to his videos and project updates.", "On May 24, 2011, he started a YouTube channel devoted to his videos and project updates. On this channel, he uploads performances with various musicians, including Primus, Andy Summers, Jeff Lynne, Snoop Dogg, and others in his home studio, which he refers to as the Sacred Grove.", "On this channel, he uploads performances with various musicians, including Primus, Andy Summers, Jeff Lynne, Snoop Dogg, and others in his home studio, which he refers to as the Sacred Grove. On August 24, 2011, he was a featured soloist on the Late Show with David Letterman, as part of their second \"Drum Solo Week\".", "On August 24, 2011, he was a featured soloist on the Late Show with David Letterman, as part of their second \"Drum Solo Week\". On January 10, 2012, he appeared on an episode of the A&E reality series Storage Wars to appraise a drum set for Barry Weiss, buying a Turkish cymbal from the set for $40.", "On January 10, 2012, he appeared on an episode of the A&E reality series Storage Wars to appraise a drum set for Barry Weiss, buying a Turkish cymbal from the set for $40. In July he reunited with former Animal Logic bandmate Stanley Clarke for a European tour.", "In July he reunited with former Animal Logic bandmate Stanley Clarke for a European tour. In May 2013, he and the Long Beach Opera premiered The Tale Tell Heart, an opera based on the short story by Edgar Allan Poe. On November 26, 2013, he appeared in the first episode of The Tim Ferriss Experiment.", "On November 26, 2013, he appeared in the first episode of The Tim Ferriss Experiment. In 2017, he formed the supergroup Gizmodrome with Adrian Belew, Vittorio Cosma, and Mark King and released an album of the same name.", "In 2017, he formed the supergroup Gizmodrome with Adrian Belew, Vittorio Cosma, and Mark King and released an album of the same name. On September 5, 2021, the opera Electric Saint about the life of Nikola Tesla by Copeland with libretto by Jonathan Moore premiered at the National Theater of Weimar.", "On September 5, 2021, the opera Electric Saint about the life of Nikola Tesla by Copeland with libretto by Jonathan Moore premiered at the National Theater of Weimar. Personal life Copeland grew up in Beirut. In 1974, he became romantically involved with Curved Air vocalist Sonja Kristina; they were married from 1982 to 1991.", "In 1974, he became romantically involved with Curved Air vocalist Sonja Kristina; they were married from 1982 to 1991. He adopted her son Sven from a previous relationship, and they had two sons of their own named Jordan and Scott.", "He adopted her son Sven from a previous relationship, and they had two sons of their own named Jordan and Scott. In 1981, he fathered a son named Patrick with Marina Guinness, the daughter of Irish author Desmond Guinness.", "In 1981, he fathered a son named Patrick with Marina Guinness, the daughter of Irish author Desmond Guinness. He currently lives in Los Angeles with his second wife, Fiona Dent, with whom he has three children named Eve, Grace, and Celeste.", "He currently lives in Los Angeles with his second wife, Fiona Dent, with whom he has three children named Eve, Grace, and Celeste. Copeland's hobbies include rollerskating, cycling along the beach in Santa Monica, California, filmmaking, and playing polo.", "Copeland's hobbies include rollerskating, cycling along the beach in Santa Monica, California, filmmaking, and playing polo. He is also active on his YouTube channel, where he uploads videos of himself and other musicians during jam sessions in his studio, the Sacred Grove.", "He is also active on his YouTube channel, where he uploads videos of himself and other musicians during jam sessions in his studio, the Sacred Grove. Drumming style Copeland grew up listening to a combination of Lebanese music, rock and roll, jazz, and reggae, but he selected from these styles what he needed rather than imitating them.", "Drumming style Copeland grew up listening to a combination of Lebanese music, rock and roll, jazz, and reggae, but he selected from these styles what he needed rather than imitating them. In the 1980s, when many musicians were looking for bigger sound from bigger drums, he added Octobans.", "In the 1980s, when many musicians were looking for bigger sound from bigger drums, he added Octobans. Invented by Tama Drums in 1978, Octobans consisted of eight six-inch drums in the shape of narrow tubes. He used another innovation, a splash cymbal based on a toy that he owned and that he helped Paiste design.", "He used another innovation, a splash cymbal based on a toy that he owned and that he helped Paiste design. He relied heavily on his 13\" hi-hats. Despite being left-handed, Copeland plays a right-handed drum kit, placing the hi-hats on his left and ride cymbal and floor toms on his right.", "Despite being left-handed, Copeland plays a right-handed drum kit, placing the hi-hats on his left and ride cymbal and floor toms on his right. He uses a wide dynamic range and demonstrates a proficiency of jazz-style articulation in his snare drum playing, interspersing strong back-beats with soft rim comping.", "He uses a wide dynamic range and demonstrates a proficiency of jazz-style articulation in his snare drum playing, interspersing strong back-beats with soft rim comping. During his years with the Police, he became known for engaging only the hi-hat with the bass drum to keep the beat.", "During his years with the Police, he became known for engaging only the hi-hat with the bass drum to keep the beat. In an interview with Modern Drummer, Copeland has cited Mitch Mitchell of the Jimi Hendrix Experience as a prime musical influence.", "In an interview with Modern Drummer, Copeland has cited Mitch Mitchell of the Jimi Hendrix Experience as a prime musical influence. He states that as a child, whenever he had a song or melody pop in his head, he would walk around wondering how Mitch Mitchell would drum to that particular tune.", "He states that as a child, whenever he had a song or melody pop in his head, he would walk around wondering how Mitch Mitchell would drum to that particular tune. He also named Sandy Nelson and Ginger Baker as other fundamental influences in the youth years.", "He also named Sandy Nelson and Ginger Baker as other fundamental influences in the youth years. He has stated that due to his 'enforced listening' of Buddy Rich, he considers himself 'allergic to jazz.' He is noted for his strong emphasis on the groove as a complement to the song, rather than as its core component.", "He is noted for his strong emphasis on the groove as a complement to the song, rather than as its core component. He once drove this point home at a drum clinic: Copeland announced that he would show the audience something \"that very few modern drummers can do\" and proceeded to play a simple rock beat for two minutes.", "He once drove this point home at a drum clinic: Copeland announced that he would show the audience something \"that very few modern drummers can do\" and proceeded to play a simple rock beat for two minutes. Nonetheless, his playing often incorporates spectacular fills and subtle inflections which greatly augment the groove.", "Nonetheless, his playing often incorporates spectacular fills and subtle inflections which greatly augment the groove. Compared to most of his 1980s contemporaries, his snare sound was bright and cutting. He is also one of the few rock drummers to use traditional grip rather than matched grip. He is also noted for syncopation in his drumming.", "He is also noted for syncopation in his drumming. Equipment Copeland's equipment includes Tama drums, Paiste cymbals, Remo drum heads, and Vater signature drum sticks.", "Equipment Copeland's equipment includes Tama drums, Paiste cymbals, Remo drum heads, and Vater signature drum sticks. Original live kit set-up (1984) Tama Imperialstar Mahogany Drums (9-ply) and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Midnight Blue 10x8\" Rack Tom 12x8\" Rack Tom 13x9\" Rack Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 14x5\" Pearl Chrome over Brass Snare 22x14\" Bass Drum Tama Octobans Low Pitch (x4) Cowbell Wood Blocks Cymbals – Paiste 13\" Formula 602 Medium Hi-Hats 16\" 2002 Crash 8\" 2002 Bell 7.5 Ufip Ictus Bell 8\" 2002 Splash (x2) 11\" 2002 Splash 14\" (or 16\") Rude Crash/Ride 16\" (or 18\") Rude Crash/Ride 18\" 2002 Medium 24\" Rude Ride/Crash 20\" 2002 China Simmons (x2) Pads (to his left) Assorted Percussion Stewart also used Calato Regal Tip Rock Wood Tipped Drumsticks The Police Reunion (2007–2008) tour kit Tama Starclassic Maple Drums and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Custom Police Blue Sparkle Maple Wood 10x8\" Tom 12x8\" Tom (To the left of his snare drum) 13x9\" Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 18x16\" Floor Tom 20x14\" Tama Gong Drum 22x18\" Bass Drum 14x5\" Tama SC145 Stewart Copeland Signature Snare Tama Custom Police Blue Sparkle Octobans (x4) (custom made for Copeland) Cymbals – Paiste 12\" Prototype Micro Hi-Hats 16\" Signature Full Crash 17\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Full Crash 18\" 2002 Flat Ride (prototype) 22\" Signature Blue Bell Ride 10\" Signature Splash 8\" Signature Bell 8\" Signature Prototype Splash Assorted percussion Stewart also uses his own Vater Stewart Copeland Standard Sticks.", "Original live kit set-up (1984) Tama Imperialstar Mahogany Drums (9-ply) and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Midnight Blue 10x8\" Rack Tom 12x8\" Rack Tom 13x9\" Rack Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 14x5\" Pearl Chrome over Brass Snare 22x14\" Bass Drum Tama Octobans Low Pitch (x4) Cowbell Wood Blocks Cymbals – Paiste 13\" Formula 602 Medium Hi-Hats 16\" 2002 Crash 8\" 2002 Bell 7.5 Ufip Ictus Bell 8\" 2002 Splash (x2) 11\" 2002 Splash 14\" (or 16\") Rude Crash/Ride 16\" (or 18\") Rude Crash/Ride 18\" 2002 Medium 24\" Rude Ride/Crash 20\" 2002 China Simmons (x2) Pads (to his left) Assorted Percussion Stewart also used Calato Regal Tip Rock Wood Tipped Drumsticks The Police Reunion (2007–2008) tour kit Tama Starclassic Maple Drums and Paiste Cymbals: Drums – Custom Police Blue Sparkle Maple Wood 10x8\" Tom 12x8\" Tom (To the left of his snare drum) 13x9\" Tom 16x16\" Floor Tom 18x16\" Floor Tom 20x14\" Tama Gong Drum 22x18\" Bass Drum 14x5\" Tama SC145 Stewart Copeland Signature Snare Tama Custom Police Blue Sparkle Octobans (x4) (custom made for Copeland) Cymbals – Paiste 12\" Prototype Micro Hi-Hats 16\" Signature Full Crash 17\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Fast Crash 18\" Signature Full Crash 18\" 2002 Flat Ride (prototype) 22\" Signature Blue Bell Ride 10\" Signature Splash 8\" Signature Bell 8\" Signature Prototype Splash Assorted percussion Stewart also uses his own Vater Stewart Copeland Standard Sticks. Discography Studio albums Film scores TV series Video games See also List of drummers Membranophone (list of drums) References External links Copeland's official site 1952 births Living people A&M Records artists American expatriates in Egypt American expatriates in Lebanon American expatriates in the United Kingdom American film score composers American male film score composers American people of Scottish descent American rock drummers The Police members Curved Air members People educated at Millfield Musicians from Alexandria, Virginia Musicians from Beirut Video game composers United States International University alumni Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres 20th-century American drummers American male drummers Copeland family Oysterhead members Gizmodrome members Strontium 90 (band) members" ]

[ "Alison Krauss", "1992-1999: Rising success" ]

[ "Don Juan Manuel's Tales of Count Lucanor, in Spanish Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio (Book of the Examples of Count Lucanor and of Patronio), also commonly known as El Conde Lucanor, Libro de Patronio, or Libro de los ejemplos (original Old Castilian: Libro de los enxiemplos del Conde Lucanor et de Patronio), is one of the earliest works of prose in Castilian Spanish. It was first written in 1335.\n\nThe book is divided into four parts. The first and most well-known part is a series of 51 short stories (some no more than a page or two) drawn from various sources, such as Aesop and other classical writers, and Arabic folktales.\n\nTales of Count Lucanor was first printed in 1575 when it was published at Seville under the auspices of Argote de Molina. It was again printed at Madrid in 1642, after which it lay forgotten for nearly two centuries.\n\nPurpose and structure\n\nA didactic, moralistic purpose, which would color so much of the Spanish literature to follow (see Novela picaresca), is the mark of this book. Count Lucanor engages in conversation with his advisor Patronio, putting to him a problem (\"Some man has made me a proposition...\" or \"I fear that such and such person intends to...\") and asking for advice. Patronio responds always with the greatest humility, claiming not to wish to offer advice to so illustrious a person as the Count, but offering to tell him a story of which the Count's problem reminds him. (Thus, the stories are \"examples\" [ejemplos] of wise action.) At the end he advises the Count to do as the protagonist of his story did.\n\nEach chapter ends in more or less the same way, with slight variations on: \"And this pleased the Count greatly and he did just so, and found it well. And Don Johán (Juan) saw that this example was very good, and had it written in this book, and composed the following verses.\" A rhymed couplet closes, giving the moral of the story.\n\nOrigin of stories and influence on later literature\nMany of the stories written in the book are the first examples written in a modern European language of various stories, which many other writers would use in the proceeding centuries. Many of the stories he included were themselves derived from other stories, coming from western and Arab sources.\n\nShakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew has the basic elements of Tale 35, \"What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\".\n\nTale 32, \"What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth\" tells the story that Hans Christian Andersen made popular as The Emperor's New Clothes.\n\nStory 7, \"What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana\", a version of Aesop's The Milkmaid and Her Pail, was claimed by Max Müller to originate in the Hindu cycle Panchatantra.\n\nTale 2, \"What happened to a good Man and his Son, leading a beast to market,\" is the familiar fable The miller, his son and the donkey.\n\nIn 2016, Baroque Decay released a game under the name \"The Count Lucanor\". As well as some protagonists' names, certain events from the books inspired past events in the game.\n\nThe stories\n\nThe book opens with a prologue which introduces the characters of the Count and Patronio. The titles in the following list are those given in Keller and Keating's 1977 translation into English. James York's 1868 translation into English gives a significantly different ordering of the stories and omits the fifty-first.\n\n What Happened to a King and His Favorite \n What Happened to a Good Man and His Son \n How King Richard of England Leapt into the Sea against the Moors\n What a Genoese Said to His Soul When He Was about to Die \n What Happened to a Fox and a Crow Who Had a Piece of Cheese in His Beak\n How the Swallow Warned the Other Birds When She Saw Flax Being Sown \n What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana \n What Happened to a Man Whose Liver Had to Be Washed \n What Happened to Two Horses Which Were Thrown to the Lion \n What Happened to a Man Who on Account of Poverty and Lack of Other Food Was Eating Bitter Lentils \n What Happened to a Dean of Santiago de Compostela and Don Yllán, the Grand Master of Toledo\n What Happened to the Fox and the Rooster \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Hunting Partridges \n The Miracle of Saint Dominick When He Preached against the Usurer \n What Happened to Lorenzo Suárez at the Siege of Seville \n The Reply that count Fernán González Gave to His Relative Núño Laynes \n What Happened to a Very Hungry Man Who Was Half-heartedly Invited to Dinner \n What Happened to Pero Meléndez de Valdés When He Broke His Leg \n What Happened to the Crows and the Owls \n What Happened to a King for Whom a Man Promised to Perform Alchemy \n What Happened to a Young King and a Philosopher to Whom his Father Commended Him \n What Happened to the Lion and the Bull \n How the Ants Provide for Themselves \n What Happened to the King Who Wanted to Test His Three Sons \n What Happened to the Count of Provence and How He Was Freed from Prison by the Advice of Saladin\n What Happened to the Tree of Lies \n What Happened to an Emperor and to Don Alvarfáñez Minaya and Their Wives \n What Happened in Granada to Don Lorenzo Suárez Gallinato When He Beheaded the Renegade Chaplain \n What Happened to a Fox Who Lay down in the Street to Play Dead \n What Happened to King Abenabet of Seville and Ramayquía His Wife \n How a Cardinal Judged between the Canons of Paris and the Friars Minor \n What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth \n What Happened to Don Juan Manuel's Saker Falcon and an Eagle and a Heron \n What Happened to a Blind Man Who Was Leading Another \n What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\n What Happened to a Merchant When He Found His Son and His Wife Sleeping Together \n What Happened to Count Fernán González with His Men after He Had Won the Battle of Hacinas \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Loaded down with Precious Stones and Drowned in the River \n What Happened to a Man and a Swallow and a Sparrow \n Why the Seneschal of Carcassonne Lost His Soul \n What Happened to a King of Córdova Named Al-Haquem \n What Happened to a Woman of Sham Piety \n What Happened to Good and Evil and the Wise Man and the Madman \n What Happened to Don Pero Núñez the Loyal, to Don Ruy González de Zavallos, and to Don Gutier Roiz de Blaguiello with Don Rodrigo the Generous \n What Happened to a Man Who Became the Devil's Friend and Vassal \n What Happened to a Philosopher who by Accident Went down a Street Where Prostitutes Lived \n What Befell a Moor and His Sister Who Pretended That She Was Timid \n What Happened to a Man Who Tested His Friends \n What Happened to the Man Whom They Cast out Naked on an Island When They Took away from Him the Kingdom He Ruled \n What Happened to Saladin and a Lady, the Wife of a Knight Who Was His Vassal \n What Happened to a Christian King Who Was Very Powerful and Haughty\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n Sturm, Harlan\n\n Wacks, David\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Internet Archive provides free access to the 1868 translation by James York.\nJSTOR has the to the 1977 translation by Keller and Keating.\nSelections in English and Spanish (pedagogical edition) with introduction, notes, and bibliography in Open Iberia/América (open access teaching anthology)\n\n14th-century books\nSpanish literature\n1335 books", "\"What Happened to Us\" is a song by Australian recording artist Jessica Mauboy, featuring English recording artist Jay Sean. It was written by Sean, Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim and Israel Cruz. \"What Happened to Us\" was leaked online in October 2010, and was released on 10 March 2011, as the third single from Mauboy's second studio album, Get 'Em Girls (2010). The song received positive reviews from critics.\n\nA remix of \"What Happened to Us\" made by production team OFM, was released on 11 April 2011. A different version of the song which features Stan Walker, was released on 29 May 2011. \"What Happened to Us\" charted on the ARIA Singles Chart at number 14 and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). An accompanying music video was directed by Mark Alston, and reminisces on a former relationship between Mauboy and Sean.\n\nProduction and release\n\n\"What Happened to Us\" was written by Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz and Jay Sean. It was produced by Skaller, Cruz, Rohaim and Bobby Bass. The song uses C, D, and B minor chords in the chorus. \"What Happened to Us\" was sent to contemporary hit radio in Australia on 14 February 2011. The cover art for the song was revealed on 22 February on Mauboy's official Facebook page. A CD release was available for purchase via her official website on 10 March, for one week only. It was released digitally the following day.\n\nReception\nMajhid Heath from ABC Online Indigenous called the song a \"Jordin Sparks-esque duet\", and wrote that it \"has a nice innocence to it that rings true to the experience of losing a first love.\" Chris Urankar from Nine to Five wrote that it as a \"mid-tempo duet ballad\" which signifies Mauboy's strength as a global player. On 21 March 2011, \"What Happened to Us\" debuted at number 30 on the ARIA Singles Chart, and peaked at number 14 the following week. The song was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), for selling 70,000 copies. \"What Happened to Us\" spent a total of ten weeks in the ARIA top fifty.\n\nMusic video\n\nBackground\nThe music video for the song was shot in the Elizabeth Bay House in Sydney on 26 November 2010. The video was shot during Sean's visit to Australia for the Summerbeatz tour. During an interview with The Daily Telegraph while on the set of the video, Sean said \"the song is sick! ... Jessica's voice is amazing and we're shooting [the video] in this ridiculously beautiful mansion overlooking the harbour.\" The video was directed by Mark Alston, who had previously directed the video for Mauboy's single \"Let Me Be Me\" (2009). It premiered on YouTube on 10 February 2011.\n\nSynopsis and reception\nThe video begins showing Mauboy who appears to be sitting on a yellow antique couch in a mansion, wearing a purple dress. As the video progresses, scenes of memories are displayed of Mauboy and her love interest, played by Sean, spending time there previously. It then cuts to the scenes where Sean appears in the main entrance room of the mansion. The final scene shows Mauboy outdoors in a gold dress, surrounded by green grass and trees. She is later joined by Sean who appears in a black suit and a white shirt, and together they sing the chorus of the song to each other. David Lim of Feed Limmy wrote that the video is \"easily the best thing our R&B princess has committed to film – ever\" and praised the \"mansion and wondrous interior décor\". He also commended Mauboy for choosing Australian talent to direct the video instead of American directors, which she had used for her previous two music videos. Since its release, the video has received over two million views on Vevo.\n\nLive performances\nMauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" live for the first time during her YouTube Live Sessions program on 4 December 2010. She also appeared on Adam Hills in Gordon Street Tonight on 23 February 2011 for an interview and later performed the song. On 15 March 2011, Mauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Sunrise. She also performed the song with Stan Walker during the Australian leg of Chris Brown's F.A.M.E. Tour in April 2011. Mauboy and Walker later performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Dancing with the Stars Australia on 29 May 2011. From November 2013 to February 2014, \"What Happened to Us\" was part of the set list of the To the End of the Earth Tour, Mauboy's second headlining tour of Australia, with Nathaniel Willemse singing Sean's part.\n\nTrack listing\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Just Witness Remix) – 3:45\n\nCD single\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Album Version) – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:39\n\nDigital download – Remix\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:38\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Stan Walker – 3:20\n\nPersonnel\nSongwriting – Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz, Jay Sean\nProduction – Jeremy Skaller, Bobby Bass\nAdditional production – Israel Cruz, Khaled Rohaim\nLead vocals – Jessica Mauboy, Jay Sean\nMixing – Phil Tan\nAdditional mixing – Damien Lewis\nMastering – Tom Coyne \nSource:\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly chart\n\nYear-end chart\n\nCertification\n\nRadio dates and release history\n\nReferences\n\n2010 songs\n2011 singles\nJessica Mauboy songs\nJay Sean songs\nSongs written by Billy Steinberg\nSongs written by Jay Sean\nSongs written by Josh Alexander\nSongs written by Israel Cruz\nVocal duets\nSony Music Australia singles\nSongs written by Khaled Rohaim" ]

[ "Alison Maria Krauss (born July 23, 1971) is an American bluegrass-country singer and musician. She entered the music industry at an early age, winning local contests by the age of 10 and recording for the first time at 14. She signed with Rounder Records in 1985 and released her first solo album in 1987.", "She signed with Rounder Records in 1985 and released her first solo album in 1987. She was invited to join the band with which she still performs, Alison Krauss and Union Station, and later released her first album with them as a group in 1989.", "She was invited to join the band with which she still performs, Alison Krauss and Union Station, and later released her first album with them as a group in 1989. Krauss has released fourteen albums, appeared on numerous soundtracks, and sparked a renewed interest in bluegrass music in the United States.", "Krauss has released fourteen albums, appeared on numerous soundtracks, and sparked a renewed interest in bluegrass music in the United States. Her soundtrack performances have led to further popularity, including the O Brother, Where Art Thou? soundtrack, and the Cold Mountain soundtrack, which led to her performance at the 2004 Academy Awards.", "soundtrack, and the Cold Mountain soundtrack, which led to her performance at the 2004 Academy Awards. As of 2019, she has won 27 Grammy Awards from 42 nominations, ranking her fourth behind Beyoncé, Quincy Jones and classical conductor Georg Solti for most Grammy Award wins overall.", "As of 2019, she has won 27 Grammy Awards from 42 nominations, ranking her fourth behind Beyoncé, Quincy Jones and classical conductor Georg Solti for most Grammy Award wins overall. Krauss was the most awarded singer and the most awarded female artist in Grammy history until Beyoncé won her 28th Grammy in 2021.", "Krauss was the most awarded singer and the most awarded female artist in Grammy history until Beyoncé won her 28th Grammy in 2021. When Krauss won her first Grammy in 1991, she was the second-youngest winner at that time. On November 21, 2019, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts.", "On November 21, 2019, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts. She was inducted into the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame in September 2021. Early life Alison Maria Krauss was born in Decatur, Illinois, to Fred and Louise Krauss.", "Early life Alison Maria Krauss was born in Decatur, Illinois, to Fred and Louise Krauss. Her father was a German immigrant who came to the United States in 1952 at age 12, and taught his native language while he earned a doctorate in psychology. He later went into the business of real estate.", "He later went into the business of real estate. Her mother, an American of German and Italian descent, is the daughter of artists, and works as an illustrator of magazines and textbooks. Fred and Louise met while they were studying at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.", "Fred and Louise met while they were studying at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. After a brief residence in nearby Decatur, the family settled in Champaign, where Krauss was raised with her older brother, Viktor.", "After a brief residence in nearby Decatur, the family settled in Champaign, where Krauss was raised with her older brother, Viktor. Krauss's mother played banjo and acoustic guitar, so Krauss was exposed to folk music at home, and she heard rock and pop music on the radio: she liked Gary Numan's synth-pop song \"Cars\", and rock bands such as Foreigner, Bad Company, and Electric Light Orchestra.", "Krauss's mother played banjo and acoustic guitar, so Krauss was exposed to folk music at home, and she heard rock and pop music on the radio: she liked Gary Numan's synth-pop song \"Cars\", and rock bands such as Foreigner, Bad Company, and Electric Light Orchestra. Her brother Viktor played piano and double bass in high school, launching a career as a jazz and rock multi-instrumentalist.", "Her brother Viktor played piano and double bass in high school, launching a career as a jazz and rock multi-instrumentalist. At her mother's insistence, Krauss began studying classical violin at age five. Krauss was reluctant to spend time practicing, but she continued with classical lessons until she was eleven.", "Krauss was reluctant to spend time practicing, but she continued with classical lessons until she was eleven. Krauss said her mother \"tried to find interesting things for me to do\" and \"wanted to get me involved in music, in addition to art and sports\".", "Krauss said her mother \"tried to find interesting things for me to do\" and \"wanted to get me involved in music, in addition to art and sports\". Krauss was also very active in roller skating, and in her teens she finally decided on a career in music rather than roller derby.", "Krauss was also very active in roller skating, and in her teens she finally decided on a career in music rather than roller derby. In mid-1979, Krauss's mother saw a notice for an upcoming fiddle competition at the Champaign County Fair, so she bought a bluegrass fiddle instruction book and the 1977 bluegrass album Duets by violinist Richard Greene.", "In mid-1979, Krauss's mother saw a notice for an upcoming fiddle competition at the Champaign County Fair, so she bought a bluegrass fiddle instruction book and the 1977 bluegrass album Duets by violinist Richard Greene. Krauss learned by ear to play several songs from the album, including \"Tennessee Waltz\" which she practiced on violin with her mother accompanying on guitar.", "Krauss learned by ear to play several songs from the album, including \"Tennessee Waltz\" which she practiced on violin with her mother accompanying on guitar. Krauss entered the talent contest in the novice category at the age of eight, placing fourth.", "Krauss entered the talent contest in the novice category at the age of eight, placing fourth. (This is where she first met fiddler Andrea Zonn who won the junior division at age 10.)", "(This is where she first met fiddler Andrea Zonn who won the junior division at age 10.) Krauss investigated the bluegrass genre more thoroughly after this, and she developed a knack for learning complex riffs by ear, quickly turning them into her own version.", "Krauss investigated the bluegrass genre more thoroughly after this, and she developed a knack for learning complex riffs by ear, quickly turning them into her own version. In 1981–82, Krauss performed with Marvin Lee Flessner's country dance band in which she fiddled and sang.", "In 1981–82, Krauss performed with Marvin Lee Flessner's country dance band in which she fiddled and sang. In September 1983, her parents bought her a custom violin made by hand in Missouri – her first adult-sized instrument.", "In September 1983, her parents bought her a custom violin made by hand in Missouri – her first adult-sized instrument. At 13, she won the Walnut Valley Festival Fiddle Championship, and the Society for the Preservation of Bluegrass in America named her the \"Most Promising Fiddler in the Midwest\".", "At 13, she won the Walnut Valley Festival Fiddle Championship, and the Society for the Preservation of Bluegrass in America named her the \"Most Promising Fiddler in the Midwest\". She was also called \"virtuoso\" by Vanity Fair magazine. Krauss first met Dan Tyminski around 1984 at a festival held by the Society.", "Krauss first met Dan Tyminski around 1984 at a festival held by the Society. Every current member of her band, Union Station, first met her at these festivals.", "Every current member of her band, Union Station, first met her at these festivals. 1985–1991: Early career Krauss made her recording debut in 1986 on the independent album, Different Strokes, in collaboration with Swamp Weiss and Jim Hoiles, and featuring her brother Viktor Krauss.", "1985–1991: Early career Krauss made her recording debut in 1986 on the independent album, Different Strokes, in collaboration with Swamp Weiss and Jim Hoiles, and featuring her brother Viktor Krauss. From the age of 12 she performed with bassist and songwriter John Pennell in a band called \"Silver Rail\", replacing Andrea Zonn.", "From the age of 12 she performed with bassist and songwriter John Pennell in a band called \"Silver Rail\", replacing Andrea Zonn. Pennell later changed the band's name to Union Station after another band was discovered with the name Silver Rail.", "Pennell later changed the band's name to Union Station after another band was discovered with the name Silver Rail. Later that year, she signed to Rounder Records, and in 1987, at 16, she released her debut album Too Late to Cry with Union Station as her backup band.", "Later that year, she signed to Rounder Records, and in 1987, at 16, she released her debut album Too Late to Cry with Union Station as her backup band. Krauss' debut solo album was quickly followed by her first group album with Union Station in 1989, Two Highways.", "Krauss' debut solo album was quickly followed by her first group album with Union Station in 1989, Two Highways. The album includes the traditional tunes \"Wild Bill Jones\" and \"Beaumont Rag\", along with a bluegrass interpretation of the Allman Brothers' \"Midnight Rider\".", "The album includes the traditional tunes \"Wild Bill Jones\" and \"Beaumont Rag\", along with a bluegrass interpretation of the Allman Brothers' \"Midnight Rider\". Krauss' contract with Rounder required her to alternate between releasing a solo album and an album with Union Station, and she released the solo album I've Got That Old Feeling in 1990.", "Krauss' contract with Rounder required her to alternate between releasing a solo album and an album with Union Station, and she released the solo album I've Got That Old Feeling in 1990. It was her first album to rise onto the Billboard charts, peaking in the top seventy-five on the country chart.", "It was her first album to rise onto the Billboard charts, peaking in the top seventy-five on the country chart. The album also was a notable point in her career as she earned her first Grammy Award, the single \"Steel Rails\" was her first single tracked by Billboard, and the title single \"I've Got That Old Feeling\" was the first song for which she recorded a music video.", "The album also was a notable point in her career as she earned her first Grammy Award, the single \"Steel Rails\" was her first single tracked by Billboard, and the title single \"I've Got That Old Feeling\" was the first song for which she recorded a music video. 1992–1999: Rising success Krauss' second Union Station album Every Time You Say Goodbye was released in 1992, and she went on to win her second Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album of the year.", "1992–1999: Rising success Krauss' second Union Station album Every Time You Say Goodbye was released in 1992, and she went on to win her second Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album of the year. She then joined the Grand Ole Opry in 1993 at the age of 21.", "She then joined the Grand Ole Opry in 1993 at the age of 21. She was the youngest cast member at the time, and the first bluegrass artist to join the Opry in 29 years. She also collaborated on a project with the Cox Family in 1994, a bluegrass album called I Know Who Holds Tomorrow.", "She also collaborated on a project with the Cox Family in 1994, a bluegrass album called I Know Who Holds Tomorrow. Mandolin and guitar player Dan Tyminski replaced Tim Stafford in Union Station in 1994.", "Mandolin and guitar player Dan Tyminski replaced Tim Stafford in Union Station in 1994. Late in the year, Krauss recorded with the band Shenandoah on its single \"Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart\", which brought her to the country music Top Ten for the first time and it won the Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals.", "Late in the year, Krauss recorded with the band Shenandoah on its single \"Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart\", which brought her to the country music Top Ten for the first time and it won the Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals. Also in 1994, Krauss collaborated with Suzy Bogguss, Kathy Mattea, and Crosby, Stills, and Nash to contribute \"Teach Your Children\" to the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Country produced by the Red Hot Organization.", "Also in 1994, Krauss collaborated with Suzy Bogguss, Kathy Mattea, and Crosby, Stills, and Nash to contribute \"Teach Your Children\" to the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Country produced by the Red Hot Organization. In 1997, she recorded vocals and violin for \"Half a Mind\", on Tommy Shaw's 7 Deadly Zens album.", "In 1997, she recorded vocals and violin for \"Half a Mind\", on Tommy Shaw's 7 Deadly Zens album. Now That I've Found You: A Collection, a compilation of older releases and some covers of her favorite works by other artists, was released in 1995.", "Now That I've Found You: A Collection, a compilation of older releases and some covers of her favorite works by other artists, was released in 1995. Some of these covers include Bad Company's \"Oh Atlanta\", the Foundations' & Dan Schafer's \"Baby, Now That I've Found You\", which was used in the Australian hit comedy movie The Castle, and the Beatles' \"I Will\" with Tony Furtado.", "Some of these covers include Bad Company's \"Oh Atlanta\", the Foundations' & Dan Schafer's \"Baby, Now That I've Found You\", which was used in the Australian hit comedy movie The Castle, and the Beatles' \"I Will\" with Tony Furtado. A cover of Keith Whitley's \"When You Say Nothing at All\" reached number three on the Billboard country chart; the album peaked in the top fifteen on the all-genre Billboard 200 chart, and sold two million copies to become Krauss' first double-platinum album.", "A cover of Keith Whitley's \"When You Say Nothing at All\" reached number three on the Billboard country chart; the album peaked in the top fifteen on the all-genre Billboard 200 chart, and sold two million copies to become Krauss' first double-platinum album. Krauss also was nominated for four Country Music Association Awards and won all of them.", "Krauss also was nominated for four Country Music Association Awards and won all of them. So Long So Wrong, another Union Station album, was released in 1997 and won the Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album.", "So Long So Wrong, another Union Station album, was released in 1997 and won the Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album. One critic said its sound was \"rather untraditional\" and \"likely [to] change quite a few ... minds about bluegrass\".", "One critic said its sound was \"rather untraditional\" and \"likely [to] change quite a few ... minds about bluegrass\". Included on the album is the track \"It Doesn't Matter\", which was featured in the second-season premiere episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer and was included on the Buffy soundtrack in 1999.", "Included on the album is the track \"It Doesn't Matter\", which was featured in the second-season premiere episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer and was included on the Buffy soundtrack in 1999. Her next solo release in 1999, Forget About It, included one of her two tracks to appear on the Billboard adult contemporary chart, \"Stay\".", "Her next solo release in 1999, Forget About It, included one of her two tracks to appear on the Billboard adult contemporary chart, \"Stay\". The album was certified gold and charted within the top seventy-five of the Billboard 200 and in the top five of the country chart.", "The album was certified gold and charted within the top seventy-five of the Billboard 200 and in the top five of the country chart. In addition, the track \"That Kind of Love\" was included in another episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer.", "In addition, the track \"That Kind of Love\" was included in another episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. 2000–present: Current career Adam Steffey left Union Station in 1998, and was replaced with renowned dobro player Jerry Douglas. Douglas had provided studio back-up to Krauss' records since 1987's Too Late to Cry.", "Douglas had provided studio back-up to Krauss' records since 1987's Too Late to Cry. Their next album, New Favorite, was released on August 14, 2001. The album went on to win the Grammy for Best Bluegrass Album, with the single \"The Lucky One\" winning a Grammy as well.", "The album went on to win the Grammy for Best Bluegrass Album, with the single \"The Lucky One\" winning a Grammy as well. New Favorite was followed up by the double platinum double album Live in 2002 and a release of a DVD of the same live performance in 2003.", "New Favorite was followed up by the double platinum double album Live in 2002 and a release of a DVD of the same live performance in 2003. Both the album and the DVD were recorded during a performance at The Louisville Palace and both the album and DVD have been certified double Platinum.", "Both the album and the DVD were recorded during a performance at The Louisville Palace and both the album and DVD have been certified double Platinum. Also in 2002 she played a singing voice for one of the characters in the animated comedy film Eight Crazy Nights.", "Also in 2002 she played a singing voice for one of the characters in the animated comedy film Eight Crazy Nights. Lonely Runs Both Ways was released in 2004, and eventually became another Alison Krauss & Union Station gold certified album.", "Lonely Runs Both Ways was released in 2004, and eventually became another Alison Krauss & Union Station gold certified album. Ron Block described Lonely Runs Both Ways as \"pretty much... what we've always done\" in terms of song selection and the style, in which those songs were recorded.", "Ron Block described Lonely Runs Both Ways as \"pretty much... what we've always done\" in terms of song selection and the style, in which those songs were recorded. Krauss believes the group \"was probably the most unprepared we've ever been\" for the album and that songs were chosen as needed rather than planned beforehand.", "Krauss believes the group \"was probably the most unprepared we've ever been\" for the album and that songs were chosen as needed rather than planned beforehand. She also performed a duet with Brad Paisley on his album Mud on the Tires in the single \"Whiskey Lullaby\".", "She also performed a duet with Brad Paisley on his album Mud on the Tires in the single \"Whiskey Lullaby\". The single was quickly ranked in the top fifty of the Billboard Hot 100 and the top five of the Hot Country Songs, and won the Country Music Association Awards for \"Best Musical Event\" and \"Best Music Video\" of the year.", "The single was quickly ranked in the top fifty of the Billboard Hot 100 and the top five of the Hot Country Songs, and won the Country Music Association Awards for \"Best Musical Event\" and \"Best Music Video\" of the year. In 2007, Krauss and Robert Plant released the collaborative album titled Raising Sand.", "In 2007, Krauss and Robert Plant released the collaborative album titled Raising Sand. RIAA-certified platinum, the album was nominated for and won 5 Grammy Awards at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year, Best Contemporary Folk/Americana Album, and Record of the Year (\"Please Read the Letter\").", "RIAA-certified platinum, the album was nominated for and won 5 Grammy Awards at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year, Best Contemporary Folk/Americana Album, and Record of the Year (\"Please Read the Letter\"). Krauss and Plant recorded a Crossroads special in October 2007 for the Country Music Television network, which first aired on February 12, 2008.", "Krauss and Plant recorded a Crossroads special in October 2007 for the Country Music Television network, which first aired on February 12, 2008. Returning with Union Station, Krauss released an album called Paper Airplane on April 12, 2011, the follow-up album to Lonely Runs Both Ways (2004).", "Returning with Union Station, Krauss released an album called Paper Airplane on April 12, 2011, the follow-up album to Lonely Runs Both Ways (2004). Mike Shipley, the recording and mixing engineer for the album, said that the album had a lengthy production time because of Krauss' non-stop migraines.", "Mike Shipley, the recording and mixing engineer for the album, said that the album had a lengthy production time because of Krauss' non-stop migraines. Nevertheless, Paper Airplane became Krauss's highest-charting album in the U.S., reaching number three on the Billboard 200 on topping both the country and bluegrass album charts.", "Nevertheless, Paper Airplane became Krauss's highest-charting album in the U.S., reaching number three on the Billboard 200 on topping both the country and bluegrass album charts. In 2014, Krauss and her band Union Station toured with Willie Nelson and Family, with special guests Kacey Musgraves, and the Devil Makes Three.", "In 2014, Krauss and her band Union Station toured with Willie Nelson and Family, with special guests Kacey Musgraves, and the Devil Makes Three. Capitol Records released Windy City, an album of country and bluegrass classics, produced by Buddy Cannon and her first solo release in 17 years, on February 17, 2017.", "Capitol Records released Windy City, an album of country and bluegrass classics, produced by Buddy Cannon and her first solo release in 17 years, on February 17, 2017. Krauss received two nominations at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Country Solo Performance and Best American Roots Performance.", "Krauss received two nominations at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Country Solo Performance and Best American Roots Performance. In August 2021, Krauss announced she was releasing a sequel album to Raising Sand with Robert Plant called Raise the Roof. In addition to the album, Krauss and Plant are planning a 2022 tour.", "In addition to the album, Krauss and Plant are planning a 2022 tour. Other work Krauss has made guest appearances on other records on lead vocals, harmony vocals, and fiddle. In 1987, at the age of 15, she played fiddle on the album The Western Illinois Rag by Americana musician Chris Vallillo.", "In 1987, at the age of 15, she played fiddle on the album The Western Illinois Rag by Americana musician Chris Vallillo. In 1993 she recorded vocals for the Phish song \"If I Could\" in Los Angeles.", "In 1993 she recorded vocals for the Phish song \"If I Could\" in Los Angeles. In 1997 she sang harmony vocals in both English and Irish on the album Runaway Sunday by Irish traditional band Altan. In 1998 she played and sang on the title track of Hawaiian slack-key artist Ledward Kaapana's album, Waltz of the Wind.", "In 1998 she played and sang on the title track of Hawaiian slack-key artist Ledward Kaapana's album, Waltz of the Wind. Krauss had her only number one hit in 2000, receiving vocal credit for \"Buy Me a Rose\". She has contributed to numerous motion picture soundtracks, most notably O Brother, Where Art Thou?", "She has contributed to numerous motion picture soundtracks, most notably O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000). She and Dan Tyminski contributed multiple tracks, including \"I'll Fly Away\" (with Gillian Welch), \"Down to the River to Pray\", and \"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow\".", "She and Dan Tyminski contributed multiple tracks, including \"I'll Fly Away\" (with Gillian Welch), \"Down to the River to Pray\", and \"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow\". In the film, Tyminski's vocals on \"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow\" were used for George Clooney's character.", "In the film, Tyminski's vocals on \"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow\" were used for George Clooney's character. The soundtrack sold over seven million copies and won the Grammy for Album of the Year in 2002. Both Krauss and the surprisingly popular album were credited with reviving interest in bluegrass.", "Both Krauss and the surprisingly popular album were credited with reviving interest in bluegrass. She has said, however, that she believes Americans already liked bluegrass and other less-heard musical genres, and that the film merely provided easy exposure to the music.", "She has said, however, that she believes Americans already liked bluegrass and other less-heard musical genres, and that the film merely provided easy exposure to the music. She did not appear in the movie, at her own request, because she was pregnant during its filming.", "She did not appear in the movie, at her own request, because she was pregnant during its filming. In 2007, Krauss released A Hundred Miles or More: A Collection, an album of new songs, soundtrack tunes, and duets with artists such as John Waite, James Taylor, Brad Paisley, and Natalie MacMaster.", "In 2007, Krauss released A Hundred Miles or More: A Collection, an album of new songs, soundtrack tunes, and duets with artists such as John Waite, James Taylor, Brad Paisley, and Natalie MacMaster. The album was successful commercially but given a lukewarm reception by critics.", "The album was successful commercially but given a lukewarm reception by critics. One of the tracks, \"Missing You\", a duet with Waite (and a cover of his hit single from 1984), was similarly received as a single.", "One of the tracks, \"Missing You\", a duet with Waite (and a cover of his hit single from 1984), was similarly received as a single. On August 11, television network Great American Country aired a one-hour special, Alison Krauss: A Hundred Miles or More, based on the album.", "On August 11, television network Great American Country aired a one-hour special, Alison Krauss: A Hundred Miles or More, based on the album. Krauss appeared on Heart's March 2010 concert DVD Night at Sky Church, providing the lead vocals for the song \"These Dreams\".", "Krauss appeared on Heart's March 2010 concert DVD Night at Sky Church, providing the lead vocals for the song \"These Dreams\". Other soundtracks for which Krauss has performed include Twister, The Prince of Egypt, Eight Crazy Nights, Mona Lisa Smile, Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood, Alias, Bambi II and Cold Mountain.", "Other soundtracks for which Krauss has performed include Twister, The Prince of Egypt, Eight Crazy Nights, Mona Lisa Smile, Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood, Alias, Bambi II and Cold Mountain. She contributed \"Jubilee\" to the 2004 documentary Paper Clips.", "She contributed \"Jubilee\" to the 2004 documentary Paper Clips. The Cold Mountain songs she sang, \"The Scarlet Tide\" with T Bone Burnett and Elvis Costello, and \"You Will Be My Ain True Love\" with Sting, were each nominated for an Academy Award.", "The Cold Mountain songs she sang, \"The Scarlet Tide\" with T Bone Burnett and Elvis Costello, and \"You Will Be My Ain True Love\" with Sting, were each nominated for an Academy Award. She performed both songs at the 76th Academy Awards, the first with Costello and Burnett, and the other with Sting.", "She performed both songs at the 76th Academy Awards, the first with Costello and Burnett, and the other with Sting. She produced Nickel Creek's debut album (2000) and the follow-up This Side (2002), which won Krauss her first Grammy award as a producer.", "She produced Nickel Creek's debut album (2000) and the follow-up This Side (2002), which won Krauss her first Grammy award as a producer. Krauss performed on Moody Bluegrass: A Nashville Tribute to the Moody Blues.", "Krauss performed on Moody Bluegrass: A Nashville Tribute to the Moody Blues. She participated in Billy Childs' 2014 tribute album to Laura Nyro, Map to the Treasure: Reimagining Laura Nyro, performing on the track \"And When I Die\".", "She participated in Billy Childs' 2014 tribute album to Laura Nyro, Map to the Treasure: Reimagining Laura Nyro, performing on the track \"And When I Die\". Reception and influences Krauss' earliest musical experience was as an instrumentalist, though her style has grown to focus more on her vocals with a band providing most of the instrumentation.", "Reception and influences Krauss' earliest musical experience was as an instrumentalist, though her style has grown to focus more on her vocals with a band providing most of the instrumentation. Musicians she enjoys include vocalists Lou Gramm of Foreigner and Paul Rodgers of Bad Company.", "Musicians she enjoys include vocalists Lou Gramm of Foreigner and Paul Rodgers of Bad Company. Krauss' family listened to \"folk records\" while she was growing up, but she had friends who exposed her to groups such as AC/DC, Carly Simon, the Rolling Stones, Lynyrd Skynyrd, and ELO.", "Krauss' family listened to \"folk records\" while she was growing up, but she had friends who exposed her to groups such as AC/DC, Carly Simon, the Rolling Stones, Lynyrd Skynyrd, and ELO. She cites Dolly Parton, with whom she has since collaborated a number of times, as a major influence.", "She cites Dolly Parton, with whom she has since collaborated a number of times, as a major influence. Some credit Krauss and Union Station, at least partially, with a recent revival of interest in bluegrass music in the United States.", "Some credit Krauss and Union Station, at least partially, with a recent revival of interest in bluegrass music in the United States. Despite being together for nearly two decades and winning numerous awards, she said the group was \"just beginning right now\" (in 2002) because \"in spite of all the great things that have happened for the band, [she] feel[s] musically it's just really beginning\".", "Despite being together for nearly two decades and winning numerous awards, she said the group was \"just beginning right now\" (in 2002) because \"in spite of all the great things that have happened for the band, [she] feel[s] musically it's just really beginning\". Although she alternates between solo releases and works with the band, she has said there is no difference in her involvement between the two.", "Although she alternates between solo releases and works with the band, she has said there is no difference in her involvement between the two. As a group, AKUS have been called \"American favourites\", \"world-beaters\", and \"the tightest band around\".", "As a group, AKUS have been called \"American favourites\", \"world-beaters\", and \"the tightest band around\". While they have been successful as a group, many reviews note Krauss still \"remains the undisputed star and rock-solid foundation\" and have described her as the \"band's focus\" with an \"angelic\" voice that \"flows like honey\".", "While they have been successful as a group, many reviews note Krauss still \"remains the undisputed star and rock-solid foundation\" and have described her as the \"band's focus\" with an \"angelic\" voice that \"flows like honey\". Her work has been compared to that of the Cox Family, Bill Monroe, and Del McCoury, and has in turn been credited with influencing various \"Newgrass\" artists including Nickel Creek, for which she acted as record producer on two of their albums.", "Her work has been compared to that of the Cox Family, Bill Monroe, and Del McCoury, and has in turn been credited with influencing various \"Newgrass\" artists including Nickel Creek, for which she acted as record producer on two of their albums. In addition to her work with Nickel Creek, she has acted as producer to the Cox Family, Reba McEntire and Alan Jackson.", "In addition to her work with Nickel Creek, she has acted as producer to the Cox Family, Reba McEntire and Alan Jackson. Adam Sweeting of The Guardian has said Krauss and Union Station are \"superb, when they stick to hoedowns and hillbilly music, but much less convincing, when they lurch towards the middle of the road\".", "Adam Sweeting of The Guardian has said Krauss and Union Station are \"superb, when they stick to hoedowns and hillbilly music, but much less convincing, when they lurch towards the middle of the road\". Blender magazine has said the \"flavorless repertoire [Krauss] sings... steers her toward Lite FM\".", "Blender magazine has said the \"flavorless repertoire [Krauss] sings... steers her toward Lite FM\". In addition, Q magazine and The Onion AV Club have said their newer releases are \"pretty much the usual\", and that although Krauss is generally \"adventurous\", these recent releases contain nothing to \"alienate the masses\".", "In addition, Q magazine and The Onion AV Club have said their newer releases are \"pretty much the usual\", and that although Krauss is generally \"adventurous\", these recent releases contain nothing to \"alienate the masses\". Voice, themes, and musical style Krauss possesses a soprano voice, which has been described as \"angelic\".", "Voice, themes, and musical style Krauss possesses a soprano voice, which has been described as \"angelic\". She has said her musical influences include J. D. Crowe, Ricky Skaggs, and Tony Rice. Many of her songs are described as sad, and are often about love, especially lost love.", "Many of her songs are described as sad, and are often about love, especially lost love. Though Krauss has a close involvement with her group and a long career in music, she rarely performs music she has written herself.", "Though Krauss has a close involvement with her group and a long career in music, she rarely performs music she has written herself. She has also described her general approach to constructing an album as starting with a single song and selecting other tracks based on the first, to give the final album a somewhat consistent theme and mood.", "She has also described her general approach to constructing an album as starting with a single song and selecting other tracks based on the first, to give the final album a somewhat consistent theme and mood. She most commonly performs in the bluegrass and country genres, though she has had two songs on the adult contemporary charts, has worked with rock artists such as Phish and Sting, and is sometimes said to stray into pop music.", "She most commonly performs in the bluegrass and country genres, though she has had two songs on the adult contemporary charts, has worked with rock artists such as Phish and Sting, and is sometimes said to stray into pop music. Music videos Krauss did not think she would make music videos at the beginning of her career.", "Music videos Krauss did not think she would make music videos at the beginning of her career. After recording her first she was convinced it was so bad that she would never do another. Nonetheless, she has continued to make further videos. Many of the first videos she saw were by bluegrass artists.", "Many of the first videos she saw were by bluegrass artists. Dan Tyminski has noted that the video for Thriller was very popular at the time she was first exposed to music videos. She has made suggestions on the style or theme to some videos, though she tends to leave such decisions to the director of the particular video.", "She has made suggestions on the style or theme to some videos, though she tends to leave such decisions to the director of the particular video. The group chooses directors by seeking out people who have previously directed videos that band members have enjoyed.", "The group chooses directors by seeking out people who have previously directed videos that band members have enjoyed. The director for a video to \"If I Didn't Know Any Better\" from Lonely Runs Both Ways, for example, was selected because Krauss enjoyed work he had done with Def Leppard and, she wondered, what he could do with their music.", "The director for a video to \"If I Didn't Know Any Better\" from Lonely Runs Both Ways, for example, was selected because Krauss enjoyed work he had done with Def Leppard and, she wondered, what he could do with their music. While style decisions are generally left to the various directors of the videos, many – including for \"The Lucky One\", \"Restless\", \"Goodbye is All We Have\", \"New Favorite\", and \"If I Didn't Know Any Better\" – follow a pattern.", "While style decisions are generally left to the various directors of the videos, many – including for \"The Lucky One\", \"Restless\", \"Goodbye is All We Have\", \"New Favorite\", and \"If I Didn't Know Any Better\" – follow a pattern. In all of these videos Krauss walks, sometimes interacting with other people, while the rest of the band follows her.", "In all of these videos Krauss walks, sometimes interacting with other people, while the rest of the band follows her. Performances Krauss has said she used to dislike working in the studio, where she had to perform the same song repeatedly, but has come to like studio work roughly the same as live stage performances.", "Performances Krauss has said she used to dislike working in the studio, where she had to perform the same song repeatedly, but has come to like studio work roughly the same as live stage performances. Her own favorite concert experiences include watching three Foreigner concerts during a single tour, a Dolly Parton concert, and a Larry Sparks concert.", "Her own favorite concert experiences include watching three Foreigner concerts during a single tour, a Dolly Parton concert, and a Larry Sparks concert. She appeared on Austin City Limits in 1992 and opened the show in 1995 with Union Station.", "She appeared on Austin City Limits in 1992 and opened the show in 1995 with Union Station. The New Favorite tour, after AKUS' album of the same name, was planned to start September 12, 2001 in Cincinnati, Ohio, but was delayed until September 28 in Savannah, Georgia following the September 11 terrorist attacks.", "The New Favorite tour, after AKUS' album of the same name, was planned to start September 12, 2001 in Cincinnati, Ohio, but was delayed until September 28 in Savannah, Georgia following the September 11 terrorist attacks. Krauss took part in the Down from the Mountain tour in 2002, which featured many artists from the O Brother, Where Art Thou soundtrack.", "Krauss took part in the Down from the Mountain tour in 2002, which featured many artists from the O Brother, Where Art Thou soundtrack. Down from the Mountain was followed by the Great High Mountain Tour, which was composed of musicians from both O Brother and Cold Mountain, including Krauss.", "Down from the Mountain was followed by the Great High Mountain Tour, which was composed of musicians from both O Brother and Cold Mountain, including Krauss. She has also given several notable smaller performances including at Carnegie Hall (with the Grand Ole Opry), on Lifetime Television in a concert of female performers, on the radio show A Prairie Home Companion, where she sang two songs not previously recorded on any of her albums, and a performance at the White House attended by then-President Bill Clinton and then-Vice President Al Gore.", "She has also given several notable smaller performances including at Carnegie Hall (with the Grand Ole Opry), on Lifetime Television in a concert of female performers, on the radio show A Prairie Home Companion, where she sang two songs not previously recorded on any of her albums, and a performance at the White House attended by then-President Bill Clinton and then-Vice President Al Gore. She has also been in the White House again, performing the song \"When You Say Nothing at All\" at country music performances.", "She has also been in the White House again, performing the song \"When You Say Nothing at All\" at country music performances. She also performed a tribute to the Everly Brothers at which she sang \"All I Have to Do is Dream\" with Emmylou Harris and \"When Will I Be Loved\" with Vince Gill.", "She also performed a tribute to the Everly Brothers at which she sang \"All I Have to Do is Dream\" with Emmylou Harris and \"When Will I Be Loved\" with Vince Gill. She was also invited by Taylor Swift to perform with her at the 2013 CMA's and by Joshua Bell to perform with him on a Christmas album; Bell said that \"she (Krauss) is someone I've adored for so many years now\".", "She was also invited by Taylor Swift to perform with her at the 2013 CMA's and by Joshua Bell to perform with him on a Christmas album; Bell said that \"she (Krauss) is someone I've adored for so many years now\". She performed at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C. on January 10, 2015, as a part of \"The Life and Songs of Emmylou Harris: An All Star Concert Celebration\" which is a tribute to Emmylou Harris.", "She performed at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C. on January 10, 2015, as a part of \"The Life and Songs of Emmylou Harris: An All Star Concert Celebration\" which is a tribute to Emmylou Harris. Awards and honors Krauss has won twenty-seven Grammy Awards over the course of her career as a solo artist, as a group with Union Station, as a duet with Robert Plant, and as a record producer.", "Awards and honors Krauss has won twenty-seven Grammy Awards over the course of her career as a solo artist, as a group with Union Station, as a duet with Robert Plant, and as a record producer. As of 2021, she ranks fourth on the list of winners of the most Grammy Awards.", "As of 2021, she ranks fourth on the list of winners of the most Grammy Awards. She overtook Aretha Franklin for the most female wins at the 46th Grammy Awards, where Krauss won three, bringing her total at the time to seventeen (Franklin won her sixteenth that night).", "She overtook Aretha Franklin for the most female wins at the 46th Grammy Awards, where Krauss won three, bringing her total at the time to seventeen (Franklin won her sixteenth that night). The Recording Academy (which presents the Grammy Awards) presented her with a special musical achievement honor in 2005.", "The Recording Academy (which presents the Grammy Awards) presented her with a special musical achievement honor in 2005. She has also won 14 International Bluegrass Music Association Awards, 9 Country Music Association Awards, 2 Gospel Music Association Awards, 2 CMT Music Awards, 2 Academy of Country Music Awards, and 1 Canadian Country Music Award.", "She has also won 14 International Bluegrass Music Association Awards, 9 Country Music Association Awards, 2 Gospel Music Association Awards, 2 CMT Music Awards, 2 Academy of Country Music Awards, and 1 Canadian Country Music Award. Country Music Television ranked Krauss 12th on their \"40 Greatest Women of Country Music\" list in 2002.", "Country Music Television ranked Krauss 12th on their \"40 Greatest Women of Country Music\" list in 2002. At the 76th Academy Awards in February 2004, where she performed two nominated songs from the Cold Mountain soundtrack, Krauss was chosen by Hollywood shoe designer Stuart Weitzman to wear a pair of $2 million 'Cinderella' sandals with 4½ inch clear glass stiletto heels and two straps adorned with 565 Kwiat diamonds set in platinum.", "At the 76th Academy Awards in February 2004, where she performed two nominated songs from the Cold Mountain soundtrack, Krauss was chosen by Hollywood shoe designer Stuart Weitzman to wear a pair of $2 million 'Cinderella' sandals with 4½ inch clear glass stiletto heels and two straps adorned with 565 Kwiat diamonds set in platinum. Feeling like a rather unglamorous choice, Krauss said, \"When I first heard, I was like, 'What were they thinking?'", "Feeling like a rather unglamorous choice, Krauss said, \"When I first heard, I was like, 'What were they thinking?' I have the worst feet of anybody who will be there that night!\"", "I have the worst feet of anybody who will be there that night!\" In addition to the fairy-tale-inspired shoes, Weitzman outfitted Krauss with a Palm Trēo 600 smartphone, bejeweled with 3,000 clear-and-topaz-colored Swarovski crystals. The shoes were returned, but Krauss kept the crystal-covered phone.", "The shoes were returned, but Krauss kept the crystal-covered phone. Weitzman chose Krauss to show off his fashions at the urging of his daughters, who are fans of Krauss' music. In May 2012, Alison Krauss was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music.", "In May 2012, Alison Krauss was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music. In March 2015, her hometown of Champaign, Illinois, designated the 400 block of West Hill Street as \"Honorary Alison Krauss Way\". Personal life Krauss was married to musician Pat Bergeson from 1997 to 2001.", "Personal life Krauss was married to musician Pat Bergeson from 1997 to 2001. Their son, Sam, was born in July 1999.", "Their son, Sam, was born in July 1999. Discography Studio albums 1986: Different Strokes (with Jim Hoiles and Swamp Weiss) 1987: Too Late to Cry 1989: Two Highways (with Union Station) 1990: I've Got That Old Feeling 1992: Every Time You Say Goodbye (with Union Station) 1994: I Know Who Holds Tomorrow (with the Cox Family) 1997: So Long So Wrong (with Union Station) 1999: Forget About It 2001: New Favorite (with Union Station) 2004: Lonely Runs Both Ways (with Union Station) 2007: Raising Sand (with Robert Plant) 2011: Paper Airplane (with Union Station) 2017: Windy City 2021: Raise the Roof (with Robert Plant) Filmography Notes a.", "Discography Studio albums 1986: Different Strokes (with Jim Hoiles and Swamp Weiss) 1987: Too Late to Cry 1989: Two Highways (with Union Station) 1990: I've Got That Old Feeling 1992: Every Time You Say Goodbye (with Union Station) 1994: I Know Who Holds Tomorrow (with the Cox Family) 1997: So Long So Wrong (with Union Station) 1999: Forget About It 2001: New Favorite (with Union Station) 2004: Lonely Runs Both Ways (with Union Station) 2007: Raising Sand (with Robert Plant) 2011: Paper Airplane (with Union Station) 2017: Windy City 2021: Raise the Roof (with Robert Plant) Filmography Notes a. Sources vary on birth place; see talk page discussion References External links Rounder Records site for Alison Krauss [ Alison Krauss] on Allmusic database 1971 births Living people Union Station (band) members American bluegrass fiddlers American women country singers Grammy Award winners Musicians from Champaign, Illinois American people of German descent American people of Italian descent Grand Ole Opry members American performers of Christian music American sopranos Rounder Records artists Musicians from Decatur, Illinois 20th-century American singers 20th-century American women singers 21st-century American singers 21st-century American women singers Country musicians from Illinois United States National Medal of Arts recipients" ]

[ "Alison Krauss", "1992-1999: Rising success", "what happened in 1992", "Krauss' second Union Station album Every Time You Say Goodbye was released in 1992," ]

[ "The Migraine Disability Assessment Test (MIDAS) is a test used by doctors to determine how severely migraines affect a patient's life. Patients are asked questions about the frequency and duration of their headaches, as well as how often these headaches limited their ability to participate in activities at work, at school, or at home.\n\nThe test was evaluated by the professional journal Neurology in 2001; it was found to be both reliable and valid.\n\nQuestions\nThe MIDAS contains the following questions:\n\n On how many days in the last 3 months did you miss work or school because of your headaches?\n How many days in the last 3 months was your productivity at work or school reduced by half or more because of your headaches? (Do not include days you counted in question 1 where you missed work or school.)\n On how many days in the last 3 months did you not do household work because of your headaches?\n How many days in the last three months was your productivity in household work reduced by half of more because of your headaches? (Do not include days you counted in question 3 where you did not do household work.)\n On how many days in the last 3 months did you miss family, social or leisure activities because of your headaches?\n\nThe patient's score consists of the total of these five questions. Additionally, there is a section for patients to share with their doctors:\n\nWhat your Physician will need to know about your headache:\n\nA. On how many days in the last 3 months did you have a headache?\n(If a headache lasted more than 1 day, count each day.)\t\n\nB. On a scale of 0 - 10, on average how painful were these headaches? \n(where 0 = no pain at all and 10 = pain as bad as it can be.)\n\nScoring\nOnce scored, the test gives the patient an idea of how debilitating his/her migraines are based on this scale:\n\n0 to 5, MIDAS Grade I, Little or no disability \n\n6 to 10, MIDAS Grade II, Mild disability\n\n11 to 20, MIDAS Grade III, Moderate disability\n\n21+, MIDAS Grade IV, Severe disability\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nMigraine Treatment\n\nMigraine", "\"How Do I Deal\" is a song by American actress Jennifer Love Hewitt from the soundtrack to the film I Still Know What You Did Last Summer. The song was released as a single on November 17, 1998, with an accompanying music video. The single became Hewitt's one and only appearance on the US Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, peaking at number 59 in a seven-week run. Although not a big success in America, the single reached number five in New Zealand and peaked at number eight in Australia, where it is certified gold.\n\nTrack listings\nUS CD, 7-inch, and cassette single\n \"How Do I Deal\" (single version) – 3:23\n \"Try to Say Goodbye\" (performed by Jory Eve) – 3:36\n\nEuropean CD single\n \"How Do I Deal\" – 3:24\n \"Sugar Is Sweeter\" (performed by CJ Bolland) – 5:34\n\nAustralian CD single\n \"How Do I Deal\" – 3:23\n \"Sugar Is Sweeter\" (Danny Saber Remix featuring Justin Warfield, performed by CJ Bolland) – 4:57\n \"Try to Say Goodbye\" (performed by Jory Eve) – 3:35\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\n143 Records singles\n1998 songs\n1999 singles\nJennifer Love Hewitt songs\nI Know What You Did Last Summer (franchise)\nMusic videos directed by Joseph Kahn\nSong recordings produced by Bruce Fairbairn\nSong recordings produced by David Foster\nSongs written for films\nWarner Records singles" ]

[ "Alison Maria Krauss (born July 23, 1971) is an American bluegrass-country singer and musician. She entered the music industry at an early age, winning local contests by the age of 10 and recording for the first time at 14. She signed with Rounder Records in 1985 and released her first solo album in 1987.", "She signed with Rounder Records in 1985 and released her first solo album in 1987. She was invited to join the band with which she still performs, Alison Krauss and Union Station, and later released her first album with them as a group in 1989.", "She was invited to join the band with which she still performs, Alison Krauss and Union Station, and later released her first album with them as a group in 1989. Krauss has released fourteen albums, appeared on numerous soundtracks, and sparked a renewed interest in bluegrass music in the United States.", "Krauss has released fourteen albums, appeared on numerous soundtracks, and sparked a renewed interest in bluegrass music in the United States. Her soundtrack performances have led to further popularity, including the O Brother, Where Art Thou? soundtrack, and the Cold Mountain soundtrack, which led to her performance at the 2004 Academy Awards.", "soundtrack, and the Cold Mountain soundtrack, which led to her performance at the 2004 Academy Awards. As of 2019, she has won 27 Grammy Awards from 42 nominations, ranking her fourth behind Beyoncé, Quincy Jones and classical conductor Georg Solti for most Grammy Award wins overall.", "As of 2019, she has won 27 Grammy Awards from 42 nominations, ranking her fourth behind Beyoncé, Quincy Jones and classical conductor Georg Solti for most Grammy Award wins overall. Krauss was the most awarded singer and the most awarded female artist in Grammy history until Beyoncé won her 28th Grammy in 2021.", "Krauss was the most awarded singer and the most awarded female artist in Grammy history until Beyoncé won her 28th Grammy in 2021. When Krauss won her first Grammy in 1991, she was the second-youngest winner at that time. On November 21, 2019, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts.", "On November 21, 2019, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts. She was inducted into the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame in September 2021. Early life Alison Maria Krauss was born in Decatur, Illinois, to Fred and Louise Krauss.", "Early life Alison Maria Krauss was born in Decatur, Illinois, to Fred and Louise Krauss. Her father was a German immigrant who came to the United States in 1952 at age 12, and taught his native language while he earned a doctorate in psychology. He later went into the business of real estate.", "He later went into the business of real estate. Her mother, an American of German and Italian descent, is the daughter of artists, and works as an illustrator of magazines and textbooks. Fred and Louise met while they were studying at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.", "Fred and Louise met while they were studying at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. After a brief residence in nearby Decatur, the family settled in Champaign, where Krauss was raised with her older brother, Viktor.", "After a brief residence in nearby Decatur, the family settled in Champaign, where Krauss was raised with her older brother, Viktor. Krauss's mother played banjo and acoustic guitar, so Krauss was exposed to folk music at home, and she heard rock and pop music on the radio: she liked Gary Numan's synth-pop song \"Cars\", and rock bands such as Foreigner, Bad Company, and Electric Light Orchestra.", "Krauss's mother played banjo and acoustic guitar, so Krauss was exposed to folk music at home, and she heard rock and pop music on the radio: she liked Gary Numan's synth-pop song \"Cars\", and rock bands such as Foreigner, Bad Company, and Electric Light Orchestra. Her brother Viktor played piano and double bass in high school, launching a career as a jazz and rock multi-instrumentalist.", "Her brother Viktor played piano and double bass in high school, launching a career as a jazz and rock multi-instrumentalist. At her mother's insistence, Krauss began studying classical violin at age five. Krauss was reluctant to spend time practicing, but she continued with classical lessons until she was eleven.", "Krauss was reluctant to spend time practicing, but she continued with classical lessons until she was eleven. Krauss said her mother \"tried to find interesting things for me to do\" and \"wanted to get me involved in music, in addition to art and sports\".", "Krauss said her mother \"tried to find interesting things for me to do\" and \"wanted to get me involved in music, in addition to art and sports\". Krauss was also very active in roller skating, and in her teens she finally decided on a career in music rather than roller derby.", "Krauss was also very active in roller skating, and in her teens she finally decided on a career in music rather than roller derby. In mid-1979, Krauss's mother saw a notice for an upcoming fiddle competition at the Champaign County Fair, so she bought a bluegrass fiddle instruction book and the 1977 bluegrass album Duets by violinist Richard Greene.", "In mid-1979, Krauss's mother saw a notice for an upcoming fiddle competition at the Champaign County Fair, so she bought a bluegrass fiddle instruction book and the 1977 bluegrass album Duets by violinist Richard Greene. Krauss learned by ear to play several songs from the album, including \"Tennessee Waltz\" which she practiced on violin with her mother accompanying on guitar.", "Krauss learned by ear to play several songs from the album, including \"Tennessee Waltz\" which she practiced on violin with her mother accompanying on guitar. Krauss entered the talent contest in the novice category at the age of eight, placing fourth.", "Krauss entered the talent contest in the novice category at the age of eight, placing fourth. (This is where she first met fiddler Andrea Zonn who won the junior division at age 10.)", "(This is where she first met fiddler Andrea Zonn who won the junior division at age 10.) Krauss investigated the bluegrass genre more thoroughly after this, and she developed a knack for learning complex riffs by ear, quickly turning them into her own version.", "Krauss investigated the bluegrass genre more thoroughly after this, and she developed a knack for learning complex riffs by ear, quickly turning them into her own version. In 1981–82, Krauss performed with Marvin Lee Flessner's country dance band in which she fiddled and sang.", "In 1981–82, Krauss performed with Marvin Lee Flessner's country dance band in which she fiddled and sang. In September 1983, her parents bought her a custom violin made by hand in Missouri – her first adult-sized instrument.", "In September 1983, her parents bought her a custom violin made by hand in Missouri – her first adult-sized instrument. At 13, she won the Walnut Valley Festival Fiddle Championship, and the Society for the Preservation of Bluegrass in America named her the \"Most Promising Fiddler in the Midwest\".", "At 13, she won the Walnut Valley Festival Fiddle Championship, and the Society for the Preservation of Bluegrass in America named her the \"Most Promising Fiddler in the Midwest\". She was also called \"virtuoso\" by Vanity Fair magazine. Krauss first met Dan Tyminski around 1984 at a festival held by the Society.", "Krauss first met Dan Tyminski around 1984 at a festival held by the Society. Every current member of her band, Union Station, first met her at these festivals.", "Every current member of her band, Union Station, first met her at these festivals. 1985–1991: Early career Krauss made her recording debut in 1986 on the independent album, Different Strokes, in collaboration with Swamp Weiss and Jim Hoiles, and featuring her brother Viktor Krauss.", "1985–1991: Early career Krauss made her recording debut in 1986 on the independent album, Different Strokes, in collaboration with Swamp Weiss and Jim Hoiles, and featuring her brother Viktor Krauss. From the age of 12 she performed with bassist and songwriter John Pennell in a band called \"Silver Rail\", replacing Andrea Zonn.", "From the age of 12 she performed with bassist and songwriter John Pennell in a band called \"Silver Rail\", replacing Andrea Zonn. Pennell later changed the band's name to Union Station after another band was discovered with the name Silver Rail.", "Pennell later changed the band's name to Union Station after another band was discovered with the name Silver Rail. Later that year, she signed to Rounder Records, and in 1987, at 16, she released her debut album Too Late to Cry with Union Station as her backup band.", "Later that year, she signed to Rounder Records, and in 1987, at 16, she released her debut album Too Late to Cry with Union Station as her backup band. Krauss' debut solo album was quickly followed by her first group album with Union Station in 1989, Two Highways.", "Krauss' debut solo album was quickly followed by her first group album with Union Station in 1989, Two Highways. The album includes the traditional tunes \"Wild Bill Jones\" and \"Beaumont Rag\", along with a bluegrass interpretation of the Allman Brothers' \"Midnight Rider\".", "The album includes the traditional tunes \"Wild Bill Jones\" and \"Beaumont Rag\", along with a bluegrass interpretation of the Allman Brothers' \"Midnight Rider\". Krauss' contract with Rounder required her to alternate between releasing a solo album and an album with Union Station, and she released the solo album I've Got That Old Feeling in 1990.", "Krauss' contract with Rounder required her to alternate between releasing a solo album and an album with Union Station, and she released the solo album I've Got That Old Feeling in 1990. It was her first album to rise onto the Billboard charts, peaking in the top seventy-five on the country chart.", "It was her first album to rise onto the Billboard charts, peaking in the top seventy-five on the country chart. The album also was a notable point in her career as she earned her first Grammy Award, the single \"Steel Rails\" was her first single tracked by Billboard, and the title single \"I've Got That Old Feeling\" was the first song for which she recorded a music video.", "The album also was a notable point in her career as she earned her first Grammy Award, the single \"Steel Rails\" was her first single tracked by Billboard, and the title single \"I've Got That Old Feeling\" was the first song for which she recorded a music video. 1992–1999: Rising success Krauss' second Union Station album Every Time You Say Goodbye was released in 1992, and she went on to win her second Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album of the year.", "1992–1999: Rising success Krauss' second Union Station album Every Time You Say Goodbye was released in 1992, and she went on to win her second Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album of the year. She then joined the Grand Ole Opry in 1993 at the age of 21.", "She then joined the Grand Ole Opry in 1993 at the age of 21. She was the youngest cast member at the time, and the first bluegrass artist to join the Opry in 29 years. She also collaborated on a project with the Cox Family in 1994, a bluegrass album called I Know Who Holds Tomorrow.", "She also collaborated on a project with the Cox Family in 1994, a bluegrass album called I Know Who Holds Tomorrow. Mandolin and guitar player Dan Tyminski replaced Tim Stafford in Union Station in 1994.", "Mandolin and guitar player Dan Tyminski replaced Tim Stafford in Union Station in 1994. Late in the year, Krauss recorded with the band Shenandoah on its single \"Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart\", which brought her to the country music Top Ten for the first time and it won the Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals.", "Late in the year, Krauss recorded with the band Shenandoah on its single \"Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart\", which brought her to the country music Top Ten for the first time and it won the Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals. Also in 1994, Krauss collaborated with Suzy Bogguss, Kathy Mattea, and Crosby, Stills, and Nash to contribute \"Teach Your Children\" to the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Country produced by the Red Hot Organization.", "Also in 1994, Krauss collaborated with Suzy Bogguss, Kathy Mattea, and Crosby, Stills, and Nash to contribute \"Teach Your Children\" to the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Country produced by the Red Hot Organization. In 1997, she recorded vocals and violin for \"Half a Mind\", on Tommy Shaw's 7 Deadly Zens album.", "In 1997, she recorded vocals and violin for \"Half a Mind\", on Tommy Shaw's 7 Deadly Zens album. Now That I've Found You: A Collection, a compilation of older releases and some covers of her favorite works by other artists, was released in 1995.", "Now That I've Found You: A Collection, a compilation of older releases and some covers of her favorite works by other artists, was released in 1995. Some of these covers include Bad Company's \"Oh Atlanta\", the Foundations' & Dan Schafer's \"Baby, Now That I've Found You\", which was used in the Australian hit comedy movie The Castle, and the Beatles' \"I Will\" with Tony Furtado.", "Some of these covers include Bad Company's \"Oh Atlanta\", the Foundations' & Dan Schafer's \"Baby, Now That I've Found You\", which was used in the Australian hit comedy movie The Castle, and the Beatles' \"I Will\" with Tony Furtado. A cover of Keith Whitley's \"When You Say Nothing at All\" reached number three on the Billboard country chart; the album peaked in the top fifteen on the all-genre Billboard 200 chart, and sold two million copies to become Krauss' first double-platinum album.", "A cover of Keith Whitley's \"When You Say Nothing at All\" reached number three on the Billboard country chart; the album peaked in the top fifteen on the all-genre Billboard 200 chart, and sold two million copies to become Krauss' first double-platinum album. Krauss also was nominated for four Country Music Association Awards and won all of them.", "Krauss also was nominated for four Country Music Association Awards and won all of them. So Long So Wrong, another Union Station album, was released in 1997 and won the Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album.", "So Long So Wrong, another Union Station album, was released in 1997 and won the Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album. One critic said its sound was \"rather untraditional\" and \"likely [to] change quite a few ... minds about bluegrass\".", "One critic said its sound was \"rather untraditional\" and \"likely [to] change quite a few ... minds about bluegrass\". Included on the album is the track \"It Doesn't Matter\", which was featured in the second-season premiere episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer and was included on the Buffy soundtrack in 1999.", "Included on the album is the track \"It Doesn't Matter\", which was featured in the second-season premiere episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer and was included on the Buffy soundtrack in 1999. Her next solo release in 1999, Forget About It, included one of her two tracks to appear on the Billboard adult contemporary chart, \"Stay\".", "Her next solo release in 1999, Forget About It, included one of her two tracks to appear on the Billboard adult contemporary chart, \"Stay\". The album was certified gold and charted within the top seventy-five of the Billboard 200 and in the top five of the country chart.", "The album was certified gold and charted within the top seventy-five of the Billboard 200 and in the top five of the country chart. In addition, the track \"That Kind of Love\" was included in another episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer.", "In addition, the track \"That Kind of Love\" was included in another episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. 2000–present: Current career Adam Steffey left Union Station in 1998, and was replaced with renowned dobro player Jerry Douglas. Douglas had provided studio back-up to Krauss' records since 1987's Too Late to Cry.", "Douglas had provided studio back-up to Krauss' records since 1987's Too Late to Cry. Their next album, New Favorite, was released on August 14, 2001. The album went on to win the Grammy for Best Bluegrass Album, with the single \"The Lucky One\" winning a Grammy as well.", "The album went on to win the Grammy for Best Bluegrass Album, with the single \"The Lucky One\" winning a Grammy as well. New Favorite was followed up by the double platinum double album Live in 2002 and a release of a DVD of the same live performance in 2003.", "New Favorite was followed up by the double platinum double album Live in 2002 and a release of a DVD of the same live performance in 2003. Both the album and the DVD were recorded during a performance at The Louisville Palace and both the album and DVD have been certified double Platinum.", "Both the album and the DVD were recorded during a performance at The Louisville Palace and both the album and DVD have been certified double Platinum. Also in 2002 she played a singing voice for one of the characters in the animated comedy film Eight Crazy Nights.", "Also in 2002 she played a singing voice for one of the characters in the animated comedy film Eight Crazy Nights. Lonely Runs Both Ways was released in 2004, and eventually became another Alison Krauss & Union Station gold certified album.", "Lonely Runs Both Ways was released in 2004, and eventually became another Alison Krauss & Union Station gold certified album. Ron Block described Lonely Runs Both Ways as \"pretty much... what we've always done\" in terms of song selection and the style, in which those songs were recorded.", "Ron Block described Lonely Runs Both Ways as \"pretty much... what we've always done\" in terms of song selection and the style, in which those songs were recorded. Krauss believes the group \"was probably the most unprepared we've ever been\" for the album and that songs were chosen as needed rather than planned beforehand.", "Krauss believes the group \"was probably the most unprepared we've ever been\" for the album and that songs were chosen as needed rather than planned beforehand. She also performed a duet with Brad Paisley on his album Mud on the Tires in the single \"Whiskey Lullaby\".", "She also performed a duet with Brad Paisley on his album Mud on the Tires in the single \"Whiskey Lullaby\". The single was quickly ranked in the top fifty of the Billboard Hot 100 and the top five of the Hot Country Songs, and won the Country Music Association Awards for \"Best Musical Event\" and \"Best Music Video\" of the year.", "The single was quickly ranked in the top fifty of the Billboard Hot 100 and the top five of the Hot Country Songs, and won the Country Music Association Awards for \"Best Musical Event\" and \"Best Music Video\" of the year. In 2007, Krauss and Robert Plant released the collaborative album titled Raising Sand.", "In 2007, Krauss and Robert Plant released the collaborative album titled Raising Sand. RIAA-certified platinum, the album was nominated for and won 5 Grammy Awards at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year, Best Contemporary Folk/Americana Album, and Record of the Year (\"Please Read the Letter\").", "RIAA-certified platinum, the album was nominated for and won 5 Grammy Awards at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year, Best Contemporary Folk/Americana Album, and Record of the Year (\"Please Read the Letter\"). Krauss and Plant recorded a Crossroads special in October 2007 for the Country Music Television network, which first aired on February 12, 2008.", "Krauss and Plant recorded a Crossroads special in October 2007 for the Country Music Television network, which first aired on February 12, 2008. Returning with Union Station, Krauss released an album called Paper Airplane on April 12, 2011, the follow-up album to Lonely Runs Both Ways (2004).", "Returning with Union Station, Krauss released an album called Paper Airplane on April 12, 2011, the follow-up album to Lonely Runs Both Ways (2004). Mike Shipley, the recording and mixing engineer for the album, said that the album had a lengthy production time because of Krauss' non-stop migraines.", "Mike Shipley, the recording and mixing engineer for the album, said that the album had a lengthy production time because of Krauss' non-stop migraines. Nevertheless, Paper Airplane became Krauss's highest-charting album in the U.S., reaching number three on the Billboard 200 on topping both the country and bluegrass album charts.", "Nevertheless, Paper Airplane became Krauss's highest-charting album in the U.S., reaching number three on the Billboard 200 on topping both the country and bluegrass album charts. In 2014, Krauss and her band Union Station toured with Willie Nelson and Family, with special guests Kacey Musgraves, and the Devil Makes Three.", "In 2014, Krauss and her band Union Station toured with Willie Nelson and Family, with special guests Kacey Musgraves, and the Devil Makes Three. Capitol Records released Windy City, an album of country and bluegrass classics, produced by Buddy Cannon and her first solo release in 17 years, on February 17, 2017.", "Capitol Records released Windy City, an album of country and bluegrass classics, produced by Buddy Cannon and her first solo release in 17 years, on February 17, 2017. Krauss received two nominations at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Country Solo Performance and Best American Roots Performance.", "Krauss received two nominations at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Country Solo Performance and Best American Roots Performance. In August 2021, Krauss announced she was releasing a sequel album to Raising Sand with Robert Plant called Raise the Roof. In addition to the album, Krauss and Plant are planning a 2022 tour.", "In addition to the album, Krauss and Plant are planning a 2022 tour. Other work Krauss has made guest appearances on other records on lead vocals, harmony vocals, and fiddle. In 1987, at the age of 15, she played fiddle on the album The Western Illinois Rag by Americana musician Chris Vallillo.", "In 1987, at the age of 15, she played fiddle on the album The Western Illinois Rag by Americana musician Chris Vallillo. In 1993 she recorded vocals for the Phish song \"If I Could\" in Los Angeles.", "In 1993 she recorded vocals for the Phish song \"If I Could\" in Los Angeles. In 1997 she sang harmony vocals in both English and Irish on the album Runaway Sunday by Irish traditional band Altan. In 1998 she played and sang on the title track of Hawaiian slack-key artist Ledward Kaapana's album, Waltz of the Wind.", "In 1998 she played and sang on the title track of Hawaiian slack-key artist Ledward Kaapana's album, Waltz of the Wind. Krauss had her only number one hit in 2000, receiving vocal credit for \"Buy Me a Rose\". She has contributed to numerous motion picture soundtracks, most notably O Brother, Where Art Thou?", "She has contributed to numerous motion picture soundtracks, most notably O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000). She and Dan Tyminski contributed multiple tracks, including \"I'll Fly Away\" (with Gillian Welch), \"Down to the River to Pray\", and \"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow\".", "She and Dan Tyminski contributed multiple tracks, including \"I'll Fly Away\" (with Gillian Welch), \"Down to the River to Pray\", and \"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow\". In the film, Tyminski's vocals on \"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow\" were used for George Clooney's character.", "In the film, Tyminski's vocals on \"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow\" were used for George Clooney's character. The soundtrack sold over seven million copies and won the Grammy for Album of the Year in 2002. Both Krauss and the surprisingly popular album were credited with reviving interest in bluegrass.", "Both Krauss and the surprisingly popular album were credited with reviving interest in bluegrass. She has said, however, that she believes Americans already liked bluegrass and other less-heard musical genres, and that the film merely provided easy exposure to the music.", "She has said, however, that she believes Americans already liked bluegrass and other less-heard musical genres, and that the film merely provided easy exposure to the music. She did not appear in the movie, at her own request, because she was pregnant during its filming.", "She did not appear in the movie, at her own request, because she was pregnant during its filming. In 2007, Krauss released A Hundred Miles or More: A Collection, an album of new songs, soundtrack tunes, and duets with artists such as John Waite, James Taylor, Brad Paisley, and Natalie MacMaster.", "In 2007, Krauss released A Hundred Miles or More: A Collection, an album of new songs, soundtrack tunes, and duets with artists such as John Waite, James Taylor, Brad Paisley, and Natalie MacMaster. The album was successful commercially but given a lukewarm reception by critics.", "The album was successful commercially but given a lukewarm reception by critics. One of the tracks, \"Missing You\", a duet with Waite (and a cover of his hit single from 1984), was similarly received as a single.", "One of the tracks, \"Missing You\", a duet with Waite (and a cover of his hit single from 1984), was similarly received as a single. On August 11, television network Great American Country aired a one-hour special, Alison Krauss: A Hundred Miles or More, based on the album.", "On August 11, television network Great American Country aired a one-hour special, Alison Krauss: A Hundred Miles or More, based on the album. Krauss appeared on Heart's March 2010 concert DVD Night at Sky Church, providing the lead vocals for the song \"These Dreams\".", "Krauss appeared on Heart's March 2010 concert DVD Night at Sky Church, providing the lead vocals for the song \"These Dreams\". Other soundtracks for which Krauss has performed include Twister, The Prince of Egypt, Eight Crazy Nights, Mona Lisa Smile, Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood, Alias, Bambi II and Cold Mountain.", "Other soundtracks for which Krauss has performed include Twister, The Prince of Egypt, Eight Crazy Nights, Mona Lisa Smile, Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood, Alias, Bambi II and Cold Mountain. She contributed \"Jubilee\" to the 2004 documentary Paper Clips.", "She contributed \"Jubilee\" to the 2004 documentary Paper Clips. The Cold Mountain songs she sang, \"The Scarlet Tide\" with T Bone Burnett and Elvis Costello, and \"You Will Be My Ain True Love\" with Sting, were each nominated for an Academy Award.", "The Cold Mountain songs she sang, \"The Scarlet Tide\" with T Bone Burnett and Elvis Costello, and \"You Will Be My Ain True Love\" with Sting, were each nominated for an Academy Award. She performed both songs at the 76th Academy Awards, the first with Costello and Burnett, and the other with Sting.", "She performed both songs at the 76th Academy Awards, the first with Costello and Burnett, and the other with Sting. She produced Nickel Creek's debut album (2000) and the follow-up This Side (2002), which won Krauss her first Grammy award as a producer.", "She produced Nickel Creek's debut album (2000) and the follow-up This Side (2002), which won Krauss her first Grammy award as a producer. Krauss performed on Moody Bluegrass: A Nashville Tribute to the Moody Blues.", "Krauss performed on Moody Bluegrass: A Nashville Tribute to the Moody Blues. She participated in Billy Childs' 2014 tribute album to Laura Nyro, Map to the Treasure: Reimagining Laura Nyro, performing on the track \"And When I Die\".", "She participated in Billy Childs' 2014 tribute album to Laura Nyro, Map to the Treasure: Reimagining Laura Nyro, performing on the track \"And When I Die\". Reception and influences Krauss' earliest musical experience was as an instrumentalist, though her style has grown to focus more on her vocals with a band providing most of the instrumentation.", "Reception and influences Krauss' earliest musical experience was as an instrumentalist, though her style has grown to focus more on her vocals with a band providing most of the instrumentation. Musicians she enjoys include vocalists Lou Gramm of Foreigner and Paul Rodgers of Bad Company.", "Musicians she enjoys include vocalists Lou Gramm of Foreigner and Paul Rodgers of Bad Company. Krauss' family listened to \"folk records\" while she was growing up, but she had friends who exposed her to groups such as AC/DC, Carly Simon, the Rolling Stones, Lynyrd Skynyrd, and ELO.", "Krauss' family listened to \"folk records\" while she was growing up, but she had friends who exposed her to groups such as AC/DC, Carly Simon, the Rolling Stones, Lynyrd Skynyrd, and ELO. She cites Dolly Parton, with whom she has since collaborated a number of times, as a major influence.", "She cites Dolly Parton, with whom she has since collaborated a number of times, as a major influence. Some credit Krauss and Union Station, at least partially, with a recent revival of interest in bluegrass music in the United States.", "Some credit Krauss and Union Station, at least partially, with a recent revival of interest in bluegrass music in the United States. Despite being together for nearly two decades and winning numerous awards, she said the group was \"just beginning right now\" (in 2002) because \"in spite of all the great things that have happened for the band, [she] feel[s] musically it's just really beginning\".", "Despite being together for nearly two decades and winning numerous awards, she said the group was \"just beginning right now\" (in 2002) because \"in spite of all the great things that have happened for the band, [she] feel[s] musically it's just really beginning\". Although she alternates between solo releases and works with the band, she has said there is no difference in her involvement between the two.", "Although she alternates between solo releases and works with the band, she has said there is no difference in her involvement between the two. As a group, AKUS have been called \"American favourites\", \"world-beaters\", and \"the tightest band around\".", "As a group, AKUS have been called \"American favourites\", \"world-beaters\", and \"the tightest band around\". While they have been successful as a group, many reviews note Krauss still \"remains the undisputed star and rock-solid foundation\" and have described her as the \"band's focus\" with an \"angelic\" voice that \"flows like honey\".", "While they have been successful as a group, many reviews note Krauss still \"remains the undisputed star and rock-solid foundation\" and have described her as the \"band's focus\" with an \"angelic\" voice that \"flows like honey\". Her work has been compared to that of the Cox Family, Bill Monroe, and Del McCoury, and has in turn been credited with influencing various \"Newgrass\" artists including Nickel Creek, for which she acted as record producer on two of their albums.", "Her work has been compared to that of the Cox Family, Bill Monroe, and Del McCoury, and has in turn been credited with influencing various \"Newgrass\" artists including Nickel Creek, for which she acted as record producer on two of their albums. In addition to her work with Nickel Creek, she has acted as producer to the Cox Family, Reba McEntire and Alan Jackson.", "In addition to her work with Nickel Creek, she has acted as producer to the Cox Family, Reba McEntire and Alan Jackson. Adam Sweeting of The Guardian has said Krauss and Union Station are \"superb, when they stick to hoedowns and hillbilly music, but much less convincing, when they lurch towards the middle of the road\".", "Adam Sweeting of The Guardian has said Krauss and Union Station are \"superb, when they stick to hoedowns and hillbilly music, but much less convincing, when they lurch towards the middle of the road\". Blender magazine has said the \"flavorless repertoire [Krauss] sings... steers her toward Lite FM\".", "Blender magazine has said the \"flavorless repertoire [Krauss] sings... steers her toward Lite FM\". In addition, Q magazine and The Onion AV Club have said their newer releases are \"pretty much the usual\", and that although Krauss is generally \"adventurous\", these recent releases contain nothing to \"alienate the masses\".", "In addition, Q magazine and The Onion AV Club have said their newer releases are \"pretty much the usual\", and that although Krauss is generally \"adventurous\", these recent releases contain nothing to \"alienate the masses\". Voice, themes, and musical style Krauss possesses a soprano voice, which has been described as \"angelic\".", "Voice, themes, and musical style Krauss possesses a soprano voice, which has been described as \"angelic\". She has said her musical influences include J. D. Crowe, Ricky Skaggs, and Tony Rice. Many of her songs are described as sad, and are often about love, especially lost love.", "Many of her songs are described as sad, and are often about love, especially lost love. Though Krauss has a close involvement with her group and a long career in music, she rarely performs music she has written herself.", "Though Krauss has a close involvement with her group and a long career in music, she rarely performs music she has written herself. She has also described her general approach to constructing an album as starting with a single song and selecting other tracks based on the first, to give the final album a somewhat consistent theme and mood.", "She has also described her general approach to constructing an album as starting with a single song and selecting other tracks based on the first, to give the final album a somewhat consistent theme and mood. She most commonly performs in the bluegrass and country genres, though she has had two songs on the adult contemporary charts, has worked with rock artists such as Phish and Sting, and is sometimes said to stray into pop music.", "She most commonly performs in the bluegrass and country genres, though she has had two songs on the adult contemporary charts, has worked with rock artists such as Phish and Sting, and is sometimes said to stray into pop music. Music videos Krauss did not think she would make music videos at the beginning of her career.", "Music videos Krauss did not think she would make music videos at the beginning of her career. After recording her first she was convinced it was so bad that she would never do another. Nonetheless, she has continued to make further videos. Many of the first videos she saw were by bluegrass artists.", "Many of the first videos she saw were by bluegrass artists. Dan Tyminski has noted that the video for Thriller was very popular at the time she was first exposed to music videos. She has made suggestions on the style or theme to some videos, though she tends to leave such decisions to the director of the particular video.", "She has made suggestions on the style or theme to some videos, though she tends to leave such decisions to the director of the particular video. The group chooses directors by seeking out people who have previously directed videos that band members have enjoyed.", "The group chooses directors by seeking out people who have previously directed videos that band members have enjoyed. The director for a video to \"If I Didn't Know Any Better\" from Lonely Runs Both Ways, for example, was selected because Krauss enjoyed work he had done with Def Leppard and, she wondered, what he could do with their music.", "The director for a video to \"If I Didn't Know Any Better\" from Lonely Runs Both Ways, for example, was selected because Krauss enjoyed work he had done with Def Leppard and, she wondered, what he could do with their music. While style decisions are generally left to the various directors of the videos, many – including for \"The Lucky One\", \"Restless\", \"Goodbye is All We Have\", \"New Favorite\", and \"If I Didn't Know Any Better\" – follow a pattern.", "While style decisions are generally left to the various directors of the videos, many – including for \"The Lucky One\", \"Restless\", \"Goodbye is All We Have\", \"New Favorite\", and \"If I Didn't Know Any Better\" – follow a pattern. In all of these videos Krauss walks, sometimes interacting with other people, while the rest of the band follows her.", "In all of these videos Krauss walks, sometimes interacting with other people, while the rest of the band follows her. Performances Krauss has said she used to dislike working in the studio, where she had to perform the same song repeatedly, but has come to like studio work roughly the same as live stage performances.", "Performances Krauss has said she used to dislike working in the studio, where she had to perform the same song repeatedly, but has come to like studio work roughly the same as live stage performances. Her own favorite concert experiences include watching three Foreigner concerts during a single tour, a Dolly Parton concert, and a Larry Sparks concert.", "Her own favorite concert experiences include watching three Foreigner concerts during a single tour, a Dolly Parton concert, and a Larry Sparks concert. She appeared on Austin City Limits in 1992 and opened the show in 1995 with Union Station.", "She appeared on Austin City Limits in 1992 and opened the show in 1995 with Union Station. The New Favorite tour, after AKUS' album of the same name, was planned to start September 12, 2001 in Cincinnati, Ohio, but was delayed until September 28 in Savannah, Georgia following the September 11 terrorist attacks.", "The New Favorite tour, after AKUS' album of the same name, was planned to start September 12, 2001 in Cincinnati, Ohio, but was delayed until September 28 in Savannah, Georgia following the September 11 terrorist attacks. Krauss took part in the Down from the Mountain tour in 2002, which featured many artists from the O Brother, Where Art Thou soundtrack.", "Krauss took part in the Down from the Mountain tour in 2002, which featured many artists from the O Brother, Where Art Thou soundtrack. Down from the Mountain was followed by the Great High Mountain Tour, which was composed of musicians from both O Brother and Cold Mountain, including Krauss.", "Down from the Mountain was followed by the Great High Mountain Tour, which was composed of musicians from both O Brother and Cold Mountain, including Krauss. She has also given several notable smaller performances including at Carnegie Hall (with the Grand Ole Opry), on Lifetime Television in a concert of female performers, on the radio show A Prairie Home Companion, where she sang two songs not previously recorded on any of her albums, and a performance at the White House attended by then-President Bill Clinton and then-Vice President Al Gore.", "She has also given several notable smaller performances including at Carnegie Hall (with the Grand Ole Opry), on Lifetime Television in a concert of female performers, on the radio show A Prairie Home Companion, where she sang two songs not previously recorded on any of her albums, and a performance at the White House attended by then-President Bill Clinton and then-Vice President Al Gore. She has also been in the White House again, performing the song \"When You Say Nothing at All\" at country music performances.", "She has also been in the White House again, performing the song \"When You Say Nothing at All\" at country music performances. She also performed a tribute to the Everly Brothers at which she sang \"All I Have to Do is Dream\" with Emmylou Harris and \"When Will I Be Loved\" with Vince Gill.", "She also performed a tribute to the Everly Brothers at which she sang \"All I Have to Do is Dream\" with Emmylou Harris and \"When Will I Be Loved\" with Vince Gill. She was also invited by Taylor Swift to perform with her at the 2013 CMA's and by Joshua Bell to perform with him on a Christmas album; Bell said that \"she (Krauss) is someone I've adored for so many years now\".", "She was also invited by Taylor Swift to perform with her at the 2013 CMA's and by Joshua Bell to perform with him on a Christmas album; Bell said that \"she (Krauss) is someone I've adored for so many years now\". She performed at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C. on January 10, 2015, as a part of \"The Life and Songs of Emmylou Harris: An All Star Concert Celebration\" which is a tribute to Emmylou Harris.", "She performed at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C. on January 10, 2015, as a part of \"The Life and Songs of Emmylou Harris: An All Star Concert Celebration\" which is a tribute to Emmylou Harris. Awards and honors Krauss has won twenty-seven Grammy Awards over the course of her career as a solo artist, as a group with Union Station, as a duet with Robert Plant, and as a record producer.", "Awards and honors Krauss has won twenty-seven Grammy Awards over the course of her career as a solo artist, as a group with Union Station, as a duet with Robert Plant, and as a record producer. As of 2021, she ranks fourth on the list of winners of the most Grammy Awards.", "As of 2021, she ranks fourth on the list of winners of the most Grammy Awards. She overtook Aretha Franklin for the most female wins at the 46th Grammy Awards, where Krauss won three, bringing her total at the time to seventeen (Franklin won her sixteenth that night).", "She overtook Aretha Franklin for the most female wins at the 46th Grammy Awards, where Krauss won three, bringing her total at the time to seventeen (Franklin won her sixteenth that night). The Recording Academy (which presents the Grammy Awards) presented her with a special musical achievement honor in 2005.", "The Recording Academy (which presents the Grammy Awards) presented her with a special musical achievement honor in 2005. She has also won 14 International Bluegrass Music Association Awards, 9 Country Music Association Awards, 2 Gospel Music Association Awards, 2 CMT Music Awards, 2 Academy of Country Music Awards, and 1 Canadian Country Music Award.", "She has also won 14 International Bluegrass Music Association Awards, 9 Country Music Association Awards, 2 Gospel Music Association Awards, 2 CMT Music Awards, 2 Academy of Country Music Awards, and 1 Canadian Country Music Award. Country Music Television ranked Krauss 12th on their \"40 Greatest Women of Country Music\" list in 2002.", "Country Music Television ranked Krauss 12th on their \"40 Greatest Women of Country Music\" list in 2002. At the 76th Academy Awards in February 2004, where she performed two nominated songs from the Cold Mountain soundtrack, Krauss was chosen by Hollywood shoe designer Stuart Weitzman to wear a pair of $2 million 'Cinderella' sandals with 4½ inch clear glass stiletto heels and two straps adorned with 565 Kwiat diamonds set in platinum.", "At the 76th Academy Awards in February 2004, where she performed two nominated songs from the Cold Mountain soundtrack, Krauss was chosen by Hollywood shoe designer Stuart Weitzman to wear a pair of $2 million 'Cinderella' sandals with 4½ inch clear glass stiletto heels and two straps adorned with 565 Kwiat diamonds set in platinum. Feeling like a rather unglamorous choice, Krauss said, \"When I first heard, I was like, 'What were they thinking?'", "Feeling like a rather unglamorous choice, Krauss said, \"When I first heard, I was like, 'What were they thinking?' I have the worst feet of anybody who will be there that night!\"", "I have the worst feet of anybody who will be there that night!\" In addition to the fairy-tale-inspired shoes, Weitzman outfitted Krauss with a Palm Trēo 600 smartphone, bejeweled with 3,000 clear-and-topaz-colored Swarovski crystals. The shoes were returned, but Krauss kept the crystal-covered phone.", "The shoes were returned, but Krauss kept the crystal-covered phone. Weitzman chose Krauss to show off his fashions at the urging of his daughters, who are fans of Krauss' music. In May 2012, Alison Krauss was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music.", "In May 2012, Alison Krauss was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music. In March 2015, her hometown of Champaign, Illinois, designated the 400 block of West Hill Street as \"Honorary Alison Krauss Way\". Personal life Krauss was married to musician Pat Bergeson from 1997 to 2001.", "Personal life Krauss was married to musician Pat Bergeson from 1997 to 2001. Their son, Sam, was born in July 1999.", "Their son, Sam, was born in July 1999. Discography Studio albums 1986: Different Strokes (with Jim Hoiles and Swamp Weiss) 1987: Too Late to Cry 1989: Two Highways (with Union Station) 1990: I've Got That Old Feeling 1992: Every Time You Say Goodbye (with Union Station) 1994: I Know Who Holds Tomorrow (with the Cox Family) 1997: So Long So Wrong (with Union Station) 1999: Forget About It 2001: New Favorite (with Union Station) 2004: Lonely Runs Both Ways (with Union Station) 2007: Raising Sand (with Robert Plant) 2011: Paper Airplane (with Union Station) 2017: Windy City 2021: Raise the Roof (with Robert Plant) Filmography Notes a.", "Discography Studio albums 1986: Different Strokes (with Jim Hoiles and Swamp Weiss) 1987: Too Late to Cry 1989: Two Highways (with Union Station) 1990: I've Got That Old Feeling 1992: Every Time You Say Goodbye (with Union Station) 1994: I Know Who Holds Tomorrow (with the Cox Family) 1997: So Long So Wrong (with Union Station) 1999: Forget About It 2001: New Favorite (with Union Station) 2004: Lonely Runs Both Ways (with Union Station) 2007: Raising Sand (with Robert Plant) 2011: Paper Airplane (with Union Station) 2017: Windy City 2021: Raise the Roof (with Robert Plant) Filmography Notes a. Sources vary on birth place; see talk page discussion References External links Rounder Records site for Alison Krauss [ Alison Krauss] on Allmusic database 1971 births Living people Union Station (band) members American bluegrass fiddlers American women country singers Grammy Award winners Musicians from Champaign, Illinois American people of German descent American people of Italian descent Grand Ole Opry members American performers of Christian music American sopranos Rounder Records artists Musicians from Decatur, Illinois 20th-century American singers 20th-century American women singers 21st-century American singers 21st-century American women singers Country musicians from Illinois United States National Medal of Arts recipients" ]

[ "Alison Krauss", "1992-1999: Rising success", "what happened in 1992", "Krauss' second Union Station album Every Time You Say Goodbye was released in 1992,", "how did it do", "she went on to win her second Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album of the year.", "what were some songs on it", "I don't know." ]

[ "Don Juan Manuel's Tales of Count Lucanor, in Spanish Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio (Book of the Examples of Count Lucanor and of Patronio), also commonly known as El Conde Lucanor, Libro de Patronio, or Libro de los ejemplos (original Old Castilian: Libro de los enxiemplos del Conde Lucanor et de Patronio), is one of the earliest works of prose in Castilian Spanish. It was first written in 1335.\n\nThe book is divided into four parts. The first and most well-known part is a series of 51 short stories (some no more than a page or two) drawn from various sources, such as Aesop and other classical writers, and Arabic folktales.\n\nTales of Count Lucanor was first printed in 1575 when it was published at Seville under the auspices of Argote de Molina. It was again printed at Madrid in 1642, after which it lay forgotten for nearly two centuries.\n\nPurpose and structure\n\nA didactic, moralistic purpose, which would color so much of the Spanish literature to follow (see Novela picaresca), is the mark of this book. Count Lucanor engages in conversation with his advisor Patronio, putting to him a problem (\"Some man has made me a proposition...\" or \"I fear that such and such person intends to...\") and asking for advice. Patronio responds always with the greatest humility, claiming not to wish to offer advice to so illustrious a person as the Count, but offering to tell him a story of which the Count's problem reminds him. (Thus, the stories are \"examples\" [ejemplos] of wise action.) At the end he advises the Count to do as the protagonist of his story did.\n\nEach chapter ends in more or less the same way, with slight variations on: \"And this pleased the Count greatly and he did just so, and found it well. And Don Johán (Juan) saw that this example was very good, and had it written in this book, and composed the following verses.\" A rhymed couplet closes, giving the moral of the story.\n\nOrigin of stories and influence on later literature\nMany of the stories written in the book are the first examples written in a modern European language of various stories, which many other writers would use in the proceeding centuries. Many of the stories he included were themselves derived from other stories, coming from western and Arab sources.\n\nShakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew has the basic elements of Tale 35, \"What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\".\n\nTale 32, \"What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth\" tells the story that Hans Christian Andersen made popular as The Emperor's New Clothes.\n\nStory 7, \"What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana\", a version of Aesop's The Milkmaid and Her Pail, was claimed by Max Müller to originate in the Hindu cycle Panchatantra.\n\nTale 2, \"What happened to a good Man and his Son, leading a beast to market,\" is the familiar fable The miller, his son and the donkey.\n\nIn 2016, Baroque Decay released a game under the name \"The Count Lucanor\". As well as some protagonists' names, certain events from the books inspired past events in the game.\n\nThe stories\n\nThe book opens with a prologue which introduces the characters of the Count and Patronio. The titles in the following list are those given in Keller and Keating's 1977 translation into English. James York's 1868 translation into English gives a significantly different ordering of the stories and omits the fifty-first.\n\n What Happened to a King and His Favorite \n What Happened to a Good Man and His Son \n How King Richard of England Leapt into the Sea against the Moors\n What a Genoese Said to His Soul When He Was about to Die \n What Happened to a Fox and a Crow Who Had a Piece of Cheese in His Beak\n How the Swallow Warned the Other Birds When She Saw Flax Being Sown \n What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana \n What Happened to a Man Whose Liver Had to Be Washed \n What Happened to Two Horses Which Were Thrown to the Lion \n What Happened to a Man Who on Account of Poverty and Lack of Other Food Was Eating Bitter Lentils \n What Happened to a Dean of Santiago de Compostela and Don Yllán, the Grand Master of Toledo\n What Happened to the Fox and the Rooster \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Hunting Partridges \n The Miracle of Saint Dominick When He Preached against the Usurer \n What Happened to Lorenzo Suárez at the Siege of Seville \n The Reply that count Fernán González Gave to His Relative Núño Laynes \n What Happened to a Very Hungry Man Who Was Half-heartedly Invited to Dinner \n What Happened to Pero Meléndez de Valdés When He Broke His Leg \n What Happened to the Crows and the Owls \n What Happened to a King for Whom a Man Promised to Perform Alchemy \n What Happened to a Young King and a Philosopher to Whom his Father Commended Him \n What Happened to the Lion and the Bull \n How the Ants Provide for Themselves \n What Happened to the King Who Wanted to Test His Three Sons \n What Happened to the Count of Provence and How He Was Freed from Prison by the Advice of Saladin\n What Happened to the Tree of Lies \n What Happened to an Emperor and to Don Alvarfáñez Minaya and Their Wives \n What Happened in Granada to Don Lorenzo Suárez Gallinato When He Beheaded the Renegade Chaplain \n What Happened to a Fox Who Lay down in the Street to Play Dead \n What Happened to King Abenabet of Seville and Ramayquía His Wife \n How a Cardinal Judged between the Canons of Paris and the Friars Minor \n What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth \n What Happened to Don Juan Manuel's Saker Falcon and an Eagle and a Heron \n What Happened to a Blind Man Who Was Leading Another \n What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\n What Happened to a Merchant When He Found His Son and His Wife Sleeping Together \n What Happened to Count Fernán González with His Men after He Had Won the Battle of Hacinas \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Loaded down with Precious Stones and Drowned in the River \n What Happened to a Man and a Swallow and a Sparrow \n Why the Seneschal of Carcassonne Lost His Soul \n What Happened to a King of Córdova Named Al-Haquem \n What Happened to a Woman of Sham Piety \n What Happened to Good and Evil and the Wise Man and the Madman \n What Happened to Don Pero Núñez the Loyal, to Don Ruy González de Zavallos, and to Don Gutier Roiz de Blaguiello with Don Rodrigo the Generous \n What Happened to a Man Who Became the Devil's Friend and Vassal \n What Happened to a Philosopher who by Accident Went down a Street Where Prostitutes Lived \n What Befell a Moor and His Sister Who Pretended That She Was Timid \n What Happened to a Man Who Tested His Friends \n What Happened to the Man Whom They Cast out Naked on an Island When They Took away from Him the Kingdom He Ruled \n What Happened to Saladin and a Lady, the Wife of a Knight Who Was His Vassal \n What Happened to a Christian King Who Was Very Powerful and Haughty\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n Sturm, Harlan\n\n Wacks, David\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Internet Archive provides free access to the 1868 translation by James York.\nJSTOR has the to the 1977 translation by Keller and Keating.\nSelections in English and Spanish (pedagogical edition) with introduction, notes, and bibliography in Open Iberia/América (open access teaching anthology)\n\n14th-century books\nSpanish literature\n1335 books", "\"What Happened to Us\" is a song by Australian recording artist Jessica Mauboy, featuring English recording artist Jay Sean. It was written by Sean, Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim and Israel Cruz. \"What Happened to Us\" was leaked online in October 2010, and was released on 10 March 2011, as the third single from Mauboy's second studio album, Get 'Em Girls (2010). The song received positive reviews from critics.\n\nA remix of \"What Happened to Us\" made by production team OFM, was released on 11 April 2011. A different version of the song which features Stan Walker, was released on 29 May 2011. \"What Happened to Us\" charted on the ARIA Singles Chart at number 14 and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). An accompanying music video was directed by Mark Alston, and reminisces on a former relationship between Mauboy and Sean.\n\nProduction and release\n\n\"What Happened to Us\" was written by Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz and Jay Sean. It was produced by Skaller, Cruz, Rohaim and Bobby Bass. The song uses C, D, and B minor chords in the chorus. \"What Happened to Us\" was sent to contemporary hit radio in Australia on 14 February 2011. The cover art for the song was revealed on 22 February on Mauboy's official Facebook page. A CD release was available for purchase via her official website on 10 March, for one week only. It was released digitally the following day.\n\nReception\nMajhid Heath from ABC Online Indigenous called the song a \"Jordin Sparks-esque duet\", and wrote that it \"has a nice innocence to it that rings true to the experience of losing a first love.\" Chris Urankar from Nine to Five wrote that it as a \"mid-tempo duet ballad\" which signifies Mauboy's strength as a global player. On 21 March 2011, \"What Happened to Us\" debuted at number 30 on the ARIA Singles Chart, and peaked at number 14 the following week. The song was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), for selling 70,000 copies. \"What Happened to Us\" spent a total of ten weeks in the ARIA top fifty.\n\nMusic video\n\nBackground\nThe music video for the song was shot in the Elizabeth Bay House in Sydney on 26 November 2010. The video was shot during Sean's visit to Australia for the Summerbeatz tour. During an interview with The Daily Telegraph while on the set of the video, Sean said \"the song is sick! ... Jessica's voice is amazing and we're shooting [the video] in this ridiculously beautiful mansion overlooking the harbour.\" The video was directed by Mark Alston, who had previously directed the video for Mauboy's single \"Let Me Be Me\" (2009). It premiered on YouTube on 10 February 2011.\n\nSynopsis and reception\nThe video begins showing Mauboy who appears to be sitting on a yellow antique couch in a mansion, wearing a purple dress. As the video progresses, scenes of memories are displayed of Mauboy and her love interest, played by Sean, spending time there previously. It then cuts to the scenes where Sean appears in the main entrance room of the mansion. The final scene shows Mauboy outdoors in a gold dress, surrounded by green grass and trees. She is later joined by Sean who appears in a black suit and a white shirt, and together they sing the chorus of the song to each other. David Lim of Feed Limmy wrote that the video is \"easily the best thing our R&B princess has committed to film – ever\" and praised the \"mansion and wondrous interior décor\". He also commended Mauboy for choosing Australian talent to direct the video instead of American directors, which she had used for her previous two music videos. Since its release, the video has received over two million views on Vevo.\n\nLive performances\nMauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" live for the first time during her YouTube Live Sessions program on 4 December 2010. She also appeared on Adam Hills in Gordon Street Tonight on 23 February 2011 for an interview and later performed the song. On 15 March 2011, Mauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Sunrise. She also performed the song with Stan Walker during the Australian leg of Chris Brown's F.A.M.E. Tour in April 2011. Mauboy and Walker later performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Dancing with the Stars Australia on 29 May 2011. From November 2013 to February 2014, \"What Happened to Us\" was part of the set list of the To the End of the Earth Tour, Mauboy's second headlining tour of Australia, with Nathaniel Willemse singing Sean's part.\n\nTrack listing\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Just Witness Remix) – 3:45\n\nCD single\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Album Version) – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:39\n\nDigital download – Remix\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:38\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Stan Walker – 3:20\n\nPersonnel\nSongwriting – Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz, Jay Sean\nProduction – Jeremy Skaller, Bobby Bass\nAdditional production – Israel Cruz, Khaled Rohaim\nLead vocals – Jessica Mauboy, Jay Sean\nMixing – Phil Tan\nAdditional mixing – Damien Lewis\nMastering – Tom Coyne \nSource:\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly chart\n\nYear-end chart\n\nCertification\n\nRadio dates and release history\n\nReferences\n\n2010 songs\n2011 singles\nJessica Mauboy songs\nJay Sean songs\nSongs written by Billy Steinberg\nSongs written by Jay Sean\nSongs written by Josh Alexander\nSongs written by Israel Cruz\nVocal duets\nSony Music Australia singles\nSongs written by Khaled Rohaim" ]

[ "Alison Maria Krauss (born July 23, 1971) is an American bluegrass-country singer and musician. She entered the music industry at an early age, winning local contests by the age of 10 and recording for the first time at 14. She signed with Rounder Records in 1985 and released her first solo album in 1987.", "She signed with Rounder Records in 1985 and released her first solo album in 1987. She was invited to join the band with which she still performs, Alison Krauss and Union Station, and later released her first album with them as a group in 1989.", "She was invited to join the band with which she still performs, Alison Krauss and Union Station, and later released her first album with them as a group in 1989. Krauss has released fourteen albums, appeared on numerous soundtracks, and sparked a renewed interest in bluegrass music in the United States.", "Krauss has released fourteen albums, appeared on numerous soundtracks, and sparked a renewed interest in bluegrass music in the United States. Her soundtrack performances have led to further popularity, including the O Brother, Where Art Thou? soundtrack, and the Cold Mountain soundtrack, which led to her performance at the 2004 Academy Awards.", "soundtrack, and the Cold Mountain soundtrack, which led to her performance at the 2004 Academy Awards. As of 2019, she has won 27 Grammy Awards from 42 nominations, ranking her fourth behind Beyoncé, Quincy Jones and classical conductor Georg Solti for most Grammy Award wins overall.", "As of 2019, she has won 27 Grammy Awards from 42 nominations, ranking her fourth behind Beyoncé, Quincy Jones and classical conductor Georg Solti for most Grammy Award wins overall. Krauss was the most awarded singer and the most awarded female artist in Grammy history until Beyoncé won her 28th Grammy in 2021.", "Krauss was the most awarded singer and the most awarded female artist in Grammy history until Beyoncé won her 28th Grammy in 2021. When Krauss won her first Grammy in 1991, she was the second-youngest winner at that time. On November 21, 2019, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts.", "On November 21, 2019, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts. She was inducted into the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame in September 2021. Early life Alison Maria Krauss was born in Decatur, Illinois, to Fred and Louise Krauss.", "Early life Alison Maria Krauss was born in Decatur, Illinois, to Fred and Louise Krauss. Her father was a German immigrant who came to the United States in 1952 at age 12, and taught his native language while he earned a doctorate in psychology. He later went into the business of real estate.", "He later went into the business of real estate. Her mother, an American of German and Italian descent, is the daughter of artists, and works as an illustrator of magazines and textbooks. Fred and Louise met while they were studying at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.", "Fred and Louise met while they were studying at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. After a brief residence in nearby Decatur, the family settled in Champaign, where Krauss was raised with her older brother, Viktor.", "After a brief residence in nearby Decatur, the family settled in Champaign, where Krauss was raised with her older brother, Viktor. Krauss's mother played banjo and acoustic guitar, so Krauss was exposed to folk music at home, and she heard rock and pop music on the radio: she liked Gary Numan's synth-pop song \"Cars\", and rock bands such as Foreigner, Bad Company, and Electric Light Orchestra.", "Krauss's mother played banjo and acoustic guitar, so Krauss was exposed to folk music at home, and she heard rock and pop music on the radio: she liked Gary Numan's synth-pop song \"Cars\", and rock bands such as Foreigner, Bad Company, and Electric Light Orchestra. Her brother Viktor played piano and double bass in high school, launching a career as a jazz and rock multi-instrumentalist.", "Her brother Viktor played piano and double bass in high school, launching a career as a jazz and rock multi-instrumentalist. At her mother's insistence, Krauss began studying classical violin at age five. Krauss was reluctant to spend time practicing, but she continued with classical lessons until she was eleven.", "Krauss was reluctant to spend time practicing, but she continued with classical lessons until she was eleven. Krauss said her mother \"tried to find interesting things for me to do\" and \"wanted to get me involved in music, in addition to art and sports\".", "Krauss said her mother \"tried to find interesting things for me to do\" and \"wanted to get me involved in music, in addition to art and sports\". Krauss was also very active in roller skating, and in her teens she finally decided on a career in music rather than roller derby.", "Krauss was also very active in roller skating, and in her teens she finally decided on a career in music rather than roller derby. In mid-1979, Krauss's mother saw a notice for an upcoming fiddle competition at the Champaign County Fair, so she bought a bluegrass fiddle instruction book and the 1977 bluegrass album Duets by violinist Richard Greene.", "In mid-1979, Krauss's mother saw a notice for an upcoming fiddle competition at the Champaign County Fair, so she bought a bluegrass fiddle instruction book and the 1977 bluegrass album Duets by violinist Richard Greene. Krauss learned by ear to play several songs from the album, including \"Tennessee Waltz\" which she practiced on violin with her mother accompanying on guitar.", "Krauss learned by ear to play several songs from the album, including \"Tennessee Waltz\" which she practiced on violin with her mother accompanying on guitar. Krauss entered the talent contest in the novice category at the age of eight, placing fourth.", "Krauss entered the talent contest in the novice category at the age of eight, placing fourth. (This is where she first met fiddler Andrea Zonn who won the junior division at age 10.)", "(This is where she first met fiddler Andrea Zonn who won the junior division at age 10.) Krauss investigated the bluegrass genre more thoroughly after this, and she developed a knack for learning complex riffs by ear, quickly turning them into her own version.", "Krauss investigated the bluegrass genre more thoroughly after this, and she developed a knack for learning complex riffs by ear, quickly turning them into her own version. In 1981–82, Krauss performed with Marvin Lee Flessner's country dance band in which she fiddled and sang.", "In 1981–82, Krauss performed with Marvin Lee Flessner's country dance band in which she fiddled and sang. In September 1983, her parents bought her a custom violin made by hand in Missouri – her first adult-sized instrument.", "In September 1983, her parents bought her a custom violin made by hand in Missouri – her first adult-sized instrument. At 13, she won the Walnut Valley Festival Fiddle Championship, and the Society for the Preservation of Bluegrass in America named her the \"Most Promising Fiddler in the Midwest\".", "At 13, she won the Walnut Valley Festival Fiddle Championship, and the Society for the Preservation of Bluegrass in America named her the \"Most Promising Fiddler in the Midwest\". She was also called \"virtuoso\" by Vanity Fair magazine. Krauss first met Dan Tyminski around 1984 at a festival held by the Society.", "Krauss first met Dan Tyminski around 1984 at a festival held by the Society. Every current member of her band, Union Station, first met her at these festivals.", "Every current member of her band, Union Station, first met her at these festivals. 1985–1991: Early career Krauss made her recording debut in 1986 on the independent album, Different Strokes, in collaboration with Swamp Weiss and Jim Hoiles, and featuring her brother Viktor Krauss.", "1985–1991: Early career Krauss made her recording debut in 1986 on the independent album, Different Strokes, in collaboration with Swamp Weiss and Jim Hoiles, and featuring her brother Viktor Krauss. From the age of 12 she performed with bassist and songwriter John Pennell in a band called \"Silver Rail\", replacing Andrea Zonn.", "From the age of 12 she performed with bassist and songwriter John Pennell in a band called \"Silver Rail\", replacing Andrea Zonn. Pennell later changed the band's name to Union Station after another band was discovered with the name Silver Rail.", "Pennell later changed the band's name to Union Station after another band was discovered with the name Silver Rail. Later that year, she signed to Rounder Records, and in 1987, at 16, she released her debut album Too Late to Cry with Union Station as her backup band.", "Later that year, she signed to Rounder Records, and in 1987, at 16, she released her debut album Too Late to Cry with Union Station as her backup band. Krauss' debut solo album was quickly followed by her first group album with Union Station in 1989, Two Highways.", "Krauss' debut solo album was quickly followed by her first group album with Union Station in 1989, Two Highways. The album includes the traditional tunes \"Wild Bill Jones\" and \"Beaumont Rag\", along with a bluegrass interpretation of the Allman Brothers' \"Midnight Rider\".", "The album includes the traditional tunes \"Wild Bill Jones\" and \"Beaumont Rag\", along with a bluegrass interpretation of the Allman Brothers' \"Midnight Rider\". Krauss' contract with Rounder required her to alternate between releasing a solo album and an album with Union Station, and she released the solo album I've Got That Old Feeling in 1990.", "Krauss' contract with Rounder required her to alternate between releasing a solo album and an album with Union Station, and she released the solo album I've Got That Old Feeling in 1990. It was her first album to rise onto the Billboard charts, peaking in the top seventy-five on the country chart.", "It was her first album to rise onto the Billboard charts, peaking in the top seventy-five on the country chart. The album also was a notable point in her career as she earned her first Grammy Award, the single \"Steel Rails\" was her first single tracked by Billboard, and the title single \"I've Got That Old Feeling\" was the first song for which she recorded a music video.", "The album also was a notable point in her career as she earned her first Grammy Award, the single \"Steel Rails\" was her first single tracked by Billboard, and the title single \"I've Got That Old Feeling\" was the first song for which she recorded a music video. 1992–1999: Rising success Krauss' second Union Station album Every Time You Say Goodbye was released in 1992, and she went on to win her second Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album of the year.", "1992–1999: Rising success Krauss' second Union Station album Every Time You Say Goodbye was released in 1992, and she went on to win her second Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album of the year. She then joined the Grand Ole Opry in 1993 at the age of 21.", "She then joined the Grand Ole Opry in 1993 at the age of 21. She was the youngest cast member at the time, and the first bluegrass artist to join the Opry in 29 years. She also collaborated on a project with the Cox Family in 1994, a bluegrass album called I Know Who Holds Tomorrow.", "She also collaborated on a project with the Cox Family in 1994, a bluegrass album called I Know Who Holds Tomorrow. Mandolin and guitar player Dan Tyminski replaced Tim Stafford in Union Station in 1994.", "Mandolin and guitar player Dan Tyminski replaced Tim Stafford in Union Station in 1994. Late in the year, Krauss recorded with the band Shenandoah on its single \"Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart\", which brought her to the country music Top Ten for the first time and it won the Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals.", "Late in the year, Krauss recorded with the band Shenandoah on its single \"Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart\", which brought her to the country music Top Ten for the first time and it won the Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals. Also in 1994, Krauss collaborated with Suzy Bogguss, Kathy Mattea, and Crosby, Stills, and Nash to contribute \"Teach Your Children\" to the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Country produced by the Red Hot Organization.", "Also in 1994, Krauss collaborated with Suzy Bogguss, Kathy Mattea, and Crosby, Stills, and Nash to contribute \"Teach Your Children\" to the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Country produced by the Red Hot Organization. In 1997, she recorded vocals and violin for \"Half a Mind\", on Tommy Shaw's 7 Deadly Zens album.", "In 1997, she recorded vocals and violin for \"Half a Mind\", on Tommy Shaw's 7 Deadly Zens album. Now That I've Found You: A Collection, a compilation of older releases and some covers of her favorite works by other artists, was released in 1995.", "Now That I've Found You: A Collection, a compilation of older releases and some covers of her favorite works by other artists, was released in 1995. Some of these covers include Bad Company's \"Oh Atlanta\", the Foundations' & Dan Schafer's \"Baby, Now That I've Found You\", which was used in the Australian hit comedy movie The Castle, and the Beatles' \"I Will\" with Tony Furtado.", "Some of these covers include Bad Company's \"Oh Atlanta\", the Foundations' & Dan Schafer's \"Baby, Now That I've Found You\", which was used in the Australian hit comedy movie The Castle, and the Beatles' \"I Will\" with Tony Furtado. A cover of Keith Whitley's \"When You Say Nothing at All\" reached number three on the Billboard country chart; the album peaked in the top fifteen on the all-genre Billboard 200 chart, and sold two million copies to become Krauss' first double-platinum album.", "A cover of Keith Whitley's \"When You Say Nothing at All\" reached number three on the Billboard country chart; the album peaked in the top fifteen on the all-genre Billboard 200 chart, and sold two million copies to become Krauss' first double-platinum album. Krauss also was nominated for four Country Music Association Awards and won all of them.", "Krauss also was nominated for four Country Music Association Awards and won all of them. So Long So Wrong, another Union Station album, was released in 1997 and won the Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album.", "So Long So Wrong, another Union Station album, was released in 1997 and won the Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album. One critic said its sound was \"rather untraditional\" and \"likely [to] change quite a few ... minds about bluegrass\".", "One critic said its sound was \"rather untraditional\" and \"likely [to] change quite a few ... minds about bluegrass\". Included on the album is the track \"It Doesn't Matter\", which was featured in the second-season premiere episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer and was included on the Buffy soundtrack in 1999.", "Included on the album is the track \"It Doesn't Matter\", which was featured in the second-season premiere episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer and was included on the Buffy soundtrack in 1999. Her next solo release in 1999, Forget About It, included one of her two tracks to appear on the Billboard adult contemporary chart, \"Stay\".", "Her next solo release in 1999, Forget About It, included one of her two tracks to appear on the Billboard adult contemporary chart, \"Stay\". The album was certified gold and charted within the top seventy-five of the Billboard 200 and in the top five of the country chart.", "The album was certified gold and charted within the top seventy-five of the Billboard 200 and in the top five of the country chart. In addition, the track \"That Kind of Love\" was included in another episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer.", "In addition, the track \"That Kind of Love\" was included in another episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. 2000–present: Current career Adam Steffey left Union Station in 1998, and was replaced with renowned dobro player Jerry Douglas. Douglas had provided studio back-up to Krauss' records since 1987's Too Late to Cry.", "Douglas had provided studio back-up to Krauss' records since 1987's Too Late to Cry. Their next album, New Favorite, was released on August 14, 2001. The album went on to win the Grammy for Best Bluegrass Album, with the single \"The Lucky One\" winning a Grammy as well.", "The album went on to win the Grammy for Best Bluegrass Album, with the single \"The Lucky One\" winning a Grammy as well. New Favorite was followed up by the double platinum double album Live in 2002 and a release of a DVD of the same live performance in 2003.", "New Favorite was followed up by the double platinum double album Live in 2002 and a release of a DVD of the same live performance in 2003. Both the album and the DVD were recorded during a performance at The Louisville Palace and both the album and DVD have been certified double Platinum.", "Both the album and the DVD were recorded during a performance at The Louisville Palace and both the album and DVD have been certified double Platinum. Also in 2002 she played a singing voice for one of the characters in the animated comedy film Eight Crazy Nights.", "Also in 2002 she played a singing voice for one of the characters in the animated comedy film Eight Crazy Nights. Lonely Runs Both Ways was released in 2004, and eventually became another Alison Krauss & Union Station gold certified album.", "Lonely Runs Both Ways was released in 2004, and eventually became another Alison Krauss & Union Station gold certified album. Ron Block described Lonely Runs Both Ways as \"pretty much... what we've always done\" in terms of song selection and the style, in which those songs were recorded.", "Ron Block described Lonely Runs Both Ways as \"pretty much... what we've always done\" in terms of song selection and the style, in which those songs were recorded. Krauss believes the group \"was probably the most unprepared we've ever been\" for the album and that songs were chosen as needed rather than planned beforehand.", "Krauss believes the group \"was probably the most unprepared we've ever been\" for the album and that songs were chosen as needed rather than planned beforehand. She also performed a duet with Brad Paisley on his album Mud on the Tires in the single \"Whiskey Lullaby\".", "She also performed a duet with Brad Paisley on his album Mud on the Tires in the single \"Whiskey Lullaby\". The single was quickly ranked in the top fifty of the Billboard Hot 100 and the top five of the Hot Country Songs, and won the Country Music Association Awards for \"Best Musical Event\" and \"Best Music Video\" of the year.", "The single was quickly ranked in the top fifty of the Billboard Hot 100 and the top five of the Hot Country Songs, and won the Country Music Association Awards for \"Best Musical Event\" and \"Best Music Video\" of the year. In 2007, Krauss and Robert Plant released the collaborative album titled Raising Sand.", "In 2007, Krauss and Robert Plant released the collaborative album titled Raising Sand. RIAA-certified platinum, the album was nominated for and won 5 Grammy Awards at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year, Best Contemporary Folk/Americana Album, and Record of the Year (\"Please Read the Letter\").", "RIAA-certified platinum, the album was nominated for and won 5 Grammy Awards at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year, Best Contemporary Folk/Americana Album, and Record of the Year (\"Please Read the Letter\"). Krauss and Plant recorded a Crossroads special in October 2007 for the Country Music Television network, which first aired on February 12, 2008.", "Krauss and Plant recorded a Crossroads special in October 2007 for the Country Music Television network, which first aired on February 12, 2008. Returning with Union Station, Krauss released an album called Paper Airplane on April 12, 2011, the follow-up album to Lonely Runs Both Ways (2004).", "Returning with Union Station, Krauss released an album called Paper Airplane on April 12, 2011, the follow-up album to Lonely Runs Both Ways (2004). Mike Shipley, the recording and mixing engineer for the album, said that the album had a lengthy production time because of Krauss' non-stop migraines.", "Mike Shipley, the recording and mixing engineer for the album, said that the album had a lengthy production time because of Krauss' non-stop migraines. Nevertheless, Paper Airplane became Krauss's highest-charting album in the U.S., reaching number three on the Billboard 200 on topping both the country and bluegrass album charts.", "Nevertheless, Paper Airplane became Krauss's highest-charting album in the U.S., reaching number three on the Billboard 200 on topping both the country and bluegrass album charts. In 2014, Krauss and her band Union Station toured with Willie Nelson and Family, with special guests Kacey Musgraves, and the Devil Makes Three.", "In 2014, Krauss and her band Union Station toured with Willie Nelson and Family, with special guests Kacey Musgraves, and the Devil Makes Three. Capitol Records released Windy City, an album of country and bluegrass classics, produced by Buddy Cannon and her first solo release in 17 years, on February 17, 2017.", "Capitol Records released Windy City, an album of country and bluegrass classics, produced by Buddy Cannon and her first solo release in 17 years, on February 17, 2017. Krauss received two nominations at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Country Solo Performance and Best American Roots Performance.", "Krauss received two nominations at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Country Solo Performance and Best American Roots Performance. In August 2021, Krauss announced she was releasing a sequel album to Raising Sand with Robert Plant called Raise the Roof. In addition to the album, Krauss and Plant are planning a 2022 tour.", "In addition to the album, Krauss and Plant are planning a 2022 tour. Other work Krauss has made guest appearances on other records on lead vocals, harmony vocals, and fiddle. In 1987, at the age of 15, she played fiddle on the album The Western Illinois Rag by Americana musician Chris Vallillo.", "In 1987, at the age of 15, she played fiddle on the album The Western Illinois Rag by Americana musician Chris Vallillo. In 1993 she recorded vocals for the Phish song \"If I Could\" in Los Angeles.", "In 1993 she recorded vocals for the Phish song \"If I Could\" in Los Angeles. In 1997 she sang harmony vocals in both English and Irish on the album Runaway Sunday by Irish traditional band Altan. In 1998 she played and sang on the title track of Hawaiian slack-key artist Ledward Kaapana's album, Waltz of the Wind.", "In 1998 she played and sang on the title track of Hawaiian slack-key artist Ledward Kaapana's album, Waltz of the Wind. Krauss had her only number one hit in 2000, receiving vocal credit for \"Buy Me a Rose\". She has contributed to numerous motion picture soundtracks, most notably O Brother, Where Art Thou?", "She has contributed to numerous motion picture soundtracks, most notably O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000). She and Dan Tyminski contributed multiple tracks, including \"I'll Fly Away\" (with Gillian Welch), \"Down to the River to Pray\", and \"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow\".", "She and Dan Tyminski contributed multiple tracks, including \"I'll Fly Away\" (with Gillian Welch), \"Down to the River to Pray\", and \"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow\". In the film, Tyminski's vocals on \"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow\" were used for George Clooney's character.", "In the film, Tyminski's vocals on \"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow\" were used for George Clooney's character. The soundtrack sold over seven million copies and won the Grammy for Album of the Year in 2002. Both Krauss and the surprisingly popular album were credited with reviving interest in bluegrass.", "Both Krauss and the surprisingly popular album were credited with reviving interest in bluegrass. She has said, however, that she believes Americans already liked bluegrass and other less-heard musical genres, and that the film merely provided easy exposure to the music.", "She has said, however, that she believes Americans already liked bluegrass and other less-heard musical genres, and that the film merely provided easy exposure to the music. She did not appear in the movie, at her own request, because she was pregnant during its filming.", "She did not appear in the movie, at her own request, because she was pregnant during its filming. In 2007, Krauss released A Hundred Miles or More: A Collection, an album of new songs, soundtrack tunes, and duets with artists such as John Waite, James Taylor, Brad Paisley, and Natalie MacMaster.", "In 2007, Krauss released A Hundred Miles or More: A Collection, an album of new songs, soundtrack tunes, and duets with artists such as John Waite, James Taylor, Brad Paisley, and Natalie MacMaster. The album was successful commercially but given a lukewarm reception by critics.", "The album was successful commercially but given a lukewarm reception by critics. One of the tracks, \"Missing You\", a duet with Waite (and a cover of his hit single from 1984), was similarly received as a single.", "One of the tracks, \"Missing You\", a duet with Waite (and a cover of his hit single from 1984), was similarly received as a single. On August 11, television network Great American Country aired a one-hour special, Alison Krauss: A Hundred Miles or More, based on the album.", "On August 11, television network Great American Country aired a one-hour special, Alison Krauss: A Hundred Miles or More, based on the album. Krauss appeared on Heart's March 2010 concert DVD Night at Sky Church, providing the lead vocals for the song \"These Dreams\".", "Krauss appeared on Heart's March 2010 concert DVD Night at Sky Church, providing the lead vocals for the song \"These Dreams\". Other soundtracks for which Krauss has performed include Twister, The Prince of Egypt, Eight Crazy Nights, Mona Lisa Smile, Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood, Alias, Bambi II and Cold Mountain.", "Other soundtracks for which Krauss has performed include Twister, The Prince of Egypt, Eight Crazy Nights, Mona Lisa Smile, Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood, Alias, Bambi II and Cold Mountain. She contributed \"Jubilee\" to the 2004 documentary Paper Clips.", "She contributed \"Jubilee\" to the 2004 documentary Paper Clips. The Cold Mountain songs she sang, \"The Scarlet Tide\" with T Bone Burnett and Elvis Costello, and \"You Will Be My Ain True Love\" with Sting, were each nominated for an Academy Award.", "The Cold Mountain songs she sang, \"The Scarlet Tide\" with T Bone Burnett and Elvis Costello, and \"You Will Be My Ain True Love\" with Sting, were each nominated for an Academy Award. She performed both songs at the 76th Academy Awards, the first with Costello and Burnett, and the other with Sting.", "She performed both songs at the 76th Academy Awards, the first with Costello and Burnett, and the other with Sting. She produced Nickel Creek's debut album (2000) and the follow-up This Side (2002), which won Krauss her first Grammy award as a producer.", "She produced Nickel Creek's debut album (2000) and the follow-up This Side (2002), which won Krauss her first Grammy award as a producer. Krauss performed on Moody Bluegrass: A Nashville Tribute to the Moody Blues.", "Krauss performed on Moody Bluegrass: A Nashville Tribute to the Moody Blues. She participated in Billy Childs' 2014 tribute album to Laura Nyro, Map to the Treasure: Reimagining Laura Nyro, performing on the track \"And When I Die\".", "She participated in Billy Childs' 2014 tribute album to Laura Nyro, Map to the Treasure: Reimagining Laura Nyro, performing on the track \"And When I Die\". Reception and influences Krauss' earliest musical experience was as an instrumentalist, though her style has grown to focus more on her vocals with a band providing most of the instrumentation.", "Reception and influences Krauss' earliest musical experience was as an instrumentalist, though her style has grown to focus more on her vocals with a band providing most of the instrumentation. Musicians she enjoys include vocalists Lou Gramm of Foreigner and Paul Rodgers of Bad Company.", "Musicians she enjoys include vocalists Lou Gramm of Foreigner and Paul Rodgers of Bad Company. Krauss' family listened to \"folk records\" while she was growing up, but she had friends who exposed her to groups such as AC/DC, Carly Simon, the Rolling Stones, Lynyrd Skynyrd, and ELO.", "Krauss' family listened to \"folk records\" while she was growing up, but she had friends who exposed her to groups such as AC/DC, Carly Simon, the Rolling Stones, Lynyrd Skynyrd, and ELO. She cites Dolly Parton, with whom she has since collaborated a number of times, as a major influence.", "She cites Dolly Parton, with whom she has since collaborated a number of times, as a major influence. Some credit Krauss and Union Station, at least partially, with a recent revival of interest in bluegrass music in the United States.", "Some credit Krauss and Union Station, at least partially, with a recent revival of interest in bluegrass music in the United States. Despite being together for nearly two decades and winning numerous awards, she said the group was \"just beginning right now\" (in 2002) because \"in spite of all the great things that have happened for the band, [she] feel[s] musically it's just really beginning\".", "Despite being together for nearly two decades and winning numerous awards, she said the group was \"just beginning right now\" (in 2002) because \"in spite of all the great things that have happened for the band, [she] feel[s] musically it's just really beginning\". Although she alternates between solo releases and works with the band, she has said there is no difference in her involvement between the two.", "Although she alternates between solo releases and works with the band, she has said there is no difference in her involvement between the two. As a group, AKUS have been called \"American favourites\", \"world-beaters\", and \"the tightest band around\".", "As a group, AKUS have been called \"American favourites\", \"world-beaters\", and \"the tightest band around\". While they have been successful as a group, many reviews note Krauss still \"remains the undisputed star and rock-solid foundation\" and have described her as the \"band's focus\" with an \"angelic\" voice that \"flows like honey\".", "While they have been successful as a group, many reviews note Krauss still \"remains the undisputed star and rock-solid foundation\" and have described her as the \"band's focus\" with an \"angelic\" voice that \"flows like honey\". Her work has been compared to that of the Cox Family, Bill Monroe, and Del McCoury, and has in turn been credited with influencing various \"Newgrass\" artists including Nickel Creek, for which she acted as record producer on two of their albums.", "Her work has been compared to that of the Cox Family, Bill Monroe, and Del McCoury, and has in turn been credited with influencing various \"Newgrass\" artists including Nickel Creek, for which she acted as record producer on two of their albums. In addition to her work with Nickel Creek, she has acted as producer to the Cox Family, Reba McEntire and Alan Jackson.", "In addition to her work with Nickel Creek, she has acted as producer to the Cox Family, Reba McEntire and Alan Jackson. Adam Sweeting of The Guardian has said Krauss and Union Station are \"superb, when they stick to hoedowns and hillbilly music, but much less convincing, when they lurch towards the middle of the road\".", "Adam Sweeting of The Guardian has said Krauss and Union Station are \"superb, when they stick to hoedowns and hillbilly music, but much less convincing, when they lurch towards the middle of the road\". Blender magazine has said the \"flavorless repertoire [Krauss] sings... steers her toward Lite FM\".", "Blender magazine has said the \"flavorless repertoire [Krauss] sings... steers her toward Lite FM\". In addition, Q magazine and The Onion AV Club have said their newer releases are \"pretty much the usual\", and that although Krauss is generally \"adventurous\", these recent releases contain nothing to \"alienate the masses\".", "In addition, Q magazine and The Onion AV Club have said their newer releases are \"pretty much the usual\", and that although Krauss is generally \"adventurous\", these recent releases contain nothing to \"alienate the masses\". Voice, themes, and musical style Krauss possesses a soprano voice, which has been described as \"angelic\".", "Voice, themes, and musical style Krauss possesses a soprano voice, which has been described as \"angelic\". She has said her musical influences include J. D. Crowe, Ricky Skaggs, and Tony Rice. Many of her songs are described as sad, and are often about love, especially lost love.", "Many of her songs are described as sad, and are often about love, especially lost love. Though Krauss has a close involvement with her group and a long career in music, she rarely performs music she has written herself.", "Though Krauss has a close involvement with her group and a long career in music, she rarely performs music she has written herself. She has also described her general approach to constructing an album as starting with a single song and selecting other tracks based on the first, to give the final album a somewhat consistent theme and mood.", "She has also described her general approach to constructing an album as starting with a single song and selecting other tracks based on the first, to give the final album a somewhat consistent theme and mood. She most commonly performs in the bluegrass and country genres, though she has had two songs on the adult contemporary charts, has worked with rock artists such as Phish and Sting, and is sometimes said to stray into pop music.", "She most commonly performs in the bluegrass and country genres, though she has had two songs on the adult contemporary charts, has worked with rock artists such as Phish and Sting, and is sometimes said to stray into pop music. Music videos Krauss did not think she would make music videos at the beginning of her career.", "Music videos Krauss did not think she would make music videos at the beginning of her career. After recording her first she was convinced it was so bad that she would never do another. Nonetheless, she has continued to make further videos. Many of the first videos she saw were by bluegrass artists.", "Many of the first videos she saw were by bluegrass artists. Dan Tyminski has noted that the video for Thriller was very popular at the time she was first exposed to music videos. She has made suggestions on the style or theme to some videos, though she tends to leave such decisions to the director of the particular video.", "She has made suggestions on the style or theme to some videos, though she tends to leave such decisions to the director of the particular video. The group chooses directors by seeking out people who have previously directed videos that band members have enjoyed.", "The group chooses directors by seeking out people who have previously directed videos that band members have enjoyed. The director for a video to \"If I Didn't Know Any Better\" from Lonely Runs Both Ways, for example, was selected because Krauss enjoyed work he had done with Def Leppard and, she wondered, what he could do with their music.", "The director for a video to \"If I Didn't Know Any Better\" from Lonely Runs Both Ways, for example, was selected because Krauss enjoyed work he had done with Def Leppard and, she wondered, what he could do with their music. While style decisions are generally left to the various directors of the videos, many – including for \"The Lucky One\", \"Restless\", \"Goodbye is All We Have\", \"New Favorite\", and \"If I Didn't Know Any Better\" – follow a pattern.", "While style decisions are generally left to the various directors of the videos, many – including for \"The Lucky One\", \"Restless\", \"Goodbye is All We Have\", \"New Favorite\", and \"If I Didn't Know Any Better\" – follow a pattern. In all of these videos Krauss walks, sometimes interacting with other people, while the rest of the band follows her.", "In all of these videos Krauss walks, sometimes interacting with other people, while the rest of the band follows her. Performances Krauss has said she used to dislike working in the studio, where she had to perform the same song repeatedly, but has come to like studio work roughly the same as live stage performances.", "Performances Krauss has said she used to dislike working in the studio, where she had to perform the same song repeatedly, but has come to like studio work roughly the same as live stage performances. Her own favorite concert experiences include watching three Foreigner concerts during a single tour, a Dolly Parton concert, and a Larry Sparks concert.", "Her own favorite concert experiences include watching three Foreigner concerts during a single tour, a Dolly Parton concert, and a Larry Sparks concert. She appeared on Austin City Limits in 1992 and opened the show in 1995 with Union Station.", "She appeared on Austin City Limits in 1992 and opened the show in 1995 with Union Station. The New Favorite tour, after AKUS' album of the same name, was planned to start September 12, 2001 in Cincinnati, Ohio, but was delayed until September 28 in Savannah, Georgia following the September 11 terrorist attacks.", "The New Favorite tour, after AKUS' album of the same name, was planned to start September 12, 2001 in Cincinnati, Ohio, but was delayed until September 28 in Savannah, Georgia following the September 11 terrorist attacks. Krauss took part in the Down from the Mountain tour in 2002, which featured many artists from the O Brother, Where Art Thou soundtrack.", "Krauss took part in the Down from the Mountain tour in 2002, which featured many artists from the O Brother, Where Art Thou soundtrack. Down from the Mountain was followed by the Great High Mountain Tour, which was composed of musicians from both O Brother and Cold Mountain, including Krauss.", "Down from the Mountain was followed by the Great High Mountain Tour, which was composed of musicians from both O Brother and Cold Mountain, including Krauss. She has also given several notable smaller performances including at Carnegie Hall (with the Grand Ole Opry), on Lifetime Television in a concert of female performers, on the radio show A Prairie Home Companion, where she sang two songs not previously recorded on any of her albums, and a performance at the White House attended by then-President Bill Clinton and then-Vice President Al Gore.", "She has also given several notable smaller performances including at Carnegie Hall (with the Grand Ole Opry), on Lifetime Television in a concert of female performers, on the radio show A Prairie Home Companion, where she sang two songs not previously recorded on any of her albums, and a performance at the White House attended by then-President Bill Clinton and then-Vice President Al Gore. She has also been in the White House again, performing the song \"When You Say Nothing at All\" at country music performances.", "She has also been in the White House again, performing the song \"When You Say Nothing at All\" at country music performances. She also performed a tribute to the Everly Brothers at which she sang \"All I Have to Do is Dream\" with Emmylou Harris and \"When Will I Be Loved\" with Vince Gill.", "She also performed a tribute to the Everly Brothers at which she sang \"All I Have to Do is Dream\" with Emmylou Harris and \"When Will I Be Loved\" with Vince Gill. She was also invited by Taylor Swift to perform with her at the 2013 CMA's and by Joshua Bell to perform with him on a Christmas album; Bell said that \"she (Krauss) is someone I've adored for so many years now\".", "She was also invited by Taylor Swift to perform with her at the 2013 CMA's and by Joshua Bell to perform with him on a Christmas album; Bell said that \"she (Krauss) is someone I've adored for so many years now\". She performed at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C. on January 10, 2015, as a part of \"The Life and Songs of Emmylou Harris: An All Star Concert Celebration\" which is a tribute to Emmylou Harris.", "She performed at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C. on January 10, 2015, as a part of \"The Life and Songs of Emmylou Harris: An All Star Concert Celebration\" which is a tribute to Emmylou Harris. Awards and honors Krauss has won twenty-seven Grammy Awards over the course of her career as a solo artist, as a group with Union Station, as a duet with Robert Plant, and as a record producer.", "Awards and honors Krauss has won twenty-seven Grammy Awards over the course of her career as a solo artist, as a group with Union Station, as a duet with Robert Plant, and as a record producer. As of 2021, she ranks fourth on the list of winners of the most Grammy Awards.", "As of 2021, she ranks fourth on the list of winners of the most Grammy Awards. She overtook Aretha Franklin for the most female wins at the 46th Grammy Awards, where Krauss won three, bringing her total at the time to seventeen (Franklin won her sixteenth that night).", "She overtook Aretha Franklin for the most female wins at the 46th Grammy Awards, where Krauss won three, bringing her total at the time to seventeen (Franklin won her sixteenth that night). The Recording Academy (which presents the Grammy Awards) presented her with a special musical achievement honor in 2005.", "The Recording Academy (which presents the Grammy Awards) presented her with a special musical achievement honor in 2005. She has also won 14 International Bluegrass Music Association Awards, 9 Country Music Association Awards, 2 Gospel Music Association Awards, 2 CMT Music Awards, 2 Academy of Country Music Awards, and 1 Canadian Country Music Award.", "She has also won 14 International Bluegrass Music Association Awards, 9 Country Music Association Awards, 2 Gospel Music Association Awards, 2 CMT Music Awards, 2 Academy of Country Music Awards, and 1 Canadian Country Music Award. Country Music Television ranked Krauss 12th on their \"40 Greatest Women of Country Music\" list in 2002.", "Country Music Television ranked Krauss 12th on their \"40 Greatest Women of Country Music\" list in 2002. At the 76th Academy Awards in February 2004, where she performed two nominated songs from the Cold Mountain soundtrack, Krauss was chosen by Hollywood shoe designer Stuart Weitzman to wear a pair of $2 million 'Cinderella' sandals with 4½ inch clear glass stiletto heels and two straps adorned with 565 Kwiat diamonds set in platinum.", "At the 76th Academy Awards in February 2004, where she performed two nominated songs from the Cold Mountain soundtrack, Krauss was chosen by Hollywood shoe designer Stuart Weitzman to wear a pair of $2 million 'Cinderella' sandals with 4½ inch clear glass stiletto heels and two straps adorned with 565 Kwiat diamonds set in platinum. Feeling like a rather unglamorous choice, Krauss said, \"When I first heard, I was like, 'What were they thinking?'", "Feeling like a rather unglamorous choice, Krauss said, \"When I first heard, I was like, 'What were they thinking?' I have the worst feet of anybody who will be there that night!\"", "I have the worst feet of anybody who will be there that night!\" In addition to the fairy-tale-inspired shoes, Weitzman outfitted Krauss with a Palm Trēo 600 smartphone, bejeweled with 3,000 clear-and-topaz-colored Swarovski crystals. The shoes were returned, but Krauss kept the crystal-covered phone.", "The shoes were returned, but Krauss kept the crystal-covered phone. Weitzman chose Krauss to show off his fashions at the urging of his daughters, who are fans of Krauss' music. In May 2012, Alison Krauss was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music.", "In May 2012, Alison Krauss was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music. In March 2015, her hometown of Champaign, Illinois, designated the 400 block of West Hill Street as \"Honorary Alison Krauss Way\". Personal life Krauss was married to musician Pat Bergeson from 1997 to 2001.", "Personal life Krauss was married to musician Pat Bergeson from 1997 to 2001. Their son, Sam, was born in July 1999.", "Their son, Sam, was born in July 1999. Discography Studio albums 1986: Different Strokes (with Jim Hoiles and Swamp Weiss) 1987: Too Late to Cry 1989: Two Highways (with Union Station) 1990: I've Got That Old Feeling 1992: Every Time You Say Goodbye (with Union Station) 1994: I Know Who Holds Tomorrow (with the Cox Family) 1997: So Long So Wrong (with Union Station) 1999: Forget About It 2001: New Favorite (with Union Station) 2004: Lonely Runs Both Ways (with Union Station) 2007: Raising Sand (with Robert Plant) 2011: Paper Airplane (with Union Station) 2017: Windy City 2021: Raise the Roof (with Robert Plant) Filmography Notes a.", "Discography Studio albums 1986: Different Strokes (with Jim Hoiles and Swamp Weiss) 1987: Too Late to Cry 1989: Two Highways (with Union Station) 1990: I've Got That Old Feeling 1992: Every Time You Say Goodbye (with Union Station) 1994: I Know Who Holds Tomorrow (with the Cox Family) 1997: So Long So Wrong (with Union Station) 1999: Forget About It 2001: New Favorite (with Union Station) 2004: Lonely Runs Both Ways (with Union Station) 2007: Raising Sand (with Robert Plant) 2011: Paper Airplane (with Union Station) 2017: Windy City 2021: Raise the Roof (with Robert Plant) Filmography Notes a. Sources vary on birth place; see talk page discussion References External links Rounder Records site for Alison Krauss [ Alison Krauss] on Allmusic database 1971 births Living people Union Station (band) members American bluegrass fiddlers American women country singers Grammy Award winners Musicians from Champaign, Illinois American people of German descent American people of Italian descent Grand Ole Opry members American performers of Christian music American sopranos Rounder Records artists Musicians from Decatur, Illinois 20th-century American singers 20th-century American women singers 21st-century American singers 21st-century American women singers Country musicians from Illinois United States National Medal of Arts recipients" ]

[ "Alison Krauss", "1992-1999: Rising success", "what happened in 1992", "Krauss' second Union Station album Every Time You Say Goodbye was released in 1992,", "how did it do", "she went on to win her second Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album of the year.", "what were some songs on it", "I don't know.", "what happened in 1999", "\"It Doesn't Matter\", which was featured in the second-season premiere episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer" ]

[ "\"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" is a 2010 science fiction/magical realism short story by American writer Harlan Ellison. It was first published in Realms of Fantasy.\n\nPlot summary\nA scientist creates a tiny man. The tiny man is initially very popular, but then draws the hatred of the world, and so the tiny man must flee, together with the scientist (who is now likewise hated, for having created the tiny man).\n\nReception\n\"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" won the 2010 Nebula Award for Best Short Story, tied with Kij Johnson's \"Ponies\". It was Ellison's final Nebula nomination and win, of his record-setting eight nominations and three wins.\n\nTor.com calls the story \"deceptively simple\", with \"execution (that) is flawless\" and a \"Geppetto-like\" narrator, while Publishers Weekly describes it as \"memorably depict(ing) humanity's smallness of spirit\". The SF Site, however, felt it was \"contrived and less than profound\".\n\nNick Mamatas compared \"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" negatively to Ellison's other Nebula-winning short stories, and stated that the story's two mutually exclusive endings (in one, the tiny man is killed; in the other, he becomes God) are evocative of the process of writing short stories. Ben Peek considered it to be \"more allegory than (...) anything else\", and interpreted it as being about how the media \"give(s) everyone a voice\", and also about how Ellison was treated by science fiction fandom.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nAudio version of ''How Interesting: A Tiny Man, at StarShipSofa\nHow Interesting: A Tiny Man, at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database\n\nNebula Award for Best Short Story-winning works\nShort stories by Harlan Ellison", "In baseball, a fair ball is a batted ball that entitles the batter to attempt to reach first base. By contrast, a foul ball is a batted ball that does not entitle the batter to attempt to reach first base. Whether a batted ball is fair or foul is determined by the location of the ball at the appropriate reference point, as follows:\n\n if the ball leaves the playing field without touching anything, the point where the ball leaves the field;\n else, if the ball first lands past first or third base without touching anything, the point where the ball lands;\n else, if the ball rolls or bounces past first or third base without touching anything other than the ground, the point where the ball passes the base;\n else, if the ball touches anything other than the ground (such as an umpire, a player, or any equipment left on the field) before any of the above happens, the point of such touching;\n else (the ball comes to a rest before reaching first or third base), the point where the ball comes to a rest.\n\nIf any part of the ball is on or above fair territory at the appropriate reference point, it is fair; else it is foul. Fair territory or fair ground is defined as the area of the playing field between the two foul lines, and includes the foul lines themselves and the foul poles. However, certain exceptions exist:\n\n A ball that touches first, second, or third base is always fair.\n Under Rule 5.09(a)(7)-(8), if a batted ball touches the batter or his bat while the batter is in the batter's box and not intentionally interfering with the course of the ball, the ball is foul.\n A ball that hits the foul pole without first having touched anything else off the bat is fair.\n Ground rules may provide whether a ball hitting specific objects (e.g. roof, overhead speaker) is fair or foul.\n\nOn a fair ball, the batter attempts to reach first base or any subsequent base, runners attempt to advance and fielders try to record outs. A fair ball is considered a live ball until the ball becomes dead by leaving the field or any other method.\n\nReferences\n\nBaseball rules" ]

[ "Alison Maria Krauss (born July 23, 1971) is an American bluegrass-country singer and musician. She entered the music industry at an early age, winning local contests by the age of 10 and recording for the first time at 14. She signed with Rounder Records in 1985 and released her first solo album in 1987.", "She signed with Rounder Records in 1985 and released her first solo album in 1987. She was invited to join the band with which she still performs, Alison Krauss and Union Station, and later released her first album with them as a group in 1989.", "She was invited to join the band with which she still performs, Alison Krauss and Union Station, and later released her first album with them as a group in 1989. Krauss has released fourteen albums, appeared on numerous soundtracks, and sparked a renewed interest in bluegrass music in the United States.", "Krauss has released fourteen albums, appeared on numerous soundtracks, and sparked a renewed interest in bluegrass music in the United States. Her soundtrack performances have led to further popularity, including the O Brother, Where Art Thou? soundtrack, and the Cold Mountain soundtrack, which led to her performance at the 2004 Academy Awards.", "soundtrack, and the Cold Mountain soundtrack, which led to her performance at the 2004 Academy Awards. As of 2019, she has won 27 Grammy Awards from 42 nominations, ranking her fourth behind Beyoncé, Quincy Jones and classical conductor Georg Solti for most Grammy Award wins overall.", "As of 2019, she has won 27 Grammy Awards from 42 nominations, ranking her fourth behind Beyoncé, Quincy Jones and classical conductor Georg Solti for most Grammy Award wins overall. Krauss was the most awarded singer and the most awarded female artist in Grammy history until Beyoncé won her 28th Grammy in 2021.", "Krauss was the most awarded singer and the most awarded female artist in Grammy history until Beyoncé won her 28th Grammy in 2021. When Krauss won her first Grammy in 1991, she was the second-youngest winner at that time. On November 21, 2019, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts.", "On November 21, 2019, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts. She was inducted into the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame in September 2021. Early life Alison Maria Krauss was born in Decatur, Illinois, to Fred and Louise Krauss.", "Early life Alison Maria Krauss was born in Decatur, Illinois, to Fred and Louise Krauss. Her father was a German immigrant who came to the United States in 1952 at age 12, and taught his native language while he earned a doctorate in psychology. He later went into the business of real estate.", "He later went into the business of real estate. Her mother, an American of German and Italian descent, is the daughter of artists, and works as an illustrator of magazines and textbooks. Fred and Louise met while they were studying at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.", "Fred and Louise met while they were studying at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. After a brief residence in nearby Decatur, the family settled in Champaign, where Krauss was raised with her older brother, Viktor.", "After a brief residence in nearby Decatur, the family settled in Champaign, where Krauss was raised with her older brother, Viktor. Krauss's mother played banjo and acoustic guitar, so Krauss was exposed to folk music at home, and she heard rock and pop music on the radio: she liked Gary Numan's synth-pop song \"Cars\", and rock bands such as Foreigner, Bad Company, and Electric Light Orchestra.", "Krauss's mother played banjo and acoustic guitar, so Krauss was exposed to folk music at home, and she heard rock and pop music on the radio: she liked Gary Numan's synth-pop song \"Cars\", and rock bands such as Foreigner, Bad Company, and Electric Light Orchestra. Her brother Viktor played piano and double bass in high school, launching a career as a jazz and rock multi-instrumentalist.", "Her brother Viktor played piano and double bass in high school, launching a career as a jazz and rock multi-instrumentalist. At her mother's insistence, Krauss began studying classical violin at age five. Krauss was reluctant to spend time practicing, but she continued with classical lessons until she was eleven.", "Krauss was reluctant to spend time practicing, but she continued with classical lessons until she was eleven. Krauss said her mother \"tried to find interesting things for me to do\" and \"wanted to get me involved in music, in addition to art and sports\".", "Krauss said her mother \"tried to find interesting things for me to do\" and \"wanted to get me involved in music, in addition to art and sports\". Krauss was also very active in roller skating, and in her teens she finally decided on a career in music rather than roller derby.", "Krauss was also very active in roller skating, and in her teens she finally decided on a career in music rather than roller derby. In mid-1979, Krauss's mother saw a notice for an upcoming fiddle competition at the Champaign County Fair, so she bought a bluegrass fiddle instruction book and the 1977 bluegrass album Duets by violinist Richard Greene.", "In mid-1979, Krauss's mother saw a notice for an upcoming fiddle competition at the Champaign County Fair, so she bought a bluegrass fiddle instruction book and the 1977 bluegrass album Duets by violinist Richard Greene. Krauss learned by ear to play several songs from the album, including \"Tennessee Waltz\" which she practiced on violin with her mother accompanying on guitar.", "Krauss learned by ear to play several songs from the album, including \"Tennessee Waltz\" which she practiced on violin with her mother accompanying on guitar. Krauss entered the talent contest in the novice category at the age of eight, placing fourth.", "Krauss entered the talent contest in the novice category at the age of eight, placing fourth. (This is where she first met fiddler Andrea Zonn who won the junior division at age 10.)", "(This is where she first met fiddler Andrea Zonn who won the junior division at age 10.) Krauss investigated the bluegrass genre more thoroughly after this, and she developed a knack for learning complex riffs by ear, quickly turning them into her own version.", "Krauss investigated the bluegrass genre more thoroughly after this, and she developed a knack for learning complex riffs by ear, quickly turning them into her own version. In 1981–82, Krauss performed with Marvin Lee Flessner's country dance band in which she fiddled and sang.", "In 1981–82, Krauss performed with Marvin Lee Flessner's country dance band in which she fiddled and sang. In September 1983, her parents bought her a custom violin made by hand in Missouri – her first adult-sized instrument.", "In September 1983, her parents bought her a custom violin made by hand in Missouri – her first adult-sized instrument. At 13, she won the Walnut Valley Festival Fiddle Championship, and the Society for the Preservation of Bluegrass in America named her the \"Most Promising Fiddler in the Midwest\".", "At 13, she won the Walnut Valley Festival Fiddle Championship, and the Society for the Preservation of Bluegrass in America named her the \"Most Promising Fiddler in the Midwest\". She was also called \"virtuoso\" by Vanity Fair magazine. Krauss first met Dan Tyminski around 1984 at a festival held by the Society.", "Krauss first met Dan Tyminski around 1984 at a festival held by the Society. Every current member of her band, Union Station, first met her at these festivals.", "Every current member of her band, Union Station, first met her at these festivals. 1985–1991: Early career Krauss made her recording debut in 1986 on the independent album, Different Strokes, in collaboration with Swamp Weiss and Jim Hoiles, and featuring her brother Viktor Krauss.", "1985–1991: Early career Krauss made her recording debut in 1986 on the independent album, Different Strokes, in collaboration with Swamp Weiss and Jim Hoiles, and featuring her brother Viktor Krauss. From the age of 12 she performed with bassist and songwriter John Pennell in a band called \"Silver Rail\", replacing Andrea Zonn.", "From the age of 12 she performed with bassist and songwriter John Pennell in a band called \"Silver Rail\", replacing Andrea Zonn. Pennell later changed the band's name to Union Station after another band was discovered with the name Silver Rail.", "Pennell later changed the band's name to Union Station after another band was discovered with the name Silver Rail. Later that year, she signed to Rounder Records, and in 1987, at 16, she released her debut album Too Late to Cry with Union Station as her backup band.", "Later that year, she signed to Rounder Records, and in 1987, at 16, she released her debut album Too Late to Cry with Union Station as her backup band. Krauss' debut solo album was quickly followed by her first group album with Union Station in 1989, Two Highways.", "Krauss' debut solo album was quickly followed by her first group album with Union Station in 1989, Two Highways. The album includes the traditional tunes \"Wild Bill Jones\" and \"Beaumont Rag\", along with a bluegrass interpretation of the Allman Brothers' \"Midnight Rider\".", "The album includes the traditional tunes \"Wild Bill Jones\" and \"Beaumont Rag\", along with a bluegrass interpretation of the Allman Brothers' \"Midnight Rider\". Krauss' contract with Rounder required her to alternate between releasing a solo album and an album with Union Station, and she released the solo album I've Got That Old Feeling in 1990.", "Krauss' contract with Rounder required her to alternate between releasing a solo album and an album with Union Station, and she released the solo album I've Got That Old Feeling in 1990. It was her first album to rise onto the Billboard charts, peaking in the top seventy-five on the country chart.", "It was her first album to rise onto the Billboard charts, peaking in the top seventy-five on the country chart. The album also was a notable point in her career as she earned her first Grammy Award, the single \"Steel Rails\" was her first single tracked by Billboard, and the title single \"I've Got That Old Feeling\" was the first song for which she recorded a music video.", "The album also was a notable point in her career as she earned her first Grammy Award, the single \"Steel Rails\" was her first single tracked by Billboard, and the title single \"I've Got That Old Feeling\" was the first song for which she recorded a music video. 1992–1999: Rising success Krauss' second Union Station album Every Time You Say Goodbye was released in 1992, and she went on to win her second Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album of the year.", "1992–1999: Rising success Krauss' second Union Station album Every Time You Say Goodbye was released in 1992, and she went on to win her second Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album of the year. She then joined the Grand Ole Opry in 1993 at the age of 21.", "She then joined the Grand Ole Opry in 1993 at the age of 21. She was the youngest cast member at the time, and the first bluegrass artist to join the Opry in 29 years. She also collaborated on a project with the Cox Family in 1994, a bluegrass album called I Know Who Holds Tomorrow.", "She also collaborated on a project with the Cox Family in 1994, a bluegrass album called I Know Who Holds Tomorrow. Mandolin and guitar player Dan Tyminski replaced Tim Stafford in Union Station in 1994.", "Mandolin and guitar player Dan Tyminski replaced Tim Stafford in Union Station in 1994. Late in the year, Krauss recorded with the band Shenandoah on its single \"Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart\", which brought her to the country music Top Ten for the first time and it won the Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals.", "Late in the year, Krauss recorded with the band Shenandoah on its single \"Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart\", which brought her to the country music Top Ten for the first time and it won the Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals. Also in 1994, Krauss collaborated with Suzy Bogguss, Kathy Mattea, and Crosby, Stills, and Nash to contribute \"Teach Your Children\" to the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Country produced by the Red Hot Organization.", "Also in 1994, Krauss collaborated with Suzy Bogguss, Kathy Mattea, and Crosby, Stills, and Nash to contribute \"Teach Your Children\" to the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Country produced by the Red Hot Organization. In 1997, she recorded vocals and violin for \"Half a Mind\", on Tommy Shaw's 7 Deadly Zens album.", "In 1997, she recorded vocals and violin for \"Half a Mind\", on Tommy Shaw's 7 Deadly Zens album. Now That I've Found You: A Collection, a compilation of older releases and some covers of her favorite works by other artists, was released in 1995.", "Now That I've Found You: A Collection, a compilation of older releases and some covers of her favorite works by other artists, was released in 1995. Some of these covers include Bad Company's \"Oh Atlanta\", the Foundations' & Dan Schafer's \"Baby, Now That I've Found You\", which was used in the Australian hit comedy movie The Castle, and the Beatles' \"I Will\" with Tony Furtado.", "Some of these covers include Bad Company's \"Oh Atlanta\", the Foundations' & Dan Schafer's \"Baby, Now That I've Found You\", which was used in the Australian hit comedy movie The Castle, and the Beatles' \"I Will\" with Tony Furtado. A cover of Keith Whitley's \"When You Say Nothing at All\" reached number three on the Billboard country chart; the album peaked in the top fifteen on the all-genre Billboard 200 chart, and sold two million copies to become Krauss' first double-platinum album.", "A cover of Keith Whitley's \"When You Say Nothing at All\" reached number three on the Billboard country chart; the album peaked in the top fifteen on the all-genre Billboard 200 chart, and sold two million copies to become Krauss' first double-platinum album. Krauss also was nominated for four Country Music Association Awards and won all of them.", "Krauss also was nominated for four Country Music Association Awards and won all of them. So Long So Wrong, another Union Station album, was released in 1997 and won the Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album.", "So Long So Wrong, another Union Station album, was released in 1997 and won the Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album. One critic said its sound was \"rather untraditional\" and \"likely [to] change quite a few ... minds about bluegrass\".", "One critic said its sound was \"rather untraditional\" and \"likely [to] change quite a few ... minds about bluegrass\". Included on the album is the track \"It Doesn't Matter\", which was featured in the second-season premiere episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer and was included on the Buffy soundtrack in 1999.", "Included on the album is the track \"It Doesn't Matter\", which was featured in the second-season premiere episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer and was included on the Buffy soundtrack in 1999. Her next solo release in 1999, Forget About It, included one of her two tracks to appear on the Billboard adult contemporary chart, \"Stay\".", "Her next solo release in 1999, Forget About It, included one of her two tracks to appear on the Billboard adult contemporary chart, \"Stay\". The album was certified gold and charted within the top seventy-five of the Billboard 200 and in the top five of the country chart.", "The album was certified gold and charted within the top seventy-five of the Billboard 200 and in the top five of the country chart. In addition, the track \"That Kind of Love\" was included in another episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer.", "In addition, the track \"That Kind of Love\" was included in another episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. 2000–present: Current career Adam Steffey left Union Station in 1998, and was replaced with renowned dobro player Jerry Douglas. Douglas had provided studio back-up to Krauss' records since 1987's Too Late to Cry.", "Douglas had provided studio back-up to Krauss' records since 1987's Too Late to Cry. Their next album, New Favorite, was released on August 14, 2001. The album went on to win the Grammy for Best Bluegrass Album, with the single \"The Lucky One\" winning a Grammy as well.", "The album went on to win the Grammy for Best Bluegrass Album, with the single \"The Lucky One\" winning a Grammy as well. New Favorite was followed up by the double platinum double album Live in 2002 and a release of a DVD of the same live performance in 2003.", "New Favorite was followed up by the double platinum double album Live in 2002 and a release of a DVD of the same live performance in 2003. Both the album and the DVD were recorded during a performance at The Louisville Palace and both the album and DVD have been certified double Platinum.", "Both the album and the DVD were recorded during a performance at The Louisville Palace and both the album and DVD have been certified double Platinum. Also in 2002 she played a singing voice for one of the characters in the animated comedy film Eight Crazy Nights.", "Also in 2002 she played a singing voice for one of the characters in the animated comedy film Eight Crazy Nights. Lonely Runs Both Ways was released in 2004, and eventually became another Alison Krauss & Union Station gold certified album.", "Lonely Runs Both Ways was released in 2004, and eventually became another Alison Krauss & Union Station gold certified album. Ron Block described Lonely Runs Both Ways as \"pretty much... what we've always done\" in terms of song selection and the style, in which those songs were recorded.", "Ron Block described Lonely Runs Both Ways as \"pretty much... what we've always done\" in terms of song selection and the style, in which those songs were recorded. Krauss believes the group \"was probably the most unprepared we've ever been\" for the album and that songs were chosen as needed rather than planned beforehand.", "Krauss believes the group \"was probably the most unprepared we've ever been\" for the album and that songs were chosen as needed rather than planned beforehand. She also performed a duet with Brad Paisley on his album Mud on the Tires in the single \"Whiskey Lullaby\".", "She also performed a duet with Brad Paisley on his album Mud on the Tires in the single \"Whiskey Lullaby\". The single was quickly ranked in the top fifty of the Billboard Hot 100 and the top five of the Hot Country Songs, and won the Country Music Association Awards for \"Best Musical Event\" and \"Best Music Video\" of the year.", "The single was quickly ranked in the top fifty of the Billboard Hot 100 and the top five of the Hot Country Songs, and won the Country Music Association Awards for \"Best Musical Event\" and \"Best Music Video\" of the year. In 2007, Krauss and Robert Plant released the collaborative album titled Raising Sand.", "In 2007, Krauss and Robert Plant released the collaborative album titled Raising Sand. RIAA-certified platinum, the album was nominated for and won 5 Grammy Awards at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year, Best Contemporary Folk/Americana Album, and Record of the Year (\"Please Read the Letter\").", "RIAA-certified platinum, the album was nominated for and won 5 Grammy Awards at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year, Best Contemporary Folk/Americana Album, and Record of the Year (\"Please Read the Letter\"). Krauss and Plant recorded a Crossroads special in October 2007 for the Country Music Television network, which first aired on February 12, 2008.", "Krauss and Plant recorded a Crossroads special in October 2007 for the Country Music Television network, which first aired on February 12, 2008. Returning with Union Station, Krauss released an album called Paper Airplane on April 12, 2011, the follow-up album to Lonely Runs Both Ways (2004).", "Returning with Union Station, Krauss released an album called Paper Airplane on April 12, 2011, the follow-up album to Lonely Runs Both Ways (2004). Mike Shipley, the recording and mixing engineer for the album, said that the album had a lengthy production time because of Krauss' non-stop migraines.", "Mike Shipley, the recording and mixing engineer for the album, said that the album had a lengthy production time because of Krauss' non-stop migraines. Nevertheless, Paper Airplane became Krauss's highest-charting album in the U.S., reaching number three on the Billboard 200 on topping both the country and bluegrass album charts.", "Nevertheless, Paper Airplane became Krauss's highest-charting album in the U.S., reaching number three on the Billboard 200 on topping both the country and bluegrass album charts. In 2014, Krauss and her band Union Station toured with Willie Nelson and Family, with special guests Kacey Musgraves, and the Devil Makes Three.", "In 2014, Krauss and her band Union Station toured with Willie Nelson and Family, with special guests Kacey Musgraves, and the Devil Makes Three. Capitol Records released Windy City, an album of country and bluegrass classics, produced by Buddy Cannon and her first solo release in 17 years, on February 17, 2017.", "Capitol Records released Windy City, an album of country and bluegrass classics, produced by Buddy Cannon and her first solo release in 17 years, on February 17, 2017. Krauss received two nominations at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Country Solo Performance and Best American Roots Performance.", "Krauss received two nominations at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Country Solo Performance and Best American Roots Performance. In August 2021, Krauss announced she was releasing a sequel album to Raising Sand with Robert Plant called Raise the Roof. In addition to the album, Krauss and Plant are planning a 2022 tour.", "In addition to the album, Krauss and Plant are planning a 2022 tour. Other work Krauss has made guest appearances on other records on lead vocals, harmony vocals, and fiddle. In 1987, at the age of 15, she played fiddle on the album The Western Illinois Rag by Americana musician Chris Vallillo.", "In 1987, at the age of 15, she played fiddle on the album The Western Illinois Rag by Americana musician Chris Vallillo. In 1993 she recorded vocals for the Phish song \"If I Could\" in Los Angeles.", "In 1993 she recorded vocals for the Phish song \"If I Could\" in Los Angeles. In 1997 she sang harmony vocals in both English and Irish on the album Runaway Sunday by Irish traditional band Altan. In 1998 she played and sang on the title track of Hawaiian slack-key artist Ledward Kaapana's album, Waltz of the Wind.", "In 1998 she played and sang on the title track of Hawaiian slack-key artist Ledward Kaapana's album, Waltz of the Wind. Krauss had her only number one hit in 2000, receiving vocal credit for \"Buy Me a Rose\". She has contributed to numerous motion picture soundtracks, most notably O Brother, Where Art Thou?", "She has contributed to numerous motion picture soundtracks, most notably O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000). She and Dan Tyminski contributed multiple tracks, including \"I'll Fly Away\" (with Gillian Welch), \"Down to the River to Pray\", and \"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow\".", "She and Dan Tyminski contributed multiple tracks, including \"I'll Fly Away\" (with Gillian Welch), \"Down to the River to Pray\", and \"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow\". In the film, Tyminski's vocals on \"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow\" were used for George Clooney's character.", "In the film, Tyminski's vocals on \"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow\" were used for George Clooney's character. The soundtrack sold over seven million copies and won the Grammy for Album of the Year in 2002. Both Krauss and the surprisingly popular album were credited with reviving interest in bluegrass.", "Both Krauss and the surprisingly popular album were credited with reviving interest in bluegrass. She has said, however, that she believes Americans already liked bluegrass and other less-heard musical genres, and that the film merely provided easy exposure to the music.", "She has said, however, that she believes Americans already liked bluegrass and other less-heard musical genres, and that the film merely provided easy exposure to the music. She did not appear in the movie, at her own request, because she was pregnant during its filming.", "She did not appear in the movie, at her own request, because she was pregnant during its filming. In 2007, Krauss released A Hundred Miles or More: A Collection, an album of new songs, soundtrack tunes, and duets with artists such as John Waite, James Taylor, Brad Paisley, and Natalie MacMaster.", "In 2007, Krauss released A Hundred Miles or More: A Collection, an album of new songs, soundtrack tunes, and duets with artists such as John Waite, James Taylor, Brad Paisley, and Natalie MacMaster. The album was successful commercially but given a lukewarm reception by critics.", "The album was successful commercially but given a lukewarm reception by critics. One of the tracks, \"Missing You\", a duet with Waite (and a cover of his hit single from 1984), was similarly received as a single.", "One of the tracks, \"Missing You\", a duet with Waite (and a cover of his hit single from 1984), was similarly received as a single. On August 11, television network Great American Country aired a one-hour special, Alison Krauss: A Hundred Miles or More, based on the album.", "On August 11, television network Great American Country aired a one-hour special, Alison Krauss: A Hundred Miles or More, based on the album. Krauss appeared on Heart's March 2010 concert DVD Night at Sky Church, providing the lead vocals for the song \"These Dreams\".", "Krauss appeared on Heart's March 2010 concert DVD Night at Sky Church, providing the lead vocals for the song \"These Dreams\". Other soundtracks for which Krauss has performed include Twister, The Prince of Egypt, Eight Crazy Nights, Mona Lisa Smile, Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood, Alias, Bambi II and Cold Mountain.", "Other soundtracks for which Krauss has performed include Twister, The Prince of Egypt, Eight Crazy Nights, Mona Lisa Smile, Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood, Alias, Bambi II and Cold Mountain. She contributed \"Jubilee\" to the 2004 documentary Paper Clips.", "She contributed \"Jubilee\" to the 2004 documentary Paper Clips. The Cold Mountain songs she sang, \"The Scarlet Tide\" with T Bone Burnett and Elvis Costello, and \"You Will Be My Ain True Love\" with Sting, were each nominated for an Academy Award.", "The Cold Mountain songs she sang, \"The Scarlet Tide\" with T Bone Burnett and Elvis Costello, and \"You Will Be My Ain True Love\" with Sting, were each nominated for an Academy Award. She performed both songs at the 76th Academy Awards, the first with Costello and Burnett, and the other with Sting.", "She performed both songs at the 76th Academy Awards, the first with Costello and Burnett, and the other with Sting. She produced Nickel Creek's debut album (2000) and the follow-up This Side (2002), which won Krauss her first Grammy award as a producer.", "She produced Nickel Creek's debut album (2000) and the follow-up This Side (2002), which won Krauss her first Grammy award as a producer. Krauss performed on Moody Bluegrass: A Nashville Tribute to the Moody Blues.", "Krauss performed on Moody Bluegrass: A Nashville Tribute to the Moody Blues. She participated in Billy Childs' 2014 tribute album to Laura Nyro, Map to the Treasure: Reimagining Laura Nyro, performing on the track \"And When I Die\".", "She participated in Billy Childs' 2014 tribute album to Laura Nyro, Map to the Treasure: Reimagining Laura Nyro, performing on the track \"And When I Die\". Reception and influences Krauss' earliest musical experience was as an instrumentalist, though her style has grown to focus more on her vocals with a band providing most of the instrumentation.", "Reception and influences Krauss' earliest musical experience was as an instrumentalist, though her style has grown to focus more on her vocals with a band providing most of the instrumentation. Musicians she enjoys include vocalists Lou Gramm of Foreigner and Paul Rodgers of Bad Company.", "Musicians she enjoys include vocalists Lou Gramm of Foreigner and Paul Rodgers of Bad Company. Krauss' family listened to \"folk records\" while she was growing up, but she had friends who exposed her to groups such as AC/DC, Carly Simon, the Rolling Stones, Lynyrd Skynyrd, and ELO.", "Krauss' family listened to \"folk records\" while she was growing up, but she had friends who exposed her to groups such as AC/DC, Carly Simon, the Rolling Stones, Lynyrd Skynyrd, and ELO. She cites Dolly Parton, with whom she has since collaborated a number of times, as a major influence.", "She cites Dolly Parton, with whom she has since collaborated a number of times, as a major influence. Some credit Krauss and Union Station, at least partially, with a recent revival of interest in bluegrass music in the United States.", "Some credit Krauss and Union Station, at least partially, with a recent revival of interest in bluegrass music in the United States. Despite being together for nearly two decades and winning numerous awards, she said the group was \"just beginning right now\" (in 2002) because \"in spite of all the great things that have happened for the band, [she] feel[s] musically it's just really beginning\".", "Despite being together for nearly two decades and winning numerous awards, she said the group was \"just beginning right now\" (in 2002) because \"in spite of all the great things that have happened for the band, [she] feel[s] musically it's just really beginning\". Although she alternates between solo releases and works with the band, she has said there is no difference in her involvement between the two.", "Although she alternates between solo releases and works with the band, she has said there is no difference in her involvement between the two. As a group, AKUS have been called \"American favourites\", \"world-beaters\", and \"the tightest band around\".", "As a group, AKUS have been called \"American favourites\", \"world-beaters\", and \"the tightest band around\". While they have been successful as a group, many reviews note Krauss still \"remains the undisputed star and rock-solid foundation\" and have described her as the \"band's focus\" with an \"angelic\" voice that \"flows like honey\".", "While they have been successful as a group, many reviews note Krauss still \"remains the undisputed star and rock-solid foundation\" and have described her as the \"band's focus\" with an \"angelic\" voice that \"flows like honey\". Her work has been compared to that of the Cox Family, Bill Monroe, and Del McCoury, and has in turn been credited with influencing various \"Newgrass\" artists including Nickel Creek, for which she acted as record producer on two of their albums.", "Her work has been compared to that of the Cox Family, Bill Monroe, and Del McCoury, and has in turn been credited with influencing various \"Newgrass\" artists including Nickel Creek, for which she acted as record producer on two of their albums. In addition to her work with Nickel Creek, she has acted as producer to the Cox Family, Reba McEntire and Alan Jackson.", "In addition to her work with Nickel Creek, she has acted as producer to the Cox Family, Reba McEntire and Alan Jackson. Adam Sweeting of The Guardian has said Krauss and Union Station are \"superb, when they stick to hoedowns and hillbilly music, but much less convincing, when they lurch towards the middle of the road\".", "Adam Sweeting of The Guardian has said Krauss and Union Station are \"superb, when they stick to hoedowns and hillbilly music, but much less convincing, when they lurch towards the middle of the road\". Blender magazine has said the \"flavorless repertoire [Krauss] sings... steers her toward Lite FM\".", "Blender magazine has said the \"flavorless repertoire [Krauss] sings... steers her toward Lite FM\". In addition, Q magazine and The Onion AV Club have said their newer releases are \"pretty much the usual\", and that although Krauss is generally \"adventurous\", these recent releases contain nothing to \"alienate the masses\".", "In addition, Q magazine and The Onion AV Club have said their newer releases are \"pretty much the usual\", and that although Krauss is generally \"adventurous\", these recent releases contain nothing to \"alienate the masses\". Voice, themes, and musical style Krauss possesses a soprano voice, which has been described as \"angelic\".", "Voice, themes, and musical style Krauss possesses a soprano voice, which has been described as \"angelic\". She has said her musical influences include J. D. Crowe, Ricky Skaggs, and Tony Rice. Many of her songs are described as sad, and are often about love, especially lost love.", "Many of her songs are described as sad, and are often about love, especially lost love. Though Krauss has a close involvement with her group and a long career in music, she rarely performs music she has written herself.", "Though Krauss has a close involvement with her group and a long career in music, she rarely performs music she has written herself. She has also described her general approach to constructing an album as starting with a single song and selecting other tracks based on the first, to give the final album a somewhat consistent theme and mood.", "She has also described her general approach to constructing an album as starting with a single song and selecting other tracks based on the first, to give the final album a somewhat consistent theme and mood. She most commonly performs in the bluegrass and country genres, though she has had two songs on the adult contemporary charts, has worked with rock artists such as Phish and Sting, and is sometimes said to stray into pop music.", "She most commonly performs in the bluegrass and country genres, though she has had two songs on the adult contemporary charts, has worked with rock artists such as Phish and Sting, and is sometimes said to stray into pop music. Music videos Krauss did not think she would make music videos at the beginning of her career.", "Music videos Krauss did not think she would make music videos at the beginning of her career. After recording her first she was convinced it was so bad that she would never do another. Nonetheless, she has continued to make further videos. Many of the first videos she saw were by bluegrass artists.", "Many of the first videos she saw were by bluegrass artists. Dan Tyminski has noted that the video for Thriller was very popular at the time she was first exposed to music videos. She has made suggestions on the style or theme to some videos, though she tends to leave such decisions to the director of the particular video.", "She has made suggestions on the style or theme to some videos, though she tends to leave such decisions to the director of the particular video. The group chooses directors by seeking out people who have previously directed videos that band members have enjoyed.", "The group chooses directors by seeking out people who have previously directed videos that band members have enjoyed. The director for a video to \"If I Didn't Know Any Better\" from Lonely Runs Both Ways, for example, was selected because Krauss enjoyed work he had done with Def Leppard and, she wondered, what he could do with their music.", "The director for a video to \"If I Didn't Know Any Better\" from Lonely Runs Both Ways, for example, was selected because Krauss enjoyed work he had done with Def Leppard and, she wondered, what he could do with their music. While style decisions are generally left to the various directors of the videos, many – including for \"The Lucky One\", \"Restless\", \"Goodbye is All We Have\", \"New Favorite\", and \"If I Didn't Know Any Better\" – follow a pattern.", "While style decisions are generally left to the various directors of the videos, many – including for \"The Lucky One\", \"Restless\", \"Goodbye is All We Have\", \"New Favorite\", and \"If I Didn't Know Any Better\" – follow a pattern. In all of these videos Krauss walks, sometimes interacting with other people, while the rest of the band follows her.", "In all of these videos Krauss walks, sometimes interacting with other people, while the rest of the band follows her. Performances Krauss has said she used to dislike working in the studio, where she had to perform the same song repeatedly, but has come to like studio work roughly the same as live stage performances.", "Performances Krauss has said she used to dislike working in the studio, where she had to perform the same song repeatedly, but has come to like studio work roughly the same as live stage performances. Her own favorite concert experiences include watching three Foreigner concerts during a single tour, a Dolly Parton concert, and a Larry Sparks concert.", "Her own favorite concert experiences include watching three Foreigner concerts during a single tour, a Dolly Parton concert, and a Larry Sparks concert. She appeared on Austin City Limits in 1992 and opened the show in 1995 with Union Station.", "She appeared on Austin City Limits in 1992 and opened the show in 1995 with Union Station. The New Favorite tour, after AKUS' album of the same name, was planned to start September 12, 2001 in Cincinnati, Ohio, but was delayed until September 28 in Savannah, Georgia following the September 11 terrorist attacks.", "The New Favorite tour, after AKUS' album of the same name, was planned to start September 12, 2001 in Cincinnati, Ohio, but was delayed until September 28 in Savannah, Georgia following the September 11 terrorist attacks. Krauss took part in the Down from the Mountain tour in 2002, which featured many artists from the O Brother, Where Art Thou soundtrack.", "Krauss took part in the Down from the Mountain tour in 2002, which featured many artists from the O Brother, Where Art Thou soundtrack. Down from the Mountain was followed by the Great High Mountain Tour, which was composed of musicians from both O Brother and Cold Mountain, including Krauss.", "Down from the Mountain was followed by the Great High Mountain Tour, which was composed of musicians from both O Brother and Cold Mountain, including Krauss. She has also given several notable smaller performances including at Carnegie Hall (with the Grand Ole Opry), on Lifetime Television in a concert of female performers, on the radio show A Prairie Home Companion, where she sang two songs not previously recorded on any of her albums, and a performance at the White House attended by then-President Bill Clinton and then-Vice President Al Gore.", "She has also given several notable smaller performances including at Carnegie Hall (with the Grand Ole Opry), on Lifetime Television in a concert of female performers, on the radio show A Prairie Home Companion, where she sang two songs not previously recorded on any of her albums, and a performance at the White House attended by then-President Bill Clinton and then-Vice President Al Gore. She has also been in the White House again, performing the song \"When You Say Nothing at All\" at country music performances.", "She has also been in the White House again, performing the song \"When You Say Nothing at All\" at country music performances. She also performed a tribute to the Everly Brothers at which she sang \"All I Have to Do is Dream\" with Emmylou Harris and \"When Will I Be Loved\" with Vince Gill.", "She also performed a tribute to the Everly Brothers at which she sang \"All I Have to Do is Dream\" with Emmylou Harris and \"When Will I Be Loved\" with Vince Gill. She was also invited by Taylor Swift to perform with her at the 2013 CMA's and by Joshua Bell to perform with him on a Christmas album; Bell said that \"she (Krauss) is someone I've adored for so many years now\".", "She was also invited by Taylor Swift to perform with her at the 2013 CMA's and by Joshua Bell to perform with him on a Christmas album; Bell said that \"she (Krauss) is someone I've adored for so many years now\". She performed at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C. on January 10, 2015, as a part of \"The Life and Songs of Emmylou Harris: An All Star Concert Celebration\" which is a tribute to Emmylou Harris.", "She performed at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C. on January 10, 2015, as a part of \"The Life and Songs of Emmylou Harris: An All Star Concert Celebration\" which is a tribute to Emmylou Harris. Awards and honors Krauss has won twenty-seven Grammy Awards over the course of her career as a solo artist, as a group with Union Station, as a duet with Robert Plant, and as a record producer.", "Awards and honors Krauss has won twenty-seven Grammy Awards over the course of her career as a solo artist, as a group with Union Station, as a duet with Robert Plant, and as a record producer. As of 2021, she ranks fourth on the list of winners of the most Grammy Awards.", "As of 2021, she ranks fourth on the list of winners of the most Grammy Awards. She overtook Aretha Franklin for the most female wins at the 46th Grammy Awards, where Krauss won three, bringing her total at the time to seventeen (Franklin won her sixteenth that night).", "She overtook Aretha Franklin for the most female wins at the 46th Grammy Awards, where Krauss won three, bringing her total at the time to seventeen (Franklin won her sixteenth that night). The Recording Academy (which presents the Grammy Awards) presented her with a special musical achievement honor in 2005.", "The Recording Academy (which presents the Grammy Awards) presented her with a special musical achievement honor in 2005. She has also won 14 International Bluegrass Music Association Awards, 9 Country Music Association Awards, 2 Gospel Music Association Awards, 2 CMT Music Awards, 2 Academy of Country Music Awards, and 1 Canadian Country Music Award.", "She has also won 14 International Bluegrass Music Association Awards, 9 Country Music Association Awards, 2 Gospel Music Association Awards, 2 CMT Music Awards, 2 Academy of Country Music Awards, and 1 Canadian Country Music Award. Country Music Television ranked Krauss 12th on their \"40 Greatest Women of Country Music\" list in 2002.", "Country Music Television ranked Krauss 12th on their \"40 Greatest Women of Country Music\" list in 2002. At the 76th Academy Awards in February 2004, where she performed two nominated songs from the Cold Mountain soundtrack, Krauss was chosen by Hollywood shoe designer Stuart Weitzman to wear a pair of $2 million 'Cinderella' sandals with 4½ inch clear glass stiletto heels and two straps adorned with 565 Kwiat diamonds set in platinum.", "At the 76th Academy Awards in February 2004, where she performed two nominated songs from the Cold Mountain soundtrack, Krauss was chosen by Hollywood shoe designer Stuart Weitzman to wear a pair of $2 million 'Cinderella' sandals with 4½ inch clear glass stiletto heels and two straps adorned with 565 Kwiat diamonds set in platinum. Feeling like a rather unglamorous choice, Krauss said, \"When I first heard, I was like, 'What were they thinking?'", "Feeling like a rather unglamorous choice, Krauss said, \"When I first heard, I was like, 'What were they thinking?' I have the worst feet of anybody who will be there that night!\"", "I have the worst feet of anybody who will be there that night!\" In addition to the fairy-tale-inspired shoes, Weitzman outfitted Krauss with a Palm Trēo 600 smartphone, bejeweled with 3,000 clear-and-topaz-colored Swarovski crystals. The shoes were returned, but Krauss kept the crystal-covered phone.", "The shoes were returned, but Krauss kept the crystal-covered phone. Weitzman chose Krauss to show off his fashions at the urging of his daughters, who are fans of Krauss' music. In May 2012, Alison Krauss was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music.", "In May 2012, Alison Krauss was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music. In March 2015, her hometown of Champaign, Illinois, designated the 400 block of West Hill Street as \"Honorary Alison Krauss Way\". Personal life Krauss was married to musician Pat Bergeson from 1997 to 2001.", "Personal life Krauss was married to musician Pat Bergeson from 1997 to 2001. Their son, Sam, was born in July 1999.", "Their son, Sam, was born in July 1999. Discography Studio albums 1986: Different Strokes (with Jim Hoiles and Swamp Weiss) 1987: Too Late to Cry 1989: Two Highways (with Union Station) 1990: I've Got That Old Feeling 1992: Every Time You Say Goodbye (with Union Station) 1994: I Know Who Holds Tomorrow (with the Cox Family) 1997: So Long So Wrong (with Union Station) 1999: Forget About It 2001: New Favorite (with Union Station) 2004: Lonely Runs Both Ways (with Union Station) 2007: Raising Sand (with Robert Plant) 2011: Paper Airplane (with Union Station) 2017: Windy City 2021: Raise the Roof (with Robert Plant) Filmography Notes a.", "Discography Studio albums 1986: Different Strokes (with Jim Hoiles and Swamp Weiss) 1987: Too Late to Cry 1989: Two Highways (with Union Station) 1990: I've Got That Old Feeling 1992: Every Time You Say Goodbye (with Union Station) 1994: I Know Who Holds Tomorrow (with the Cox Family) 1997: So Long So Wrong (with Union Station) 1999: Forget About It 2001: New Favorite (with Union Station) 2004: Lonely Runs Both Ways (with Union Station) 2007: Raising Sand (with Robert Plant) 2011: Paper Airplane (with Union Station) 2017: Windy City 2021: Raise the Roof (with Robert Plant) Filmography Notes a. Sources vary on birth place; see talk page discussion References External links Rounder Records site for Alison Krauss [ Alison Krauss] on Allmusic database 1971 births Living people Union Station (band) members American bluegrass fiddlers American women country singers Grammy Award winners Musicians from Champaign, Illinois American people of German descent American people of Italian descent Grand Ole Opry members American performers of Christian music American sopranos Rounder Records artists Musicians from Decatur, Illinois 20th-century American singers 20th-century American women singers 21st-century American singers 21st-century American women singers Country musicians from Illinois United States National Medal of Arts recipients" ]

[ "Alison Krauss", "1992-1999: Rising success", "what happened in 1992", "Krauss' second Union Station album Every Time You Say Goodbye was released in 1992,", "how did it do", "she went on to win her second Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album of the year.", "what were some songs on it", "I don't know.", "what happened in 1999", "\"It Doesn't Matter\", which was featured in the second-season premiere episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "anything else interesting between 92 and 99", "A Collection, a compilation of older releases and some covers of her favorite works by other artists, was released in 1995." ]

[ "\"Any Last Werdz\" is the second and final single from Eazy-E's EP, It's On (Dr. Dre) 187um Killa. It features Kokane and Cold 187um.\n\nThe single was released in 1994 as the follow-up to the popular \"Real Muthaphuckkin G's\" and was written by Eazy-E, Dirty Red and produced by Above the Law's Cold 187 um. Any Last Werdz did find some success on the charts, making it to #69 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and #5 on the Hot Rap Singles. The music video would be his last before his death.\n\nSingle Track Listing\n\"Any Last Werdz\" (Car Hop / Gunz) - 5:11 \n\"Any Last Werdz\" (Anotha Murder Version) - 5:11 \n\"Any Last Werdz\" (Street Version) - 5:11 \n\"Any Last Werdz\" (Radio Edit) - 3:30 \n\"Any Last Werdz\" (Car Hop / No Gunz) - 5:11 \n\"Any Last Werdz\" (Instrumental) - 5:11\n\nReferences\n\nEazy-E songs\n1994 singles\nGangsta rap songs\nHorrorcore songs\n1993 songs", "Binaca Geetmala was a weekly countdown show of top filmi songs from Hindi cinema. It was popular and had millions of listeners. Binaca Geetmala was broadcast on Radio Ceylon from 1952 to 1988 and then shifted to the Vividh Bharati Service of All India Radio network in 1989 where it ran until 1994. It was the first radio countdown show of Indian film songs, and has been quoted as being the most popular radio program in India during its run. Its name reflects its sponsorship by Binaca. \nBinaca Geetmala, and its subsequent incarnations named after Cibaca—Cibaca Sangeetmala, Cibaca Geetmala, and Colgate Cibaca Sangeetmala—ran from 1954 to 1994 on Radio Ceylon and then on Vividh Bharati. They also broadcast annual year-end lists from 1954 to 1993.\n\nMost No of songs by singer\n\nAmeen Sayani and Radio Ceylon\nThe show was hosted throughout its entire run by Ameen Sayani. It was very popular in India, with estimated listenership ranging from 900,000 to 2,000,000. It greatly increased the popularity of Radio Ceylon, making it the primary source of popular film music on radio for the Indian subcontinent. After 1998, the show aired on Vividh Bharati and was on for half an hour on Monday nights.\n\nPopularity ratings method\nAt its onset in 1952, the program did not rank songs, but rather played seven contemporary songs in no particular order. Later, the program started ranking the most popular Hindi film songs. \nThe songs were initially ranked by a combination of the number of records sold in India and listener votes. Popularity was gauged by record sales, verdicts from record store owners, and popularity among the or 'listeners clubs'. Each week, the would send the radio station their list of popular songs. The clubs were formed because it was possible for a record to be sold out at stores and although there was interest to buy more, the interest would not show up in record sales.\n\nThe year-end lists were compiled based on points earned by songs through the year. Between 1966 and 1970 there would sometimes be no points on the weekly broadcast, but the year-end show would be based on point system.\n\nLists of top songs per year\n\nSilver jubilee and LP record\nOn 12 December 1977, Binaca Geetmala celebrated its 25-year anniversary in a social gathering organized in Bombay. Many well known composers, poets, and singers attended the show.\n\nThe top songs from 1953 to 1977 were compiled and released in a two record volume set. Volume 1 has songs from 1953 to 1964; volume 2 has songs from 1965 to 1977. Between the songs on the volume set, there is commentary by Ameen Sayani.\n\nSee also\nAmeen Sayani\nBollywood songs\nRadio Ceylon\n\nReferences\n8 Binaca Geetmala 1964 Songs List\n\nMusic chart shows\nIndian radio programmes\nAll India Radio" ]

[ "Alison Maria Krauss (born July 23, 1971) is an American bluegrass-country singer and musician. She entered the music industry at an early age, winning local contests by the age of 10 and recording for the first time at 14. She signed with Rounder Records in 1985 and released her first solo album in 1987.", "She signed with Rounder Records in 1985 and released her first solo album in 1987. She was invited to join the band with which she still performs, Alison Krauss and Union Station, and later released her first album with them as a group in 1989.", "She was invited to join the band with which she still performs, Alison Krauss and Union Station, and later released her first album with them as a group in 1989. Krauss has released fourteen albums, appeared on numerous soundtracks, and sparked a renewed interest in bluegrass music in the United States.", "Krauss has released fourteen albums, appeared on numerous soundtracks, and sparked a renewed interest in bluegrass music in the United States. Her soundtrack performances have led to further popularity, including the O Brother, Where Art Thou? soundtrack, and the Cold Mountain soundtrack, which led to her performance at the 2004 Academy Awards.", "soundtrack, and the Cold Mountain soundtrack, which led to her performance at the 2004 Academy Awards. As of 2019, she has won 27 Grammy Awards from 42 nominations, ranking her fourth behind Beyoncé, Quincy Jones and classical conductor Georg Solti for most Grammy Award wins overall.", "As of 2019, she has won 27 Grammy Awards from 42 nominations, ranking her fourth behind Beyoncé, Quincy Jones and classical conductor Georg Solti for most Grammy Award wins overall. Krauss was the most awarded singer and the most awarded female artist in Grammy history until Beyoncé won her 28th Grammy in 2021.", "Krauss was the most awarded singer and the most awarded female artist in Grammy history until Beyoncé won her 28th Grammy in 2021. When Krauss won her first Grammy in 1991, she was the second-youngest winner at that time. On November 21, 2019, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts.", "On November 21, 2019, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts. She was inducted into the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame in September 2021. Early life Alison Maria Krauss was born in Decatur, Illinois, to Fred and Louise Krauss.", "Early life Alison Maria Krauss was born in Decatur, Illinois, to Fred and Louise Krauss. Her father was a German immigrant who came to the United States in 1952 at age 12, and taught his native language while he earned a doctorate in psychology. He later went into the business of real estate.", "He later went into the business of real estate. Her mother, an American of German and Italian descent, is the daughter of artists, and works as an illustrator of magazines and textbooks. Fred and Louise met while they were studying at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.", "Fred and Louise met while they were studying at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. After a brief residence in nearby Decatur, the family settled in Champaign, where Krauss was raised with her older brother, Viktor.", "After a brief residence in nearby Decatur, the family settled in Champaign, where Krauss was raised with her older brother, Viktor. Krauss's mother played banjo and acoustic guitar, so Krauss was exposed to folk music at home, and she heard rock and pop music on the radio: she liked Gary Numan's synth-pop song \"Cars\", and rock bands such as Foreigner, Bad Company, and Electric Light Orchestra.", "Krauss's mother played banjo and acoustic guitar, so Krauss was exposed to folk music at home, and she heard rock and pop music on the radio: she liked Gary Numan's synth-pop song \"Cars\", and rock bands such as Foreigner, Bad Company, and Electric Light Orchestra. Her brother Viktor played piano and double bass in high school, launching a career as a jazz and rock multi-instrumentalist.", "Her brother Viktor played piano and double bass in high school, launching a career as a jazz and rock multi-instrumentalist. At her mother's insistence, Krauss began studying classical violin at age five. Krauss was reluctant to spend time practicing, but she continued with classical lessons until she was eleven.", "Krauss was reluctant to spend time practicing, but she continued with classical lessons until she was eleven. Krauss said her mother \"tried to find interesting things for me to do\" and \"wanted to get me involved in music, in addition to art and sports\".", "Krauss said her mother \"tried to find interesting things for me to do\" and \"wanted to get me involved in music, in addition to art and sports\". Krauss was also very active in roller skating, and in her teens she finally decided on a career in music rather than roller derby.", "Krauss was also very active in roller skating, and in her teens she finally decided on a career in music rather than roller derby. In mid-1979, Krauss's mother saw a notice for an upcoming fiddle competition at the Champaign County Fair, so she bought a bluegrass fiddle instruction book and the 1977 bluegrass album Duets by violinist Richard Greene.", "In mid-1979, Krauss's mother saw a notice for an upcoming fiddle competition at the Champaign County Fair, so she bought a bluegrass fiddle instruction book and the 1977 bluegrass album Duets by violinist Richard Greene. Krauss learned by ear to play several songs from the album, including \"Tennessee Waltz\" which she practiced on violin with her mother accompanying on guitar.", "Krauss learned by ear to play several songs from the album, including \"Tennessee Waltz\" which she practiced on violin with her mother accompanying on guitar. Krauss entered the talent contest in the novice category at the age of eight, placing fourth.", "Krauss entered the talent contest in the novice category at the age of eight, placing fourth. (This is where she first met fiddler Andrea Zonn who won the junior division at age 10.)", "(This is where she first met fiddler Andrea Zonn who won the junior division at age 10.) Krauss investigated the bluegrass genre more thoroughly after this, and she developed a knack for learning complex riffs by ear, quickly turning them into her own version.", "Krauss investigated the bluegrass genre more thoroughly after this, and she developed a knack for learning complex riffs by ear, quickly turning them into her own version. In 1981–82, Krauss performed with Marvin Lee Flessner's country dance band in which she fiddled and sang.", "In 1981–82, Krauss performed with Marvin Lee Flessner's country dance band in which she fiddled and sang. In September 1983, her parents bought her a custom violin made by hand in Missouri – her first adult-sized instrument.", "In September 1983, her parents bought her a custom violin made by hand in Missouri – her first adult-sized instrument. At 13, she won the Walnut Valley Festival Fiddle Championship, and the Society for the Preservation of Bluegrass in America named her the \"Most Promising Fiddler in the Midwest\".", "At 13, she won the Walnut Valley Festival Fiddle Championship, and the Society for the Preservation of Bluegrass in America named her the \"Most Promising Fiddler in the Midwest\". She was also called \"virtuoso\" by Vanity Fair magazine. Krauss first met Dan Tyminski around 1984 at a festival held by the Society.", "Krauss first met Dan Tyminski around 1984 at a festival held by the Society. Every current member of her band, Union Station, first met her at these festivals.", "Every current member of her band, Union Station, first met her at these festivals. 1985–1991: Early career Krauss made her recording debut in 1986 on the independent album, Different Strokes, in collaboration with Swamp Weiss and Jim Hoiles, and featuring her brother Viktor Krauss.", "1985–1991: Early career Krauss made her recording debut in 1986 on the independent album, Different Strokes, in collaboration with Swamp Weiss and Jim Hoiles, and featuring her brother Viktor Krauss. From the age of 12 she performed with bassist and songwriter John Pennell in a band called \"Silver Rail\", replacing Andrea Zonn.", "From the age of 12 she performed with bassist and songwriter John Pennell in a band called \"Silver Rail\", replacing Andrea Zonn. Pennell later changed the band's name to Union Station after another band was discovered with the name Silver Rail.", "Pennell later changed the band's name to Union Station after another band was discovered with the name Silver Rail. Later that year, she signed to Rounder Records, and in 1987, at 16, she released her debut album Too Late to Cry with Union Station as her backup band.", "Later that year, she signed to Rounder Records, and in 1987, at 16, she released her debut album Too Late to Cry with Union Station as her backup band. Krauss' debut solo album was quickly followed by her first group album with Union Station in 1989, Two Highways.", "Krauss' debut solo album was quickly followed by her first group album with Union Station in 1989, Two Highways. The album includes the traditional tunes \"Wild Bill Jones\" and \"Beaumont Rag\", along with a bluegrass interpretation of the Allman Brothers' \"Midnight Rider\".", "The album includes the traditional tunes \"Wild Bill Jones\" and \"Beaumont Rag\", along with a bluegrass interpretation of the Allman Brothers' \"Midnight Rider\". Krauss' contract with Rounder required her to alternate between releasing a solo album and an album with Union Station, and she released the solo album I've Got That Old Feeling in 1990.", "Krauss' contract with Rounder required her to alternate between releasing a solo album and an album with Union Station, and she released the solo album I've Got That Old Feeling in 1990. It was her first album to rise onto the Billboard charts, peaking in the top seventy-five on the country chart.", "It was her first album to rise onto the Billboard charts, peaking in the top seventy-five on the country chart. The album also was a notable point in her career as she earned her first Grammy Award, the single \"Steel Rails\" was her first single tracked by Billboard, and the title single \"I've Got That Old Feeling\" was the first song for which she recorded a music video.", "The album also was a notable point in her career as she earned her first Grammy Award, the single \"Steel Rails\" was her first single tracked by Billboard, and the title single \"I've Got That Old Feeling\" was the first song for which she recorded a music video. 1992–1999: Rising success Krauss' second Union Station album Every Time You Say Goodbye was released in 1992, and she went on to win her second Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album of the year.", "1992–1999: Rising success Krauss' second Union Station album Every Time You Say Goodbye was released in 1992, and she went on to win her second Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album of the year. She then joined the Grand Ole Opry in 1993 at the age of 21.", "She then joined the Grand Ole Opry in 1993 at the age of 21. She was the youngest cast member at the time, and the first bluegrass artist to join the Opry in 29 years. She also collaborated on a project with the Cox Family in 1994, a bluegrass album called I Know Who Holds Tomorrow.", "She also collaborated on a project with the Cox Family in 1994, a bluegrass album called I Know Who Holds Tomorrow. Mandolin and guitar player Dan Tyminski replaced Tim Stafford in Union Station in 1994.", "Mandolin and guitar player Dan Tyminski replaced Tim Stafford in Union Station in 1994. Late in the year, Krauss recorded with the band Shenandoah on its single \"Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart\", which brought her to the country music Top Ten for the first time and it won the Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals.", "Late in the year, Krauss recorded with the band Shenandoah on its single \"Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart\", which brought her to the country music Top Ten for the first time and it won the Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals. Also in 1994, Krauss collaborated with Suzy Bogguss, Kathy Mattea, and Crosby, Stills, and Nash to contribute \"Teach Your Children\" to the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Country produced by the Red Hot Organization.", "Also in 1994, Krauss collaborated with Suzy Bogguss, Kathy Mattea, and Crosby, Stills, and Nash to contribute \"Teach Your Children\" to the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Country produced by the Red Hot Organization. In 1997, she recorded vocals and violin for \"Half a Mind\", on Tommy Shaw's 7 Deadly Zens album.", "In 1997, she recorded vocals and violin for \"Half a Mind\", on Tommy Shaw's 7 Deadly Zens album. Now That I've Found You: A Collection, a compilation of older releases and some covers of her favorite works by other artists, was released in 1995.", "Now That I've Found You: A Collection, a compilation of older releases and some covers of her favorite works by other artists, was released in 1995. Some of these covers include Bad Company's \"Oh Atlanta\", the Foundations' & Dan Schafer's \"Baby, Now That I've Found You\", which was used in the Australian hit comedy movie The Castle, and the Beatles' \"I Will\" with Tony Furtado.", "Some of these covers include Bad Company's \"Oh Atlanta\", the Foundations' & Dan Schafer's \"Baby, Now That I've Found You\", which was used in the Australian hit comedy movie The Castle, and the Beatles' \"I Will\" with Tony Furtado. A cover of Keith Whitley's \"When You Say Nothing at All\" reached number three on the Billboard country chart; the album peaked in the top fifteen on the all-genre Billboard 200 chart, and sold two million copies to become Krauss' first double-platinum album.", "A cover of Keith Whitley's \"When You Say Nothing at All\" reached number three on the Billboard country chart; the album peaked in the top fifteen on the all-genre Billboard 200 chart, and sold two million copies to become Krauss' first double-platinum album. Krauss also was nominated for four Country Music Association Awards and won all of them.", "Krauss also was nominated for four Country Music Association Awards and won all of them. So Long So Wrong, another Union Station album, was released in 1997 and won the Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album.", "So Long So Wrong, another Union Station album, was released in 1997 and won the Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album. One critic said its sound was \"rather untraditional\" and \"likely [to] change quite a few ... minds about bluegrass\".", "One critic said its sound was \"rather untraditional\" and \"likely [to] change quite a few ... minds about bluegrass\". Included on the album is the track \"It Doesn't Matter\", which was featured in the second-season premiere episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer and was included on the Buffy soundtrack in 1999.", "Included on the album is the track \"It Doesn't Matter\", which was featured in the second-season premiere episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer and was included on the Buffy soundtrack in 1999. Her next solo release in 1999, Forget About It, included one of her two tracks to appear on the Billboard adult contemporary chart, \"Stay\".", "Her next solo release in 1999, Forget About It, included one of her two tracks to appear on the Billboard adult contemporary chart, \"Stay\". The album was certified gold and charted within the top seventy-five of the Billboard 200 and in the top five of the country chart.", "The album was certified gold and charted within the top seventy-five of the Billboard 200 and in the top five of the country chart. In addition, the track \"That Kind of Love\" was included in another episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer.", "In addition, the track \"That Kind of Love\" was included in another episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. 2000–present: Current career Adam Steffey left Union Station in 1998, and was replaced with renowned dobro player Jerry Douglas. Douglas had provided studio back-up to Krauss' records since 1987's Too Late to Cry.", "Douglas had provided studio back-up to Krauss' records since 1987's Too Late to Cry. Their next album, New Favorite, was released on August 14, 2001. The album went on to win the Grammy for Best Bluegrass Album, with the single \"The Lucky One\" winning a Grammy as well.", "The album went on to win the Grammy for Best Bluegrass Album, with the single \"The Lucky One\" winning a Grammy as well. New Favorite was followed up by the double platinum double album Live in 2002 and a release of a DVD of the same live performance in 2003.", "New Favorite was followed up by the double platinum double album Live in 2002 and a release of a DVD of the same live performance in 2003. Both the album and the DVD were recorded during a performance at The Louisville Palace and both the album and DVD have been certified double Platinum.", "Both the album and the DVD were recorded during a performance at The Louisville Palace and both the album and DVD have been certified double Platinum. Also in 2002 she played a singing voice for one of the characters in the animated comedy film Eight Crazy Nights.", "Also in 2002 she played a singing voice for one of the characters in the animated comedy film Eight Crazy Nights. Lonely Runs Both Ways was released in 2004, and eventually became another Alison Krauss & Union Station gold certified album.", "Lonely Runs Both Ways was released in 2004, and eventually became another Alison Krauss & Union Station gold certified album. Ron Block described Lonely Runs Both Ways as \"pretty much... what we've always done\" in terms of song selection and the style, in which those songs were recorded.", "Ron Block described Lonely Runs Both Ways as \"pretty much... what we've always done\" in terms of song selection and the style, in which those songs were recorded. Krauss believes the group \"was probably the most unprepared we've ever been\" for the album and that songs were chosen as needed rather than planned beforehand.", "Krauss believes the group \"was probably the most unprepared we've ever been\" for the album and that songs were chosen as needed rather than planned beforehand. She also performed a duet with Brad Paisley on his album Mud on the Tires in the single \"Whiskey Lullaby\".", "She also performed a duet with Brad Paisley on his album Mud on the Tires in the single \"Whiskey Lullaby\". The single was quickly ranked in the top fifty of the Billboard Hot 100 and the top five of the Hot Country Songs, and won the Country Music Association Awards for \"Best Musical Event\" and \"Best Music Video\" of the year.", "The single was quickly ranked in the top fifty of the Billboard Hot 100 and the top five of the Hot Country Songs, and won the Country Music Association Awards for \"Best Musical Event\" and \"Best Music Video\" of the year. In 2007, Krauss and Robert Plant released the collaborative album titled Raising Sand.", "In 2007, Krauss and Robert Plant released the collaborative album titled Raising Sand. RIAA-certified platinum, the album was nominated for and won 5 Grammy Awards at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year, Best Contemporary Folk/Americana Album, and Record of the Year (\"Please Read the Letter\").", "RIAA-certified platinum, the album was nominated for and won 5 Grammy Awards at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year, Best Contemporary Folk/Americana Album, and Record of the Year (\"Please Read the Letter\"). Krauss and Plant recorded a Crossroads special in October 2007 for the Country Music Television network, which first aired on February 12, 2008.", "Krauss and Plant recorded a Crossroads special in October 2007 for the Country Music Television network, which first aired on February 12, 2008. Returning with Union Station, Krauss released an album called Paper Airplane on April 12, 2011, the follow-up album to Lonely Runs Both Ways (2004).", "Returning with Union Station, Krauss released an album called Paper Airplane on April 12, 2011, the follow-up album to Lonely Runs Both Ways (2004). Mike Shipley, the recording and mixing engineer for the album, said that the album had a lengthy production time because of Krauss' non-stop migraines.", "Mike Shipley, the recording and mixing engineer for the album, said that the album had a lengthy production time because of Krauss' non-stop migraines. Nevertheless, Paper Airplane became Krauss's highest-charting album in the U.S., reaching number three on the Billboard 200 on topping both the country and bluegrass album charts.", "Nevertheless, Paper Airplane became Krauss's highest-charting album in the U.S., reaching number three on the Billboard 200 on topping both the country and bluegrass album charts. In 2014, Krauss and her band Union Station toured with Willie Nelson and Family, with special guests Kacey Musgraves, and the Devil Makes Three.", "In 2014, Krauss and her band Union Station toured with Willie Nelson and Family, with special guests Kacey Musgraves, and the Devil Makes Three. Capitol Records released Windy City, an album of country and bluegrass classics, produced by Buddy Cannon and her first solo release in 17 years, on February 17, 2017.", "Capitol Records released Windy City, an album of country and bluegrass classics, produced by Buddy Cannon and her first solo release in 17 years, on February 17, 2017. Krauss received two nominations at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Country Solo Performance and Best American Roots Performance.", "Krauss received two nominations at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Country Solo Performance and Best American Roots Performance. In August 2021, Krauss announced she was releasing a sequel album to Raising Sand with Robert Plant called Raise the Roof. In addition to the album, Krauss and Plant are planning a 2022 tour.", "In addition to the album, Krauss and Plant are planning a 2022 tour. Other work Krauss has made guest appearances on other records on lead vocals, harmony vocals, and fiddle. In 1987, at the age of 15, she played fiddle on the album The Western Illinois Rag by Americana musician Chris Vallillo.", "In 1987, at the age of 15, she played fiddle on the album The Western Illinois Rag by Americana musician Chris Vallillo. In 1993 she recorded vocals for the Phish song \"If I Could\" in Los Angeles.", "In 1993 she recorded vocals for the Phish song \"If I Could\" in Los Angeles. In 1997 she sang harmony vocals in both English and Irish on the album Runaway Sunday by Irish traditional band Altan. In 1998 she played and sang on the title track of Hawaiian slack-key artist Ledward Kaapana's album, Waltz of the Wind.", "In 1998 she played and sang on the title track of Hawaiian slack-key artist Ledward Kaapana's album, Waltz of the Wind. Krauss had her only number one hit in 2000, receiving vocal credit for \"Buy Me a Rose\". She has contributed to numerous motion picture soundtracks, most notably O Brother, Where Art Thou?", "She has contributed to numerous motion picture soundtracks, most notably O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000). She and Dan Tyminski contributed multiple tracks, including \"I'll Fly Away\" (with Gillian Welch), \"Down to the River to Pray\", and \"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow\".", "She and Dan Tyminski contributed multiple tracks, including \"I'll Fly Away\" (with Gillian Welch), \"Down to the River to Pray\", and \"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow\". In the film, Tyminski's vocals on \"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow\" were used for George Clooney's character.", "In the film, Tyminski's vocals on \"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow\" were used for George Clooney's character. The soundtrack sold over seven million copies and won the Grammy for Album of the Year in 2002. Both Krauss and the surprisingly popular album were credited with reviving interest in bluegrass.", "Both Krauss and the surprisingly popular album were credited with reviving interest in bluegrass. She has said, however, that she believes Americans already liked bluegrass and other less-heard musical genres, and that the film merely provided easy exposure to the music.", "She has said, however, that she believes Americans already liked bluegrass and other less-heard musical genres, and that the film merely provided easy exposure to the music. She did not appear in the movie, at her own request, because she was pregnant during its filming.", "She did not appear in the movie, at her own request, because she was pregnant during its filming. In 2007, Krauss released A Hundred Miles or More: A Collection, an album of new songs, soundtrack tunes, and duets with artists such as John Waite, James Taylor, Brad Paisley, and Natalie MacMaster.", "In 2007, Krauss released A Hundred Miles or More: A Collection, an album of new songs, soundtrack tunes, and duets with artists such as John Waite, James Taylor, Brad Paisley, and Natalie MacMaster. The album was successful commercially but given a lukewarm reception by critics.", "The album was successful commercially but given a lukewarm reception by critics. One of the tracks, \"Missing You\", a duet with Waite (and a cover of his hit single from 1984), was similarly received as a single.", "One of the tracks, \"Missing You\", a duet with Waite (and a cover of his hit single from 1984), was similarly received as a single. On August 11, television network Great American Country aired a one-hour special, Alison Krauss: A Hundred Miles or More, based on the album.", "On August 11, television network Great American Country aired a one-hour special, Alison Krauss: A Hundred Miles or More, based on the album. Krauss appeared on Heart's March 2010 concert DVD Night at Sky Church, providing the lead vocals for the song \"These Dreams\".", "Krauss appeared on Heart's March 2010 concert DVD Night at Sky Church, providing the lead vocals for the song \"These Dreams\". Other soundtracks for which Krauss has performed include Twister, The Prince of Egypt, Eight Crazy Nights, Mona Lisa Smile, Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood, Alias, Bambi II and Cold Mountain.", "Other soundtracks for which Krauss has performed include Twister, The Prince of Egypt, Eight Crazy Nights, Mona Lisa Smile, Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood, Alias, Bambi II and Cold Mountain. She contributed \"Jubilee\" to the 2004 documentary Paper Clips.", "She contributed \"Jubilee\" to the 2004 documentary Paper Clips. The Cold Mountain songs she sang, \"The Scarlet Tide\" with T Bone Burnett and Elvis Costello, and \"You Will Be My Ain True Love\" with Sting, were each nominated for an Academy Award.", "The Cold Mountain songs she sang, \"The Scarlet Tide\" with T Bone Burnett and Elvis Costello, and \"You Will Be My Ain True Love\" with Sting, were each nominated for an Academy Award. She performed both songs at the 76th Academy Awards, the first with Costello and Burnett, and the other with Sting.", "She performed both songs at the 76th Academy Awards, the first with Costello and Burnett, and the other with Sting. She produced Nickel Creek's debut album (2000) and the follow-up This Side (2002), which won Krauss her first Grammy award as a producer.", "She produced Nickel Creek's debut album (2000) and the follow-up This Side (2002), which won Krauss her first Grammy award as a producer. Krauss performed on Moody Bluegrass: A Nashville Tribute to the Moody Blues.", "Krauss performed on Moody Bluegrass: A Nashville Tribute to the Moody Blues. She participated in Billy Childs' 2014 tribute album to Laura Nyro, Map to the Treasure: Reimagining Laura Nyro, performing on the track \"And When I Die\".", "She participated in Billy Childs' 2014 tribute album to Laura Nyro, Map to the Treasure: Reimagining Laura Nyro, performing on the track \"And When I Die\". Reception and influences Krauss' earliest musical experience was as an instrumentalist, though her style has grown to focus more on her vocals with a band providing most of the instrumentation.", "Reception and influences Krauss' earliest musical experience was as an instrumentalist, though her style has grown to focus more on her vocals with a band providing most of the instrumentation. Musicians she enjoys include vocalists Lou Gramm of Foreigner and Paul Rodgers of Bad Company.", "Musicians she enjoys include vocalists Lou Gramm of Foreigner and Paul Rodgers of Bad Company. Krauss' family listened to \"folk records\" while she was growing up, but she had friends who exposed her to groups such as AC/DC, Carly Simon, the Rolling Stones, Lynyrd Skynyrd, and ELO.", "Krauss' family listened to \"folk records\" while she was growing up, but she had friends who exposed her to groups such as AC/DC, Carly Simon, the Rolling Stones, Lynyrd Skynyrd, and ELO. She cites Dolly Parton, with whom she has since collaborated a number of times, as a major influence.", "She cites Dolly Parton, with whom she has since collaborated a number of times, as a major influence. Some credit Krauss and Union Station, at least partially, with a recent revival of interest in bluegrass music in the United States.", "Some credit Krauss and Union Station, at least partially, with a recent revival of interest in bluegrass music in the United States. Despite being together for nearly two decades and winning numerous awards, she said the group was \"just beginning right now\" (in 2002) because \"in spite of all the great things that have happened for the band, [she] feel[s] musically it's just really beginning\".", "Despite being together for nearly two decades and winning numerous awards, she said the group was \"just beginning right now\" (in 2002) because \"in spite of all the great things that have happened for the band, [she] feel[s] musically it's just really beginning\". Although she alternates between solo releases and works with the band, she has said there is no difference in her involvement between the two.", "Although she alternates between solo releases and works with the band, she has said there is no difference in her involvement between the two. As a group, AKUS have been called \"American favourites\", \"world-beaters\", and \"the tightest band around\".", "As a group, AKUS have been called \"American favourites\", \"world-beaters\", and \"the tightest band around\". While they have been successful as a group, many reviews note Krauss still \"remains the undisputed star and rock-solid foundation\" and have described her as the \"band's focus\" with an \"angelic\" voice that \"flows like honey\".", "While they have been successful as a group, many reviews note Krauss still \"remains the undisputed star and rock-solid foundation\" and have described her as the \"band's focus\" with an \"angelic\" voice that \"flows like honey\". Her work has been compared to that of the Cox Family, Bill Monroe, and Del McCoury, and has in turn been credited with influencing various \"Newgrass\" artists including Nickel Creek, for which she acted as record producer on two of their albums.", "Her work has been compared to that of the Cox Family, Bill Monroe, and Del McCoury, and has in turn been credited with influencing various \"Newgrass\" artists including Nickel Creek, for which she acted as record producer on two of their albums. In addition to her work with Nickel Creek, she has acted as producer to the Cox Family, Reba McEntire and Alan Jackson.", "In addition to her work with Nickel Creek, she has acted as producer to the Cox Family, Reba McEntire and Alan Jackson. Adam Sweeting of The Guardian has said Krauss and Union Station are \"superb, when they stick to hoedowns and hillbilly music, but much less convincing, when they lurch towards the middle of the road\".", "Adam Sweeting of The Guardian has said Krauss and Union Station are \"superb, when they stick to hoedowns and hillbilly music, but much less convincing, when they lurch towards the middle of the road\". Blender magazine has said the \"flavorless repertoire [Krauss] sings... steers her toward Lite FM\".", "Blender magazine has said the \"flavorless repertoire [Krauss] sings... steers her toward Lite FM\". In addition, Q magazine and The Onion AV Club have said their newer releases are \"pretty much the usual\", and that although Krauss is generally \"adventurous\", these recent releases contain nothing to \"alienate the masses\".", "In addition, Q magazine and The Onion AV Club have said their newer releases are \"pretty much the usual\", and that although Krauss is generally \"adventurous\", these recent releases contain nothing to \"alienate the masses\". Voice, themes, and musical style Krauss possesses a soprano voice, which has been described as \"angelic\".", "Voice, themes, and musical style Krauss possesses a soprano voice, which has been described as \"angelic\". She has said her musical influences include J. D. Crowe, Ricky Skaggs, and Tony Rice. Many of her songs are described as sad, and are often about love, especially lost love.", "Many of her songs are described as sad, and are often about love, especially lost love. Though Krauss has a close involvement with her group and a long career in music, she rarely performs music she has written herself.", "Though Krauss has a close involvement with her group and a long career in music, she rarely performs music she has written herself. She has also described her general approach to constructing an album as starting with a single song and selecting other tracks based on the first, to give the final album a somewhat consistent theme and mood.", "She has also described her general approach to constructing an album as starting with a single song and selecting other tracks based on the first, to give the final album a somewhat consistent theme and mood. She most commonly performs in the bluegrass and country genres, though she has had two songs on the adult contemporary charts, has worked with rock artists such as Phish and Sting, and is sometimes said to stray into pop music.", "She most commonly performs in the bluegrass and country genres, though she has had two songs on the adult contemporary charts, has worked with rock artists such as Phish and Sting, and is sometimes said to stray into pop music. Music videos Krauss did not think she would make music videos at the beginning of her career.", "Music videos Krauss did not think she would make music videos at the beginning of her career. After recording her first she was convinced it was so bad that she would never do another. Nonetheless, she has continued to make further videos. Many of the first videos she saw were by bluegrass artists.", "Many of the first videos she saw were by bluegrass artists. Dan Tyminski has noted that the video for Thriller was very popular at the time she was first exposed to music videos. She has made suggestions on the style or theme to some videos, though she tends to leave such decisions to the director of the particular video.", "She has made suggestions on the style or theme to some videos, though she tends to leave such decisions to the director of the particular video. The group chooses directors by seeking out people who have previously directed videos that band members have enjoyed.", "The group chooses directors by seeking out people who have previously directed videos that band members have enjoyed. The director for a video to \"If I Didn't Know Any Better\" from Lonely Runs Both Ways, for example, was selected because Krauss enjoyed work he had done with Def Leppard and, she wondered, what he could do with their music.", "The director for a video to \"If I Didn't Know Any Better\" from Lonely Runs Both Ways, for example, was selected because Krauss enjoyed work he had done with Def Leppard and, she wondered, what he could do with their music. While style decisions are generally left to the various directors of the videos, many – including for \"The Lucky One\", \"Restless\", \"Goodbye is All We Have\", \"New Favorite\", and \"If I Didn't Know Any Better\" – follow a pattern.", "While style decisions are generally left to the various directors of the videos, many – including for \"The Lucky One\", \"Restless\", \"Goodbye is All We Have\", \"New Favorite\", and \"If I Didn't Know Any Better\" – follow a pattern. In all of these videos Krauss walks, sometimes interacting with other people, while the rest of the band follows her.", "In all of these videos Krauss walks, sometimes interacting with other people, while the rest of the band follows her. Performances Krauss has said she used to dislike working in the studio, where she had to perform the same song repeatedly, but has come to like studio work roughly the same as live stage performances.", "Performances Krauss has said she used to dislike working in the studio, where she had to perform the same song repeatedly, but has come to like studio work roughly the same as live stage performances. Her own favorite concert experiences include watching three Foreigner concerts during a single tour, a Dolly Parton concert, and a Larry Sparks concert.", "Her own favorite concert experiences include watching three Foreigner concerts during a single tour, a Dolly Parton concert, and a Larry Sparks concert. She appeared on Austin City Limits in 1992 and opened the show in 1995 with Union Station.", "She appeared on Austin City Limits in 1992 and opened the show in 1995 with Union Station. The New Favorite tour, after AKUS' album of the same name, was planned to start September 12, 2001 in Cincinnati, Ohio, but was delayed until September 28 in Savannah, Georgia following the September 11 terrorist attacks.", "The New Favorite tour, after AKUS' album of the same name, was planned to start September 12, 2001 in Cincinnati, Ohio, but was delayed until September 28 in Savannah, Georgia following the September 11 terrorist attacks. Krauss took part in the Down from the Mountain tour in 2002, which featured many artists from the O Brother, Where Art Thou soundtrack.", "Krauss took part in the Down from the Mountain tour in 2002, which featured many artists from the O Brother, Where Art Thou soundtrack. Down from the Mountain was followed by the Great High Mountain Tour, which was composed of musicians from both O Brother and Cold Mountain, including Krauss.", "Down from the Mountain was followed by the Great High Mountain Tour, which was composed of musicians from both O Brother and Cold Mountain, including Krauss. She has also given several notable smaller performances including at Carnegie Hall (with the Grand Ole Opry), on Lifetime Television in a concert of female performers, on the radio show A Prairie Home Companion, where she sang two songs not previously recorded on any of her albums, and a performance at the White House attended by then-President Bill Clinton and then-Vice President Al Gore.", "She has also given several notable smaller performances including at Carnegie Hall (with the Grand Ole Opry), on Lifetime Television in a concert of female performers, on the radio show A Prairie Home Companion, where she sang two songs not previously recorded on any of her albums, and a performance at the White House attended by then-President Bill Clinton and then-Vice President Al Gore. She has also been in the White House again, performing the song \"When You Say Nothing at All\" at country music performances.", "She has also been in the White House again, performing the song \"When You Say Nothing at All\" at country music performances. She also performed a tribute to the Everly Brothers at which she sang \"All I Have to Do is Dream\" with Emmylou Harris and \"When Will I Be Loved\" with Vince Gill.", "She also performed a tribute to the Everly Brothers at which she sang \"All I Have to Do is Dream\" with Emmylou Harris and \"When Will I Be Loved\" with Vince Gill. She was also invited by Taylor Swift to perform with her at the 2013 CMA's and by Joshua Bell to perform with him on a Christmas album; Bell said that \"she (Krauss) is someone I've adored for so many years now\".", "She was also invited by Taylor Swift to perform with her at the 2013 CMA's and by Joshua Bell to perform with him on a Christmas album; Bell said that \"she (Krauss) is someone I've adored for so many years now\". She performed at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C. on January 10, 2015, as a part of \"The Life and Songs of Emmylou Harris: An All Star Concert Celebration\" which is a tribute to Emmylou Harris.", "She performed at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C. on January 10, 2015, as a part of \"The Life and Songs of Emmylou Harris: An All Star Concert Celebration\" which is a tribute to Emmylou Harris. Awards and honors Krauss has won twenty-seven Grammy Awards over the course of her career as a solo artist, as a group with Union Station, as a duet with Robert Plant, and as a record producer.", "Awards and honors Krauss has won twenty-seven Grammy Awards over the course of her career as a solo artist, as a group with Union Station, as a duet with Robert Plant, and as a record producer. As of 2021, she ranks fourth on the list of winners of the most Grammy Awards.", "As of 2021, she ranks fourth on the list of winners of the most Grammy Awards. She overtook Aretha Franklin for the most female wins at the 46th Grammy Awards, where Krauss won three, bringing her total at the time to seventeen (Franklin won her sixteenth that night).", "She overtook Aretha Franklin for the most female wins at the 46th Grammy Awards, where Krauss won three, bringing her total at the time to seventeen (Franklin won her sixteenth that night). The Recording Academy (which presents the Grammy Awards) presented her with a special musical achievement honor in 2005.", "The Recording Academy (which presents the Grammy Awards) presented her with a special musical achievement honor in 2005. She has also won 14 International Bluegrass Music Association Awards, 9 Country Music Association Awards, 2 Gospel Music Association Awards, 2 CMT Music Awards, 2 Academy of Country Music Awards, and 1 Canadian Country Music Award.", "She has also won 14 International Bluegrass Music Association Awards, 9 Country Music Association Awards, 2 Gospel Music Association Awards, 2 CMT Music Awards, 2 Academy of Country Music Awards, and 1 Canadian Country Music Award. Country Music Television ranked Krauss 12th on their \"40 Greatest Women of Country Music\" list in 2002.", "Country Music Television ranked Krauss 12th on their \"40 Greatest Women of Country Music\" list in 2002. At the 76th Academy Awards in February 2004, where she performed two nominated songs from the Cold Mountain soundtrack, Krauss was chosen by Hollywood shoe designer Stuart Weitzman to wear a pair of $2 million 'Cinderella' sandals with 4½ inch clear glass stiletto heels and two straps adorned with 565 Kwiat diamonds set in platinum.", "At the 76th Academy Awards in February 2004, where she performed two nominated songs from the Cold Mountain soundtrack, Krauss was chosen by Hollywood shoe designer Stuart Weitzman to wear a pair of $2 million 'Cinderella' sandals with 4½ inch clear glass stiletto heels and two straps adorned with 565 Kwiat diamonds set in platinum. Feeling like a rather unglamorous choice, Krauss said, \"When I first heard, I was like, 'What were they thinking?'", "Feeling like a rather unglamorous choice, Krauss said, \"When I first heard, I was like, 'What were they thinking?' I have the worst feet of anybody who will be there that night!\"", "I have the worst feet of anybody who will be there that night!\" In addition to the fairy-tale-inspired shoes, Weitzman outfitted Krauss with a Palm Trēo 600 smartphone, bejeweled with 3,000 clear-and-topaz-colored Swarovski crystals. The shoes were returned, but Krauss kept the crystal-covered phone.", "The shoes were returned, but Krauss kept the crystal-covered phone. Weitzman chose Krauss to show off his fashions at the urging of his daughters, who are fans of Krauss' music. In May 2012, Alison Krauss was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music.", "In May 2012, Alison Krauss was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music. In March 2015, her hometown of Champaign, Illinois, designated the 400 block of West Hill Street as \"Honorary Alison Krauss Way\". Personal life Krauss was married to musician Pat Bergeson from 1997 to 2001.", "Personal life Krauss was married to musician Pat Bergeson from 1997 to 2001. Their son, Sam, was born in July 1999.", "Their son, Sam, was born in July 1999. Discography Studio albums 1986: Different Strokes (with Jim Hoiles and Swamp Weiss) 1987: Too Late to Cry 1989: Two Highways (with Union Station) 1990: I've Got That Old Feeling 1992: Every Time You Say Goodbye (with Union Station) 1994: I Know Who Holds Tomorrow (with the Cox Family) 1997: So Long So Wrong (with Union Station) 1999: Forget About It 2001: New Favorite (with Union Station) 2004: Lonely Runs Both Ways (with Union Station) 2007: Raising Sand (with Robert Plant) 2011: Paper Airplane (with Union Station) 2017: Windy City 2021: Raise the Roof (with Robert Plant) Filmography Notes a.", "Discography Studio albums 1986: Different Strokes (with Jim Hoiles and Swamp Weiss) 1987: Too Late to Cry 1989: Two Highways (with Union Station) 1990: I've Got That Old Feeling 1992: Every Time You Say Goodbye (with Union Station) 1994: I Know Who Holds Tomorrow (with the Cox Family) 1997: So Long So Wrong (with Union Station) 1999: Forget About It 2001: New Favorite (with Union Station) 2004: Lonely Runs Both Ways (with Union Station) 2007: Raising Sand (with Robert Plant) 2011: Paper Airplane (with Union Station) 2017: Windy City 2021: Raise the Roof (with Robert Plant) Filmography Notes a. Sources vary on birth place; see talk page discussion References External links Rounder Records site for Alison Krauss [ Alison Krauss] on Allmusic database 1971 births Living people Union Station (band) members American bluegrass fiddlers American women country singers Grammy Award winners Musicians from Champaign, Illinois American people of German descent American people of Italian descent Grand Ole Opry members American performers of Christian music American sopranos Rounder Records artists Musicians from Decatur, Illinois 20th-century American singers 20th-century American women singers 21st-century American singers 21st-century American women singers Country musicians from Illinois United States National Medal of Arts recipients" ]